US3107573A - Method of restricting a solid propellant - Google Patents

Method of restricting a solid propellant Download PDF

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Publication number
US3107573A
US3107573A US65855A US6585560A US3107573A US 3107573 A US3107573 A US 3107573A US 65855 A US65855 A US 65855A US 6585560 A US6585560 A US 6585560A US 3107573 A US3107573 A US 3107573A
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fabric
cellulose acetate
solvent
solid propellant
grain
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US65855A
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Walter W Butcher
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Standard Oil Co
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Standard Oil Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B21/00—Apparatus or methods for working-up explosives, e.g. forming, cutting, drying
    • C06B21/0083—Treatment of solid structures, e.g. for coating or impregnating with a modifier
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
    • C06B45/12—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product having contiguous layers or zones

Definitions

  • Solid propellants for use in rocket motors or gas generators must burn in a controlled manner. This control is obtained by forcing the combustion to be limited to selected portion(s) of the surface of the solid propellant grain. For example, a rod-like grain which is desired to burn in cigarette fashion must be prevented from burning on the cylindrical surface thereof. Regardless of how tightly the grain may be fitted into a rocket motor or a gas generator combustion chamber, hot gases tend to leak between the wall and the surface of the grain and cause combustion where it is not wanted.
  • Solid propellant grains are forced to burn in a desired manner by applying to selected portion(s) of the surface a flame restriction coating commonly called a restrictor.
  • the restrictor is a material which is either relatively inert or burns so much more slowly than'the propellant material itself that the propellant beneath the restrictor does not burn until the flame reaches it.
  • cellulose acetate sheet For example, in a rod that is desired to burn cigarette fashion a sheet of cellulose acetate is glued to the cylindrical surface. This procedure sounds simple but the job of adhering the sheet to the surface has been found to be difiicult and frequently unsatisfactory. Also, where there are irregular surfaces to be restricted, it is diflicult to shape and adhere cellulose acetate sheet to these irregular surfaces. On the other hand, cellulose acetate is relatively incombustible and reasonably cheap and can be softened by many solvents and plasticizers so that it is a very suitable restricting material when cellulose heet can be applied to the surface of the grain.
  • fiber as used herein means a thread like material capable of being spun, woven, knitted, or felted.
  • the restrictor coating may be formed from cellulose acetate fibers which are in the form of woven fabric, knit fabric, felt fabric, or formed into non-woven cloth wherein a binder holds the fibers in place. All types of woven and knit fabrics which are available from the textile industry are suitable for use in the invention.
  • the cellulose acetate fiber may be derived from any cellulose acetate which can be formed into thread like structures. By the use of special solvents, fibers can be formed from material which is essentially cellulose triacetate. In general, the cellulose acetate fibers will be formed from material having a combined acetic acid value of 53-60%
  • the solid propellant grain consists essentially of a body formed from the particular solid propellant and adhered celulose fiber restrictor coating.
  • the solid propellant body may be made up of any of the materials used for this purpose. These propellants may be double base powder, ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, etc.
  • the ammonium nitrate and ammonium perchlorate propellants comprise the oxidizer and a combustible organic atent "too material binder therefor.
  • These binders may be thermoplastic materials which are a mixture of organic polymer and a plasticizer therefor.
  • cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate are suitable polymers with ammonium nitrate oxidizer.
  • suitable plasticizers are known for these materials, such as triethyl citrate, dinitro diphenyl oxide, dinitro toluene, and triacetin. Rubber-like materials, such as Thiokol rubber, GRS rubber, and the like may be used as binders.
  • the coating of cellulose acetate fiber must be adhered to the surface to be restricted. This is preferably done by solvent-softening the fabric.
  • the softening may be accomplished by a material which is capable of dissolving the particular cellulose acetate or merely softening the fibers and causing stickiness; or a plasticizer type solvent may be used to accomplish the softening of the cellulose acetate fibers. It is desirable to use as the solvent-softener a material which will also soften appreciably the surface of the solid propellant body to which the fabric is to be adhered.
  • solventsofteners are: methyl acetate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, commercial ethyl acetate, 99% ethyl acetate, methyl Cellosolve acetate, methyl Cellosolve, Cellosolve acetate, nitrornethane ethyl alcohol, nitromethane, nitropropane ethyl alcohol, nitropropane methanol, ethyl lactate, diacetone alcohol, methylene chloride ethyl alcohol, ethylene dichloride ethyl alcohol.
  • suitable plasticizers are triethyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, triacetin, nitrotoluene, etc.
  • solvent-softener used will be dependent upon the particular material, the amount of restrictor coating needed, and the type of configuration to be restricted.
  • sufiicient solvent-softener is used to adhere the fabric to the surface to permit fit of the fabric to surface irregularities during the enplacing operation.
  • the fabric may be applied to the surface by wetting the fabric with the plasticizer or solvent and then applying the wet fabric to the surface.
  • the fabric may be wrapped around the surface for the particular number of layers needed to provide the desired amount of restriction.
  • the fabric may be positioned on the surface and then wet with the plasticizer or solvent. When end burning rods are desired, it is preferred to wet the fabric prior to positioning as this avoids wrinkles when several layers of fabric are needed for the particular coating.
  • the solvent may be permitted to evaporate at ordinary temperatures or at somewhat elevated temperatures, dependent upon the boiling point of the solvent and the facilities available.
  • solvent softeners which are more in the nature of plasticizer
  • the finished grain is obtained by heating the body and wet fabric affixed thereto at a temperature suitable for setting the fabric.
  • temperatures on the order of ISO-250 F. may be used.
  • Sufiicient time is permitted at the particular temperature for the removal of the solvent for setting of the plasticizer. The particular time will be dependent upon the temperature, the solvent, or the plasticizer and the thickness of the restrictor coating.
  • the dried grain has a tough, resilient covering at the portion where the cellulose acetate fabric has been adhered.
  • the coating performs as well as cellulose acetate sheets applied by the more usual methods. It has been noted that thicker coatings are permissible with the cellulose acetate fabric method of applying the restrictor coating. It has also been observed that the presence of the bubbles beneath the fabric restrictor or between layers of fabric does not impair the flame-restriction quality of the coating as it does so frequently in cellulose acetatesheet restrictors. V
  • the cellulose acetate fabric restrictor has been utilized with ammonium nitrate propellants in all the manners in which other restrictors have been applied.
  • other restrictors For example, as coatings on rods to provide cigarette burning; as annular discs aifixed to the end of tubular grains which provide burning on the cylindrical surfaces inward toward and outward from the center of the grain; also as annular discs applied to the ends of tubes and as cylindrical surface coatings providing burning from the inside toward the outer surface of the grain.
  • the restricted grain be positioned in the rocket motor or generator combustion chamber so that the restrictor surface is close fitting against the wall of the motor or chamber. Where insulation is desired to protect the'metal of the chamber, appropriate insulators may be applied to the restricted surface or the grain may be inserted into an asbestos tube for use as a cigarette burning grain.
  • ammonium nitrate oxidizer 62%
  • binder made up of cellulose acetate (54-56% combined acetic acid), 12%
  • acetyl triethyl citrate 9%
  • dinitrophenoxyethanol 6%
  • bis(dinitrophenoxy)ethane 3%
  • the propellant contained carbon black, 4%
  • toluene diamine 1%
  • catalyst 3%.
  • Cigarette burning grains ranging in diameter from one inch to five inches were prepared by applying commercially purchased acetate rayon cloth to the outside cylindrical surface. Inside-outside burnings were prepared by restricting the annular end surface of a five inch diameter hole.
  • test grains were prepared by the plasticizer method with a triethyl citrate or triacetin to soak the cloth before applying the cloth to the surface to be restricted. In multi-layer applications, the wet cloth was then covered with a damp cloth to seal off the wet cloth. For convenience, the burners were inserted into an asbestos sleeve to support the grain during the time that the grain was maintained at 170 F. for about 12 hours to set the restrictor coating. Other grains were prepared by wrapping dry cloth about the grain and then wetting with acetone or methyl acetate. The wet grains were permitted to remain exposed at room temperature of 1.
  • a method of restricting a solid propellant body which method consists essentially of (a) applying a solvent-softened fabric formed from cellulose acetate fiber to a selected portion of the surface of a solid propellant body, in the thickness desired to accomplish flame-restriction, and (b) heating said coated body to a temperature and for a time needed to adhere said fabric to said surface.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)

Description

United States 3,107,573 METHGD {1F RESTRICTENG A SOLID PROPELLANT This invention relates to solid propellants provided with a flame restriction coating on a portion of the surface thereof.
Solid propellants for use in rocket motors or gas generators must burn in a controlled manner. This control is obtained by forcing the combustion to be limited to selected portion(s) of the surface of the solid propellant grain. For example, a rod-like grain which is desired to burn in cigarette fashion must be prevented from burning on the cylindrical surface thereof. Regardless of how tightly the grain may be fitted into a rocket motor or a gas generator combustion chamber, hot gases tend to leak between the wall and the surface of the grain and cause combustion where it is not wanted. Solid propellant grains are forced to burn in a desired manner by applying to selected portion(s) of the surface a flame restriction coating commonly called a restrictor. The restrictor is a material which is either relatively inert or burns so much more slowly than'the propellant material itself that the propellant beneath the restrictor does not burn until the flame reaches it.
Many materials have been used as restrictors. One of the earliest materials and one still widely used is cellulose acetate sheet. For example, in a rod that is desired to burn cigarette fashion a sheet of cellulose acetate is glued to the cylindrical surface. This procedure sounds simple but the job of adhering the sheet to the surface has been found to be difiicult and frequently unsatisfactory. Also, where there are irregular surfaces to be restricted, it is diflicult to shape and adhere cellulose acetate sheet to these irregular surfaces. On the other hand, cellulose acetate is relatively incombustible and reasonably cheap and can be softened by many solvents and plasticizers so that it is a very suitable restricting material when cellulose heet can be applied to the surface of the grain.
It has been discovered that all types of solid propellants can be very successfully restricted with cellulose acetate restrictor coating when the coating is formed from cellulose acetate fibers adhered to the surface of the solid propellant body which is desired to be restricted.
The term fiber as used herein means a thread like material capable of being spun, woven, knitted, or felted. The restrictor coating may be formed from cellulose acetate fibers which are in the form of woven fabric, knit fabric, felt fabric, or formed into non-woven cloth wherein a binder holds the fibers in place. All types of woven and knit fabrics which are available from the textile industry are suitable for use in the invention.
The cellulose acetate fiber may be derived from any cellulose acetate which can be formed into thread like structures. By the use of special solvents, fibers can be formed from material which is essentially cellulose triacetate. In general, the cellulose acetate fibers will be formed from material having a combined acetic acid value of 53-60% The solid propellant grain consists essentially of a body formed from the particular solid propellant and adhered celulose fiber restrictor coating. The solid propellant body may be made up of any of the materials used for this purpose. These propellants may be double base powder, ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, etc. The ammonium nitrate and ammonium perchlorate propellants comprise the oxidizer and a combustible organic atent "too material binder therefor. These binders may be thermoplastic materials which are a mixture of organic polymer and a plasticizer therefor. For example, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, are suitable polymers with ammonium nitrate oxidizer. Numerous suitable plasticizers are known for these materials, such as triethyl citrate, dinitro diphenyl oxide, dinitro toluene, and triacetin. Rubber-like materials, such as Thiokol rubber, GRS rubber, and the like may be used as binders.
The coating of cellulose acetate fiber must be adhered to the surface to be restricted. This is preferably done by solvent-softening the fabric. The softening may be accomplished by a material which is capable of dissolving the particular cellulose acetate or merely softening the fibers and causing stickiness; or a plasticizer type solvent may be used to accomplish the softening of the cellulose acetate fibers. It is desirable to use as the solvent-softener a material which will also soften appreciably the surface of the solid propellant body to which the fabric is to be adhered. Examples of suitable solventsofteners are: methyl acetate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, commercial ethyl acetate, 99% ethyl acetate, methyl Cellosolve acetate, methyl Cellosolve, Cellosolve acetate, nitrornethane ethyl alcohol, nitromethane, nitropropane ethyl alcohol, nitropropane methanol, ethyl lactate, diacetone alcohol, methylene chloride ethyl alcohol, ethylene dichloride ethyl alcohol. Illustrative of suitable plasticizers are triethyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, triacetin, nitrotoluene, etc.
The amount of solvent-softener used will be dependent upon the particular material, the amount of restrictor coating needed, and the type of configuration to be restricted. In general, sufiicient solvent-softener is used to adhere the fabric to the surface to permit fit of the fabric to surface irregularities during the enplacing operation.
The fabric may be applied to the surface by wetting the fabric with the plasticizer or solvent and then applying the wet fabric to the surface. In the case of a rod or similar material whose cylindrical surface is to be restricted, the fabric may be wrapped around the surface for the particular number of layers needed to provide the desired amount of restriction. Instead of wetting the fabric prior to applying it to the surface, the fabric may be positioned on the surface and then wet with the plasticizer or solvent. When end burning rods are desired, it is preferred to wet the fabric prior to positioning as this avoids wrinkles when several layers of fabric are needed for the particular coating. When a low-boiling solvent, such as acetone or methyl acetate is used, the solvent may be permitted to evaporate at ordinary temperatures or at somewhat elevated temperatures, dependent upon the boiling point of the solvent and the facilities available. In the case of solvent softeners which are more in the nature of plasticizer, the finished grain is obtained by heating the body and wet fabric affixed thereto at a temperature suitable for setting the fabric. When a material such as triethyl citrate or triacetin is the solventsoftener, temperatures on the order of ISO-250 F. may be used. Sufiicient time is permitted at the particular temperature for the removal of the solvent for setting of the plasticizer. The particular time will be dependent upon the temperature, the solvent, or the plasticizer and the thickness of the restrictor coating.
The dried grain has a tough, resilient covering at the portion where the cellulose acetate fabric has been adhered. The coating performs as well as cellulose acetate sheets applied by the more usual methods. It has been noted that thicker coatings are permissible with the cellulose acetate fabric method of applying the restrictor coating. It has also been observed that the presence of the bubbles beneath the fabric restrictor or between layers of fabric does not impair the flame-restriction quality of the coating as it does so frequently in cellulose acetatesheet restrictors. V
The cellulose acetate fabric restrictor has been utilized with ammonium nitrate propellants in all the manners in which other restrictors have been applied. For example, as coatings on rods to provide cigarette burning; as annular discs aifixed to the end of tubular grains which provide burning on the cylindrical surfaces inward toward and outward from the center of the grain; also as annular discs applied to the ends of tubes and as cylindrical surface coatings providing burning from the inside toward the outer surface of the grain. It is preferred that the restricted grain be positioned in the rocket motor or generator combustion chamber so that the restrictor surface is close fitting against the wall of the motor or chamber. Where insulation is desired to protect the'metal of the chamber, appropriate insulators may be applied to the restricted surface or the grain may be inserted into an asbestos tube for use as a cigarette burning grain.
An illustrative ammonium nitrate propellant which has been restricted with the cellulose acetate fabric by the method of the invention is: ammonium nitrate oxidizer, 62%; binder made up of cellulose acetate (54-56% combined acetic acid), 12%; acetyl triethyl citrate, 9%; dinitrophenoxyethanol, 6%; and bis(dinitrophenoxy)ethane, 3%; in addition the propellant contained carbon black, 4%; toluene diamine, 1%; and catalyst, 3%. Cigarette burning grains ranging in diameter from one inch to five inches were prepared by applying commercially purchased acetate rayon cloth to the outside cylindrical surface. Inside-outside burnings were prepared by restricting the annular end surface of a five inch diameter hole.
These test grains were prepared by the plasticizer method with a triethyl citrate or triacetin to soak the cloth before applying the cloth to the surface to be restricted. In multi-layer applications, the wet cloth was then covered with a damp cloth to seal off the wet cloth. For convenience, the burners were inserted into an asbestos sleeve to support the grain during the time that the grain was maintained at 170 F. for about 12 hours to set the restrictor coating. Other grains were prepared by wrapping dry cloth about the grain and then wetting with acetone or methyl acetate. The wet grains were permitted to remain exposed at room temperature of 1. A method of restricting a solid propellant body which method consists essentially of (a) applying a solvent-softened fabric formed from cellulose acetate fiber to a selected portion of the surface of a solid propellant body, in the thickness desired to accomplish flame-restriction, and (b) heating said coated body to a temperature and for a time needed to adhere said fabric to said surface. 7
2. The. method of claim 1 wherein said solvent is acetone.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said solvent is methyl acetate.
4.'The method of claim 1 wherein said solvent is triethyl citrate.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said temperature is about 250 F. e
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said fabric is a woven fabric.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said fabric is a knit fabric.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said fabric is a felt fabric.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said body comprises ammonium nitrate oxidizer and a combustible organic material binder therefor.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Campbell et al Nov. 1, 1960

Claims (1)

1. A METHOD OF RESTRICTING A SOLID PROPELLANT BODY WHICH METHOD CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF (A) APPLYING A SOLVENT-SOFTENED FABRIC FORMED FROM CELLULOSE ACETATE FIBER TO A SELECTED PORTION OF THE SURFACE OF A SOLID PROPELLANT BODY, IN THE THICKNESS DESIRED TO ACCOMPLISH FLAME-RESTRICTION, AND (B) HEATING SAID COATED BY TO A TEMPERATURE AND FOR A TIME NEEDED TO ADHERE SAID FABRIC TO SAID SURFACE.
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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3263613A (en) * 1964-05-28 1966-08-02 Atlantic Res Corp Elastic sheet
US3278356A (en) * 1963-05-31 1966-10-11 Katz Daniel Method for fastening perforated propellant sticks to a suspension plate
US3311013A (en) * 1963-01-09 1967-03-28 Aerojet General Co Propellant liner
US3338990A (en) * 1964-05-28 1967-08-29 Atlantic Res Corp Method of making an inhibited, gas-producing charge
US3381065A (en) * 1966-05-27 1968-04-30 Standard Oil Co Method for restricting propellant grains
US3493446A (en) * 1968-09-17 1970-02-03 Us Navy Method for applying a burn inhibitor material to a composite propellant grain
US4766814A (en) * 1963-12-26 1988-08-30 Wilson Lloyd C Materials for thermal protection by rapid smoke production
DE102016121081A1 (en) 2015-11-05 2017-05-11 Bayern-Chemie Gesellschaft Für Flugchemische Antriebe Mbh Ausstosstriebwerk as annular combustion chamber with device for stabilizing a fuel assembly to form outflow channels
DE102015120196A1 (en) 2015-11-20 2017-05-24 Bayern-Chemie Gesellschaft Für Flugchemische Antriebe Mbh Propellant reinforcement with fabric insert, fuel reinforcement
DE102017100058A1 (en) 2016-02-22 2017-08-24 Bayern-Chemie Gesellschaft Für Flugchemische Antriebe Mbh Device for stabilizing a fuel assembly with formation of outflow channels
US20210290818A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2021-09-23 Locate Therapeutics Limited Scaffolding material, methods and uses

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2539404A (en) * 1945-05-28 1951-01-30 Aerojet Engineering Corp Solid propellant charge for rocket motors
US2858289A (en) * 1953-05-25 1958-10-28 Hercules Powder Co Ltd Combustion inhibitor for gas-producing charges
US2958288A (en) * 1960-11-01 campbell

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2958288A (en) * 1960-11-01 campbell
US2539404A (en) * 1945-05-28 1951-01-30 Aerojet Engineering Corp Solid propellant charge for rocket motors
US2858289A (en) * 1953-05-25 1958-10-28 Hercules Powder Co Ltd Combustion inhibitor for gas-producing charges

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3311013A (en) * 1963-01-09 1967-03-28 Aerojet General Co Propellant liner
US3278356A (en) * 1963-05-31 1966-10-11 Katz Daniel Method for fastening perforated propellant sticks to a suspension plate
US4766814A (en) * 1963-12-26 1988-08-30 Wilson Lloyd C Materials for thermal protection by rapid smoke production
US3338990A (en) * 1964-05-28 1967-08-29 Atlantic Res Corp Method of making an inhibited, gas-producing charge
US3263613A (en) * 1964-05-28 1966-08-02 Atlantic Res Corp Elastic sheet
US3381065A (en) * 1966-05-27 1968-04-30 Standard Oil Co Method for restricting propellant grains
US3493446A (en) * 1968-09-17 1970-02-03 Us Navy Method for applying a burn inhibitor material to a composite propellant grain
DE102016121081A1 (en) 2015-11-05 2017-05-11 Bayern-Chemie Gesellschaft Für Flugchemische Antriebe Mbh Ausstosstriebwerk as annular combustion chamber with device for stabilizing a fuel assembly to form outflow channels
DE102016121081B4 (en) 2015-11-05 2022-06-15 Bayern-Chemie Gesellschaft Für Flugchemische Antriebe Mbh Ejection engine as an annular combustion chamber with a device for stabilizing a propellant arrangement with the formation of outflow channels
DE102015120196A1 (en) 2015-11-20 2017-05-24 Bayern-Chemie Gesellschaft Für Flugchemische Antriebe Mbh Propellant reinforcement with fabric insert, fuel reinforcement
DE102017100058A1 (en) 2016-02-22 2017-08-24 Bayern-Chemie Gesellschaft Für Flugchemische Antriebe Mbh Device for stabilizing a fuel assembly with formation of outflow channels
DE102017100058B4 (en) 2016-02-22 2024-06-20 Bayern-Chemie Gesellschaft Für Flugchemische Antriebe Mbh Device for stabilizing a fuel arrangement by forming outflow channels
US20210290818A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2021-09-23 Locate Therapeutics Limited Scaffolding material, methods and uses

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