US2978306A - Ammonium perchlorate asphalt base propellants - Google Patents
Ammonium perchlorate asphalt base propellants Download PDFInfo
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- US2978306A US2978306A US521233A US52123355A US2978306A US 2978306 A US2978306 A US 2978306A US 521233 A US521233 A US 521233A US 52123355 A US52123355 A US 52123355A US 2978306 A US2978306 A US 2978306A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ammonium perchlorate
- propellant
- propellants
- asphalt base
- mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 title claims description 34
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 title claims description 11
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] Chemical class [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000009421 Myristica fragrans Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrosoferric oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001115 mace Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- PYGXAGIECVVIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dibutyl decanedioate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCC PYGXAGIECVVIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- HHEFNVCDPLQQTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium perchlorate Chemical class [NH4+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O HHEFNVCDPLQQTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 as later described Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LKFHUFAEFBRVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanedioic acid;propane-1,2,3-triol Chemical class OCC(O)CO.OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LKFHUFAEFBRVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940056319 ferrosoferric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WZGQRPGQTOSEMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-hexadecylacetamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCNC(C)=O WZGQRPGQTOSEMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012858 resilient material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
- C06B45/04—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive
- C06B45/06—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive the solid solution or matrix containing an organic component
- C06B45/10—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive the solid solution or matrix containing an organic component the organic component containing a resin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
- C06B23/007—Ballistic modifiers, burning rate catalysts, burning rate depressing agents, e.g. for gas generating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B29/00—Compositions containing an inorganic oxygen-halogen salt, e.g. chlorate, perchlorate
- C06B29/02—Compositions containing an inorganic oxygen-halogen salt, e.g. chlorate, perchlorate of an alkali metal
- C06B29/08—Compositions containing an inorganic oxygen-halogen salt, e.g. chlorate, perchlorate of an alkali metal with an organic non-explosive or an organic non-thermic component
Definitions
- a propellant composed principally of ammonium perchlorate mixed with an asphalt base ful, for example, will burn with relative freedom from smoke but will not develop as much thrust as other known propellants.
- Substances have heretofore been added to accelerate the burning rate of these so-called smokeless propellants, but the increases in burning rate of such compositions have been small in comparison to the rate of increases obtained when this invention is employed.
- a common procedure hasbeen to add certain substances which while increasing the burning rate somewhat, incidentally make the propellant composition sensitive to shock, thereby creating an explosion hazard.
- Another expedient proposed heretofore involves use of motors of large dimensions so as to insure a sufiicient burning surface to produce the required amount of gas per unit time. Both expedients have undesirable disadvantages.
- the low burning rate at which ammonium perchlorate base propellants ordinarily burn may be increased by the addition of suitable catalytic materials to the mixtures.
- the propellants compounded according to my invention have a burning rate that is comparable to that of the fastest burning so-called smokeless propellants if these are burned at a pressure of 2000 lbs./in.
- These catalysts may be added to the propellant formula at the time that the solid propellant is made.
- metal oxides which I have found accelerate the combustion rate of ammonium perchlorate-asphalt mixtures.
- metal oxides are chromium sesquioxide and ferrosoferric oxide.
- chromium sesquioxide with an oxide taken from the group of metal oxides consisting of ZnO, Fe O TiO SnO A1 and CuO also exhibit catalytic properties.
- metal oxides may be added to the chromium sesquioxide in percentages vary- V zsrsss Patented Apr. 4, 1961 ing from a trace to 50% of the mixture of oxides by weight.
- These mixtures do not increase the burning rate the sameamount that chromium sesquioxide alone is capable of doing.
- compositions of the catalytic mixtures of oxides which have been found next most satisfactory to chromium sesquioxide alone are a mixture of Cr O and Fe O mixtures of chromium sesquioxide with S110 and mixtures of E2 0 and TiO These mixtures are enumerated in the relative order of activity.
- the above-described catalysts may be added to the propellants in amounts varying from 1% to 4% by weight, it having been found that 1% increases the burning rate of the propellant approximately A of an inch per second.
- a jet motor partly in cross section. This comprises a cylindrical body 11 closed at one end by a threaded cap 12 when screwed in place on threads 20 of the cylindrical body 11 and provided with an exhaust nozzle 13 at the opposite end.
- the nozzle 13 is fitted into the open end of the cylindrical shell 11 and is held in the open end by threads 14
- Cylindrical shell 11 is provided with a safety plug 15.
- a propellant charge 16 composed of a modified ammonium perchlorate asphalt mixture, as later described, and a catalyst are placed inside the motor shell 11.
- the charge is separated from the outer wall of the shell 11 by a suitable liner 17 and supported at the cap end by a cushion 21 of resilient material such as rubber.
- the charge is ignited by ignitor 18 when the motor is to be put into operation.
- the ignitor 18 is fired by suitbale electrical contacts (not shown) the entire burning surface 19 of propellant charge 16 will burn at one time causing gases to form. The escape of these gases through the exhaust nozzle 13 provides the thrust.
- Example As an example the following basic propellant mixture is employed. This contains:
- the metal oxide or oxide mixtures may be introduced into the propellant mixture by incorporating the finely divided oxide with the ammonium perchlorate before it is blended with the fuel, or by mixing the catalyst with the entire mass after the fuel and oxidizer are blended together.
- the accelerating effect due to the metal oxides is due apparently to a catalytic action on the ammonia of the ammonium perchlorate types of propellant, perhaps by the acceleration of the otherwise slow oxidation rate of the ammonia to the oxides of nitrogen by the perchlorate.
- the instant invention permits the use of such types of propellant-in cases in which high burning rates are essential. Up to the present, the use of ammonium perchlorate types of propellant has been limited to applications where low burning rates were required.
- a further advantage is that the smokeless propellants, compounded according to my invention, are capable of burning when the chamber pressure is 2000 lbs. at a rate that is as rapid as other smokeless propellants and actually exceeds the burning rate of the commonly known smokeless type of propellants such as nitrocellulose.
- An ammonium perchlorate-asphalt base propellant for jet propulsion motors having dispersed therein from about 1% to 4% by weight of a catalyst consisting of a mixture of chromium sesquioxide and an acid activated aluminum silicate.
- An ammonium perchlorate-asphalt base propellant for jet propulsion motors having dispersed therein from about 1% to 4% by weight of a catalyst mixture containing chromium sesquioxide and up to about of an acid activated aluminum silicate based on the weight of the mixture of catalysts.
Description
April 4, 1961 w, MACE 2,978,306
AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE ASPHALT BASE PROPELLANTS Original Filed July 27, 1945 L' INVENTOR.
HARRY n. MACE ATTOR/VEX AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE ASPHALT BASE PROPELLANTS Harry W. Mace, Glendale, Califi, assignor, by mesne assignments, to Aerojet-General Corporation, fiincinnati, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Original application July 27, 1945, Ser. No. 607,278,
now Patent No'. 2,740,702,'dated Apr. 3, 1956. Divided and this application July 5, 1955, Ser. No. 521,233
2 Claims. (Cl. 52-.5)
'mixtures which are burned to produce gaseous combustion products which in turn are exhausted through a nozzle at high velocity, thereby producing a thrust. The burning rate of the propellants placed in the jet motors affects the amount of thrust that can be obtained in a unit of given cross section because the thrust developed is dependent upon the volume of gases liberated per unit time. It is desirable in many instances to have a propellant of this type which is smokeless, but difiiculty has been encountered heretofore in formulating a smokeless propellant that will burn at a sufiicient rate to insure the creation of enough gas per unit time to produce the required thrust.
A propellant composed principally of ammonium perchlorate mixed with an asphalt base ful, for example, will burn with relative freedom from smoke but will not develop as much thrust as other known propellants. Substances have heretofore been added to accelerate the burning rate of these so-called smokeless propellants, but the increases in burning rate of such compositions have been small in comparison to the rate of increases obtained when this invention is employed. A common procedure hasbeen to add certain substances which while increasing the burning rate somewhat, incidentally make the propellant composition sensitive to shock, thereby creating an explosion hazard. Another expedient proposed heretofore involves use of motors of large dimensions so as to insure a sufiicient burning surface to produce the required amount of gas per unit time. Both expedients have undesirable disadvantages.
I have discovered that the low burning rate at which ammonium perchlorate base propellants ordinarily burn may be increased by the addition of suitable catalytic materials to the mixtures. In fact the propellants compounded according to my invention have a burning rate that is comparable to that of the fastest burning so-called smokeless propellants if these are burned at a pressure of 2000 lbs./in. These catalysts may be added to the propellant formula at the time that the solid propellant is made.
I carry out my invention by incorporating in an ammonium perchlorate-asphalt type of propellant suitable amounts of metal oxides which I have found accelerate the combustion rate of ammonium perchlorate-asphalt mixtures. Examples of such metal oxides are chromium sesquioxide and ferrosoferric oxide.
I have also found that a mixture of chromium sesquioxide with an oxide taken from the group of metal oxides consisting of ZnO, Fe O TiO SnO A1 and CuO also exhibit catalytic properties. These metal oxides may be added to the chromium sesquioxide in percentages vary- V zsrsss Patented Apr. 4, 1961 ing from a trace to 50% of the mixture of oxides by weight. However, in some cases it has been found desirable to use these oxides, particularly Fe O alone. These mixtures do not increase the burning rate the sameamount that chromium sesquioxide alone is capable of doing. 1 I t A mixture of chromium sesquioxide and an acid-activated aluminum silicate available on the market under the trade name of Filtrol has also been found to possess catalytic properties. The choice of a particular oxide, or one of the mixtures of oxides, is dependent on the degree of activity and economy required of the catalyst,
for example, it has been found that Fe O used by itself (although not quite as effective as chromium sesquioxide) exerts a catalytic effect that is comparable to any of the mixtures of chromium sesquioxide and the named metal oxides. The compositions of the catalytic mixtures of oxides which have been found next most satisfactory to chromium sesquioxide alone are a mixture of Cr O and Fe O mixtures of chromium sesquioxide with S110 and mixtures of E2 0 and TiO These mixtures are enumerated in the relative order of activity.
. The above-described catalysts may be added to the propellants in amounts varying from 1% to 4% by weight, it having been found that 1% increases the burning rate of the propellant approximately A of an inch per second. When more than 4% by weight of the catalyst is employed, there is a decrease rather than an injet propulsion device is illustrated in the accompanying drawing which shows a jet motor partly in cross section. This comprises a cylindrical body 11 closed at one end by a threaded cap 12 when screwed in place on threads 20 of the cylindrical body 11 and provided with an exhaust nozzle 13 at the opposite end. The nozzle 13 is fitted into the open end of the cylindrical shell 11 and is held in the open end by threads 14 Cylindrical shell 11 is provided with a safety plug 15. A propellant charge 16 composed of a modified ammonium perchlorate asphalt mixture, as later described, and a catalyst are placed inside the motor shell 11. The charge is separated from the outer wall of the shell 11 by a suitable liner 17 and supported at the cap end by a cushion 21 of resilient material such as rubber. The charge is ignited by ignitor 18 when the motor is to be put into operation. When the ignitor 18 is fired by suitbale electrical contacts (not shown) the entire burning surface 19 of propellant charge 16 will burn at one time causing gases to form. The escape of these gases through the exhaust nozzle 13 provides the thrust.
The improvement in the burning rate of a smokeless propellant charge containing catalytic material in accordance with the invention is illustrated by the following:
Example As an example the following basic propellant mixture is employed. This contains:
, Percent B. Cetyl acetamid 3 C. Dibutyl sebacate /2 D. Castor oil modified glycerol sebacate 3 E. Ammonium perchlorate (finely ground) 73 F. Chromium sesquioxide 2% When such a mixture is burned without any catalyst,
its approximately burning rate, measured in depth through the layer, is .25 of an inch per second at 700 p.s.i.
The same mixture containing 2 /2 chromium oxide by weight when burned at 2000 p.s.i., chamber pressure burns approximately at the rate of .75 of an inch per second. When the pressure is dropped to 1000 p.s.i., the burning rate is .65 of an inch per second.
The metal oxide or oxide mixtures may be introduced into the propellant mixture by incorporating the finely divided oxide with the ammonium perchlorate before it is blended with the fuel, or by mixing the catalyst with the entire mass after the fuel and oxidizer are blended together.
The accelerating effect due to the metal oxides is due apparently to a catalytic action on the ammonia of the ammonium perchlorate types of propellant, perhaps by the acceleration of the otherwise slow oxidation rate of the ammonia to the oxides of nitrogen by the perchlorate.
The instant invention permits the use of such types of propellant-in cases in which high burning rates are essential. Up to the present, the use of ammonium perchlorate types of propellant has been limited to applications where low burning rates were required.
Moreover, the addition of metal oxides to ammonium perchlorate type propellants does not result in propellant mixtures which are more sensitive to shock than those which do not have the metal oxides and therefore makes available a propellant of the smokeless type which is comparable for application to operations where, heretofore, potassium perchlorate-asphalt type of propellants have been employed.
A further advantage is that the smokeless propellants, compounded according to my invention, are capable of burning when the chamber pressure is 2000 lbs. at a rate that is as rapid as other smokeless propellants and actually exceeds the burning rate of the commonly known smokeless type of propellants such as nitrocellulose.
This application is a division of my co-pending application, Serial No. 607,278, filed July 27, 1945, now US. Patent No. 2,740,702.
I claim:
1. An ammonium perchlorate-asphalt base propellant for jet propulsion motors having dispersed therein from about 1% to 4% by weight of a catalyst consisting of a mixture of chromium sesquioxide and an acid activated aluminum silicate.
2. An ammonium perchlorate-asphalt base propellant for jet propulsion motors having dispersed therein from about 1% to 4% by weight of a catalyst mixture containing chromium sesquioxide and up to about of an acid activated aluminum silicate based on the weight of the mixture of catalysts.
No references cited.
Claims (1)
1. AN AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE-ASPHALT BASE PROPELLANT FOR JET PROPULSION MOTORS HAVING DISPERSED THEREIN FROM ABOUT 1% TO 4% BY WEIGHT OF A CATALYST CONSISTING OF A MIXTURE OF CHROMIUM SESQUIOXIDE AND AN ACID ACTIVATED ALUMINUM SILICATE.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US521233A US2978306A (en) | 1945-07-27 | 1955-07-05 | Ammonium perchlorate asphalt base propellants |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US607278A US2740702A (en) | 1945-07-27 | 1945-07-27 | Propellant composition |
US521233A US2978306A (en) | 1945-07-27 | 1955-07-05 | Ammonium perchlorate asphalt base propellants |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US2978306A true US2978306A (en) | 1961-04-04 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US521233A Expired - Lifetime US2978306A (en) | 1945-07-27 | 1955-07-05 | Ammonium perchlorate asphalt base propellants |
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US (1) | US2978306A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105296039A (en) * | 2015-11-27 | 2016-02-03 | 杜善骥 | Coke skeleton asphalt solid rocket fuel |
-
1955
- 1955-07-05 US US521233A patent/US2978306A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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None * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105296039A (en) * | 2015-11-27 | 2016-02-03 | 杜善骥 | Coke skeleton asphalt solid rocket fuel |
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