US2905956A - Cosmetic fountain brush - Google Patents

Description

Sept. 29, 1959 E. o. FULLER ErAL 2,905,956

cosMETxc FOUNTAIN BRUSH Filed Feb. 18, 195o ATTORNEY United States Patent COSNIETIC FOUNTAIN BRUSH Edwin O. Fuller, Fairfield, and .lohn W. Anderson, Newtown, Conn., assignors, by mesne assignments, to .lohn

W. Anderson, Newtown, Conn.

Application February 18, 1950, Serial No. 144,934

6 Claims. (Cl. 15-136) This invention relates to personal accessories in the nature of a rellable fountain brush for holding and applying to linger nails quick drying coats of a highly volatile liquid such as color lacquers or similar cosmetics, cosmetic removers, perfumes, etc., requiring for occasional use to be carried on the person or in a handbag without danger of leakage.

It is well known that vapors of highly volatile lacquers expand and contract in Very sensitive response to small changes of temperature. When conned in the hollow handle or barrel of a fountain brush, such changes of temperature are capable of producing sharp variation in pressure of the vapors thus confined, so that on one occasion the vapor pressure in the chamber may be above atmospheric pressure while at another time it may be below atmospheric. ln a suitably constructed hollow brush handle the mere Warmth of a users hand grasping the barrel portion of the handle can act to produce critical changes of the vapor pressure within the hollow of the handle. The present improvements make use of this phenomenon as a cooperating factor in controlling the discharge of a volatile liquid from its storage chamber in the barrel of the fountain brush to and through the applicative bristles of the brush. Many kinds of volatile liquids are comprehended by the term lacquer as used herein.

The present invention further aims to utilize the pressure variations above referred to, not only for reliable control of the outward ow of lacquer as it is dispensed to and through the brush bristles, but also for solving ow control problems arising from the tendency of such volatile lacquers to cling onto and quickly dry or harden on the outer surface of the tuft of bristles after the brush has been used to apply a coating of lacquer.

A specific object of the inventon is to cause unused or excess quantities of the dispensed lacquer, which may be left as a coating on the brush, to become automatically withdrawn inwardly through the bristles of the brush and returned to the storage chamber from which the lacquer was derived. Preferably this shall occur so quickly that any lacquer left in or on the outer brush bristles has no chance to dry and clog or stiffen them before it is withdrawn to the interior of the tuft of brush bristles.

A further object is so to dispose a tuft of brush bristles in relation to a restricted outlet for the lacquer from the containing chamber of the brush handle that there will be prevented any uncontrolled escape or accidental dripping of the lacquer from the contines of the brush bristles when the brush is being used in inverted position for painting the finger nails, and so that the tuft of brush bristles shall receive just enough lacquer from the supply stored in the handle to serve for applying a coating thereof to the finger nails.

A further object is to construct a tuft of brush bristles having the above mentioned flow controlling characteristics which at the same time shall be so pliable as to fan out easily into attened form and thus produce a sharp cornered outline shape of the bristle tuft in its area of 2 Y wiping contact withA the surface being-painted. This is in contrast to the undesirable tendency of solidly massed wet bristles to bunch together in a manner opposing such thinning out of the tuft to a fan shape yresponsively to pressure of the painting stroke.

A still further object is to provide a fountain brush barrel having a tough resilient wall so proportioned in thinness and curvature as not only to permit immediate heat exchange between the interior and exterior of the barrel but also to permit self restoring deformation of the resilient barrel walls responsively to squeezing pressure by the users fingers. Such squeezing .pressure thus can increase the lacquer ejecting tendency of the internal vapor pressure induced by Warmth caused rise in vapor temperature.

Another object is to provide the aforesaid thin resilient barrel walls with a protective closure cap that not only safely houses the applicative bristles of the brush when not in use but also encompasses and armors the thin squeezable barrel walls of the brush handle to prevent undesigned squeezing thereof while the cap is in place. It is a further object tomaintan such cap in, separated relation to the heat translative barrel walls thereby to produce a dead air space inhibiting heat exchange between the inside of the barrel and the outside of the cap.

A further object is to lodge an applicative tuftsof brush bristles in a filler plug that serves as a vreadily removable stopper, it being the purpose of such stopper to close the open relillable end of the brush handle in a manner to form therewith a hermetic seal preventing evaporation or drying of the contents of the handle barrel.

A further and important object of the improved construction is to preventV accidental displacement of such liller plug from the otherwise open end of the brush handle when the aforementioned encompassing closure cap is unscrewed from the brush handle.

These and related objects of the invention will appear more fully in connection with the-following description of a practical embodiment of the invention in which description reference is made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

Fig. l is a view of a fountain brush embodying the present invention being used to apply a coating of color lacquer to the linger nail. n f

Fig. 2 is a view of the fountain brush drawn on an enlarged scale and shows itsl structure partially broken away to expose the assembled relation of the parts.

F-ig. 3 is a greatly enlarged view of the butt structure of the applicative brush by means of which a unitary tuft of bristles is lodged in the removable filler plug of the brush handle.

Fig. 4 is a perspective view of the ller plug and its bristle tuft removed from the barrel of the hollow brush handle.

Fig. 5 is a view looking at Fig. 4 in the direction of arrow 5.

Fig. 6 shows the protective cap removed fromthe structure of Fig. 2 with its wall partially broken away.

Fig. 7 is a fragmentary view drawn on the same scale as Fig. 3 showing threaded engagement between the open end of the protective cap and the barrel of the handle.

Fig. 8 lis a fragmentary view showing the ability of the tuft of brush bristles to flatten out to' a fan shape in the painting action of the brush.

Fig. 9 is a View taken on line 9'9 of Fig. 2 'looking in an axial direction at thenotched rim of thev open end of the brush handle.l

Fig. 10 is a transverse view of the wall of the handle barrel only, drawn on the same scale as in Fig. 1 and taken in section on the plane- 1,0-'10 in Fig'. 2.

Fig. 11 is a view like Fig. 10 showing a modied con struction for stitening of the handle barrel wall lengthwise.

To attain the objectives of the invention the barrellike hollow handle 12 of thefountain brush, which is adapted to contain a dispensible volatile lacquer, comprisesa deep cup having the closed bottom end 13 and the relatively thick rigid cylindrical lower side walls 14 adjoining in end-to-end relation the thin flexible and resilient side walls 15 thereabove. For purposes hereinafter explained, the thickness of side wall 15 may diminish along its length from say .020" at location B to say .012 at location T. At least this much of the lengthwise extent of the thin barrel wall 51 between locations B and T is preferably composed of a molded plastic such as Nylon, a trademark of E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. for a resin of synthetic linear super polymers or polyamides made most commonly from coal, air and Water. This is but one material having physical properties desirable for the present purposes including resilience or springiness, good tensile strength, toughness and imperviousness to the escape of vapors therethrough, as Well as corrosion-proof inertness, translucence, and the property when thin of permitting almost instant heat exchange therethrough between the exterior and the interior of the lacquer containing hollow handle. All of the above described portions of the hollow brush handle may advantageously consist of nylon molded as an integral part.

At the location B the wall 15 is molded to a shape forming the threads 18 of relatively low pitch in somewhat `spaced relation to the shoulder 19 which latter is at the end-to-end junction of the thick handle wall 14 and the thin-barrel wall 15. The rim of the top open end of barrel 12 is somewhat thickened and strengthened by an outstanding annular flange 22 yand provided with axially facing notches 21 whose sides are of considerably steeper pitch than the threads 18. This open end of barrel 12 receives internally thereof with a frictional hermetically sealing slip t the hollow cylindrical apron 23 of a closure head or iiller plug 24 in whose main body portion 25 there is xedly wedged a unitary brush structure including a ring-like tuft 26 of iine brush bristles as of pony or squirrel hair or nylon.

Barrel wall 15 is preferably stiifened by one or more internal rectilinear illets 16 in the nature of a very thin straight bead extending lengthwise of the barrel between the end of plug apron 23 and the shoulder 19, which llets may have the profile shape shown in Fig. l0 and need increase the thickness of the wall in their region only by ten or twelve thousandths of an inch. Fig. 11 shows another form of slight lengthwise stiftening of the lbarrel by external straight ridges 17 which need increase the thickness of the barrel wall no more than do internal fillet beads 16. Straight beads and ridges such as 16 and/ or 17 still leave the barrel walls sufficiently ilexible and resilient to yield inward to the squeeze of finger pressure but encourage the yielding exure to be distributed over the length of the barrel rather than concentrated locally at a single point in its length.

Certain features of the outer contour of filler plug 2A are important in contributing to the ability of the fountain ybrush to feed out about enough lacquer to coat a finger nail'that is being painted while retaining within the con- 'fines iof the brush bristles all excess of lacquer over that VKactually required in the nail painting operation.

These contours form the cylindrical plug lapron 23 and they provide an axially facingannular shoulder Vencircling the apron 23.,which is serrated to vform a series of axially faclng grip teeth 29 of size and shape to mesh with the notches 21 for the hereinafter explained purpose of at times restricting relative rotary loosening movement between plug Y24-and wall 15. The top endof llerplug 214 is provided'with an external conical'bevel at 31 which rernovable protective cap 33 later more fully referred to. Knurl-like ridges 27 molded in the cylindrical surface of plug 24 having the largest diameter serve to roughen such surface for better finger grasp.

Plug 24 is further bevelled at 32 to form a conical depression serving as a catch basin closely bordering around the bristle tuft 26 for detaining contiguous thereto any small excess of lacquer that drains into this depression until such excess lacquer is withdrawn by suction into the interior of the brush. Such suction is automaticaliy induced within the hollow handle when its internal vapor pressure is lowered by relief from the warmth of the users hand, permitting it to cool to normal room temperature. Its eiect in withdrawing the excess lacquer into the brush interior is augmented by increase in pressure of air trapped in dome space 45 that will be occasioned by screwing the outer protective cap 33 onto the brush handle as is hereinafter more fully explained.

Fig. 3 shows a tent-shaped cavity 34 centrally inside the ring of brush bristles 26. The spaciousness of cavity 34 is afforded by the angle at which the bristles are set and provides suflcient reservoir for the lacquer that is being fed outward through the brush. The ring of bristles is ilared to a funnel shape by their manner of assemblage into a unitary tuft before mounting in ller plug 24. The ring of bristles is wedged mechanically between an upwardly tapering external ferrule 35 and a downwardly tapering internal core tube 36. The outer periphery 37 of ferrule 35 conforms to the frustum of a cone whose apex points upward. The inner surface of ferrule 35 conforms to the frustum of a cone whose apex points downward. Likewise the outer periphery 39 of core tube 36 conforms to the frustum of a cone whose apex points downward, while the central vertical hole 4t) through core tube 36 preferably conforms to the frustum of a smaller cone having 4a similar degree of taper downward occasioned by the walls of core tuoc 36 being of uniform thickness. This makes hole 46 smallest at its bottom end or point of communication with the interior of brush handle 12, a feature discovered to be of particular importance in control of the flow of the lacquer.

Understanding that ferrule 35 and core tube 36 may both be made of a stiff substance such as aluminum, brass or other corrosion-proof metal, it will be seen that the ring of bristles 26 may be produced by first loosely filling ferrule 35 with a proper number of bristles before it is assembled with plug 24; and while it is held axially upright, and then inserting the core tube 36 telescopically into the ferrule centrally in the midst of such bristles while the core tube is held firmly in exact coaxial alignment with the ferrule as the former is pressed endwise into the latter. There results the assembled relationship of parts shown in Fig. 3 where the butt ends 41 of the bristles become spread evenly around the circle of their ring-like arrangement and are wedged fixedly between the core tube and the ferrule. Vln outline shape the resulting ring-like tuft of dry bristles tends to Hare conically outward at its free end 26' indicated-by broken lines in Fig. 3. However, when the tuft 26 is soaked with a lacquer derived through the tube hole 40, the wet bristles of the tuft because of capillary attraction tend to cluster more closely at their free ends to the approximate shape shown in full lines. Nevertheless the lflaringly directed bristles maintain their readiness to flatten i unit'previous'to its mounting within the body of filler plug "aords Aacircular s'eat "for as'eliiig shoulder 46 "on a 75 2,4, 'Such a bristle unitis interchangeablyand removably mountable in any filler plug by merely pressing ferrule 35 into a conical hole in the plug which hole wedgingly fits the outer periphery of the fernlle.

There remains to be described the protective cap 33 shown removed in Fig. 6 and which is absent from Fig. lbut which in Figs. 2, 3 and 7 is shown in its assembled relation to the other parts of the fountain brush. The upper walls 44 surrounding the dome space 45 at the closed end of the cap are relatively thick and they form a generally circular shoulder 46 at their junction with the relatively thinner side walls 47 of the cap. However, side walls 47 are thick and stiif enough to be not indentable by finger pressure. Figs. 2 and 3 clearly show that walls 47 also are over size in diameter in relation to the barrel wall 15 so that there is provided the annular heat insulative or dead air space 48 which bales heat exchange between the interior and the exterior of the brush handle. Near the bottom or open end of the cap, screw threads 49 are indented in cap wall 47, in Fig. 7 shown engaged with the projecting threads 18 on barrel 12.

When cap 33 is screwed down by means of the threads 18 and 49 in Figs. 2 and 7, its sharp edged internal annular shoulder `46 becomes forced against the conical seat 31 of the iiller plug 24 with hermetic sealing tightness so that all access of air to the dome cavity 45 which houses the bristle tuft 26 is precluded. This seating of shoulder 46 takes place slightly before the extreme bottom end of cap 33 meets shoulder 19 of the brush handle so that there remains thereat a small clearance space 50 insuring against failure of shoulder 46 to make a hermetically tight seal against the ller plug 24.

The complete cap equipped fountain brush is ordinarily carried on the person or in a handbag with its cap held in place as shown in Fig. 2 so that the interior of barrel 12 not only is mechanically armored thereby against accidental squeezing pressure on the cap walls 47 but at the same time is insulated by the cap against heat exchange between its interior and its surroundings by the dead air space 48. Also the bristle tuft 26 becomes isolated from ambient air as Well as from the air space 48 by the seating of shoulder 46 on the ller plug 24. This effectively retards any dryl ing of Volatile liquid cosmetic on the outside of the bristle tuft, or resident in the drain cavity 32. Ordinarily, however, there will be little or no such residual liquid cosmetic for reasons made clear in the following description of operation.

The user first unscrews cap 33 from its threaded engagement 18, 49 with the brush handle by turning it while holding the brush handle itself from turning by grasping the exposed bottom handle end v14. Any tendency that this unscrewing of the cap might otherwise have to force ller plug to rotate with it, because of the firm seating of shoulder 46 against the ller plug, will be defeated by intermeshed relationship of lteeth 29 on the filler plug with notches 21 on the barrel end 22 so that rotary relationship of these parts cannot be disturbed. The incline of the slanted sides of teeth 29 and notches 21 is so much more steep than the pitch of the cap retaining screw threads 18, 49 that slippage of the teeth out of the notches is prevented by the holding-down action of the cap shoulder 46 against the iiller plug seat 31 as the cap isk being unscrewed. However, after the cap is removed the teeth 29 are free to be cammed out of notches 21 by twisting plug 24 with a rotary motion as it is withdrawn from the barrel 12, this making it even easier to remove the plug purposely from the barrel than would be the case with a straight withdrawing pull. After removal of the cap, the barrel of the handle 12 is grasped as a brush handle as shown in Fig. 1 and maneuvered to produce a painting stroke action of the bristle tuft 26 against the nger nail or other surface to be coated. p

A sucient ow of liquid cosmetic to accompany these painting strokes free from excessive ow thereof from the brush handle to the bristle tuft is occasioned and controlled by two factors. 'First the warmth of the users hand becomes transmitted immediately through the thin barrel wall V12 raising the temperature of the interior of the brush handle which immediately expands the vapors of the contained highly volatile liquid cosmetic. The resulting increased pressure of confined vapor tends to eject the cosmetic through the restricted outlet hole 40 into the bristle tuft cavity 34 and thence through the bristles to the surface being painted. Secondly, if a suciently free flowis not induced by this temperature and pressure eifect alone, the wall 15 will be slightly indented by squeezing action thereagainst by the lingers that are holding and maneuvering the fountain brush. This reduces the volumetric size of the barrel interior and gives an added impulse to the rise of internal fluid pressure within the handle and this in mechanically controlled degree increases the ilow of the liquid cosmetic to the bristle tuft.

Under the pressure of the painting stroke the ring of bristles 26 as shown in Fig. 8 and by reason of its novel construction will readily Hatten out into fan shape producing a distinct and tapering corner in the outline shape of the tuft with a corresponding =thinning of its dimension and consequent increase of flexibility of the tuft. For these reasons the tuft acts smoothly and well as a coating medium and is capable of applying a controllably thin coating of lacquer in exact conformity with the outline of surface being painted. Corners of such outline of surface can easily be reached without` danger of dobbing the cosmetic outside of the surface area intended to be coated.

When the fountain brush has thus been used, it may be turned upright as in Fig. 2 and the cap replaced and held on by screwing its internal shoulder 46 tightly against the filler plug. Whether or not the cap is so restored, it is one of the new and valuable features of this improved applicator that any cosmetic remaining on the outside of the brush tuft or in the drain cavity 32 will, with very little delay, be withdrawn automatically inward through the bristles of the tuft by the immediate reduction in vapor pressure, or partial vacuum, that occurs in the hollow ofthe handle upon removal of the warmth of the users hand allowing it to cool. This` withdrawal will occur automatically and dependably regardless of the position of the fountain brush and whether it is resting horizontally or upright.

Experiments show that in this improved construction the withdrawal of lacquer to the brush interior is hastened and made more complete and positive by the fact that a fairly good air seal takes place at the cap threads 18, 49 the moment they become engaged so that the subsequent screwing down of the cap by means of these threads and before sealing shoulder 46 closes against the plug seat 31, in effect compresses air trapped in the combined spaces 45 and 48, thus mechanically producing a higher than atmospheric pressure in the dome space 45. The forcefullness of increased air pressure thus mechanically nduced will be greater with a givenY amount of cap rotation the greater the area of the internal surface of the top of the cap, for this in effect acts as a pump piston. We therefore make the cavity 45 of as large transverse area as possible in proportion to its height and volumetrically as large as is practicable in proportion to the volumetric size of the handle chamber without sacrificing the other advantageous Afeatures of the construction herein pointed out `such as overall slenderness of the fountain brush as a whole.

The appended claims are directed to and intended to cover all variations of the exact sizes, proportions, relationships and specifications of the parts herein chosen to illustrate the invention as fairly come within the broadest interpretation `of the definitive terms of the claims.

We claim: Y

l. A fountain brush for dispensing Volatile liquid from a hollow handle of the brush with freeness of flowY controlled selectively either by squeezingv `said handle or by changing the temperature of its contents, embodying in combination,a hollow elongate barrel forming a brush handle for storing a volatile liquid sutiiciently slender to be grasped between the thumb and lingers of a users hand, said barrel having an open end and a closed end and a cylindrical tubular wall composed throughout the girth and throughout a major portion of the length of said barrel of plastic suliciently thin to be quickly permeable throughout said girth and length to heat transmitted from the users hand to the interior of the handle and sufliciently exible to be indentable by linger pressure throughout said girth and length, while sufficiently resilient to be self restoring to original shape when released from such pressure, an external screw thread on said barrel near said closed end thereof, a closure head removably mounted on said open end of said barrel, a liquid applicative tuft of bristles, means mounting said tuft on said head shaped and disposed to hold the said bristles on the said closure head in a manner to project therefrom in such slantingly divergent directions as to form an ontharing tubular ring consisting solely of said bristles, a passageway through said head giving said tuft of bristles liu-id communication with the interior of said barrel, and a deeply cupped protective cap having an internally screw threaded open end in sealing engagement with said external thread on said barrel and having a rigid tubular wall encompassing both said barrel and said tuft, said cap wall being suiiciently larger than the girth of said barrel to aford a heat insulative annular space therebetween and being sufficiently rigid to prevent the transmission to said liexible tubular barrel wall of squeezing pressure applied against said rigid cap wall, whereby fluid pressure in said handle can be increased to a liquid expelling force selectively either by warming the handle with heat transmitted from the users hand or by squeezing said tubular wall of the barrel by linger pressure when said cap is removed.

2. A fountain brush for dispensing volatile liquid from a hollow handle of the brush with freeness of iiow controlled selectively either by squeezing said handle or by changing the temperature of its contents, embodying in combination, a hollow elongate barrel forming a brush handle for storing a volatile liquid sufliciently slender to be grasped between the thumb and fingers of a users hand, said barrel having an open end and a closed end and a cylindrical tubular wall composed throughout the girth and throughout a major portion of the length of said barrel of plastic suiiiciently thin to be quickly permeable throughout said girth and length to heat transmitted .from the users hand to the interior of the handle and sufficiently exible to be indentable by finger pressure throughout said girth and length, while sufficiently resilient to be self restoring to original shape when released from such pressure, an external screw thread on said barrel near said closed end thereof, a closure head removably mounted on said open end of said barrel, a liquid applicative tuft of bristles, means mounting said tuft on said head, a passageway through said head giving said tuft of bristles fluid communication with the interior of said barrel, and a deeply cupped protective cap having an internally screw threaded open end in sealing engagement with said external thread on said barrel and having a rigid tubular wall encompassing both said barrel and said tuft, said cap wall being sufficiently larger than the girth of said barrel to atford a heat insulative annular space therebetween and being sufficiently rigid to prevent the transmission to said liexible tubular barrel Wall of squeezing pressure applied against said rigid cap wall, whereby huid pressure in said handle can be increased to a liquid expelling force selectively either by warming the handle with heat transmitted from the users hand or by squeezing said tubular wall of the barrel by linger pressure when said cap is removed, said cap having an annular internal sharp edged sealing shoulder and said closure head presenting an external conical seat to said sharp edged shoulder against which seat the sharp edge of said shoulder is forced into contact along a generally circularline substantially devoid rof area of vcontact and -with Jhermetic sealing tightness when said cap is turned in threaded engagement with said barrel, and said closure head being provided with means to interlock rotatively with said open end of said barrel when said sealing shoulder on said cap is forced against said seat on said closure head thereby to preclude relative rotary movement between said closure head and said barrel when said cap is unscerewed from said handle.

3. A fountain brush as defined in claim 2, in which the said open end of the said barrel and the said closure head carry cooperative cam edged surfaces disposed to engage mutually with rotative interlocking elfect.

4. A fountain brush as dened in claim 3, in which at least one of the said cam edged surfaces of the said barrel and the said closure head includes a camrning surface sloping suiciently steeper than the pitch of the said external thread on the said barrel to prevent turning of said closure head relatively to said barrel as long as the said sealing shoulder .of the said cap remains in sealing engagement with the said seat on said closure head.

5. A fountain brush for dispensing volatile liquid from a hollow handle of the brush with freeness of ilow controlled selectively either by squeezing said handle or by changing the temperature of its contents, embodying in combination, a hollow elongate barrel forming a brush handle for storing a volatile liquid sufficiently slender to be grasped between the thumb and lingers of a users hand, saidY barrel having an open end and a closed end and a cylindrical tubular wall less than .021l in thickness composed throughout the girth and throughout a major portion of the length of said barrel of nylon suiiiciently thin to be quickly permeable throughout said girth and length to heat transmitted from the users hand to the interior of the handle and suliiciently flexible to be indentable by finger pressure throughout said girth and length while sul'liciently resilient to be self restoring to original shape when lreleased from such pressure, an external screw thread on said barrel near said closed end thereof, said tubular wall being partially stiffened by a narrow integral ridge of said nylon extending lengthwise of the barrel from proximate said external screw thread to proximate said open end of the barrel, a closure head removably mounted on said open end of said barrel, a liquid applicative tuft of bristles, means mounting said tuft on `said head, a passageway through said head giving said tuft of bristles fluid communication with the interior of said barrel, and a deeply cupped protective cap having an internally screw threaded open end in sealing engagement with said external thread on said barrel and having a rigid tubular wall encompassing both said barrel and said tuft, said cap wall being sufiiciently larger than the girth of said barrel to aiford a heat insulative annular space therebetween and being suiciently rigid to prevent the transmission to said flexible tubular barrel wall of squeezing pressure applied against said rigid cap wall, whereby liuid pressure in said handle can be increased to a liquid expelling force selectively either by warming the handle with heat transmitted from the users hand or by squeezing said tubular wall of the barrel by iinger pressure when said cap is removed.

6. A fountain brush as deiined in claim 5, in which the said ridge increases the said thickness of said nylon barrel wall less than .013".

References Cited in the iile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 123,815 Eisenman Feb. 20, 1872 453,639 Ingraham June 9, l89l 779,503 Robbins Ian. l0, 1905 1,049,341 Chandler Jan. 7, 1913 1,857,300 Gisztl May l0, 1932 (wher-referencesori-following page) UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,525,272 Rhoton Oct. 10, 1950 1,928,990 B tt t aL 0 t. 3 1933 2,593,552 Folkmall API' 22, 1952 1,989,201 Kang; e Jas. 29 1935 2,659,919 McCabe et al NOV. 24, 1953 2,097,495 Lunzer NOV 2, 1937 2,682,070 Lemoine 111116 29, 1954 2,104,651 Homan Ian. 4, 1938 5 2,214,405 Coffman sept. 10, 1940 FOREIGN PATENTS 2,317,002 Ulvick Apr. 20, 1943 202,205 Great Britain Allg. 16, 1923 2,370,419 Ray Feb. 27, 1945 256,122 Switzerland Feb. 1, 1949 2,377,117 Watkins May 29, 1945 468,536 Great Britain July 7, 1937 2,466,785 Schreyer Apr. 12, 1949 10 520,210 Great Britain Apr. 17, 1940

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