US281027A - Ventilation - Google Patents

Description

(No Model.) 4 Sheets-Sheet l.

-W. T. UOTTIER. VENTILATION. No. 281,027." Patented July 10, 1883.

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(No Model.)

W. T. GOTTIER.

VENTILATION Patented July 10, 1883.

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VENTILATION. I No. 281,027. Patented July 10, 1883.

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UNITED STATES PATENT @rricn,

W'ILLIAM T. COTTIER, OF NAPA, ASSIGNOR OF ONE-HALF TO JOSEPH F.

VENTILATION.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters I-atent No. 281,027, dated July 10, 1883,

(No model.)

1'0 all whom, it may concern:

Be it known that I, WILLIAM TALBOT Cor TIER, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Napa city, in the ,county of Napa, in the State of California, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Ventilation, of which the following specification, with its drawings, is a full, clear, and exact description.

This invention relates to certain improve ments in the ventilation of halls, apartments,

, buildings generally a pneumatic system of p v entilation which acts in obedience tothe laws of neumatics, or to those natural laws that reg-u: late the movements of gaseous bodies, includ-i ing atmospheric air, without the agency of any heating apparatua-or of artificial heat as a factor; to do away with all devices that need troublesome or expensive attention, thereby rendering the system perfectly automatic, and to create such constant downward and hori zontal drafts through gratings in rooms or spaces between the bowl and seat in water closets, and then such upward drafts through ducts as to remove the carbureted hydrogen and the sulphurets of ammonium and hydrogen from the water-closet as readily and as thoroughly as carbonic-acid gas and other impurities are removed by this system from the parlor, the audience-chamber, or the sleepingroom; further, to obtain and preserve an equable temperature in a building at all seasons of the year, whether its apartments be heated by stoves, furnaces, or hot-water pipes, so that the same temperature may exist at the floor-level, practically speaking, which exists in the space occupied by astanding person, or six feet above thefloor; and, further, to change the temperature of a room. readily without any disagreeable drafts, and thus to equalize the heat of such room, so that its occupants may experience nearly the same degree of warmth in any and every portion of it.

-My invention consists in the particular features of construction and the combination of parts adapted to accomplish the ends sought, as will be more particularly explained hereinafter and specifically claimed.

This invention is an improvement upon a patent for ventilating an outside or yard privy, issued to Elbert Eastmond and myself Jannary 11, 187 (i. The ventilator to be used in connection with this ventilation will be the one patented to me July 5, 1881. The expansion-chamber or vomitorium receives the aircurrents from the several air passages or ducts, an d the higher temperature naturally produced of such air insidethe chamber induces a steady and constant drai'tthrough such passages from the rooms; and another very important oiiice of this intermediate receiving-chamber is to overcome and correct all tendency to down ward currents of cold air from the exterior by interposing its large body of warmer air between the conducting-passages and the ven tilator, whiclu'by its bulk and higher tempera ture, absorbs and warms such cold-air blasts or currents and reverses their direction, as will be more fullyexplained by reference to the accompanying drawings, in which- Figure 1 is avertical cross-section of adwelling-house; Fig. 2, the same of a school-house; Fig, 3, a longitudinal section, and Fig. 4 a cross-section, of a railway-car; Figs. 5 and G, the same of a ship, and Fig. '7 a vertical crosssection of a urinal. I

I am aware that when inside watenclosets illustrated by an English patent to Kalb and Allsop, No. 316, January 27, 1873, and Smiths American patent No. 136,105, February 18,

In all these cases (as 187 3, and hisreissue thereof, No. 9, 425, October 19, 1880,) it will be observed that the'required effect is sought to be produced by making a tight joint between the receiver or bowl and the seat around the seat-opening, and connecting the lower part of the receiver or bowl, or the soilpipe below the bowl, with a vertical fine by means of a lateral passage or pipe, and which vertical flue, without interruption or change of size, extends directly up above the roof of the building. I am also aware that a method has been devised to ventilate buildings or rooms by employing registers both at the top and bottom of each room, those at the bottom being in the floor and having independent horizontal pipes or ducts that lead to a single vertical foul-air duet, which is inclosedby an exterior duct containing hot air from a furnace, the design of such arrangement being to induce in the interior duct an upward current in the foul air from the rooms by thus heating it, and to hasten its discharge into the upper compartment of the hot-air chamber in'the attic, while the hot air in the exterior duct and the heated or warm air from the top of the room, after passing through registers near the ceiling into such exterior duct, are emptied into the lower compartment of such hot-air chamber, there being dampers provided or placed in the partition between the two com-j partments, by which, under the charge of an attendant, the escape of heated air through a main ventilator on the roof may be arrested or controlled as circumstances may seem to require. This is the subject-matter of a patent issued to Patrick Mihan, No; 151,997 ,June 16, 1874. I am further aware that air flues, ducts or passages have been connected with rooms,'either at the top or bottom, or both, and that artificial draft has been produced through these ducts, fines, or passages by fan or other blast, or by connecting them with or placing them'in proximity to a chimney or other means of heating and inducing a draft, and I do not claim, broadly, any of these devices; but these devices, although somewhat similar in certain respects to this invention, differ 'very widely from it. For instance, this invention, designed to ventilate rooms, inside water-closets, and various other places, has for its-essential features the interposition of a tight air chamber, receiver, or vomitorium of an enlarged area, as before described, situated in the attic, between the exterior ventilator and the several peculiarly-arranged air or draft passages or ducts which empty into such chamber gratings let into the base boards of rooms, and, in the case of inside water-closets, an open air-space between the seat and bowl, all constituting arrangements not found in eonnection with those services. A downward draft is maintained, in consequence of such arrangement, in all the rooms, and a horizontal draft through the gratings in the base-boards by the influence or agency of the upward draft in the air passages or ducts leading from them, and

- plastering.

a like'dow-nward draft through the opening in the water-closet seat is similarly maintained by the force of the upward draft in the airduct leading from'such closet, the influence of which upward draft is extended through the open space between the bowl and seat, even up through the seat-opening into the water-closet room, as such open-air space :bears the same relation to the bowl and other portions of the water-closet as do the gratings in the baseboards to the apartments'generally. The downward and horizontal drafts in the rooms and through the gratings in the base-boards, and also in the seat-opening andspace between the seat and bowl, are measurably superindueed by the ventilator above the roof by the aid' it affords in drawing or sucking out the foul air or gases from the vomitoriums, wherebya par tial vacuum is created in them, and by which action or effect strength-is addedto the up ward draft through the various or-numerous air-ducts.

In-the drawings the various parts of" this invention are designated by letters as follows:

A represents rooms, apartments, halls, and

the interior of ships or of railway-cars to be ventilated; B, air'or'draft passages orducts; O, the expansion-chamber in e attic or under the deck of ship orroof of railway-car, into which the airpassages or ducts leading from rooms, the cabins or holds of ships, railwaycars, urinals, or inside water-closets open; D, the ventilator over the'outlet from the expansion chamber or chambers; a, gratings for the impure air to escape fromrooms, ships, railway-cars, and other places into the air passages or' ducts; b, partitions in the ducts B to keep the currents of impure air rising from a lower story from entering gratings a in an upper story, or to prevent gases from a waterclosetin a lowerstory from entering those situated on stories above; E, water-closet room and bathroom combined, or either separately;

G, water-closet seat; I, seat=opening in watercloset seat; K, water-closet'bowl; M, separate expansion-chamber, if desired or required, for sewer-gases or other exhalations from the water-closet, such separate expansion-chambers to be provided with a separate ventilator; N,

hood which overhangs or'partially covers a urinal; d, air-space between the bowl and seat in an inside water-closet.

The air or draft passages or ducts B are 10- cated'withinthe outer walls of the building,

or between the partition-walls of its several apartments A.- These passages or ducts B should be as numerous as maybe deemed desirable or necessary, and 4 may be arranged at will in the hollow spaces left between'the outer and inner walls and the studding when constructing wooden buildings. In 'brick build ings they may be constructed in the walls, or betweenthe inner surface of the walls and the The gratings a, opening into the severaldraft passages or ducts, areplaced in the inner wallsat' the floor-level, or in the allow such space (i to be formed or established,

'ets, or rooms E, in which such water-closets base-boards only, and may be of any desired or necessary number. It has been ascertained by experiment, however, that they should rather be numerous, and not very large, than few in number, andof correspondingly greater capacity, as then .the movements of air in a room are likely to be more gentle and uniform, and consequently more agreeable. These gratings may be of any ornamental pattern'to suit different tastes. In buildings of more than one story partitions b should be inserted in the air passages or ducts, to extend a short distance above the floor-level in upper stories, in order that the foul air from below shall be conducted upward past the gratings cupon thefloor above, without interfering with the ventilation of the upper portion of the building'. \Vhen connected with inside water-closare situated, these passages or ducts B should open below into or connect with the air-space d, between the seat G and the bowl K. To

and thereby to efi ect such connection, which is indispensably necessary for conveying sewergas and other noxious gases from the bowl into suph ventilating-ducts B, or any impure air from the water-closet room E through the seatopening 1 into similar ducts, alike designated, the bowl K must not. in any case come up to the seat G. By this arrangement, as before explained, there is created and insured, under all conditions of the atmosphere, aided by the ventilator D, a constant downward draft through the seatopening I, a horizontal draft through the space 6?, and an upward draft through duct B. The ventilator acts much like an air-pump, by creating in the air-chamher or vomitorium a partial vacuum, -and in the duct B a strong upward current, thus inducing, necessarily, a downward draft through the seat-opening and ahorizontal draft through the space d, between the seat and bowl, thereby arresting all noxious vapors and sewer-gas, which always tend to escape from the bowl through the seat-opening into the apartments of a building. By this downward and horizontal draft (effects of the strong upward draft iii the ventilating-duct B) these poisonous gases from the water-closet and sewer are defiected-and drawn upward into such ventilating-duct B, and thence through the expansion-chamber andthe ventilator into the open air. It will now be apparent that no downward and horizontal draft communicating with the duct B could be established if the seat and bowl were hermetically sealed to each-other.

This invention does not interfere with or require the ordinary. trapping or other means; yet devised to prevent sewer-gas or efflux iaz from 'cesspools from invading buildings.

foul air escaping from the rooms through the ducts is emptied into the expansion-chamber C, while all sewer-gas or other exhalations from the water-closets conveyed through separate ducts B are emptied into the same chamher, 0, or into a separate expansion-chamber in the same attic, if such separate expansionchamber be preferred, each of such chambers being provided with a separate ventilator for the discharge of its contents respectively. The higher temperature of the air or gas in these expansion-chambers, always naturally or incidentally produced-that is, without any special heating apparatussuperinduces by such condition a constant upward draft from all the rooms and water-closets below under all conditions of the atmosphere. words, the comparatively warmer temperature and lighter specific gravity of the air or gases in the chambers, constituting by such qualitics apartial vacuum, cause an upward draft in the ducts B and induce the heavier vitiated air inthe rooms to seek egress through the gratings a, and the sewer-gas or effluvia in the water-closets through the spaces d, and thence up such ducts into such vacuum, in obedience to the natural tendency of any particular fluid to an equilibrium of temperature and of density, finally to escape through the ventilator, and this without the use or aid of any surrounding heating ducts or supplemental artificiallyheated chamber or heating apparatus or any other form of artificial draft. Neither regis ters nor dampers are necessary; nor should .there be any openings from the top of the room;

nor, further, should any expense be incurred in putting in pipes or ducts, whether of metal or other material, as the spaces .formed or existing between the outer and inner walls and the studding afford, as previously suggested,

proper and suitable passages, it only being necessary to make them tight and continuous to create or insure a perfect draft. There must be no outlet-gratings, except those at "the floor-level or in the base boards, although transoms over the doors are permi tted, besides such other means or provision as may be found necessary to supply fresh air to the rooms from the outside of the building or from its halls, no such provision for ingress being al lowed, however, to connect or to interfere with any of the air-ducts B. It should be understood that the entire attic is not always used as a voluitorium. The entire space under a be needed for other purposes; but in a modern dwelling, where it may be desirable to finish off portions of the attic for storagerooms or sleepingapartments, then only the remaining space in the upper part of it is used for such vomitorium.

c When this invention is used in rail way-cars,

the passages B are constructed between the inner and outer walls, and are made to communi- ,cate with the interior of such cars at the floorlevel by means of open gratings, as in rooms, and lead to and open into a space beneath the car-roof and above the inner ceiling, which space will form or constitute the expansionchamber G, the ventilator being placed over an opening through the roof from the upper IIO .igflat low roof might be so used, as it would not 7 part of such chamber, and when employed for the ventilation of the water-closets in railway-cars a close water-tight receptacle for the reception of the excreta must be placed beneath the seat, so that no air nor draftwill come in from below, but the draft will all take place from the closet down through the seatopening, then through an open space, (I, between the top of the receptacle and the'under part of the seat, as in inside water-closets', and thence upward through separate ducts B, a separate expansion chamber, M, and finally through a separate ventilator, D, as in other cases, thus keeping the air in the closet perfectly pure and fresh. The excrementitious matters stored in these receptacles'may by some suitable process be emptied at stated times and places, as may be most convenient or desirable, and be disposed of for fertilizing purposes, instead of being discharged, as usual, at random along the track and at depets, to create nuisances at many points.

In the ventilation of ships or vessels the ex-,

pansionchambe'r 0 would be formed by the deck and a ceiling beneath the deck, and the passages or ducts B would be formed by the outer sides and the inner sheathing or lining of the ship, the gratings a. being inserted in such inner sheathing, near the bottom of the Told or the floors of thecabins, so as to communicate with these passages B in the same manner as has been shown with regard to rooms or buildings. The ventilator D may pass'up through a mast, or be fitted in any other suitable manner above the deck. When applied to urinals, the air-passages B and expansion-chamber C are formed substantially as hereinbefore shown and described; but the opening into the air passage occurs at a suitable height above the urinal, which is partly covered by a hood, N, designed to properly direct the current of air and the emanations from such urinal into such air-passage B, to be through it conveyed away into the open air, as in other cases described in this specification.

In executing any work necessary for the application of this system of ventilation, itis in dispensable that all floors, walls containing flues or ducts, fittings, joints, or connections, should be made substantially air-tight, so that no air nor gas shall enter or escape from any fine, passage, duct, or air-chamber, whether connected with or designed to ventilate rooms, halls, railway-cars, ships, urinals, or inside waterclosets, except through the gratings, openings, or spaces especially arranged and intended for the admission of either pure or foul air, or of noxious gases into such fines, passages, ducts, or air-chambers, or for their discharge therefrom, to be thence finally conveyed through the ventilator into'the open air. A failure to observe this injunction would defeat the purpose intended and render the invention inoperative.

'Thefigures in the drawings sufficiently illustrate'the'application of this invention to railway-cars and'ships without further description than has already been given herein. All the parts or features used when constructing this pneumatic system. of yentilation for buildings are used in applying it to railwaycars and ships. The construction and application of the system, wherever used, are the same.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

1. In buildings, dwelling-houses, and other apartments, the combination, with vertical draft-passages B, built between walls,andhaving partitions 1) between different floors, of gratings a in the base-boards, a vomitorium, O, in the attic, and a ventilator, D, above the roof, thereby creating an open communication between the several apartmentsA and the me ternal atmosphere above the building, in order to obtain automatic ventilation thereof independently of artificial heating apparatus, and at all times to obtain a downward draft of the vitiated air until it has escaped through the gratings into the draft-passages, substantially as described.

2. In the ventilation of one or more watercloset rooms, E,within a building, the combination, with the vertical duct B, having partitions 2) between different floors, of the bowl K, hermetically inclosed, except at the seatopening I, and with an air-space, d, between the bowl and the seat G, a vomitorium in the attic, anda ventilator above the roof, in order to obtain automatic ventilation of p a watercloset independentlyof any artificial heatingapparatus, and at all times to obtainadownward draft through the seatopening, whereby to arrestthe escape into the building of sewergas and effiuvia by deflecting the same through the air-space d into the duct B", to be thence discharged through the vomitorium and ejector, substantially as described.

3. Ina building, the combination, with a ventilator, vomitorium, duct B", and one or more water-closets, of the several passages B and gratings a, communicating with one or several apartments, thus uniting the watercloset ventilation with the ventilation of the entire building, in order to strengthen and maintain the downward draft through one or more seat openings, I, and to increase the speed of the water-closet draft, substantially as described.

4. In the ventilation of buildings employing an expansion-chamber, a partition, N, dividing said chamber into two compartments, whereby the gases escaping from the watercloset are separated from the foul air escaping from the rooms.

IOO

5. In the ventilation of buildings, the com- D, and a vomitorium divided into two eom- Ventilator, whereby automatic ventilation is partments by a partition, substantially as deeffected. I0

scribed. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my 6. In the ventilation of buildings, the Sevhand and seal. 5 eral air-ductsdivided between 1510013 by suit- WILLIAM TALBOT GOTTIER. [u s.]

able partitions; and having independent grat- Attest: ings whieh-communicate'with 1'00ms,in eom- W. B. MGOLELLAN, bination with an expansionchamber and a WILLIAM E. BRIGGS.

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