US3075066A - Article of manufacture and method of making same - Google Patents

Article of manufacture and method of making same Download PDF

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US3075066A
US3075066A US700363A US70036357A US3075066A US 3075066 A US3075066 A US 3075066A US 700363 A US700363 A US 700363A US 70036357 A US70036357 A US 70036357A US 3075066 A US3075066 A US 3075066A
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emissive
coating
metal
tungsten
particles
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US700363A
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Donald M Yenni
Robert G Rudness
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Union Carbide Corp
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Union Carbide Corp
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Priority to BE573489A priority patent/BE573489A/en
Priority to FR780540A priority patent/FR1215417A/en
Priority to GB38760/58A priority patent/GB899275A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
    • H01J9/04—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of thermionic cathodes
    • H01J9/042—Manufacture, activation of the emissive part
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/40—Making wire or rods for soldering or welding
    • B23K35/402—Non-consumable electrodes; C-electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/06—Metallic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/134—Plasma spraying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/18—After-treatment
    • C23C4/185—Separation of the coating from the substrate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys

Definitions

  • an entirely novel article of manufacture comprising the combination of an electrically conductive material and at least one electron emissive material, said emissive material enabling the article to emit more electrons at a given temperature than does the pure electrically conductive material.
  • Such novel combination is fabricated by accelerating and heating particles of the electrically conductive material and electron emissive material in a selected gas which is passed through a high pressure electric arc and applied to a suitable supporting member.
  • a novel article of manufacture composed of a body containing or coated with a mixture of refractory metal, such as chromium, niobium, molybdenum, nickel, tantalum, titanium, or tungsten, plus highly emissive material, such as the emissive oxides calcia, ceria, baria, strontia, thoria, or yttria; fabricated by such are accelerated coating process.
  • refractory metal such as chromium, niobium, molybdenum, nickel, tantalum, titanium, or tungsten
  • highly emissive material such as the emissive oxides calcia, ceria, baria, strontia, thoria, or yttria
  • novel bodies containing major amounts of emissive metal oxide can be fabricated according to the present invention which could not be formed by any prior art methods known to us.
  • a specific novel modification of the present invention is an electrode composed of material such as tungsten which has a thin, dense, lamellar adherent coating of refractory metal plus emissive metal oxide.
  • Novel bodies of the invention are useful as welding electrodes, hot cathode emitters for electronic equipment, and are or spark erosion-resistant electrodes.
  • the electron emissivity of welding electrodes and cathode emitters can be increased by the incorporation therein of minor amounts of emissive materials, such as metals, metal compounds and metal oxides, such as thoria, calcia, baria, yttria, strontia, ceria, and mixtures
  • emissive materials such as metals, metal compounds and metal oxides, such as thoria, calcia, baria, yttria, strontia, ceria, and mixtures
  • Bodies containing such emissive materials can be formed by slip-casting, sintering, and other powder metallurgy techniques. Sintered bodies are often formed into finished shapes by swaging. As a general rule the higher the emissive material content, the more difficult the swaging operation. In commercial practice the upper limit for emissive oxide in swaged materials has been about by weight.
  • Novel bodies containing emissive materials such as emissive metals, metal alloys and metal compounds such as metal oxides, having a broad composition range can be fabricated directly according to our invention by the are accelerated plating process.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of equipment illustrating the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a view in side elevation of a ceramic base provided with a tungsten-yttria coating that is shown in cross section;
  • FIG. 3 is a similar view of a stick electrode, the end portion of which is provided with a tungsten-yttria coat-
  • FIGS. 4-7 are views in cross section and elevation of variously shaped bodies of the invention
  • FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 2 of an electronic member illustrating the invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a photomicrograph of a cross section of body of the invention in the as-formed condition.
  • FIG. 10 is a similar view of the prior art.
  • FIG. 11 is a similar view of a body like that of FIG. 9 after heat treatment.
  • the heat source comprises an arc torch I consisting of a central electrode 10 and a nozzle electrode 11 separated from each other by an electrical insulator 12.
  • Electrical supply 13 which can be direct current-straight polarity, direct current-reverse polarity, or alternating current, is connected between electrodes 10 and 11 by lines 14 and 15. Upon completion of such connection an are 16 is initiated.
  • Selected torch gas stream 17 enters through inlet tube 18 and passes out through nozzle 11.
  • An additional selected gas stream 19 enters the arc torch through tube 20.
  • Coating material in the form of particles in hopper 21 drops in controlled amounts into gas stream 19 and the gas stream plus coating particles pass out through the nozzle electrode 11 where they are heated by are 16.
  • the gas stream is accelerated as it passes out through the nozzle and thus accelerates the coating material.
  • the accelerated and heated gas plus coating material form effiuent 22 which impinges onto the workpiece 23 to deposit a coating 24.
  • the equipment shown is used to deposit a coating on a rotating support. A fiat surface or surface of other contour can also be coated by traversing through the torch effluent.
  • the electrical connection 25 from power supply 13 to workpiece 23 is alternatively used when a transferred (work-in-circuit) arc is desired.
  • An electrically conductive workpiece is necessary for this latter process.
  • the gas streams 17 and 19 are selected so as to be inert both to the workpiece and thecoating material. In such way bodies of controlled composition can be formed.
  • gases such as argon, helium, hydrogen and nitrogen are desirable.
  • a reactive'gas might be used, if desired, provided that the arc torch equipment is properly protected.
  • a suitable base material can thus be coated with a mixture of refractory metal plus emissive oxide or a refractory metal can receive a coating of pure emissive oxide.
  • the base material can be either an electrical conductor or non-conductor as desired.
  • Example I A coating 37, FIG. 12,- of tungsten-yttria was applied to a ceramic base 38 'by passing 6.2 grams per minute tungsten powder containing 3 weight percent yttria suspended in a 50 c.f.h. argon stream through a nontrode in a high-frequency spark circuit and was operated for one hour without failure.
  • Example 2 A thin coating 39, FIG. 3, of tungsten-yttria was applied to a fia-inch diameter pointed tungsten stick electrode 40 by passing 6.0.grams per minute tungsten powder containing 10 weight percent yttria in a 50 c.f.h. argon carrier 3 gas stream through a non-transferred arc torch operating at 100 amps. and 53 volts. This gas-powder stream plus 50 c.f.h. argon shielding gas passed out through the 7 inch diameter torch nozzle. Distance from torch nozzle to base material was /2 inch.
  • Such coated electrode was operated as an electric arc cathode up to 500 amps. (DCSP) without melting. Uncoated pointed tungsten electrodes failed under comparable conditions. Our procedure can also be used to coat worn electrodes to rejuvenate their useful life.
  • FIGS. 4-7 illustrate variously shaped bodies of the present invention containing emissive metal oxides.
  • FIG. 4 The body 4 1 of FIG. 4 is hollow and is internally threaded at 42.
  • FIG. 5 shows a body 43 of U-shape.
  • the member 44 of FIG. 6 is tubular; as is member 45 of FIG. 7..
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an electronic member 46 in which a coating 48 containing emissive metal oxide is applied to a support 47 which is also a component part of the electronic member.
  • the are torch using an inert shielding gas is a chemically inert heat source. Therefore the coating composition is determined primarily by the coating feed material minus any vaporized material.
  • a coating or body of controlled varying composition can thus be obtained. For example, pure tungsten can be applied as a coating. Gradually additional emissive oxide or oxides could be added to the feed material and the tungsten content decreased. The resulting body formed could thus have an increasing emissive oxide content along a radial direction if so de sired.
  • a coating containing emis- 's'ive material might only be applied to selected areas on the surface of a support.
  • Laminated articles of the present invention can also be fabricated by forming a coating or body of refractory metal, then alternately applying coatings of emissive metal oxide and refractory metals or mixtures thereof. 7 'l'he following table indicates the variety 'of materials which have been added to tungsten and applied as a coating according to the invention. In addition to tungsten, other refractory metals can be used, such as molybdenum, nickel, chromium, niobium, tantalum, and titanium.
  • the refractory metal-emissive material, such as metal oxide, coatings and formed bodies of the present invention have a characteristic lamellar microstructure in their as-.formed, unswaged and non-drawn state composed irregularly shaped microscopic leaves overlapping and interlocking with each other.
  • the resulting coating or formed body of the present invention ghasa characteristic microstructure composed of irregularly shaped microscopic leaves of emissive material dispersed among and interlocking with similarly shaped rn1croscopic leaves 'of refractory metal.
  • FIG. 9 is a photomicrograph at 500 diameters magnification of a cross section of a body of the present invention in the as-formed condition.
  • the irregular shaped microscopic leaves 28 are the electrically conductive material, such as tungsten.
  • the irregular shaped microscopic leaves 29 interlocked therewith are the emissive metal oxide, such a yttria.
  • Prior art bodies formed by slip-casting, sintering, powder metallurgy and swaging techniques did not have this lamellar microstructure FlG. 10 shows a photornicrograph at 500 diameters magnification of p a cross section of a prior art swaged tungsten electrode containing minor amounts of emissive metal oxide.
  • the tungsten grains 30 and the fibers of emissive oxide 31 are seen to be neither like microscopic leaves nor interlocking. Even though the chemical composition may be similar, the articles of the present invention are therefore characteristically. different in microstructure from known prior art materials.
  • finished bodies of the present invention can have emissive oxide content far above that of the prior art due to the are accelerated fabrication technique which does not require swaging or drawing.
  • FIG. 11 shows a photomicrograph at 500 diameters magnification of a cross section of a body similar to that of FIG. 9 which has been heat treated to recrystallize the refractory metal and to change the dispersed emissive metal oxide into irregularly shaped nodules.
  • Process of making an electrode containing refractory metal and electron emissive material which comprises accelerating and heating particles of said metal and emissive material in a non-swirling stream of selected gas which is passed through a high pressure electric are at a current of the order of 100 amperes and a potential of the order of 50 volts, said accelerated and heated particles being then applied to a supporting member in a coherent mass.
  • Process of fabricating an electrode composed of refractory metal and metal oxides which comprises simultaneously discharging a stream of inert gas, a high pressure arc, and a mixture of refractory metal and substantially uuvaporized but highly heated metal oxide particles as an extremely hot effluent from an electric arc torch, applying such eflluent to a support until there is built up thereon a composite composed of microscopic lamellules of such particles that are welded one to another without any change in the original purity of the refractory metal and metal oxide constituting such particles by virtue of the inert value of such gas and the kinetic energy 3.
  • Process of fabricating an electrode composed of refractory metal and metal oxide which comprises simultaneously discharging a stream of inert gas and a mixture of substantially unvaporized but highly heated refr'actory metal and metal oxide particles as an extremely hot efiiuent from an electric arc torch in which a high pressure are is drawn between the end of a central electrode and a nozzle-electrode surrounding such central electrode, applying such eflluent'to a support until there is built up thereon a composite composed of microscopic lamellu'les of such particles that are welded one to another without any change in the original purity of the refractory metal and metal oxide constituting such particles by virtue of the inert value of such gas and the kinetic energy of such application.

Description

Jan. 22, 1963 D. M. YENNl ETAL 3,075,066
ARTICLE OF MANUFACTURE AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME Filed Dec. 3, 1957 2 Sheets-Sheet l i v i25 Coafing 37 Ceramlc INVENTORS DONALD M, YENNI ROBERT G. RUDNESS 3E5, Z M68 ATTORNE Jan. 22, 1963 D. M. YENNI ETAL 3,075,066
ARTICLE OF MANUFACTURE AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME Filed Dec. 5, 1957 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Base Material INVENTORS DONALD M. YENNI ROBERT G. RUDNESS WWW ATTORNEY thereof.
Unite Stats atent 3,075,066 ARTICLE OF MANUFACTURE AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME Donald M. Yenni and Robert G. Rudness, Indianapolis,
Ind., assignors to Union Carbide Corporation, a corporation of New York Filed Dec. 3, 1957, Ser. No. 700,363 8 Claims. (Cl. 219-46) This invention relates to novel articles of manufacture containing electron emissive materials and methods of making them.
Briefly, according to the present invention, there is provided an entirely novel article of manufacture comprising the combination of an electrically conductive material and at least one electron emissive material, said emissive material enabling the article to emit more electrons at a given temperature than does the pure electrically conductive material. Such novel combination is fabricated by accelerating and heating particles of the electrically conductive material and electron emissive material in a selected gas which is passed through a high pressure electric arc and applied to a suitable supporting member.
More particularly, according .to the invention, there is provided a novel article of manufacture composed of a body containing or coated with a mixture of refractory metal, such as chromium, niobium, molybdenum, nickel, tantalum, titanium, or tungsten, plus highly emissive material, such as the emissive oxides calcia, ceria, baria, strontia, thoria, or yttria; fabricated by such are accelerated coating process. In particular, novel bodies containing major amounts of emissive metal oxide can be fabricated according to the present invention which could not be formed by any prior art methods known to us.
A specific novel modification of the present invention is an electrode composed of material such as tungsten which has a thin, dense, lamellar adherent coating of refractory metal plus emissive metal oxide.
Novel bodies of the invention are useful as welding electrodes, hot cathode emitters for electronic equipment, and are or spark erosion-resistant electrodes.
The electron emissivity of welding electrodes and cathode emitters can be increased by the incorporation therein of minor amounts of emissive materials, such as metals, metal compounds and metal oxides, such as thoria, calcia, baria, yttria, strontia, ceria, and mixtures Bodies containing such emissive materials can be formed by slip-casting, sintering, and other powder metallurgy techniques. Sintered bodies are often formed into finished shapes by swaging. As a general rule the higher the emissive material content, the more difficult the swaging operation. In commercial practice the upper limit for emissive oxide in swaged materials has been about by weight.
Novel bodies containing emissive materials, such as emissive metals, metal alloys and metal compounds such as metal oxides, having a broad composition range can be fabricated directly according to our invention by the are accelerated plating process.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of equipment illustrating the invention;
FIG. 2 is a view in side elevation of a ceramic base provided with a tungsten-yttria coating that is shown in cross section;
FIG. 3 is a similar view of a stick electrode, the end portion of which is provided with a tungsten-yttria coat- FIGS. 4-7 are views in cross section and elevation of variously shaped bodies of the invention;
"ice
FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 2 of an electronic member illustrating the invention;
FIG. 9 is a photomicrograph of a cross section of body of the invention in the as-formed condition;
FIG. 10 is a similar view of the prior art; and
FIG. 11 is a similar view of a body like that of FIG. 9 after heat treatment.
As shown in FIG. 1, the heat source comprises an arc torch I consisting of a central electrode 10 and a nozzle electrode 11 separated from each other by an electrical insulator 12. Electrical supply 13, which can be direct current-straight polarity, direct current-reverse polarity, or alternating current, is connected between electrodes 10 and 11 by lines 14 and 15. Upon completion of such connection an are 16 is initiated. Selected torch gas stream 17 enters through inlet tube 18 and passes out through nozzle 11. An additional selected gas stream 19 enters the arc torch through tube 20. Coating material in the form of particles in hopper 21 drops in controlled amounts into gas stream 19 and the gas stream plus coating particles pass out through the nozzle electrode 11 where they are heated by are 16. The gas stream is accelerated as it passes out through the nozzle and thus accelerates the coating material. The accelerated and heated gas plus coating material form effiuent 22 which impinges onto the workpiece 23 to deposit a coating 24. The equipment shown is used to deposit a coating on a rotating support. A fiat surface or surface of other contour can also be coated by traversing through the torch effluent.
The electrical connection 25 from power supply 13 to workpiece 23 is alternatively used when a transferred (work-in-circuit) arc is desired. An electrically conductive workpiece is necessary for this latter process.
The gas streams 17 and 19 are selected so as to be inert both to the workpiece and thecoating material. In such way bodies of controlled composition can be formed. In particular, gases such as argon, helium, hydrogen and nitrogen are desirable. A reactive'gas, however, might be used, if desired, provided that the arc torch equipment is properly protected. p
A suitable base material can thus be coated with a mixture of refractory metal plus emissive oxide or a refractory metal can receive a coating of pure emissive oxide. The base material can be either an electrical conductor or non-conductor as desired.
The following examples describe the application of emissive coatings and operational results of the coated product.
V Example I A coating 37, FIG. 12,- of tungsten-yttria was applied to a ceramic base 38 'by passing 6.2 grams per minute tungsten powder containing 3 weight percent yttria suspended in a 50 c.f.h. argon stream through a nontrode in a high-frequency spark circuit and was operated for one hour without failure.
Example 2 A thin coating 39, FIG. 3, of tungsten-yttria was applied to a fia-inch diameter pointed tungsten stick electrode 40 by passing 6.0.grams per minute tungsten powder containing 10 weight percent yttria in a 50 c.f.h. argon carrier 3 gas stream through a non-transferred arc torch operating at 100 amps. and 53 volts. This gas-powder stream plus 50 c.f.h. argon shielding gas passed out through the 7 inch diameter torch nozzle. Distance from torch nozzle to base material was /2 inch.
Such coated electrode was operated as an electric arc cathode up to 500 amps. (DCSP) without melting. Uncoated pointed tungsten electrodes failed under comparable conditions. Our procedure can also be used to coat worn electrodes to rejuvenate their useful life.
An alternate procedure is to apply a coating onto a pattern and then remove the pattern to form a shaped body having the desired composition. FIGS. 4-7 illustrate variously shaped bodies of the present invention containing emissive metal oxides.
I The body 4 1 of FIG. 4 is hollow and is internally threaded at 42. FIG. 5 shows a body 43 of U-shape. The member 44 of FIG. 6 is tubular; as is member 45 of FIG. 7.. FIG. 8 illustrates an electronic member 46 in which a coating 48 containing emissive metal oxide is applied to a support 47 which is also a component part of the electronic member.
One of the advantages of using an are accelerated coating process for fabrication of such novel articles is the control obtained over the coating composition. The are torch using an inert shielding gas is a chemically inert heat source. Therefore the coating composition is determined primarily by the coating feed material minus any vaporized material. A coating or body of controlled varying composition can thus be obtained. For example, pure tungsten can be applied as a coating. Gradually additional emissive oxide or oxides could be added to the feed material and the tungsten content decreased. The resulting body formed could thus have an increasing emissive oxide content along a radial direction if so de sired. As another modification a coating containing emis- 's'ive material might only be applied to selected areas on the surface of a support.
)7 Laminated articles of the present invention can also be fabricated by forming a coating or body of refractory metal, then alternately applying coatings of emissive metal oxide and refractory metals or mixtures thereof. 7 'l'he following table indicates the variety 'of materials which have been added to tungsten and applied as a coating according to the invention. In addition to tungsten, other refractory metals can be used, such as molybdenum, nickel, chromium, niobium, tantalum, and titanium.
TUNGSTEN COATINGS WITH VARIOUS ADDI-' The refractory metal-emissive material, such as metal oxide, coatings and formed bodies of the present invention have a characteristic lamellar microstructure in their as-.formed, unswaged and non-drawn state composed irregularly shaped microscopic leaves overlapping and interlocking with each other. When a mixture of refractory metal and emissivematerial is used, the resulting coating or formed body of the present invention ghasa characteristic microstructure composed of irregularly shaped microscopic leaves of emissive material dispersed among and interlocking with similarly shaped rn1croscopic leaves 'of refractory metal.
of such application.
FIG. 9 is a photomicrograph at 500 diameters magnification of a cross section of a body of the present invention in the as-formed condition. The irregular shaped microscopic leaves 28 are the electrically conductive material, such as tungsten. The irregular shaped microscopic leaves 29 interlocked therewith are the emissive metal oxide, such a yttria. Prior art bodies formed by slip-casting, sintering, powder metallurgy and swaging techniques did not have this lamellar microstructure FlG. 10 shows a photornicrograph at 500 diameters magnification of p a cross section of a prior art swaged tungsten electrode containing minor amounts of emissive metal oxide. The tungsten grains 30 and the fibers of emissive oxide 31 are seen to be neither like microscopic leaves nor interlocking. Even though the chemical composition may be similar, the articles of the present invention are therefore characteristically. different in microstructure from known prior art materials.
In addition, finished bodies of the present invention can have emissive oxide content far above that of the prior art due to the are accelerated fabrication technique which does not require swaging or drawing.
FIG. 11 shows a photomicrograph at 500 diameters magnification of a cross section of a body similar to that of FIG. 9 which has been heat treated to recrystallize the refractory metal and to change the dispersed emissive metal oxide into irregularly shaped nodules.
What is claimed is:
1. Process of making an electrode containing refractory metal and electron emissive material which comprises accelerating and heating particles of said metal and emissive material in a non-swirling stream of selected gas which is passed through a high pressure electric are at a current of the order of 100 amperes and a potential of the order of 50 volts, said accelerated and heated particles being then applied to a supporting member in a coherent mass.
2. Process of fabricating an electrode composed of refractory metal and metal oxides, which comprises simultaneously discharging a stream of inert gas, a high pressure arc, and a mixture of refractory metal and substantially uuvaporized but highly heated metal oxide particles as an extremely hot effluent from an electric arc torch, applying such eflluent to a support until there is built up thereon a composite composed of microscopic lamellules of such particles that are welded one to another without any change in the original purity of the refractory metal and metal oxide constituting such particles by virtue of the inert value of such gas and the kinetic energy 3. Process of fabricating an electrode composed of refractory metal and metal oxide, which comprises simultaneously discharging a stream of inert gas and a mixture of substantially unvaporized but highly heated refr'actory metal and metal oxide particles as an extremely hot efiiuent from an electric arc torch in which a high pressure are is drawn between the end of a central electrode and a nozzle-electrode surrounding such central electrode, applying such eflluent'to a support until there is built up thereon a composite composed of microscopic lamellu'les of such particles that are welded one to another without any change in the original purity of the refractory metal and metal oxide constituting such particles by virtue of the inert value of such gas and the kinetic energy of such application.
4. Process as defined by claim 1, in which the ratio of refractory metal particles to metal oxide particles is changed during the application of the mixture to vary the emissive and. conductive properties of the resulting composite.
5. Process of fabricating an electrode which comprises depositing a layer of emissive metal oxide on a support composed of refractory metal by applying to said support an extremely hot effluent comprising a stream of inert gas and particles of said metal oxide which had 8,075,066 5 6 been heated by a high pressure arc, said layer of metal References Cited in the file of this patent oxide consisting of interlocking and overlapping lamel- UNITED STATES PATENTS lules of metal oxide welded one to another and to said support, which lamellules are of the same purity as the 1,133,508 Schoop Mar. 30, 1915 original particles. 5 1,591,717 Marden July 6, 1926 6. Process of fabricating an electrode which com- 1,952,854 Gehrts Mar. 27, 1934 prises depositing alternate layers of refractory metal and 2,172,207 Koll-igs et a1. Sept. 5, 1939 emissive metal oxide to a suitable support by alternately 2,204,391 Allen June 11, 1940 applying thereto an extremely hot effluent comprising an 2,330,202 Brennan Sept. 28, 1943 inert gas stream and refractory metal particles and an ex- 10 2,339,392 Garner Jan. 18, 1944 trernely hot efiiuent comprising an inert gas stream and 2,353,635 Aicher July 18, 1944 emissive metal oxide particles, said eifiuents each having 2,361,378 Brennan Oct. 31, 1944 been heated by a high pressure electric arc. 2,488,731 Lambert et a1 Nov. 22, 1949 7. An electrode made according to the process of claim 2,700,000 Levi et a1. J an. 18, 1955 5, in which the support is a ceramic base. 15 2,754,225 Gfeller July 10, 1956 8. An electrode made according to claim 5, in Which 2,768,279 Rava Oct. 23, 1956 the support is composed of tungsten and the emissive 2,775,531 Montgomery et al Dec. 25, 1956 oxide is selected from the class consisting of thoria and 2,887,413 Ekkers et a1 May 19, 1959 yttria. 2,903,544 Reichelt et a1 Sept. 8, 1959

Claims (1)

1. PROCESS OF MAKING AN ELECTRODE CONTAINING REFRACTORY METAL AND ELECTRON EMISSIVE MATERIAL WHICH COMPRISES ACCELERATING AND HEATING PARTICLES OF SAID METAL AND EMISSIVE MATERIAL IN A NON-SWIRLING STREAM OF SELECTED GAS WHICH IS PASSED THROUGH A HIGH PRESSURE ELECTRIC ARC AT A CURRENT OF THE ORDER OF 100 AMPERES AND A POTENTIAL OF THE ORDER OF 50 VOLTS, SAID ACCELARATED AND HEATED PARTICLES BEING THEN APPLIED TO A SUPPORTING MEMBER IN A COHERENT MASS.
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US3179782A (en) * 1962-02-07 1965-04-20 Matvay Leo Plasma flame jet spray gun with a controlled arc region
US3200471A (en) * 1963-10-03 1965-08-17 Corning Glass Works Apparatus for manufacturing electrical components
US3230097A (en) * 1962-05-31 1966-01-18 Gen Electric Coating composition
US3246114A (en) * 1959-12-14 1966-04-12 Matvay Leo Process for plasma flame formation
US3247579A (en) * 1964-05-18 1966-04-26 Microwave Electronics Corp Circuit fabrication method
US3278785A (en) * 1960-12-12 1966-10-11 Gen Motors Corp Spark plug having porcelain insulator protected by plasma-jet deposited refractory coating
US3283117A (en) * 1965-04-22 1966-11-01 Philip Morris Inc Method for coating cutting edges of sharpened instruments
US3286334A (en) * 1965-07-16 1966-11-22 Contemporary Res Inc Production of dispersion hardened materials
US3290723A (en) * 1962-10-26 1966-12-13 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Apparatus for processing particulate material
US3356912A (en) * 1964-10-16 1967-12-05 Gen Electric Porous electrode
US3389172A (en) * 1966-02-10 1968-06-18 Ici Ltd Sulfonic acids of nu, nu-bis (phenylalkyl) diamines
US3410716A (en) * 1965-04-01 1968-11-12 Trw Inc Coating of refractory metals with metal modified oxides
US3427698A (en) * 1965-11-26 1969-02-18 Chandler Evans Inc Rocket nozzle
US3470347A (en) * 1968-01-16 1969-09-30 Union Carbide Corp Method for shielding a gas effluent
US3576207A (en) * 1968-04-23 1971-04-27 Steel Co Of Wales Ltd Formation of steel strip
US3584184A (en) * 1966-08-24 1971-06-08 Jozef Kazimierz Tylko High temperature surface treatment apparatus
US3589751A (en) * 1967-06-29 1971-06-29 Csf Ceramic-to-metal seal
US3676634A (en) * 1970-12-18 1972-07-11 Grant A Oakes Method of rebuilding an oxygen lance
US3752946A (en) * 1972-03-01 1973-08-14 Gen Electric Arcing contract for an electric circuit breaker and method of making same
US3810637A (en) * 1972-01-14 1974-05-14 Mecanique Ind Int Shaft packing
US4194107A (en) * 1977-06-02 1980-03-18 Klasson George A Welding tip
US4289807A (en) * 1980-03-03 1981-09-15 The Dow Chemical Company Fusion processing of synthetic thermoplastic resinous materials
US4529615A (en) * 1982-10-11 1985-07-16 Ceskoslovenska Akademie Ved Method of producing self-supporting constructional elements
US4826462A (en) * 1988-08-19 1989-05-02 Champion Spark Plug Company Method for manufacturing a spark plug electrode
US4976644A (en) * 1988-11-12 1990-12-11 Samsung Electron Devices Co., Ltd. Manufacturing method for dispenser cathode for an electron gun
US4983420A (en) * 1988-09-29 1991-01-08 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of applying a thermally black layer to a heating member for an indirectly heated cathode
US5458754A (en) * 1991-04-22 1995-10-17 Multi-Arc Scientific Coatings Plasma enhancement apparatus and method for physical vapor deposition
US6086813A (en) * 1997-09-23 2000-07-11 Brunswick Corporation Method for making self-supporting thermoplastic structures
US20050103210A1 (en) * 2002-03-01 2005-05-19 Peter King Product coating method and apparatus
US20060028106A1 (en) * 2004-08-03 2006-02-09 Lineton Warran B Ignition device having a reflowed firing tip and method of making
US20080036353A1 (en) * 2006-08-08 2008-02-14 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Ignition device having a reflowed firing tip and method of construction
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Cited By (37)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3246114A (en) * 1959-12-14 1966-04-12 Matvay Leo Process for plasma flame formation
US3278785A (en) * 1960-12-12 1966-10-11 Gen Motors Corp Spark plug having porcelain insulator protected by plasma-jet deposited refractory coating
US3153133A (en) * 1961-08-11 1964-10-13 Giannini Scient Corp Apparatus and method for heating and cutting an electrically-conductive workpiece
US3179782A (en) * 1962-02-07 1965-04-20 Matvay Leo Plasma flame jet spray gun with a controlled arc region
US3230097A (en) * 1962-05-31 1966-01-18 Gen Electric Coating composition
US3290723A (en) * 1962-10-26 1966-12-13 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Apparatus for processing particulate material
US3200471A (en) * 1963-10-03 1965-08-17 Corning Glass Works Apparatus for manufacturing electrical components
US3247579A (en) * 1964-05-18 1966-04-26 Microwave Electronics Corp Circuit fabrication method
US3356912A (en) * 1964-10-16 1967-12-05 Gen Electric Porous electrode
US3410716A (en) * 1965-04-01 1968-11-12 Trw Inc Coating of refractory metals with metal modified oxides
US3283117A (en) * 1965-04-22 1966-11-01 Philip Morris Inc Method for coating cutting edges of sharpened instruments
US3286334A (en) * 1965-07-16 1966-11-22 Contemporary Res Inc Production of dispersion hardened materials
US3427698A (en) * 1965-11-26 1969-02-18 Chandler Evans Inc Rocket nozzle
US3389172A (en) * 1966-02-10 1968-06-18 Ici Ltd Sulfonic acids of nu, nu-bis (phenylalkyl) diamines
US3584184A (en) * 1966-08-24 1971-06-08 Jozef Kazimierz Tylko High temperature surface treatment apparatus
US3589751A (en) * 1967-06-29 1971-06-29 Csf Ceramic-to-metal seal
US3470347A (en) * 1968-01-16 1969-09-30 Union Carbide Corp Method for shielding a gas effluent
US3576207A (en) * 1968-04-23 1971-04-27 Steel Co Of Wales Ltd Formation of steel strip
US3676634A (en) * 1970-12-18 1972-07-11 Grant A Oakes Method of rebuilding an oxygen lance
US3810637A (en) * 1972-01-14 1974-05-14 Mecanique Ind Int Shaft packing
US3752946A (en) * 1972-03-01 1973-08-14 Gen Electric Arcing contract for an electric circuit breaker and method of making same
US4194107A (en) * 1977-06-02 1980-03-18 Klasson George A Welding tip
US4289807A (en) * 1980-03-03 1981-09-15 The Dow Chemical Company Fusion processing of synthetic thermoplastic resinous materials
US4529615A (en) * 1982-10-11 1985-07-16 Ceskoslovenska Akademie Ved Method of producing self-supporting constructional elements
US4826462A (en) * 1988-08-19 1989-05-02 Champion Spark Plug Company Method for manufacturing a spark plug electrode
US4983420A (en) * 1988-09-29 1991-01-08 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of applying a thermally black layer to a heating member for an indirectly heated cathode
US4976644A (en) * 1988-11-12 1990-12-11 Samsung Electron Devices Co., Ltd. Manufacturing method for dispenser cathode for an electron gun
US5458754A (en) * 1991-04-22 1995-10-17 Multi-Arc Scientific Coatings Plasma enhancement apparatus and method for physical vapor deposition
US6139964A (en) * 1991-04-22 2000-10-31 Multi-Arc Inc. Plasma enhancement apparatus and method for physical vapor deposition
US6086813A (en) * 1997-09-23 2000-07-11 Brunswick Corporation Method for making self-supporting thermoplastic structures
US20050103210A1 (en) * 2002-03-01 2005-05-19 Peter King Product coating method and apparatus
US20060028106A1 (en) * 2004-08-03 2006-02-09 Lineton Warran B Ignition device having a reflowed firing tip and method of making
US7385339B2 (en) 2004-08-03 2008-06-10 Federal Mogul World Wide, Inc. Ignition device having a reflowed firing tip and method of making
US20080036353A1 (en) * 2006-08-08 2008-02-14 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Ignition device having a reflowed firing tip and method of construction
US7851984B2 (en) 2006-08-08 2010-12-14 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Ignition device having a reflowed firing tip and method of construction
US20110057554A1 (en) * 2006-08-08 2011-03-10 Zdeblick William J Ignition Device Having a Reflowed Firing Tip and Method of Construction
DE102018113643A1 (en) * 2018-06-07 2019-12-12 Durum Verschleißschutz GmbH Device for coating a surface

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