US3132938A - Aged steel - Google Patents
Aged steel Download PDFInfo
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- US3132938A US3132938A US214804A US21480462A US3132938A US 3132938 A US3132938 A US 3132938A US 214804 A US214804 A US 214804A US 21480462 A US21480462 A US 21480462A US 3132938 A US3132938 A US 3132938A
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 20
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title description 20
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 47
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 47
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001122 Mischmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012093 Myrtus ugni Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061461 Tema Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003483 aging Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 that is Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003245 working effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/14—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
Description
United States Patent of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Aug. 6, 1962, Ser. No. 214,804
4 Claims. (Cl. 75-124) The present invention relates to ferrous-base alloys and, more particularly, to nickel-containing ferrous-base alloys particularly adapted to be employed as high strength structures for cryogenic use.
It is Well known that certain ferrous-base alloys, that is, alloys containing iron as their major constituent, can be produced with a martensitic matrix which can, by means of tempering and/or hardening heat treatments, provide in those alloys advantages combinations of high strength, wear resistance, hardness, etc. Particularly'advantageous wrought age-hardenable martensitic ferrous base alloys have been disclosed in the Bieber U.S. patent application Serial No. 839,296, field on September '11, 1959 (now US. Patent No. 3,093,518) and in the Decker et al. US. patent application Serial No. 80,381, filed on January 3, 1961 (now US. Patent No. 3,093,519). Among the alloys disclosed in the prior Bieber U.S. patent application Serial No. 839,296 are commercially available iron-base alloys containing, in percent by weight, about 18% to about 25% nickel, small interrelated amounts of carbon and columbium (niobium) and amounts of titanium and/or aluminum in the aggregate of at least about 1.5%. These wrought Bieber alloys can be subjected to an age-hardening heat treatment while in the martensitic condition to provide hitherto unattainable combinations of strength and ductility at room temperature and lower. The aforementioned Decker et al. US. application was concerned with Wrought ferrousbase alloys containing about to about 27% nickel together with interrelated amounts of cobalt and molybdenum which could also be age hardened while in the martensitic condition. The wrought alloys of both Bieber and Decker et al. are commercially available, have been widely publicized in metallurgical circles and are currently in the process of being tested for acceptance in many applications where strength coupled with toughness at ordinary temperatures is of paramount consideration. steels, are characterized on the whole by case of formability both by hot-working and cold-working processes, by ease of weldability, through hardenability and by freedom from major distortion during hardening heat treatment.
Since the discovery of the remarkable combination of characteristics which can be provided in the known steels, considerable effort has been expended in an endeavor to provide a steel adapted to be employed as high strength structures for cryogenic usage. When an alloy is to be employed at cryogenic temperatures, i.e., temperatures below about 100 F., it is essential that the alloy exhibit not only good strength characteristics but also the alloy must exhibit good fracture toughness at such temperatures. Additionally, it is advantageous for such an alloy to possess high resistance to stress-corrosion cracking. Although attempts were made to overcome the foregoing difficulties and provide a commercially acceptable high strength steel suitable for use at cryogenic temperatures, none, as far as we are aware, was entirely successful when carried into practice commercially on an industrial scale.
It has now been discovered that by specifically controlling alloying elements including nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, titanium, and aluminum within special ranges of composition, a steel can be provided which exhibits in the wrought and heat treated condition an advanta geous combination of engineering characteristics at cryogenic temperatures.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel steel adapted to be employed at cryogenic temperatures.
, Another object of the invention is to provide a novel high strength ferrous-base alloy suitable for use at cryogenic temperatures.
An additional object of the present invention is to provide a novel process for producing an ultra-high strength aged cryogenic steel.
Other objectsand advantages will become apparent from the following description.
Generally speaking, the present invention contemplates a steel containing, in percent by weight, about 17% to about 19% nickel, about 8% to about 9% cobalt, about 2.8% to about 3.5% molybdenum, about 0.05% to about 0.25%- titanium, about 0.05% to about 0.15% aluminum, up to about 0.2% silicon, up to about 0.2% manganese, up to about 0.01% sulfur, carbon in unavoidable amounts up to about 0.03%, with the balance being essentially iron. When employed in this specification and claims, the term balance essentially is intended to in- These wrought alloys, known as maraging of about 28 to about 32 irrRockwell clude small amounts of impurities and incidental ele' ments normally associated with the ingredients of the alloys.
The steels of the present invention are produced by melting selected stock and/or scrap using conventional steel melting practice such as induction melting, consumable electrode melting and basic electric furnace melting with or without protective atmospheres. Prior to pouring, additions of titanium and aluminum are made together with malleableizing and/ or deoxidizing amounts of one or more of silicon, manganese, boron, zirconium, mischmetal, lithium, magnesium, uranium, calcium, etc.
The carbon content of the charge can be controlled by the use of oxygen. After all alloying and deoxidation and/or desulfurization additions have been made to the molten alloy, the metal is cast at temperatures of about 2700 F. to about 3000 F. The solidified alloy is then homogenized either prior to or during hotworking operations. Thus, homogenization can be accomplished by heating for about 1 to about 4 hours at a temperature of about 2200 F. to about 2350 F., and/ or by initially hot working in such fashion that the cast grain structure is thoroughly broken up by metal flow in more than one direction. Hot working can be accomplished by forging, rolling and the like at starting temperatures as high as about 2300 F. and finishing temperatures as low as about 1400 F. After hot working, or as the last step thereof, the alloy is solution annealed at a temperature of about 1500 F., e.g., a temperature of about 1450 F. to about 1800 F. Finish hot rolling of sheet and plate conducted so that the finishing temperature is about 1400 F. to about 1700 F., is essentially equivalent to solution annealing. .The solution annealing is advantageously carried on for about 1 hour.
During cooling of the alloy to room temperature, i.e., a temperature in the vicinity of 70 F.,afte'r'hot work ing and/or annealing, the alloy transforms to provide an alloy matrix having a structure comprising decomposition and/ or transformation products of auste'nite. In this transformed condition, the alloy has a hardness C units (Re) and can be readily cold worked.
After transformation by cooling to room temperature (or in certain cases to a temperature lower than room temperature), the alloy can be cold shaped by: rolling, machining, hydrospinning, high velocity impact, deep 7 drawing and the like. Thereafter, the alloy is hardened by aging at a temperature of about 700 F. to about 1000" F. for about 1 hour to about 10 hours. A satisfactory aging treatment consists of heating for about 3 hours at a temperature of about 900 F.
Table III shows that alloy No. 1, an example of the advantageous alloys of the present invention, exhibits excellent tensile characteristics including ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S.), yield strength (Y.S.) and notch ten- In order to minimize microsegregation in alloy ingots 5 sile strength (N.T.S.) at both room and cryogenic temas cast and to improve toughness in the age-hardened peratures. alloy, it is advantageous to limit the amount of titanium Room temperature tensile characteristics and room in the alloys to a maximum of about 0.25% and the and cryogenic temperature Charpy V Notch (C.V.N.) amount of molybdenum to a maximum of about 3.5%. impact characteristics of air melted bar samples of al- Cobalt within the range of about 3% to about 9%, in 10 loys N s. 2 and 3 in condition are set forth in combination with the remainder of the alloy composition, Table IV. provides in the hardened alloy an advanatgeous modulus Table IV of elasticity of about 27x10 pounds per square inch (p.s.i.). An advantageous nominal alloy composition Alloy AHOY in terms of weight percent is set forth in Table 1. No. 2 0.
Table I Nominal mposition, ifiilghiifi: 538 iii lf (Pemem) iliifatiifliifiiii sstuiji t2 t3 Nlcficl .0 20 retu ns, .s.i.) 334 335 hittin 513 time a 2:; Titanium 0.2 34
Aluminum 0.1 Carbon Q01 1 CharpyVNotch values areinum'ts offoot-pouncls (ftrlbfl). Zrcomum U-bend samples of age-hardened alloys Nos. 2 and 3 Boron 0'003 stressed at their yield point have been exposed to am- Imn Balance bient temperature sea water for about one year without For the purpose of giving tho e skilled in the art a fracture. This demonstrates that alloys in accordance better understanding of the inv ntion, th f llo in with the present invention have excellent resistance to illustrative compositions in accordance with the present invention are set forth in Table II.
1 Iron includes small amounts of silicon, manganese andjor calcium in amounts within the ranges set forth hercinbelore together with small amounts of impurities and incidental elements.
3 Amount added.
Alloy No. 1 was produced by vacuum melting and was rolled to sheet nominally 0.063 inch thick. Samples of this sheet were produced in two conditions. Condition A resulted from solution annealing the alloy at 1500 F. for one hour, air cooling to room temperature and thereafter aging the thus transformed alloy for three hours at 900 F. Condition B resulted from a solution anneal for one hour at 1500 F., air cooling to room temperature, cold Working the thus transformed alloy by cold rolling to effect a reduction and thereafter aging the transformed and cold Worked alloy for three hours at 900 F. Various tensile values in thousands of pounds per square inch (k.s.i.), elongations in percent and notch to unnotch tensile ratios at room temperature and at -320 F., the temperature of liquid nitrogen, are set forth in Table III.
1 Measured on a sheet specimen having a notch acuity factor of 18. 1 Test Temperature-Room Temperature.
3 Test Tsmperature- -320 F. 7
stress-corrosion cracking in the presence of sea water.
It is to be noted that the steels of the present invention are advantageous when compared to other materials of construction for cryogenic purposes. Thus, when comparing the engineering characteristics of the steels of the present invention at 320 F. with the characteristics of other materials taking into account density, yield strength and the notch to smooth tensile ratio calculated with notch values obtm'ned on samples having a notch acuity factor greater than 18, the aged steels or alloys of the present invention are substantially superior to aluminum alloys such as the alloy designated as 2014-T6 and cold rolled steels such as those designated as AISI 301 and AISI 310. Under the same conditions, the aged steels of the present invention compare favorably with certain titanium-base alloys which are much more expensive both from the standpoint of material cost and from the standpoint of fabricating costs.
The alloys of the present invention are readily weldable and can be easily fabricated into structures for use at cryogenic temperatures. Such structures include missile motor cases and pressure vessels, liquid-gas storage vessels and pressure equipment and other fixtures and structural elements employed in service under critically stressed conditions at cryogenic temperatures.
Although the present invention has beendescribed in conjunction With preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that modifications and variations may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as those skilled in -the art will readily understand. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the purview and scope of the invention and appended.- claims.
We claim: I
1. A steel for use as structures and structural elements subjected in use to stress at cryogenic temperatures consisting essentially of about 17% to about 19% nickel, about 8% to about 9% cobalt, about 2.8% to about 3.5% molybdenum, about 0.05% to about 0.25% titanium, about 0.05% to about 0.15% aluminum, up to about 0.2% silicon, up to about 0.2% manganese, less than about 0.01% sulfur and less than about 0.03% carbon with the balance being essentially iron together with small amounts of impurities, deoxidants and incidental elements normally associated therewith.
2. A steel as in claim 1 hardened by aging for about 1 to about 10 hours at about 700 F. to about 1000 F. after transformation.
3. A steel for use as structures and structural elements subjected in use to stress at cryogenic temperatures consisting essentially of about 18% nickel, about 8.5% cobalt, about 3.2% molybdenum, about 0.2% titanium, about 0.1% aluminum, about 0.015% carbon, about 0.01% zirconium, about 0.003% boron with the balance being essentially iron.
4. A steel for use as structures and structural elements subjected in use to stress at cryogenic temperatures consisting essentially of about 0.014% to about 0.018% carbon, about 17.32% to about 18.00% nickel, about 2.85%
6 to about 3.48% molybdenum, about 8.00% to about 8.50% cobalt, about 0.17% to about 0.19% titanium, about 0.083% to about 0.11% aluminum, about 0.003% to about 0.0053% boron, less than 0.01% zirconium with 5 the balance being essentially iron.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS
Claims (1)
1. A STEEL FOR USE AS STRUCTURES AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTED IN USE TO STRESS AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF ABOUT 17% TO ABOUT 19% NICKEL, ABOUT 8% TO ABOUT 9% COBALT, ABOUT 2.8% TO ABOUT 3.5% MOLYBDENUM, ABOUT 0.05% TO ABOUT 0.25% TITANIUM, ABOUT 0.05% TO ABOUT 0.15% ALUMINUM, UP TO ABOUT 0.2% SILICON, UP TO ABOUT 0.2% MANGANESE, LESS THAN ABOUT 0.01% SULFUR AND LESS THAN ABOUT 0.03% CARBON WITH THE BALANCE BEING ESSENTIALLY IRON TOGETHER WITH SMALL AMOUNTS OF IMPURITIES, DEOXIDANTS AND INCIDENTAL ELEMENTS NORMALLY ASSOCIATED THEREWITH.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US214804A US3132938A (en) | 1962-08-06 | 1962-08-06 | Aged steel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US214804A US3132938A (en) | 1962-08-06 | 1962-08-06 | Aged steel |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3132938A true US3132938A (en) | 1964-05-12 |
Family
ID=22800472
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US214804A Expired - Lifetime US3132938A (en) | 1962-08-06 | 1962-08-06 | Aged steel |
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US (1) | US3132938A (en) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3313662A (en) * | 1964-08-20 | 1967-04-11 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Maraging steel |
US3322580A (en) * | 1963-09-24 | 1967-05-30 | Int Nickel Co | Hard facing metals and alloys |
US3396013A (en) * | 1966-03-21 | 1968-08-06 | Int Nickel Co | Beryllium-containing maraging steel |
US3453102A (en) * | 1966-03-08 | 1969-07-01 | Int Nickel Co | High strength,ductile maraging steel |
US3861906A (en) * | 1972-12-29 | 1975-01-21 | Republic Steel Corp | Calcium deoxidized, fine grain steels |
US4013458A (en) * | 1974-06-17 | 1977-03-22 | The International Nickel Company, Inc. | Cast maraging steel |
US4214902A (en) * | 1979-01-25 | 1980-07-29 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | High toughness-high strength iron alloy |
US4832909A (en) * | 1986-12-22 | 1989-05-23 | Carpenter Technology Corporation | Low cobalt-containing maraging steel with improved toughness |
US20060081309A1 (en) * | 2003-04-08 | 2006-04-20 | Gainsmart Group Limited | Ultra-high strength weathering steel and method for making same |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB409355A (en) * | 1931-11-04 | 1934-04-30 | Wilhelm Kroll | Improvements in processes for improving alloys containing iron, aluminium and nickel |
US2048164A (en) * | 1931-08-31 | 1936-07-21 | Int Nickel Co | Method of treating alloys |
US2712498A (en) * | 1948-06-01 | 1955-07-05 | Rolls Royce | Nickel chromium alloys having high creep strength at high temperatures |
-
1962
- 1962-08-06 US US214804A patent/US3132938A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2048164A (en) * | 1931-08-31 | 1936-07-21 | Int Nickel Co | Method of treating alloys |
GB409355A (en) * | 1931-11-04 | 1934-04-30 | Wilhelm Kroll | Improvements in processes for improving alloys containing iron, aluminium and nickel |
US2712498A (en) * | 1948-06-01 | 1955-07-05 | Rolls Royce | Nickel chromium alloys having high creep strength at high temperatures |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3322580A (en) * | 1963-09-24 | 1967-05-30 | Int Nickel Co | Hard facing metals and alloys |
US3313662A (en) * | 1964-08-20 | 1967-04-11 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Maraging steel |
US3453102A (en) * | 1966-03-08 | 1969-07-01 | Int Nickel Co | High strength,ductile maraging steel |
US3396013A (en) * | 1966-03-21 | 1968-08-06 | Int Nickel Co | Beryllium-containing maraging steel |
US3861906A (en) * | 1972-12-29 | 1975-01-21 | Republic Steel Corp | Calcium deoxidized, fine grain steels |
US4013458A (en) * | 1974-06-17 | 1977-03-22 | The International Nickel Company, Inc. | Cast maraging steel |
US4214902A (en) * | 1979-01-25 | 1980-07-29 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | High toughness-high strength iron alloy |
US4832909A (en) * | 1986-12-22 | 1989-05-23 | Carpenter Technology Corporation | Low cobalt-containing maraging steel with improved toughness |
US20060081309A1 (en) * | 2003-04-08 | 2006-04-20 | Gainsmart Group Limited | Ultra-high strength weathering steel and method for making same |
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