US3132927A - Wear-resistant material - Google Patents

Wear-resistant material Download PDF

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Publication number
US3132927A
US3132927A US128158A US12815861A US3132927A US 3132927 A US3132927 A US 3132927A US 128158 A US128158 A US 128158A US 12815861 A US12815861 A US 12815861A US 3132927 A US3132927 A US 3132927A
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United States
Prior art keywords
wear
nickel
mica
aluminum
microns
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US128158A
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English (en)
Inventor
William G Borner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Huntington Alloys Corp
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International Nickel Co Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE620811D priority Critical patent/BE620811A/xx
Application filed by International Nickel Co Inc filed Critical International Nickel Co Inc
Priority to US128158A priority patent/US3132927A/en
Priority to GB26868/62A priority patent/GB953506A/en
Priority to SE8351/62A priority patent/SE301575B/xx
Priority to FR905540A priority patent/FR1335223A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3132927A publication Critical patent/US3132927A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
    • C25D15/02—Combined electrolytic and electrophoretic processes with charged materials
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1266—O, S, or organic compound in metal component

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to wear-resistant materials and, more particularly, to wear-resistant coatings, and a process for making said wear-resistant coatings.
  • the invention also contemplates providing an irnproved process for producing wear-resistant coatings and/ or materials.
  • FIGURE l is a pen andink drawing of a photomicrograph taken at a magnilication of 250'diameters (250x) of an. unetched wearresistant coating within the scope of the present invention
  • FIGURE 2 is a graphical representation showing the low cumulative wear of a wear-resistant coating made in accordance with the present invention under varying bearing stresses against cast-aluminum which also had low cumulative wear; p
  • FIGURE 3 is also a graph showing the higher cumulative wear of cast aluminum in contact with cast alumi# num under several bearing stresses under oil lubricated conditions;
  • FIGURE 4 is a plot of cumulative wear with oil lubri- 3,132,927. Patented May l2, 1964 cation at various bearing stresses for cast aluminum contacting a hard nickel coating outside the scope of this invention;
  • FIGURE 5 is a graph depicting the corresponding high cumulative wear when a coating not within the scope of the presentinvention was used.
  • FIGURE 6 is, similarly, Ystill another graph illustrating the high cumulative wear versus bearing stresses when another coatingnot within the contemplation of this invention wasused; and
  • a A Y FIGURE 7 is, like FIGURES 5 and 6, a graph showing the high cumulative wear versus bearing stresses when still another coating not within this inventionwas used.
  • the present invention contemplateselectrodeposited materials and/or coatings having excellent resistance to wear even in the as-plated condition which coatings contain about l% to about 20% by weight of particulate mica, each of said particles having a mean major dimension of about 5 to about 45 microns, and,- advantageously, about7 to about 40 microns, with the balance essentially a continuous matrix of an electrodeposited metal having a melting point in excess of about C. and having a standard electrode potential of less than about +08 volt according to the electromotive series.
  • the mica of the coating is substantially uniformly dispersed throughout the metal matrix as discrete particles having a substantially similar laminar orientation one with the other andwith the surface to be subjected to wear, i.e., the mica particles are manifestly oriented in approximately parallel' relationship, such as illustrated in FIG. l. In such an orientation, the plate-like particles of mica have predominantly similar directional relation to eachother.
  • the mica of the coatings can be in the form of synthetic micas and/or natural micas, including the heptaphyllites such as muscovite and paragonite, the octophyllites suchas lepidolite, phlogopite and'biotite, the soda-micas, the lithia-micas, the magnesia-micas, the ferro-micas, the mica-like minerals such as vermiculite and combinations thereof.
  • the mica is present in the coatings in amounts ranging from about '1% to about 20% by weight and advanta- Vgeously in amounts of about,2% ⁇ to 10% lby weight.
  • the particle size is less than about 5 microns, substantially no improved wear resistance swobtained.
  • the coating is rough and is only weakly adherent.
  • the mica is advantageously present in amounts ranging from about 2% to about 10% by weight and its mean particle size lies between about 7 microns and 40 microns.
  • the matrix is a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt,'iron and copper. More advantageously, the matrix metal is nickel because of its remarkable compatibilitywhen used in accordance with the invention with most materials, its excellent corrosion-resistance characteristics and its ease of high quality electrodeposition. Other metals having a melting point in excess of 150 AC. and a standard electrode potential of less than about-10.8 vol-t canl if the particle size is greaterl the metals which are included as those itemized in Table I:
  • the present invention also contemplates a process for producing the Wear-resistant materials and/or coatings of the present invention lhaving compositions both within the broad and advantageous ranges.
  • an electrically conductive surface is made the cathode of an electrolytic cell and is immersed in an electrolyte containing ions of a metal as described hereinbefore, i.e., a metal having a standard electrode potential of less than about +08 volt at 25 C.
  • the electrolyte can be any available electrolyte which will deposit lthe matrix metal.
  • the metal is advantageously selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, copper, iron and combinations thereof.
  • the electrodeposited matrix metal is more 'advantageously nickel.
  • the plating baths and/ or electrolytes for use in depositing a nickel electroplate con-taining mica in accordance with the invention include those which are listed compositionally in the following Table II:
  • levelling agents such as coumarin, etc.
  • antipitting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.
  • nickel plating baths or electrolytes can also be used.
  • compositions of the present inventions can be electrodeposited onto various basis metals such as aluminum, iron, stainless steel, brass, copper, nickel, etc.
  • the materials can be electrodeposited onto a base then stripped off, e.g., onto a suitable stainless steel surface or a graphitized surface.
  • the mica in order to assure that the mica is suspended in the electrolyte solution and does not settle out (otherwise little of the mica will be codeposited with the metal) the electrolyte should be agitated as by vibration, circulation, rotation of cathode, etc., as those skilled in the art readily understand, to provide a dispersed system of mica in the electrolyte in contact with the cathode.
  • Example A cast aluminum article, containing about 3% copper, about 9% silicon, with the balance essentially aluminum, 2.352 inches in diameter by 0.394 inch wide was cleaned in alkali to blacken it.
  • the article was then dipped in a solution containing nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid, water rinsed-and placed in a bath containing Zinc oxide in caustic soda. Thereafter, the aluminum article was rinsed in water and then in a 5% solution of sulfuric acid.
  • the article was then again rinsed in water and made the cathode in a hard nickel bath containing about 40 ounces of nickel sulfamate and about 4 ounces of boric acid per gallon of water.
  • the pH of the electrolyte was determined electrometrically to be about 4.
  • Mica having a particle size of between about 7 microns and about 40 microns was then suspended in the electrolyte so that it comprised about 2% by volume of the bath.
  • the bath was then provided with a nickel anode and it was then heated to about 140 F. and maintained at that temperature throughout the plating operation.
  • the cathode was rotated at about 0.5 surface foot per minute.
  • a cathode current density of 40 amperes per square foot (asf.) was applied to the electrolyte and was continued for about 3 hours. The cathode was then removed from the bath and it was determined that the coating was about 6 mils thick.
  • the unetched coated aluminum cathode was then observed under a microscope at a magnication of 250 showing, as illustrated by FIGURE 1 (a pen and ink drawing of the photomicrcgraph), a coating 11 containing a nickel matrix 12 and lamellae of particulate mica 13 substan- 6 tially uniformly dispersed throughout the nickel matrix. It is to be observed that the preponderance of discrete mica particles have similar directional orientation to each other and to the article surface 14.
  • this coated aluminum article was tested in air using an Amsler wear tester which is described in detail in an article entitled Some Important Variables Encountered in Wear Testson Cast Iron, by D. E. Ackerman, published by the American Society for Testing Materials, 1937, page 24 et seq.
  • the machine has two parallel shafts on which'were placed the coated aluminum article and another aluminum d-isc having the samecomposition and dimensions as the aluminum article which was coated in the manner hereinbefore set forth. The peripheries of the coated aluminum article and disc were made to contact each other.
  • the gearing was set for this example, and for the other tests hereinafter set forth, so that one shaft turned at 440 revolutions per minute (r.p.m.), while the other turned in the same direction at 400 r.p.m.
  • the aluminum article and disc were operated under conditions of slip with respect to' each other at the Wearing surfaces, i.e., equivalent tov a speed of travel of about 512 feet per minute.
  • the aluminum article and disc were rst run in dynamic contact with each other at a bearing stress of 10,000 pounds per square inch'(p.s.i.) for 24 hours, which is equivalent to a surface travel of about 737,000 feet.
  • a nickel coating containing 18% silicon carbide having a particle size o f between about 7 microns and about 40 microns was electrodeposited on aluminum.
  • the testing of this sample against aluminum was conducted under identical conditions as the example except that the blocks were turbine oil lubricated. The results are reported in FIG. 6. For bearing loads in excess of about 40,000 pounds, the aluminum Wore excessively as illustrated in FIG. 6. In addition, visual examination showed scoring of the aluminum.
  • the coating of the present invention has superior Wear characteristics when compared with other coatings as demonstrated by the :foregoing tests and as illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 7 inclusive.
  • the electrodeposited coatings of the present invention range in thickness from very thin, eg., at least about 1 mil, to very thick, eg., about 1 inch or even 11/2 inches.
  • the present invention is particularly applicable to the electroplating and/ or electroforming of articles which are to be subjected to extensive wear, e.g., bearings, bearing surfaces, etc.
  • the present invention is most advantageously applicable to the formation of coatings which are subjected to wear by dynamic contact with aluminum articles, eg., pistons, piston rings and/ or cylmajor dimension of about 5 microns to about 45 microns inder walls in engines.
  • the present invention is applicable to a variety of other uses, c g., film guide for photographicV equipment, etc.'

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
  • Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
  • Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
US128158A 1961-07-31 1961-07-31 Wear-resistant material Expired - Lifetime US3132927A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE620811D BE620811A (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png) 1961-07-31
US128158A US3132927A (en) 1961-07-31 1961-07-31 Wear-resistant material
GB26868/62A GB953506A (en) 1961-07-31 1962-07-12 Improvements relating to electrodeposited wear-resistant materials and coatings
SE8351/62A SE301575B (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png) 1961-07-31 1962-07-30
FR905540A FR1335223A (fr) 1961-07-31 1962-07-30 Perfectionnements relatifs aux matériaux et revêtements résistant à l'usure

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US128158A US3132927A (en) 1961-07-31 1961-07-31 Wear-resistant material

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US3132927A true US3132927A (en) 1964-05-12

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US128158A Expired - Lifetime US3132927A (en) 1961-07-31 1961-07-31 Wear-resistant material

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US (1) US3132927A (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png)
BE (1) BE620811A (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png)
FR (1) FR1335223A (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png)
GB (1) GB953506A (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png)
SE (1) SE301575B (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5062136A (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png) * 1973-10-05 1975-05-28
US3891542A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-06-24 Ford Motor Co Method for insuring high silicon carbide content in elnisil coatings
JPS5078821U (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png) * 1973-11-22 1975-07-08
US3970527A (en) * 1972-12-18 1976-07-20 Oxy Metal Industries Corporation Electroformation of the running track of a rotary internal combustion engine
US20030178314A1 (en) * 2002-03-21 2003-09-25 United States Steel Corporation Stainless steel electrolytic coating

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3356467A (en) * 1964-12-28 1967-12-05 Udylite Corp Article coated with a coelectrodeposit of nickel and plastic particles, an overlayerthereon, and method of making said article

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2177853A (en) * 1938-08-09 1939-10-31 Chryaler Corp Composition of matter and method of making the same
US2504239A (en) * 1946-04-12 1950-04-18 Int Nickel Co Nickel plating
US2513280A (en) * 1945-10-31 1950-07-04 Udylite Corp Electrodeposition of nickel from an acid bath
US2673480A (en) * 1944-09-21 1954-03-30 Sk Wellman Co Apparatus for shaping bimetallic articles
US2763919A (en) * 1950-07-28 1956-09-25 Thompson Prod Inc Coated refractory body
US2775531A (en) * 1949-05-10 1956-12-25 Univ Ohio State Res Found Method of coating a metal surface
US2799081A (en) * 1952-09-24 1957-07-16 Gibson Electric Company Electrical contacts
US2898279A (en) * 1956-06-14 1959-08-04 Commw Of Australia Coating surfaces by employing an electrostatic field

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2177853A (en) * 1938-08-09 1939-10-31 Chryaler Corp Composition of matter and method of making the same
US2673480A (en) * 1944-09-21 1954-03-30 Sk Wellman Co Apparatus for shaping bimetallic articles
US2513280A (en) * 1945-10-31 1950-07-04 Udylite Corp Electrodeposition of nickel from an acid bath
US2504239A (en) * 1946-04-12 1950-04-18 Int Nickel Co Nickel plating
US2775531A (en) * 1949-05-10 1956-12-25 Univ Ohio State Res Found Method of coating a metal surface
US2763919A (en) * 1950-07-28 1956-09-25 Thompson Prod Inc Coated refractory body
US2799081A (en) * 1952-09-24 1957-07-16 Gibson Electric Company Electrical contacts
US2898279A (en) * 1956-06-14 1959-08-04 Commw Of Australia Coating surfaces by employing an electrostatic field

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3970527A (en) * 1972-12-18 1976-07-20 Oxy Metal Industries Corporation Electroformation of the running track of a rotary internal combustion engine
JPS5062136A (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png) * 1973-10-05 1975-05-28
JPS5436578B2 (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png) * 1973-10-05 1979-11-09
US3891542A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-06-24 Ford Motor Co Method for insuring high silicon carbide content in elnisil coatings
JPS5078821U (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png) * 1973-11-22 1975-07-08
JPS5338025Y2 (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png) * 1973-11-22 1978-09-14
US20030178314A1 (en) * 2002-03-21 2003-09-25 United States Steel Corporation Stainless steel electrolytic coating

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1335223A (fr) 1963-08-16
BE620811A (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png)
SE301575B (US07582779-20090901-C00044.png) 1968-06-10
GB953506A (en) 1964-03-25

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