US2905558A - Feed for animals - Google Patents
Feed for animals Download PDFInfo
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- US2905558A US2905558A US577662A US57766256A US2905558A US 2905558 A US2905558 A US 2905558A US 577662 A US577662 A US 577662A US 57766256 A US57766256 A US 57766256A US 2905558 A US2905558 A US 2905558A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- feed
- liquor
- product
- lime
- carbohydrate
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- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 title claims description 11
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-LECHCGJUSA-N alpha-D-xylose Chemical class O[C@@H]1CO[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-LECHCGJUSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000009248 fertility and early embryonic development Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 39
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 34
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 34
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 24
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 235000006085 Vigna mungo var mungo Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 240000005616 Vigna mungo var. mungo Species 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 10
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- FOGYNLXERPKEGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4-(3-sulfopropyl)phenoxy]propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(CC(CS(O)(=O)=O)OC=2C(=CC(CCCS(O)(=O)=O)=CC=2)OC)=C1O FOGYNLXERPKEGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 244000144980 herd Species 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 6
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 208000007976 Ketosis Diseases 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N Riboflavin Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920005551 calcium lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- RYAGRZNBULDMBW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;3-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4-(3-sulfonatopropyl)phenoxy]propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].COC1=CC=CC(CC(CS([O-])(=O)=O)OC=2C(=CC(CCCS([O-])(=O)=O)=CC=2)OC)=C1O RYAGRZNBULDMBW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000012041 food component Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000005428 food component Substances 0.000 description 3
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004140 ketosis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 3
- KZDCMKVLEYCGQX-UDPGNSCCSA-N 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 4-aminobenzoate;(2s,5r,6r)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1.N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 KZDCMKVLEYCGQX-UDPGNSCCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001763 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019743 Choline chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-Lyxoflavin Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Niacin Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229930003779 Vitamin B12 Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000036528 appetite Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019789 appetite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FAPWYRCQGJNNSJ-UBKPKTQASA-L calcium D-pantothenic acid Chemical compound [Ca+2].OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC([O-])=O.OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC([O-])=O FAPWYRCQGJNNSJ-UBKPKTQASA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M choline chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229960003178 choline chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- AGVAZMGAQJOSFJ-WZHZPDAFSA-M cobalt(2+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2r)-1-[3-[(1r,2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2 Chemical compound [Co+2].N#[C-].[N-]([C@@H]1[C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@@H](C)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)\C2=C(C)/C([C@H](C\2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N/C/2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O AGVAZMGAQJOSFJ-WZHZPDAFSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000003340 mental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000001968 nicotinic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960003512 nicotinic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011664 nicotinic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000008935 nutritious Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940088417 precipitated calcium carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019192 riboflavin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002151 riboflavin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960002477 riboflavin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 235000019163 vitamin B12 Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011715 vitamin B12 Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 206010000410 Acetonaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150010353 Ascl1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000019733 Fish meal Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005569 Iron sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019764 Soybean Meal Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019752 Wheat Middilings Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000215 acute (single dose) toxicity testing Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940036811 bone meal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002374 bone meal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GBAOBIBJACZTNA-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfite Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])=O GBAOBIBJACZTNA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000010261 calcium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006052 feed supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004467 fishmeal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000144992 flock Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000010438 granite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002458 infectious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002198 insoluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940029985 mineral supplement Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004455 soybean meal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015099 wheat brans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S426/00—Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
- Y10S426/807—Poultry or ruminant feed
Definitions
- This invention relates to a new fodder for domestic livestock. Particularly, this invention relates to a new food component to be added to the feed of domestic animals, including fowl.
- the feed component herein described can economically replace a portion of the more expensive ingredients of feed for cattle and poultry, such substitution resulting in increased milk production and improved general health of cattle, as well as. increased rate of weight gain in poultry and decreased hen fatality.
- the new feed component to which my invention refers is a product derived from the spent liquors resulting from the sulfite process for obtaining cellulose pulp from wood or similar plant materials.
- the spent liquors from the sulfite Wood pulping process contain substantial amounts of lignosulfonates, sugars and incompletely hydrolyzed carbohydrates.
- the treatment with lime results in the conversion of a large part of the carbohydrate components of the liquor to calcium salts of various sugar acids.
- These salts together with that portion of the lignosulfonate note precipitated by the lime treatment, are'present in the effluent liquor or tail liquor containing the carbohydrate components as described in the Howard patents. It is from this portion of the spent sulfite liquor that the valuable animal feed components referred to in this invention are recovered.
- the carbohydate derivatives mentioned above comprise about 60-70% of the organic material present in the tail liquor,
- sulfite liquor may be varied in certain respects in order to obtain a product most suitable for a particular feed use.
- the product is obtained primarily as calcium salts of the organic constituents, it has been found relatively less palatable to cattle than the corresponding sodium salts, or a mixture of sodium and calcium salts.
- the product prepared as calcium salts has been found very desirable for use in feed for poultry.
- a slight modification of the procedure may be employed, if desired, to increase the phosphorous content of the feed component. This modification, too, has been found desirable in the preparation of the feed component for poultry use. A detailed description of these modifications in the preparation procedure follows.
- Spent sulfite liquor was treated with lime in a multistage manner according to the aforementioned Howard process to remove calcium sulfite and basic calcium lignosulfonate as insoluble materials. These materials were removed, and the carbohydrate filtrate liquor, now free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates but containing applicable amounts of lime-unprecipitable lignosulfonates, treated according to one of the following examples.
- Example J.Phosphoric acid was added to a pH of about 4.5, resulting in the precipitation of calcium phosphate.
- the resulting suspension was concentrated by evaporation of water and finally reduced to dryness, yielding a product containing 12.7% calcium and 3.3% phosphorus and substantially free of lime-precipitable
- This material containing calcium phosphates as well as calcium salts of the various sugar acids and lignosulfonic acid, is a very satisfactory feed component, particularly for poultry.
- this product, high in calcium and phosphorous content will be referred to as Carbohydrate Product 1.
- Example 2 The carbohydrate filtrate liquor resulting from the aforementioned Howard process was treated with carbon dioxide to remove free lime as calcium carbonate. After removal of the precipitated calcium carbonate, the filtrate was concentrated and dried.
- the product obtained by this procedure was somewhat lower in calcium content than that previously described and is essentially free of phosphorous. It is comprised essentially of the calcium salts of the sugar. acids and lignosulfonic acid.
- This product hereinafter referred to as Carbohydrate Product 2 is a desirable component of poultry feed, but is sulficiently unpalatable to cattle to make its use in cattle feed less desirable than products prepared by procedures described later in this application.
- Example 3 The carbohydrate filtrate liquor resulting from the Howard process was treated with sulfuric acid to a pH of about 3.5, resulting in a precipitation of calcium sulfate, which was removed by filtration.
- the clarified acidic liquor was neutralized with caustic soda and the neutral liquor concentrated and dried.
- the sugar acids and lignosulfonates were obtained in the form of mixed sodium and calcium salts substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonat'es. This product is satisfactory for inclusion in both cattle and poultry feeds. In later discussion, this material will be referred to as Carbohydrate Product 3.
- Example 4 The carbohydrate filtrate liquor resulting from the Howard process was treated with carbon dioxide to precipitate free lime as calcium carbonate and sufficient sodium carbonate was added to convert the calcium salts of the organic compounds present to sodium salts. After filtering to remove precipitated calcium carbonate, the filtrate was concentrated and dried.
- This product will be referred to in subsequent discussion as Carbohydrate Product 4. It contained the sodium salts of lignosnlfonic acid and the various sugar acids substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates. This material is considerably more palatable to cattle than the corresponding product obtained as the calcium salts. It is also an excellent component of poultry feeds.
- Carbohydrate Product 4 was also fed to a mature Holstein cow by incorporation of the test material in a grain supplement during a four month period. During this time, the percentage of Carbohydrate Product 4- in the feed was increased from 5% to 25% as shown in Table I, in which A, B, C, D and B were 200 lb. batches of feed, successively prepared and fed to the cow at about lbs.
- a herd of 19 Holstein cows was fed supplement A, shown in Table 1, above, containing 5% of Carbohydrate Product 4, during a two and one-half month period. Milk production was higher than normal during this period and the health of the herd remained excellent, whereas in the equivalent period of previous years milk production had been low due to the appearance of ketosis or acetonemia in the herd.
- Carbohydrate Product 3 was fed for the 180 days of the winter season to a total of 2144 cattle in 83 dairy herds.
- the Carbohydrate Product was added to grain feed to the extent of 1 to 5% by various of the cooperating dairy herd owners.
- a total of 88,833 lbs. of Carbohydrate Product 3 was consumed in this test.
- a majority of the herd owners reported that during the experimental period the cattle were in better health, had better appetites and produced more milk than in previous winters.
- ketosis a non-infectious metabolic disturbance usually occurring in cattle after calving during the period of high milk production, indicated that the addition of Carbohydrate Product 3 to the diet during the winter months resulted in an 84% reduction in the incidence of the disease compared to records of the same herds from the previous year.
- Ketosis, in cattle, is accompanied by a loss in appetite and a drop in milk production, thus constituting a serious threat to the dairy farmers income.
- this supplement adds 2 g. riboflavin, 4 g. calcium panthothenate, 6 g. niacin, and 20 g. choline chloride.
- Pro-Pen (Merck) Vitamin B12 and antibiot1c feed supplement Each pound contains 3 milligrams Vitamin B12, 2 grams procaine penicillin.
- the two mashes were fed to control and experimental groups of 50 (day-old) White Rock chicks for a 12 week period.
- Chicks fed the experimental growing mash ate 9% less feed and yet averaged 11% greater in weight at the end of the test.
- the data are summanzed m the following Table V.
- the feed prepared according to my invention including a component isolated from spent sulfite liquor as previously described, is economical and nutritious for both ruminants and fowl.
- my feed I prefer to include from 1% to 25% by weight of the component isolated from spent sulfite liquor according to the processes herein described.
- a foodstuif for domestic animals containing, together with other components of such food, a material comprising the mixture of sodium and calcium salts of lignosulfonic acid and Wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates and inorganic calcium salts.
- a foodstuff for domestic animals containing, together with other components of such food, a material comprising the sodium salts of lignosulfonic acid and wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates and calcium salts.
- a foodstufif for domestic animals containing, together with other components of such food, a material comprising the calcium salts of lignosulfonic acid and wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates and inorganic calcium salts.
- a foodstulf for poultry containing, together with other components of such food, a material comprising the phosphorus enriched calcium salts of lignosulfonic acid and wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfona-tes.
- a feed for animals containing, together with other components of such feed, between 1% and 25% by weight of metal salts of lignosulfonic acids and wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates and inorganic calcium salts.
- a feed for animals containing, together With other components of such feed, between 1% and 25% by weight of sodium salts of lignosulfonic acids and wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates and calcium salts.
- a feed for domestic fowl containing, together with other components of such feed, between 1% and 25 by weight of the phosphorus enriched calcium salts of lign sulfonic acids and wood sugar acids obtained from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates.
- a food component for ruminant animals containing the product obtained from spent sulfite liquors, after removal of lime-precipitable basic calcium lignosulfonate and inorganic calcium salts, by neutralization of said liquor with caustic soda and evaporation of the neutral liquor containing mixed sodium and calcium salts of lignosulfonic acids and wood sugar acids to dryness.
- a food component for ruminant animals comprising the mixed sodium and calcium salts of lignosulfonic acid and sugar acids obtained by addition of an excess of lime to spent sulfite liquor, filtering to remove solids comprising calcium lignosulionate, acidifying the resulting filtrate with sulfuric acid, filtering to remove the precipitate comprising calcium sulfate, neutralizing the filtrate liquor with caustic soda and evaporating the neutral liquor to dryness.
- a component of feed for poultry comprising the phosphorus enriched calcium salts of lignosulfonic acid and sugar acids obtained from spent sulfite liquor, after removal of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates, by acidification of said liquor with phosphoric acid and evaporation of the acidified liquor to dryness.
Description
United States Patent FEED FOR ANIlVIALS James William Adams, Schofield, Wis., assignor, by mesne assignments, to American Can Company, New York, N.Y., a corporation of New Jersey No Drawing. Application April 12, 1956 Serial No. 577,662
Claims. (Cl. 99-2) This invention relates to a new fodder for domestic livestock. Particularly, this invention relates to a new food component to be added to the feed of domestic animals, including fowl. The feed component herein described can economically replace a portion of the more expensive ingredients of feed for cattle and poultry, such substitution resulting in increased milk production and improved general health of cattle, as well as. increased rate of weight gain in poultry and decreased hen fatality.
The new feed component to which my invention refers is a product derived from the spent liquors resulting from the sulfite process for obtaining cellulose pulp from wood or similar plant materials. The spent liquors from the sulfite Wood pulping process contain substantial amounts of lignosulfonates, sugars and incompletely hydrolyzed carbohydrates. Treatment of such liquors with lime in a multi-stage manner according to the Howard process disclosed in the United States reissued Patent 18,268, December 1, 1931, and in United States Patents No. 1,856,558, May 3, 1932, and 1,924,361, August 29, 1933, results in a precipitation of most of the lignosulfonates as basic calcium lignosulfonate, which may be removed from the liquor. At the same time, the treatment with lime results in the conversion of a large part of the carbohydrate components of the liquor to calcium salts of various sugar acids. These salts, together with that portion of the lignosulfonate note precipitated by the lime treatment, are'present in the effluent liquor or tail liquor containing the carbohydrate components as described in the Howard patents. It is from this portion of the spent sulfite liquor that the valuable animal feed components referred to in this invention are recovered. The carbohydate derivatives mentioned above comprise about 60-70% of the organic material present in the tail liquor,
the remainder being lignosulfonates not removed by the lime treatment.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a new feed component for domestic animals and fowl, which component is palatable, highly nutritious and economical, andis conducive to improvement in the general health and productive capacity of the animals fed therewith. It is a further object of the invention to produce such a feed component from the spent liquors of the sulfite pulping process for wood and other plant materials.
The procedure used for preparation of the desired feed component from the carbohydrate filtrate portion of spent lignosulfonates.
sulfite liquor may be varied in certain respects in order to obtain a product most suitable for a particular feed use. For example, if the product is obtained primarily as calcium salts of the organic constituents, it has been found relatively less palatable to cattle than the corresponding sodium salts, or a mixture of sodium and calcium salts. On theother hand, the product prepared as calcium salts has been found very desirable for use in feed for poultry. Furthermore, a slight modification of the procedure may be employed, if desired, to increase the phosphorous content of the feed component. This modification, too, has been found desirable in the preparation of the feed component for poultry use. A detailed description of these modifications in the preparation procedure follows.
Spent sulfite liquor was treated with lime in a multistage manner according to the aforementioned Howard process to remove calcium sulfite and basic calcium lignosulfonate as insoluble materials. These materials were removed, and the carbohydrate filtrate liquor, now free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates but containing applicable amounts of lime-unprecipitable lignosulfonates, treated according to one of the following examples.
Example J.Phosphoric acid was added to a pH of about 4.5, resulting in the precipitation of calcium phosphate. The resulting suspension was concentrated by evaporation of water and finally reduced to dryness, yielding a product containing 12.7% calcium and 3.3% phosphorus and substantially free of lime-precipitable This material, containing calcium phosphates as well as calcium salts of the various sugar acids and lignosulfonic acid, is a very satisfactory feed component, particularly for poultry. In later discussion this product, high in calcium and phosphorous content, will be referred to as Carbohydrate Product 1.
Example 2.The carbohydrate filtrate liquor resulting from the aforementioned Howard process was treated with carbon dioxide to remove free lime as calcium carbonate. After removal of the precipitated calcium carbonate, the filtrate was concentrated and dried. The product obtained by this procedure was somewhat lower in calcium content than that previously described and is essentially free of phosphorous. It is comprised essentially of the calcium salts of the sugar. acids and lignosulfonic acid. This product, hereinafter referred to as Carbohydrate Product 2, is a desirable component of poultry feed, but is sulficiently unpalatable to cattle to make its use in cattle feed less desirable than products prepared by procedures described later in this application.
Example 3.-The carbohydrate filtrate liquor resulting from the Howard process was treated with sulfuric acid to a pH of about 3.5, resulting in a precipitation of calcium sulfate, which was removed by filtration. The clarified acidic liquor was neutralized with caustic soda and the neutral liquor concentrated and dried. By this procedure, the sugar acids and lignosulfonates were obtained in the form of mixed sodium and calcium salts substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonat'es. This product is satisfactory for inclusion in both cattle and poultry feeds. In later discussion, this material will be referred to as Carbohydrate Product 3.
Example 4.The carbohydrate filtrate liquor resulting from the Howard process was treated with carbon dioxide to precipitate free lime as calcium carbonate and sufficient sodium carbonate was added to convert the calcium salts of the organic compounds present to sodium salts. After filtering to remove precipitated calcium carbonate, the filtrate was concentrated and dried. This product will be referred to in subsequent discussion as Carbohydrate Product 4. It contained the sodium salts of lignosnlfonic acid and the various sugar acids substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates. This material is considerably more palatable to cattle than the corresponding product obtained as the calcium salts. It is also an excellent component of poultry feeds.
Extensive testing has been carried out on both'the sodium and calcium salts obtained from the carbohydrate filtrate from spent sulfite liquor. Acute toxicity studies on white rats with Carbohydrate Product 3 indicated an LD-SO value of greater than 9 gm. per kilogram of body weight. Non-toxic properties of Carbohydrate Product 2 were shown in 6-week feeding tests on chicks, where experimental rations containing 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 percent of the Carbohydrate Product 2 were fed to separate groups of chicks. Grain containing and percent Carbohydrate Product 4 was fed to groups of young Flemish giant rabbits for an eight week period with no adverse affects in weight gain or other characteristics. Carbohydrate Product 4 was also fed to a mature Holstein cow by incorporation of the test material in a grain supplement during a four month period. During this time, the percentage of Carbohydrate Product 4- in the feed was increased from 5% to 25% as shown in Table I, in which A, B, C, D and B were 200 lb. batches of feed, successively prepared and fed to the cow at about lbs.
per day.
TABLE I Carbohydrate product 4 in dairy cattle feeds Supplement A B C D E Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Oats 73.5 69.5 55.5 61.5 57.5 Soybean oil meal 10. 5 10. 0 9. 5 9. 0 8. 5 Soybean meal 10. 5 10. 0 9. 5 9, 0 8. 5 Mineral mixture 0. 5 0.5 0. 5 0. 5 0, 5 Carbohydrate Product 4-"- 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Total amount consumed,
pounds 200 200 200 420 25 The supplement was palatable to the cow up to a concentration of Carbohydrate Product 4. The amount of the mixture consumed by the cow was found to be quite limited, so this batch was diluted back to a 20% concentration with grain and was then freely consumed by the cow. A total of 150 lbs. of Carbohydrate Product 4 was consumed by the cow with no ill effects.
A herd of 19 Holstein cows was fed supplement A, shown in Table 1, above, containing 5% of Carbohydrate Product 4, during a two and one-half month period. Milk production was higher than normal during this period and the health of the herd remained excellent, whereas in the equivalent period of previous years milk production had been low due to the appearance of ketosis or acetonemia in the herd.
In another feeding test, Carbohydrate Product 3 was fed for the 180 days of the winter season to a total of 2144 cattle in 83 dairy herds. The Carbohydrate Product was added to grain feed to the extent of 1 to 5% by various of the cooperating dairy herd owners. A total of 88,833 lbs. of Carbohydrate Product 3 was consumed in this test. A majority of the herd owners reported that during the experimental period the cattle were in better health, had better appetites and produced more milk than in previous winters. Data on the incidence of ketosis, a non-infectious metabolic disturbance usually occurring in cattle after calving during the period of high milk production, indicated that the addition of Carbohydrate Product 3 to the diet during the winter months resulted in an 84% reduction in the incidence of the disease compared to records of the same herds from the previous year. Ketosis, in cattle, is accompanied by a loss in appetite and a drop in milk production, thus constituting a serious threat to the dairy farmers income.
An experimental laying mash containing 6% of Carbohydrate Product 1 was fed to a flock of 38 hens over an 18 day period without detrimental efiect to the health or egg-production of the fiock. Accordingly, a control mash and an experimental mash containing 8% of Carbohydrate Product 1, as shown in the following Table II, were prepared and fed free choice with whole oats and water to a control group of 11 pullets and an experi mental group of 12 pullets for a 23 Week period.
TABLE II Composition of laying mashes Control Experi- Mash mental (pounds) Mash (pounds) Ground yellow corn 29 25 Ground oats 34 34 Alfalfa meal 5 5 Soybean oil meal 20 20 Meat scr s 5 5 Steamed bone meal- 2 Granite grit 2 2 Calcium carbonate 2 Carbohydrate Product 1 8 Iodized salt 1 1 Fish oil (300D) 0. 5 0.5 No. 58A Merck vitamin mix 1 0.05 0.05 0.0.0. trace mineral supplement 0. 05 0. 05
Total 100. 6 100. 6
1 At one pound per ton, this supplement adds 2 g. riboflavin, 4 g. calcium panthothenate, 6 g. niacin, and 20 g. choline chloride.
*At one pound per ton, this supplement adds 0.015% manganese suuulfage, 0.018% iron sulfate, 0.00052% copper sulfate, 0.000152% cobalt s ae.
The results of this feeding test are summarized in the following Table III.
TABLE III Carbohydrate product 1 in laying hen rations Group Control Experimental Mash Contains Feature Stand- 8% Carbohyard drate Product mash 1 (no bone meal or 09.0 0
No. hens at start of experiment 11 12 No. hens at end of experiment 8 12 Av. wt of hens at 40 weeks, lbs- 5. 86 6. 21 Av. wt of hens at 50 weeks, lbs 6. 41 6. '70 Av. wt. of eggs at 46 weeks, grams 54. 97 54. 95 Av. wt. of eggs at 50 weeks, grams 59.87 60. 02 Eggs/henlweek for 23-week period- 3. 3. 83
vtality rate of the two groups.
In atest of the value of Carbohydrate Product 1 in chick feeding, a control mash and an experimental mash containing 5% of Carbohydrate Product 1 were prepared as indicated in the following Table IV.
TABLE IV Rations for experimental chick feeding Basal Pounds Parts Wheat bran 6O 4 Wheat middlings 50 4 Dehydrated alfalfa meal 50 4 Soybean oil meal 400 33. 8 Ground yellow corn. 600 50 Iodized salt 8 0. 6 Fish oil 4 0. 3 Fish meal 40 0. 3
0. 0. o." team-star "can; f N 0. 58A vitamin mixture Merck 2 O.C.O. trace mineral premix at 1% pounds per ton feed adds: 0,0226% manganese sulphate, 0.026% iron sulphate, 0.000725% copper sulphate, 0.000475% cobalt sulphate.
No. 58A vitamin mixture Merck (each pound contams: 2 grams Riboflavin, 4 grams Calcium panthothenate, 6 grams Niacin, 20 grams Choline chloride).
Pro-Pen (Merck) Vitamin B12 and antibiot1c feed supplement. Each pound contains 3 milligrams Vitamin B12, 2 grams procaine penicillin.
The two mashes were fed to control and experimental groups of 50 (day-old) White Rock chicks for a 12 week period. Chicks fed the experimental growing mash ate 9% less feed and yet averaged 11% greater in weight at the end of the test. The data are summanzed m the following Table V.
It is evident from the above examples that the feed prepared according to my invention, including a component isolated from spent sulfite liquor as previously described, is economical and nutritious for both ruminants and fowl. In my feed, I prefer to include from 1% to 25% by weight of the component isolated from spent sulfite liquor according to the processes herein described.
Having now shown and described several specific embodiments of my invention, it will be apparent that various modifications may be applied without departing from the spirit thereof. My invention, therefore, is not to be restricted except insofar as is necessitated by the prior art and the spirit of the appended claims.
I claim:
1. A foodstuif for domestic animals containing, together with other components of such food, a material comprising the mixture of sodium and calcium salts of lignosulfonic acid and Wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates and inorganic calcium salts.
2. A foodstuff for domestic animals containing, together with other components of such food, a material comprising the sodium salts of lignosulfonic acid and wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates and calcium salts.
3. A foodstufif for domestic animals containing, together with other components of such food, a material comprising the calcium salts of lignosulfonic acid and wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates and inorganic calcium salts.
4. A foodstulf for poultry containing, together with other components of such food, a material comprising the phosphorus enriched calcium salts of lignosulfonic acid and wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfona-tes.
5. A feed for animals containing, together with other components of such feed, between 1% and 25% by weight of metal salts of lignosulfonic acids and wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates and inorganic calcium salts.
6. A feed for animals containing, together With other components of such feed, between 1% and 25% by weight of sodium salts of lignosulfonic acids and wood sugar acids derived from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates and calcium salts.
7. A feed for domestic fowl containing, together with other components of such feed, between 1% and 25 by weight of the phosphorus enriched calcium salts of lign sulfonic acids and wood sugar acids obtained from spent sulfite liquor and substantially free of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates.
8. A food component for ruminant animals containing the product obtained from spent sulfite liquors, after removal of lime-precipitable basic calcium lignosulfonate and inorganic calcium salts, by neutralization of said liquor with caustic soda and evaporation of the neutral liquor containing mixed sodium and calcium salts of lignosulfonic acids and wood sugar acids to dryness.
9. A food component for ruminant animals comprising the mixed sodium and calcium salts of lignosulfonic acid and sugar acids obtained by addition of an excess of lime to spent sulfite liquor, filtering to remove solids comprising calcium lignosulionate, acidifying the resulting filtrate with sulfuric acid, filtering to remove the precipitate comprising calcium sulfate, neutralizing the filtrate liquor with caustic soda and evaporating the neutral liquor to dryness.
10. A component of feed for poultry comprising the phosphorus enriched calcium salts of lignosulfonic acid and sugar acids obtained from spent sulfite liquor, after removal of lime-precipitable lignosulfonates, by acidification of said liquor with phosphoric acid and evaporation of the acidified liquor to dryness.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Re. 18,268 Howard Dec. 1, 1931 1,924,361 Howard Aug. 29, 1933 FOREIGN PATENTS 45,276 Sweden 1915
Claims (1)
- 5. A FEED FOR ANIMALS CONTAINING, TOGETHER WITH OTHER COMPONENTS OF SUCH FEED, BETWEEN 1% AND 25% BY WEIGHT OF METAL SALTS OF LIGNOSULFONIC ACIDS AND WOOD SUGAR ACIDS DERIVED FROM SPENT SULFITE LIQUOR AND SUBSTANTIALLY FREE OF LIME-PRECIPITABLE LIGNOSULFONATES AND INORGANIC CALCIUM SALTS.
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US577662A US2905558A (en) | 1956-04-12 | 1956-04-12 | Feed for animals |
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US577662A US2905558A (en) | 1956-04-12 | 1956-04-12 | Feed for animals |
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Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3035920A (en) * | 1959-09-03 | 1962-05-22 | Cargill Inc | Feed pelleting process and the resulting product |
US4377596A (en) * | 1979-10-31 | 1983-03-22 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method for increasing milk production |
US4560561A (en) * | 1984-03-19 | 1985-12-24 | Betteravia Byproducts Co. | Poultry feed supplement and method of making |
US4564524A (en) * | 1983-05-18 | 1986-01-14 | Vaasanmylly Oy | Fodder and process for production thereof |
US4698225A (en) * | 1985-04-15 | 1987-10-06 | Morrison David G | Granular binding agent for pellets |
US4952415A (en) * | 1987-10-28 | 1990-08-28 | Daishowa Chemicals Inc. | Carboxylic polymer animal feed binder |
US4957748A (en) * | 1987-03-23 | 1990-09-18 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska | Ruminant feed, method of making and method of using |
US5023091A (en) * | 1987-03-23 | 1991-06-11 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska | Ruminant feed method of making and method of using |
US5064665A (en) * | 1987-03-23 | 1991-11-12 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska | Method of making and using a ruminant feed |
US5668183A (en) * | 1992-04-14 | 1997-09-16 | Roche Vitamins Inc. | Water dispersible compositions |
US6596326B1 (en) * | 1998-11-09 | 2003-07-22 | Borregaard Industires Limited | Growth enhancers |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
USRE18268E (en) * | 1926-11-22 | 1931-12-01 | howard | |
US1924361A (en) * | 1930-10-28 | 1933-08-29 | Guy C Howard | Process of treating waste sulphite liquor |
-
1956
- 1956-04-12 US US577662A patent/US2905558A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
USRE18268E (en) * | 1926-11-22 | 1931-12-01 | howard | |
US1924361A (en) * | 1930-10-28 | 1933-08-29 | Guy C Howard | Process of treating waste sulphite liquor |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3035920A (en) * | 1959-09-03 | 1962-05-22 | Cargill Inc | Feed pelleting process and the resulting product |
US4377596A (en) * | 1979-10-31 | 1983-03-22 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method for increasing milk production |
US4564524A (en) * | 1983-05-18 | 1986-01-14 | Vaasanmylly Oy | Fodder and process for production thereof |
US4560561A (en) * | 1984-03-19 | 1985-12-24 | Betteravia Byproducts Co. | Poultry feed supplement and method of making |
US4698225A (en) * | 1985-04-15 | 1987-10-06 | Morrison David G | Granular binding agent for pellets |
US4957748A (en) * | 1987-03-23 | 1990-09-18 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska | Ruminant feed, method of making and method of using |
US5023091A (en) * | 1987-03-23 | 1991-06-11 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska | Ruminant feed method of making and method of using |
US5064665A (en) * | 1987-03-23 | 1991-11-12 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska | Method of making and using a ruminant feed |
US4952415A (en) * | 1987-10-28 | 1990-08-28 | Daishowa Chemicals Inc. | Carboxylic polymer animal feed binder |
US5668183A (en) * | 1992-04-14 | 1997-09-16 | Roche Vitamins Inc. | Water dispersible compositions |
US6596326B1 (en) * | 1998-11-09 | 2003-07-22 | Borregaard Industires Limited | Growth enhancers |
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