US3160480A - Refractory articles bonded to a metal base - Google Patents

Refractory articles bonded to a metal base Download PDF

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Publication number
US3160480A
US3160480A US109432A US10943261A US3160480A US 3160480 A US3160480 A US 3160480A US 109432 A US109432 A US 109432A US 10943261 A US10943261 A US 10943261A US 3160480 A US3160480 A US 3160480A
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Prior art keywords
refractory
solder
bar
alloy
metallic
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Expired - Lifetime
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US109432A
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard A Alliegro
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Saint Gobain Abrasives Inc
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Norton Co
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Priority to FR1321081D priority Critical patent/FR1321081A/fr
Application filed by Norton Co filed Critical Norton Co
Priority to US109432A priority patent/US3160480A/en
Priority to GB5018/62A priority patent/GB928975A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3160480A publication Critical patent/US3160480A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3006—Ag as the principal constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
    • C04B37/02—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles
    • C04B37/023—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used
    • C04B37/026—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used consisting of metals or metal salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/16—Electric current supply devices, e.g. bus bars
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
    • C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
    • C04B2235/6565—Cooling rate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
    • C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
    • C04B2235/6567—Treatment time
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/02—Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/12—Metallic interlayers
    • C04B2237/125—Metallic interlayers based on noble metals, e.g. silver
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/02—Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/12—Metallic interlayers
    • C04B2237/126—Metallic interlayers wherein the active component for bonding is not the largest fraction of the interlayer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/32—Ceramic
    • C04B2237/36—Non-oxidic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/40—Metallic
    • C04B2237/405—Iron metal group, e.g. Co or Ni
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/40—Metallic
    • C04B2237/405—Iron metal group, e.g. Co or Ni
    • C04B2237/406—Iron, e.g. steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/52—Pre-treatment of the joining surfaces, e.g. cleaning, machining
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/64—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising grooves or cuts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/74—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least two different interlayers separated by a substrate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/76—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/76—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc
    • C04B2237/765—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc at least one member being a tube
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/84—Joining of a first substrate with a second substrate at least partially inside the first substrate, where the bonding area is at the inside of the first substrate, e.g. one tube inside another tube
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
    • Y10S428/939—Molten or fused coating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12576—Boride, carbide or nitride component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12896—Ag-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12972—Containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12986—Adjacent functionally defined components

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the bonding of refractory articles to supoprting metallic bases and to the composite and integral articles thereby produced,. More particularly, this invention relates, to a method of bonding refractory articles formed from borides or carbides to bases of iron, steel, or other conductive metals to provide composite articles wherein the desirable characteristics of the refractory material may be conveniently utilized.
  • Titaniumdiboride for. example, when fabricated to certain specifications, ischaracterized by a high density (above 88 percent of its theoretical value), low electrical.
  • Cathodes for electrolytic cells are produced in the-form of bars and range in size from. about 2. to 8 inches in diameter and from about 18 to 24 inches in length while the Working end or tippertion: actually in contact with the aluminum is only about 2 to, 4 inches of this length. The remainder of the bar extends from the working endand is connected to a source of'electrical power.
  • Titanium diboride for example, has a coefficient of expansion of 8.1x 10- over the temperature range of'20 to 800 C., while iron or steel-has an average coefiicient of expansion of about 14x 10' over the temperature range of 20 to. 700 C.
  • the refractories-suchas titanium diboride lack ductility. Therefore, the expansion and. contraction of a directly welded bar upon heating and cooling would produce undesirable stresses and the danger of brittle fracture of the intermetallic material together with disintegration of the weld interface. Obviation' of these stresses is important since tobe effective as an electrode, the composite bar must remain integral to insure a low electrical resistivity over a wide temperature range.
  • the alloy is interposed between the refractory article and the metallic base and themembers are bonded together with a special solder adapted to Wet the refractory article.
  • the bond is effected byheating the assembled article in a protective atmosphere to a temperature above the flow point of the-solder'but below the melting point of the members to be joined; The bonded assembly is. then slowly cooled, the; initial portion: of the cooling cycle preferably conducted also in the protective atmosphere.
  • a refractory article for example, in the form ofarod is inserted into an alloy cup into which has been placed the special solder. Beneath the alloy cup is placed the base of a metal of desired electrical resistivity, a portion of the" same solder being used between the alloy cup andthe metallic base.
  • the assembled bar is placed in afur nace in a protective or an inert atmosphere, e.g., an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon, hydrogen or helium, and heated to atemperature in excess of 1000 C.
  • This temperature is held for a time elfective to insure complete flow of the solder, e.g., for about 10 minutes.
  • the composite bar is then allowed to cool. very slowly to insure against thermal breakage, 24 hours usually'being sufiicient.
  • the protective atmosphere. is maintained during the heating. and soaking periods but it may be eliminated after the temperature drops below about 1000 in the cooling cycle.
  • the complete manufacture of suchan electrode may be considered as broken down into two steps: first, that of providing the refractory tip which will project into the molten aluminum and second, that of joiningthe tip to a metallic base as outlined above.
  • the refractory tip may be produced by standard powder metallurgy techniques including cold pressing and sintering or hot press ing.
  • the tips mentioned in the detailed description below were prepared. by hot pressing although articles produced by other techniques may be likewise treated.
  • An alloy which has been found to beparticularly suitable for the purposes of this invention is a nickel-ironcobalt alloy metal known commercially as Kovar by which name it. will be referred to herein.
  • the composition of this alloy is 29% nickel, 17% cobalt, about 012% manganese and the remainder iron. There are a,
  • a bar as formed in the above embodiment was tested in an experimental electrolytic cell built to simulate an actual aluminum production cell. Cycling between room temperature and 1000 C. did not disrupt the bond. Af-
  • FIGURES A second embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIGURES and is especially useful when bars of comfor titanium diboride and iron or steel being 15-25 md 10-20 micro-ohm centimeters respectively, also at 00m temperature.
  • the function of the Kovar in the :omposite electrode is to prevent separation of the bond while providing a good path for the flow of current.
  • the solder which is utilized must allow for a low :lectrical resistivity, a high flow temperature, and provide in effective bond.
  • One such solder contains a major roportion of silver and a minor proportion of mangaiese.
  • the silver constituent provides the desired electrizal properties and the manganese is important in that it vill wet the refractory, whilesilver by itself will not.
  • an alloy containing 85% silver and 15% manganese has I. flow temperature of 950 C. and combines the wetting tction of manganese with the desirable electrical properies of silver to produce an ideal bond.
  • FIGURE 1 is a cross-sectional view of an assembly at a refractory article and a metallic base prepared ac- :ording to one embodiment of this invention
  • FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional View of the assembly f FIGURE 1 after treatment according to this invenvf iron or steel.
  • the Kovar cup and also between he bottom of the cup and the base are placed thin shims l of silver alloy, several sheets beingplaced withinthe :up so that during flow of the molten solder, the void is :ompletely filled.
  • the parts to be ronded namely the tip
  • the Kovar 'interfacial material tl'ld the iron or steel 'base are sand or shot blasted to oughen the surface and to remove any foreign matter, vnd further cleaned with organic solvents such as toluol, methylene chloride or acetone.
  • the shims of silver solder re in this embodiment cut into circles, the diameters of vhich match the parts to be joined, and are also cleaned vith the solvent.
  • the bar assembled as in FIGURE 1 is placed in a 'urnace capable of being heated to a temperature of 200 C. in an hour and containing a protective or inert .tmosphere.
  • the firing temperature used in this embodiment was 1100 C., but this may vary depending upon he type of solder utilized and the density of the refracory material used in the tip.
  • the bar was held at this emperature for 10 minutes insuring a good flow of the ilver solder.
  • the bar was then cooled over a time period if 24 hours, the inert atmosphere being unnecessary after he temperature fell below 1000 C.
  • the completed comlosite and integral bar as shown in FIGURE 2 comprises he tip 1, Kovar cup 2'and base 3 bonded by the silver older 5, now completely filling the voids between the aluminum metal from alumina.
  • a simple plate 6 of the Kovar alloy may be utilized in place of the Kovar cup 2, shown in FIGURES l and 2, in place of the Kovar cup 2, shown in FIGURES l and 2, a simple plate 6 of the Kovar alloy may be utilized.
  • the base '7 is modified to provide a generally cupshaped end portion 8.
  • the Kovar plate 6 is placed within cup portion 8 already having silver solder in place at the bottom thereof. Additional solder is placed upon the Kovar plate.
  • the end portion of refractory tip 9 which is inserted into cup portion 3 of base 7 is beveled slightly at 10 to correspond to the inner surface 11 of cup portion 8.. After heating and cooling as outlined above, the solder has melted and flowed to fill the spaces 5 between the elements to form aninte'gral bond therebetween.
  • the bars formed according to the preferred embodiments of this invention fulfill the requirements of cathodes'to be used in electrolytic cells for the production of resistivity of the bars is between 20 and '30 micro-ohm centimeters at room temperature.
  • the bond formed is refractory, withstanding temperatures in excess of 800 C.,' and a bar when cycled from, room temperature to 1000 C. in the cell maintains its integrity and therefore its low electrical resistivity.
  • this invention provides the additional advantage of a saving up, to twothirds of the cost of the intermetallic material normally needed in the production of a cathode.
  • a composite bar suitable for use as an electrode in an electrolytic cell comprising:
  • a first member having low solubility in molten alumina said member being formed entirely from a material-selected from the group consisting of titanium boride, titanium carbide,'and zirconium boride; (2) .a metallic member selected from the group consisting of iron and steel and having a coefiicient of expansion greater than that of said first member;
  • pansion substantially equal to that of said first member and less than that of said metallic member interposed between said first member and said metallic member; said members being bonded by a silver-manganese solder capable ofwetting said first member.
  • solder comprises about silver and about 15% manganese.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
US109432A 1961-05-11 1961-05-11 Refractory articles bonded to a metal base Expired - Lifetime US3160480A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1321081D FR1321081A (es) 1961-05-11
US109432A US3160480A (en) 1961-05-11 1961-05-11 Refractory articles bonded to a metal base
GB5018/62A GB928975A (en) 1961-05-11 1962-02-09 Method of making a cathode for an electrolytic cell and cathodes made by the method

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US109432A US3160480A (en) 1961-05-11 1961-05-11 Refractory articles bonded to a metal base

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3160480A true US3160480A (en) 1964-12-08

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3355264A (en) * 1965-02-03 1967-11-28 Canada Iron Foundries Ltd Composite impact and abrasion resistant material
US3915665A (en) * 1974-01-23 1975-10-28 Adamas Carbide Corp Coated cemented carbides for brazing
US4209375A (en) * 1979-08-02 1980-06-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Sputter target
US4820392A (en) * 1987-12-21 1989-04-11 Ford Motor Company Method of increasing useful life of tool steel cutting tools
US4925346A (en) * 1987-12-21 1990-05-15 Ford Motor Company Method of increasing useful life of tool steel cutting tools
US20140301769A1 (en) * 2013-04-05 2014-10-09 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Thermocompression bonding structure and thermocompression bonding method
US20180216889A1 (en) * 2017-01-24 2018-08-02 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Refractory article and method of forming

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US1524218A (en) * 1923-02-10 1925-01-27 Fred W Smith Setting diamonds in diamond tools
US2141113A (en) * 1937-04-24 1938-12-20 Wilson H A Co Contact
US2439570A (en) * 1942-11-10 1948-04-13 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electric contact
GB671072A (en) * 1949-09-09 1952-04-30 Mond Nickel Co Ltd Improvements relating to soldering
US2708787A (en) * 1951-04-12 1955-05-24 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Fabrication of metal to ceramic seals

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1524218A (en) * 1923-02-10 1925-01-27 Fred W Smith Setting diamonds in diamond tools
US2141113A (en) * 1937-04-24 1938-12-20 Wilson H A Co Contact
US2439570A (en) * 1942-11-10 1948-04-13 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electric contact
GB671072A (en) * 1949-09-09 1952-04-30 Mond Nickel Co Ltd Improvements relating to soldering
US2708787A (en) * 1951-04-12 1955-05-24 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Fabrication of metal to ceramic seals

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3355264A (en) * 1965-02-03 1967-11-28 Canada Iron Foundries Ltd Composite impact and abrasion resistant material
US3915665A (en) * 1974-01-23 1975-10-28 Adamas Carbide Corp Coated cemented carbides for brazing
US4209375A (en) * 1979-08-02 1980-06-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Sputter target
US4820392A (en) * 1987-12-21 1989-04-11 Ford Motor Company Method of increasing useful life of tool steel cutting tools
US4925346A (en) * 1987-12-21 1990-05-15 Ford Motor Company Method of increasing useful life of tool steel cutting tools
US20140301769A1 (en) * 2013-04-05 2014-10-09 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Thermocompression bonding structure and thermocompression bonding method
CN104103611A (zh) * 2013-04-05 2014-10-15 富士电机株式会社 加压加热接合结构及加压加热接合方法
US9579746B2 (en) * 2013-04-05 2017-02-28 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Thermocompression bonding structure and thermocompression bonding method
CN104103611B (zh) * 2013-04-05 2020-01-03 富士电机株式会社 加压加热接合结构及加压加热接合方法
US20180216889A1 (en) * 2017-01-24 2018-08-02 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Refractory article and method of forming
US10704836B2 (en) * 2017-01-24 2020-07-07 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Refractory article and method of forming

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB928975A (en) 1963-06-19
FR1321081A (es) 1963-06-06

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