US2863148A - Helical antenna enclosed in a dielectric - Google Patents

Helical antenna enclosed in a dielectric Download PDF

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Publication number
US2863148A
US2863148A US515158A US51515855A US2863148A US 2863148 A US2863148 A US 2863148A US 515158 A US515158 A US 515158A US 51515855 A US51515855 A US 51515855A US 2863148 A US2863148 A US 2863148A
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helix
aerial
helical
dielectric
conductor
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US515158A
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Gammon Michael Morley Johnston
Hame Trevor Gordon
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EMI Ltd
Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd
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EMI Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q11/00—Electrically-long antennas having dimensions more than twice the shortest operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q11/02—Non-resonant antennas, e.g. travelling-wave antenna
    • H01Q11/08—Helical antennas

Definitions

  • This invention relates to aerials and it relates in particular to helical aerials, which are specially suitable for the radiation or reception of microwave electro-magnetic energy.
  • an aerial for radiating or receiving microwave energy comprising a conductor wound in the form of a helix and associated with a hat ground plane.
  • the helical aerial has the advantage of being able to radiate or receive energy in a wide band of frequencies, and moreover it is of simple construction.
  • a problem encountered in the construction of helical aerials is that of pro viding a support for the helix in order to secure its mechanical rigidity under conditions of vibration.
  • the helical aerial can be supported in a dielectric framework with little or no effect upon the radiation pattern provided the frequency is low, because the supports may be made much smaller than the operating wavelength.
  • a supporting device necessarily has dimensions which are not negligible when compared with the operating wavelength and deterioration of the radiation pattern occurs.
  • An object of the present invention is to reduce the diliiculties aforesaid.
  • a helical aerial in which a helical conductor is enclosed in dielectric material whose cross-sectional dimensions are so chosen that for energy of a predetermined frequency, the phase velocity of propagation in said material in the direction of the axis of said helix approximates to the velocity of a plane wave in an unbounded medium of said material, and the helical conductor is dimensioned taking into account the dielectric ma terial for the propagation or reception of a circularly polarised wave of said frequency directed along said axis.
  • a structure is preferably provided to form a ground plane disposed about said conductor and of conical shape or other shape diverging towards the outer end of said conductor.
  • the ground plane is conical and has a total included angle of approximately 90, is coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the aerial and has an aperture of approximately A or greater where is the free space wave length of the centre frequency to be radiated or received.
  • the sides of the ground plane need not be straight either locally or along their full length.
  • ice Figure 1 illustrates a form of a helical aerial in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 2 is an end view of the aerial shown in Figure 1, as seen from left in Figure 1,
  • Figure 3 illustrates diagrammatically a modification of Figure 1 designed for operation at higher frequencies than the aerial of Figures 1 and 2.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show a helical aerial designed to radiate in the first axial mode in a frequency band centred at, say, 4000 mc./s.
  • the aerial comprises a metal helix 1 which has for example four turns and is clockwise wound looking from the free end of the helix.
  • the right-hand end of the helix is connected to the inner conductor 2 of a coaxial feeder for the energy to be radiated or received by the aerial.
  • the outer conductor of the coaxial feeder a fragment of which is shown at 3 in the drawing, is connected to a metal cone 4 which is coaxial with the helix 1 and serves as the ground plane of the aerial.
  • the coaxial feeder may be disposed as shown or on the axis of the helix.
  • the helix 1 In order to support the helix to ensure rigidity under conditions of vibration, the helix 1 is wholly enclosed in a cylindrical sleeve 5 of a dielectric material, which is polythene in the present example, whilst a cylindrical core of the same dielectric material is inserted into the interior of the helix.
  • This core is shown dotted in Figure 1 and is denoted by the reference 6.
  • the helix 1 may be embedded partly or completely in a moulded dielectric mount having external dimensions corresponding to those of the sleeve 5. The mount is secured to the cone 4, and hence to the aerial support, in any suitable manner.
  • the aerial shown in Figures 1 and 2 is intended for propagating radiation mainly along the axis of the helix as a circularly polarised wave.
  • the fact of the helix being enclosed in dielectric material tends however to cause the aerial to take up some of the characteristics of a dielectric guide aerial, as a result of the dielectric material acting as a guide for the electrical radiation along its length.
  • the phase velocity of propagation along the dielectric and also the ratio of power guided inside to that guided outside are functions of the diameter of the mount formed by the sleeve 5 and the core 6, the wavelength of the radiation, and the dielectric constant k of the material of which the mount is made.
  • the diameter of the mount is arranged to be of the order of half the wavelength at the centre frequency of the frequency band of the aerial.
  • phase velocity of propagation in the mount in the direction of the axis of the helix approximates to the velocity of a plane wave in an unbounded medium of the material and deterioration of the radiation pattern compared with that which could be obtained from a helix in free space is relatively small. It is of course necessary to adjust the dimensions of the helix compared with those of a helix in free space designed to produce the same radiation pattern in the same frequency hand.
  • a helix operating in free space and working in the aforesaid frequency band centred at 4,000 mc./s. may have a pitch of about 0.72 inch and an external diameter of 0.93 inch whereas for the helix enclosed in the dielectric mount 5, 6, the dimensions are reduced in the ratio of x/kzl.
  • the pitch of the helix be reduced to about 0.48 inch and its diameter to about 0.62 inch.
  • the aerial was found to have a radiation pattern similar to that of a helix of the aforesaid larger dimensions and mounted in free space.
  • Direction of rotation of the electrical vector of the propagated wave depends on whether the helix is wound clockwise or counter clockwise.
  • the cone 4 has an angle of 90 and an aperture of about A where A is the wavelength in free space at the aforesaid centre frequency.
  • A is the wavelength in free space at the aforesaid centre frequency.
  • the dimensions of the cone may be determined empirically to obtain the maximum reduction of the side lobe amplitude in the radiation pattern.
  • the cone aperture is approximately 3.0 inches.
  • the ground plane need not however be of exact conical form, and other shapes which, diverge towards the free end of the helix may be used.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a further form of the aerial in accordance with the present invention, designed for operation in the X band, that is at frequencies of the order of 10,000 mc./s.
  • the aerial is essentially of the same construction as shown in Figures 1 and 2 and corresponding parts are denoted by the same reference numerals, the dimensions being however reduced in the correct ratio to suit the higher operating frequency.
  • the helix has about 4% turns and is clockwise wound.
  • the diameter of the helix is about 0.29 inch, the pitch about 0.22 inch and the thickness of the wire of the helix about 0.04 inch.
  • the diameter of the polythene core is about 0.25 inch, the polythene sleeve has a thickness of 0.09 inch, and the length of the sleeve is about 1 inch.
  • the aperture diameter of the cone is about 1.32 inches.
  • the construction shown in Figure 3 is, however, modified as compared with Figures 1 and 2 as regards the lead-in to the helix through the cone.
  • the cone is mounted directly on a length of waveguide 7 and a probe 9 projects from the inner end of the helix into the guide through a polythene plug 8 at the apex of the cone.
  • a movable piston 10 is located at one end of the guide in order to facilitate impedance matching of the probe from the helix into the guide.
  • aerials in accordance with the invention may also be used for the transmission and reception of television and sound programmes at high frequencies.
  • the aerials have the advantage of broad band width, which may be of the order of 25 percent or more of the centre frequency of the band, and the gain of the aerial is high.
  • the aerial can also receive signals radiated with horizontal or vertical polarisation.
  • the transmission of circularly polarised waves for omni-directional broadcast purposes can be obtained by using four helical aerials radiating at 90 intervals, thereby giving all round coverage.
  • a helical aerial for the propagation or reception of a circularly polarised wave of a predetermined frequency comprising a helical conductor enclosed within a dielectric material of which the cross section normal to the axis of said helical conductor is dimensioned to cause the phase velocity of propagation in the direction of said axis of radiation of said predetermined frequency in said material to approximate the velocity of a plane Wave in an unbounded medium of said material, and said helical conductor is dimensioned taking account of said dielectric material for the propagation or reception of a circularly polarised wave of said frequency directed along said axis.
  • a helical aerial for the propagation or reception of a circularly polarised wave of a predetermined frequency comprising a helical conductor enclosed within a cylinder of dielectric material, the diameter of said cylinder being at least approximately equal to half the wavelength at said frequency to cause the phase velocity of propagation of radiation of said frequency directed along the axis of said conductor to approximate the velocity of a plane wave in an unbounded medium of said material and said helical conductor is dimensioned taking account of said dielectric material for the propagation or reception of a circularly polarised wave of said frequency directed along said axis.
  • a helical aerial according to claim 1 comprising a structure forming a ground plane disposed about and diverging towards the outer end of said helical conductor.
  • a helical aerial according to claim 1 comprising a conical structure forming a ground plane disposed about and diverging towards the outer end of said conductor, said conical structure including an angle of approximately ninety degrees.
  • a helical aerial according to claim 1 comprising a structure forming a ground plane disposed about and diverging towards the outer end of said helical conductor, the aperture of said conductor being substantially not less than the wavelength of said predetermined frequency in free space.

Description

1953 M. M. J. GAMMON ET AL 2,863,143
HELICAL ANTENNA ENCLOSED IN A DIELECTRIC Filed June 15, 1955 INVENTORS by NPLJ. GAMMON .-HAM
A TTKS.
United States Patent HELICAL ANTENNA ENCLOSED IN A DIELECTRIC Michael Morley Johnston Gammon, Kingston, and Trevor Gordon Hame, Fuiham, London, England, assignors to Electric & Musical Industries Limited, Hayes, Middlesex, England, a company of Great Britain Application June 13, 1955, Serial No. 515,158
Claims priority, application Great Britain June 17, 1954 5 Claims. (Cl. 343895) This invention relates to aerials and it relates in particular to helical aerials, which are specially suitable for the radiation or reception of microwave electro-magnetic energy.
It has previously been proposed to provide an aerial for radiating or receiving microwave energy comprising a conductor wound in the form of a helix and associated with a hat ground plane. With a helix of given dimensions the mode of operation and the radiation pattern vary with frequency and several distinct modes of operation of the helical aerial are possible. The helical aerial has the advantage of being able to radiate or receive energy in a wide band of frequencies, and moreover it is of simple construction. However, a problem encountered in the construction of helical aerials is that of pro viding a support for the helix in order to secure its mechanical rigidity under conditions of vibration. The helical aerial can be supported in a dielectric framework with little or no effect upon the radiation pattern provided the frequency is low, because the supports may be made much smaller than the operating wavelength. However, the applicants have discovered that when the aerial has to operate at microwave frequencies, a supporting device necessarily has dimensions which are not negligible when compared with the operating wavelength and deterioration of the radiation pattern occurs.
An object of the present invention is to reduce the diliiculties aforesaid.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a helical aerial in which a helical conductor is enclosed in dielectric material whose cross-sectional dimensions are so chosen that for energy of a predetermined frequency, the phase velocity of propagation in said material in the direction of the axis of said helix approximates to the velocity of a plane wave in an unbounded medium of said material, and the helical conductor is dimensioned taking into account the dielectric ma terial for the propagation or reception of a circularly polarised wave of said frequency directed along said axis.
In certain applications of helical aerials, the disadvantage is encountered that the amplitude of side lobes in the radiation pattern is excessive and with a view to reducing the ampltiude of side lobes a structure is preferably provided to form a ground plane disposed about said conductor and of conical shape or other shape diverging towards the outer end of said conductor.
Preferably, the ground plane is conical and has a total included angle of approximately 90, is coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the aerial and has an aperture of approximately A or greater where is the free space wave length of the centre frequency to be radiated or received. However the sides of the ground plane need not be straight either locally or along their full length.
In order that the invention may be clearly understood and readily carried into effect, the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
"ice Figure 1 illustrates a form of a helical aerial in accordance with the present invention,
Figure 2 is an end view of the aerial shown in Figure 1, as seen from left in Figure 1,
Figure 3 illustrates diagrammatically a modification of Figure 1 designed for operation at higher frequencies than the aerial of Figures 1 and 2.
Referring to the drawing, Figures 1 and 2 show a helical aerial designed to radiate in the first axial mode in a frequency band centred at, say, 4000 mc./s. The aerial comprises a metal helix 1 which has for example four turns and is clockwise wound looking from the free end of the helix. The right-hand end of the helix, as shown in the drawing, is connected to the inner conductor 2 of a coaxial feeder for the energy to be radiated or received by the aerial. The outer conductor of the coaxial feeder, a fragment of which is shown at 3 in the drawing, is connected to a metal cone 4 which is coaxial with the helix 1 and serves as the ground plane of the aerial. The coaxial feeder may be disposed as shown or on the axis of the helix. In order to support the helix to ensure rigidity under conditions of vibration, the helix 1 is wholly enclosed in a cylindrical sleeve 5 of a dielectric material, which is polythene in the present example, whilst a cylindrical core of the same dielectric material is inserted into the interior of the helix. This core is shown dotted in Figure 1 and is denoted by the reference 6. Instead of employing a mount in the form of the sleeve 5 and core 6, the helix 1 may be embedded partly or completely in a moulded dielectric mount having external dimensions corresponding to those of the sleeve 5. The mount is secured to the cone 4, and hence to the aerial support, in any suitable manner.
The aerial shown in Figures 1 and 2 is intended for propagating radiation mainly along the axis of the helix as a circularly polarised wave. The fact of the helix being enclosed in dielectric material tends however to cause the aerial to take up some of the characteristics of a dielectric guide aerial, as a result of the dielectric material acting as a guide for the electrical radiation along its length. The phase velocity of propagation along the dielectric and also the ratio of power guided inside to that guided outside are functions of the diameter of the mount formed by the sleeve 5 and the core 6, the wavelength of the radiation, and the dielectric constant k of the material of which the mount is made. The diameter of the mount is arranged to be of the order of half the wavelength at the centre frequency of the frequency band of the aerial. It may be shown that, on this condition, the phase velocity of propagation in the mount in the direction of the axis of the helix approximates to the velocity of a plane wave in an unbounded medium of the material and deterioration of the radiation pattern compared with that which could be obtained from a helix in free space is relatively small. It is of course necessary to adjust the dimensions of the helix compared with those of a helix in free space designed to produce the same radiation pattern in the same frequency hand. For example a helix operating in free space and working in the aforesaid frequency band centred at 4,000 mc./s., may have a pitch of about 0.72 inch and an external diameter of 0.93 inch whereas for the helix enclosed in the dielectric mount 5, 6, the dimensions are reduced in the ratio of x/kzl. For the case in which the dielectric material is polythene this requires that the pitch of the helix be reduced to about 0.48 inch and its diameter to about 0.62 inch. When the helix dimensions are of this order, the aerial was found to have a radiation pattern similar to that of a helix of the aforesaid larger dimensions and mounted in free space. Direction of rotation of the electrical vector of the propagated wave depends on whether the helix is wound clockwise or counter clockwise.
The cone 4 has an angle of 90 and an aperture of about A where A is the wavelength in free space at the aforesaid centre frequency. In a practical case the dimensions of the cone may be determined empirically to obtain the maximum reduction of the side lobe amplitude in the radiation pattern. In the present example, the cone aperture is approximately 3.0 inches. The ground plane need not however be of exact conical form, and other shapes which, diverge towards the free end of the helix may be used.
Figure 3 illustrates a further form of the aerial in accordance with the present invention, designed for operation in the X band, that is at frequencies of the order of 10,000 mc./s. The aerial is essentially of the same construction as shown in Figures 1 and 2 and corresponding parts are denoted by the same reference numerals, the dimensions being however reduced in the correct ratio to suit the higher operating frequency. The helix has about 4% turns and is clockwise wound. The diameter of the helix is about 0.29 inch, the pitch about 0.22 inch and the thickness of the wire of the helix about 0.04 inch. The diameter of the polythene core is about 0.25 inch, the polythene sleeve has a thickness of 0.09 inch, and the length of the sleeve is about 1 inch. The aperture diameter of the cone is about 1.32 inches. The construction shown in Figure 3 is, however, modified as compared with Figures 1 and 2 as regards the lead-in to the helix through the cone. The cone is mounted directly on a length of waveguide 7 and a probe 9 projects from the inner end of the helix into the guide through a polythene plug 8 at the apex of the cone. A movable piston 10 is located at one end of the guide in order to facilitate impedance matching of the probe from the helix into the guide.
While the invention has been described as applied to aerials operating at frequencies of the order of 4000 mc./s. and higher, aerials in accordance with the invention may also be used for the transmission and reception of television and sound programmes at high frequencies. For such use, the aerials have the advantage of broad band width, which may be of the order of 25 percent or more of the centre frequency of the band, and the gain of the aerial is high. The aerial can also receive signals radiated with horizontal or vertical polarisation. Moreover, the transmission of circularly polarised waves for omni-directional broadcast purposes can be obtained by using four helical aerials radiating at 90 intervals, thereby giving all round coverage.
What we claim is:
1. A helical aerial for the propagation or reception of a circularly polarised wave of a predetermined frequency, comprising a helical conductor enclosed within a dielectric material of which the cross section normal to the axis of said helical conductor is dimensioned to cause the phase velocity of propagation in the direction of said axis of radiation of said predetermined frequency in said material to approximate the velocity of a plane Wave in an unbounded medium of said material, and said helical conductor is dimensioned taking account of said dielectric material for the propagation or reception of a circularly polarised wave of said frequency directed along said axis.
2. A helical aerial for the propagation or reception of a circularly polarised wave of a predetermined frequency, comprising a helical conductor enclosed within a cylinder of dielectric material, the diameter of said cylinder being at least approximately equal to half the wavelength at said frequency to cause the phase velocity of propagation of radiation of said frequency directed along the axis of said conductor to approximate the velocity of a plane wave in an unbounded medium of said material and said helical conductor is dimensioned taking account of said dielectric material for the propagation or reception of a circularly polarised wave of said frequency directed along said axis.
3. A helical aerial according to claim 1 comprising a structure forming a ground plane disposed about and diverging towards the outer end of said helical conductor.
4. A helical aerial according to claim 1 comprising a conical structure forming a ground plane disposed about and diverging towards the outer end of said conductor, said conical structure including an angle of approximately ninety degrees.
5. A helical aerial according to claim 1 comprising a structure forming a ground plane disposed about and diverging towards the outer end of said helical conductor, the aperture of said conductor being substantially not less than the wavelength of said predetermined frequency in free space.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,202,380 Hollman May 28, 1940 2,440,597 Atwood Apr. 27, 1948 2,567,260 Wiley Sept. 11, 1951 2,630,530 Adcock et al Mar. 3, 1953 OTHER REFERENCES Harris: A Helical Beam for Citizens Radio, March 1953, Electronics, pages 134-135.
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GB1776654A GB762415A (en) 1954-06-17 1954-06-17 Improvements in or relating to aerials
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US3262120A (en) * 1962-11-08 1966-07-19 Ikrath Kurt Variable beamwidth antenna
US3383695A (en) * 1965-12-22 1968-05-14 Navy Usa Helical antenna with end distortion to improve polarization purity
US3568204A (en) * 1969-04-29 1971-03-02 Sylvania Electric Prod Multimode antenna feed system having a plurality of tracking elements mounted symmetrically about the inner walls and at the aperture end of a scalar horn
US3569979A (en) * 1968-12-05 1971-03-09 Univ Ohio State Res Found Helical launcher
US3623118A (en) * 1969-07-01 1971-11-23 Raytheon Co Waveguide-fed helical antenna
US3732571A (en) * 1970-11-24 1973-05-08 Marconi Co Ltd Microwave horn aerial with spiral corrugated inner surface
US3757345A (en) * 1971-04-08 1973-09-04 Univ Ohio State Shielded end-fire antenna
US4680591A (en) * 1983-07-01 1987-07-14 Emi Limited Helical antenna array with resonant cavity and impedance matching means
US5025262A (en) * 1986-11-06 1991-06-18 E-Systems, Inc. Airborne antenna and a system for mechanically steering an airborne antenna
US5495258A (en) * 1994-09-01 1996-02-27 Nicholas L. Muhlhauser Multiple beam antenna system for simultaneously receiving multiple satellite signals
US6087999A (en) * 1994-09-01 2000-07-11 E*Star, Inc. Reflector based dielectric lens antenna system
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2969542A (en) * 1959-03-30 1961-01-24 Coleman Henri Paris Spiral antenna system with trough reflector
US3262120A (en) * 1962-11-08 1966-07-19 Ikrath Kurt Variable beamwidth antenna
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DE1015870B (en) 1957-09-19
FR1126260A (en) 1956-11-19

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