US2794779A - Well treatment composition - Google Patents

Description

WELL TREATMENT COMPOSITION Paul H. Cardwell, Midland, Mich., and Louis H. Eilers and Alfred R. Hendrickson, Tulsa, Okla., assignors to The Dow (Zhemical Company, Midland, Mich, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application June 2, 1954, Serial No. 434,072

4 Claims. (Cl. 2528.55)

The invention relates to oil-base fluid compositions having a temporary high viscosity making them especially useful in various methods of treatment of deep wells, such as those drilled for oil andgas.

One of the methods of treatment of a deep well in which the compositions of the invention find an application involves the so-called fracturing of an earth formation penetrated by a well so as to increase its capacity for fluid flow into or out of the well and thereby increase the output of the well if a producer or increase its receptivity for fluid if the well is for fluid disposal.

- Such fracturing is usually accomplished by injecting into the well a more or less viscous liquid at a sufficient rate to create in the well hole against the formation to be fractured a pressure exceeding that which the formation can withstand without fracture or rupture. In this way it is believed that cracks and fractures are produced, because, on observing the pressure on the liquid so injected into the well it is found to more or less suddenly decline during the injection after the pressure has reached one which is calculated to be sufficient to overcome the resistance of the earth formation to the rapid inflow of fluid. Following or during such a relativelyhigh pressure injection, a particulated solid'material, such as sand, usually also is carried into the earth formation so as to deposit fluid permeable masses of solid particles in the cracks, fractures, or other openings produced by the injection. For conveying such particulated solid material into the well formations, more or less viscous fluid media are preferably used.

Various difliculties arise with the fluids heretofore used in such operations which leave much to be desired. One of the difficulties is that if the liquid or fluid is thin enough to be readily pumped and, injected into the well hole, it may drain away or seep into the earth formation without exerting in the well hole as higha pressure the face-of the formation to be treated Still another diificulty is that fluids, which may be thick enough to penetrate the earth only under high pressures, do not return readily to the wellhole when the injection pressure is released. In such circumstances, the fluid permeability of the earth formation may be adversely affected instead of being benefited from a fracturing operation? Although it has been proposed to inject into the earth formation .diluents or gel breakers after an injection of a thickoilbase fluid, such as a gelled gasoline, followinga fracturiiig operation, such injections cannot be depended upon always to reach and mingle with the thickened fluid because of the limited space available in the interstices of the earth for mingling to occur. Similar clifliculties arise .on attempting to use thick liquids. for conveying a particulated solid material into the fractures or cra'c'ltsin the earth formation of the well.

nit States PatentO PatentedvJune 4, 1957 Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a fluid composition which is initiallyeasily conveyed through the well tubing or casing, as the case may be, and attains in the well hole after a time a gelled state in which it can be injected into the earth but only by applying high pressure yet, in spite of its low formationpenetrating characteristics, spontaneously thins after a predeterminable time, the thinning being assisted by oil or brine, thereby allowing it to be returned to the well hole from the earth formation by the fluid therefrom produced.

Other objects and advantages will appear as the description of the invention proceeds.

The composition contemplated by the invention and attaining the foregoing and related objects comprises a petroleum fraction which is liquid at ordinary temperatures, such as kerosene, diesel fuel, and distillate. To the petroleum fraction is added a thickening agent, consisting of the aluminum salt of 2-ethyl hexoic acid having the formula:

This salt may be referred to herein by the short term aluminum octoate for convenience. The aluminum octoate brings about a more or less partial gelling of the petroleum fraction upon the addition of a suitable catalytic' agent referred to as a thickening controlling agent as later explained.

The amount of the aluminum octoate to use may be determined by trial in accordance with the amount of thickening to be produced as hereinafter explained. In general the amount of the aluminum octoate may range from about 10 to pounds per gallons of the petroleum fraction.

The aluminum octoate is dispersed in the petroleum fraction in any suitable manner as for example by means of a motor driven agitator operating in a tank in which the petroleum fraction and aluminum octoate are placed for mixing.

Into the dispersion so-obtained, there is dispersed, as by a similar mixing operation, an agent herein referred to as a thickening controlling agent and designated TCA for short. The TCA used is one having the property of causing the aluminum octoate to thicken the liquid petroleum fraction at ordinary temperature and subsequently to bring about at least partial'thinning of the so-thickened or more or less gelled petroleum fraction. The TCA accelerates both thickening and thinning of the liquid petroleum fraction to an extent whichpermits it to become thickened and to remain in a thickened condition for a predetenninable time depending upon the amount and'kind of TCA used.

As a TCAthere may be used various petroleum oilsoluble organic chemical compounds or mixtures of them having a generally low' dissociation constant, as for example, organic acids andbases and their petroleum oilsoluble salts having dissociation constants of about 10". It is advantageous to use together at least two such agents having different dissociation constants as this results in obtaining a better thinning effect than is obtainable usually with but one such agent without adversely affecting thickening of the liquid. petroleum fraction. Examples of suitable TCAs are: oleic acid, linoleic acid, p-toluidine, ammonium stearate, dinonyl phenol, di- Z-ethyl hexylamine acetate, and nonyl phenol.

The thickening controlling agent (TCA) may be used in'an amount between 0.15 to 9.4 percent of the weight ofthe petroleum fraction depending upon the rate and extent of thickeningdesired. In general from'about 0.2

to 4.5 percent by weight of the petroleum fraction suffices for most purposes.

As soon as a TCA is dispersed in the liquid petroleum fraction in which .the aluminum octoate is. dispersed thickening commencesand at a rate which dependsupon the amount and kind used. The viscosities attained may exceed 100,000 centipoises (cps). Viscosities up to 100,000 cps. may be measured by means of the Brookfield synchro-electric viscosimeter. Viscosities beyond 100,000 cps. maybe measured by determining the rate of flow of the thickened petroleum fraction through a straight tube 2 inches long having a cylindrical bore of V inch in diameter. In making a viscosity measurement with the tube the material to be measured is forced through the tube under a pressure of 2 pounds per square inch and the time in seconds required for one gram of the material to pass through the tube, multiplied by the factor 9000, is taken as the relative viscosity of the material in jel viscosity units (herein abbreviated JVU). A liquid having a viscosity in cps. of 100,000, as measured by the Brookfield synchro-electric viscosimeter, will have a viscosity of 100,000 JVU on being subject to a viscosity measurement by means of the tube just described.

The rate at which thickening occurs varies with the kind of TCA used and roughly is more rapid the higher the dissociation constant of the agent. This is illustrated by the data of Table I. The data of Table I are derived from tests in which 3 grams of aluminum octoate were dispersed in each of 7 batches of 100 ml. of kerosene at 80 F. The time required for the resulting mixtures to thicken to 10,000 cps. was observed after dispersing in the mixtures various phenolic thickening controlling agents (T CA) as noted in the table.

As illustrative of the effect on viscosity of the TCA in a dispersion of aluminum octoate in kersosene, the following data in Table II are cited. In obtaining these data, three batches of 100 ml. of kerosene and 3.5 grams of aluminumoctoate were prepared by dispersing the octoate in the kerosene. As a TCA, into one of the batches was dispersed 0.9 ml. of oleic acid and into another 1.4 ml. The third batch with no T CA, served as a blank for comparison. The viscosity of each batch was measured by the tube method described above at various time intervals after preparation as shown in the table.

viscosities below 100,000 are in cps., higher viscosities are in JVU's.

From the foregoing data, it is manifest that the aluminum octoate-thickened petroleum liquid becomes highly viscous but gradually thins as it ages. Still further thinning takes place when crude oil mixes with and dilutes the thickened material as in an earth formation yielding crude oil.

Thinning after thickening is also accelerated by the use of -a more highly dissociated TCA along with a TCA which is less dissociated. For example, acetic acid with a dissociation constant of 1.75 10 at 25 C. shows a marked tendency to bring about thinning after thickening has occurred. Similar effects are observed with butyric acid, potassium oleate, butyl amine, and octadecyl amine acetate, for example. This thinning effect is illustrated in the'data tabulated in Table III for three batches each of ml. of kerosene thickened with 2 grams of aluminum octoate and containing 1 ml. of oleic acid. To one of the batches 0.04 ml. of acetic acid was added, to a second batch 0.08 ml. was added and to a third batch 0.12 ml. of acetic acid added.

TABLE III Time vs. viscosity 1 thinning efiect of acetic acid 100 F.

AGETIC ACID ADDED Hours after preparation Batch 1, Batch 2, Batch 3,

0.04 ml. 0.08 ml. 0.12 ml.

, l viscosities below 100,000 are in cps., higher viscosities are in J VUs.

Inasmuch as the mixture of aluminum octoate and petroleum liquid thickens more or less rapidly after adding a TCA, the operation of the introduction of the mixture into the well, and into the earth formation, if

desired, is completed before the mixture becomes too too thick to pump can be made as long as needed to make the injection into the well and also into the adjacent earth, if desired. In ascertaining the amount of TCA to use, the temperature is taken into account as the rate of thickening increases with increase of temperature. The eflfect of temperature on the rate at which mixtures of aluminum octoate and a liquid petroleum fraction thicken to a viscosity of 10,000 cps., for example, is illustrated by the data tabulated in Table IV in which 100 m1. batches of kerosene containing 3 grams of aluminum octoate were thickened at different temperatures with various amounts of a TCA composed of 96 parts of oleic acid and 4 parts of acetic acid.

TABLE IV Time vs. temperature to reach viscosity of 10,000 cps.

operation the time available for handling the mixture before its viscosity exceeds 10,000 cps. is lengthened.

The maximum viscosities attained in a series of equal thickeningtimes at various temperaturesfor various proportions ofthe aluminum octoate and the TCA are shown inTable V,.in which theTC-A is a mixture of 96 parts of oleic and 4 parts of acetic acid by volume, and in Table V1,.in which theTTCA is a mixture of 99 parts of oleic and 1 part, of acetic acid by volume.

TABLE V Viscosity vs. temperature and concentration of aluminum Octoate and TCA for the same thickening time at 80 F. to 150 F.

1 96 parts of oleic and 4 parts of acetic acid by volume. 5 Ting: taken to attain the viscosity listedwhich is the maximum at ame TABLE VI Visosity vs. temperature and concentration of aluminum octoate and TCA for the same thickening time at. 200 F. to 300 F.

viscosities vs. 1111. TCA per gram of A1 Oetoate Grams Al Octoate per 100 m1. Kerosene inutes 2 8 minutes 2 5 5 3minutes 2 1 3.3 in

F 300 F., 0.15 ml.

200 F., 0.35 ml.

150,000 JVU.-."

3751000 JVU: 550,000 JVU. 750,000 JVU.

l f 1 99 parts of oleic and 1 part of acetic acid by volume. r

t Ting: taken to attain the viscosity listed which is the maximum at taiue In some instances, as'when it is desiredto use the .aluminum octoate-thickened liquid-petroleum fraction .as afluid medium with"which to convey a particulated solid, such as sand, into fractures or cracks and the like in an earth formation, an amount of TCA is used which will induce a suflicient viscosity to be attained to suspend the particles of the particulated solid, yet not too great to be beyond a pumpable stage before injection can be made into the earth. For example sand, 90 percent of which is of 25 to 40 mesh, will settle in an aluminum octoate-thickened petroleum liquid at the rate of 0.3 foot per minute at 80 F. when its viscosity is 260 cps. Such a mixture is readily conveyed by pumping yet the sand remains well suspended during the time required for an injection. The sand falling rate in other mixtures of aluminum octoate-thickened kerosene is shown in the data of Table VII as further examples.

36 percent by volume of oleic acid and 4 percent by volume of acetic aci 2 Age of maximum viscosity. 3 30-40 mesh sand.

Contamination by crude oil or brine which may. be encountered by the aluminum octoate-thickened petroleum fluid, containing a TCA .does notunfavorably affect the viscosity changes it undergoes. This is shown by the data in TableVIII. In Table VIII tests .of the efiect on the rate, of thinning are shown, after the thickened mixtures attain. their maximum viscosity, of additionsof crude oil and brine in the proportions indicated. In these tests, three 100 ml. batches of kerosene were thickened by dispersing therein 2.25 grams of Al octoatefollowed by 1.8

'ml. of TCA consisting of a mixture of 95 percent by volume of oleicacid and 5. percent of acetic acid. Batch 1 .Was mixed with 10 m1. of crude oil; batch 2 was mixed with 10 ml. of brine; andthe third was held as a blank for comparison. All threebatches were aged at 100 F. and their viscosities measured periodically as indicated in the table after the mixtures attainedtheir maximum viscosities of 160,000 JVU.

TABLE VIII Viscosities 1 vs. time at 100 F. Mixture under test initial 5 hours i 24 hours 48 hours 1 (added crude oil) 160, 000 35,000 18, 000 5, 000 2 (added brine) 160, 000 65,000 30,000 30,000 3 (blank) 160, 000 140, 000 75, 000 60,000

1rgiscosities below 100,000 are in cps; viscosities above 100,000 are in Another series of tests similar to those of Table VIII are set forth in Table IX but instead of using 2.25 grams of aluminum oleate the mixtures contain 3.0, and instead of using 1.8 ml. ofTCAthe mixtures contain 1.2 ml. of the same T CA.

TABLE IX viscosities 1 vs. time at 150 F. Mixture under test Initial 5 hours 24 hours 48 hours 1 (added crude oil) 325, 000 100, 000 5,000 3, 000 2 (added brine) 325, 000 180, 000 75, 000 60, 000 3 (Blank)- 325,000 300,000 250, 000 1, 000, 000

J PJZiscOSities below 100,000 are in cps.; viscosities above 100,000 are in On deeply penetrating an oil-bearing formation, the Al octoate thickened oil mixtures containing a TCA become more highly diluted with crude oil and this dilution results in a large reduction in viscosity. Because of the reduction in viscosity resulting from dilution by crude 'oil in situ, there is no danger of the pores of oil-bearing earth becoming clogged with the mixtures of the invention. The data of the tests of the following table X illustrate the eifect of large dilution by crude oil. In these tests conducted at 100 F., 100 m1. batches of kerosene were thickened with 2.25 grams of Al octoate and 1.8 ml. of a TCA was then added consisting of a mixture of percent by volume of oleic acid and 5 parts of acetic acid. These batches attained a maximum viscosity of 160,000 JVU at F. After attaining maximum viscosity, various amounts of a crude oil were added to the batches and their viscosities measured periodically thereafter as indicated in Table X.

TABLE X Viscosity, epS.-Hours after adding Ml. crude oil added per crude oil By using a combination of two thickening controlling agents having different dissociation constants, the one having the smaller dissociation constant does more to promote thickening than thinning and the one having the higher dissociation constant does more to promote thinning than thickening. As a result better control of the duration of the thickened state may be had. This is a desirable feature of the invention as it permits obtaining a long and controllable time during which the more or less gelled petroleum fraction very strongly resist penetration into earth formations. This property also permits knowing in advance the length of time the petroleum fraction will remain thin before gelling or thickening commences so that the mixture of the petroleum fraction, aluminum octoate, and TCA may be introduced into a well bore and more or less deeply into the adjacent earth before the mixture becomes too thick to be readily pumped. Thickening thereafter may take place in'the interstices of the earth formation away from the well hole thereby producing a temporary plugging effect beyond the Well hole wall. Subsequently a liquid such as oil, water 'or brine may be injected under a suitable pressure to produce fractures deeply in the earth since the temporary plugging of the surrounding earth by the more or less gelled petroleum fluid confines the fracturing liquid to the regions in the formation adjacent to the gel.

Various advantages accrue to the inventionin addition to those already mentioned. The composition may be used for example in connection with perforating well casing in wells in which it is necessary to maintain hydrostatic control as by a column of drilling mud. In such wells, it is desirable to prevent the drilling mud from penetrating and permeating the formation following the perforation operation. By displacing the drilling mud with the composition of the invention from that portion formation from fluid intrusion from a well hole, as for,

example in acidizing a plurality of formations one at a time from the same well hole.

While many of the examples of the invention involve the use of mixtures of oleic acidand acetic acid as a thickmixtures of oil-soluble organic compounds may be used similarly having dissociation constants Withlll the aforesaid limits. Slowerrates of thickening, where desired, may be achieved by the use of mixtures of nonyl phenol and glacial acetic acid, Such mixtures also have the advantage of maintaining the thickened petroleum fraction at a high viscosity for a longer time before a breaking down or thinning of the gelled state occurs. For example, a mixture of 92.5 percent of nonyl phenol and 7.5 percent of glacial acetic acid by volume permits viscosities to be attained of up to 1,000,000 JVU. But before these viscosities are attained from 4 to 16 hours may elapse, at temperatures of to 170 F., during which the composition may be pumped orotherwise deposited in the well hole.

. We claim:

1. A fluid composition having a temporary high viscosity comprising a base of a liquid petroleum fraction, said base having dispersed therein as a thickening agent aluminum octoate and a thickening controlling agent comprising an aliphatic acid selected from the group consisting of acetic acid and butyric acid, the aluminum octoate being present in amount between 10 and pounds per gallons of the liquid petroleum fraction "and the thickening controlling agent beingpresent in amount between 0.15 and 9.4 percent of the weight of the petroleum fraction, said thickening controlling agent causing the composition to thicken and thereafter to thin.

2. A fluid composition. according to claim 1 in which the thickening controlling agent has admixed therewith oleic acid.

3. A fluid composition according to claim 2 in which the oleic acid constitutes '95 to 99 parts by volume and the aliphatic acid the balance of the amount admixed.

4. A fluid composition according to claim 3 in which the aliphatic acid in admixture with the oleic acid is acetic acid.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,115,017 Gardthausen Apr. 26, 1938 2,186,875 Matthews Jan. 9, 1940 2,233,271 Staudt Feb..25, 1941 2,390,609 Minich "Dec. 11, 1945 2,596,844 Clark May 13, 1952 2,620,311 Bleeker Dec. 2, 1952 2,693,856 Allen Nov. 9, 1954

Claims (2)

1. A FLUID COMPOSITION HAVING A TEMPORARY HIGH VISCOSITY COMPRISING A BASE OF A LIQUID PETROLEUM FRACTION, SAID BASE HAVING DISPERSED THEREIN AS A THICKENING AGENT ALUMINUM OCTOATE AND A THICKENING CONTROLLING AGENT COMPRISING AN ALIPHATIC ACID SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ACETIC AND BUTYRIC ACID, THE ALUMINUM OCTOATE BEING PRESENT IN AMOUNT BETWEEN 10 AND 90 POUNDS PER 100 GALLONS OF THE LIQUID PETROLEUM FRACTION AND THE THICKENING CONTROLLING AGENT BEING PRESENT IN AMOUNT BETWEEN 0.15 AND 9.4 PERCENT OF THE WEIGHT OF THE PETROLEUM FRACTION, SAID THICKENING CONTROLLING AGENT CAUSING THE COMPOSITION TO THICKEN AND THEREAFTER TO THIN.

2. A FLUID COMPOSITION ACCORDING TO CLAIM 1 IN WHICH THE THICKENING CONTROLLING AGENT HAS ADMIXED THEREWITH OLEIC ACID.