US278013A - James hendebson - Google Patents
James hendebson Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US278013A US278013A US278013DA US278013A US 278013 A US278013 A US 278013A US 278013D A US278013D A US 278013DA US 278013 A US278013 A US 278013A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- iron
- metal
- furnace
- james
- oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 104
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 52
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 44
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 44
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 22
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 235000015450 Tilia cordata Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000010436 fluorite Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000005262 decarbonization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009618 Bessemer process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001301 Spiegeleisen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000754 Wrought iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002802 bituminous coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium monoxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000499 pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
- C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
Definitions
- the object of this invention is to free crude iron of pho'sphorus'by an economical operation; and to this end the invention consists of a process comprising the following operations, viz: first, the decarbonizatiou of the crude iron, in whole or in part, by the action of air upon it while in a liquid condition; second, the treatment-of the partially or wholly decarbonized iron, while in the liquid or molten condition, with a calcareous reagent and an oxide of iron, as more fully herein set forth.
- the crude iron to be treated is by preference melted in a cupola-furnace, such as is used for melting pig-iron in the manufacture of Bessemer steel.
- the melted iron isrun into a Bessemer converter, which may be lined with the cent.; but the operation may be continued to the end of the blowing, when, practically, all of the carbon is removed.
- the decarbonized iron thus obtained is transferred to a ladle with a hole in the bottom, closed with a plug-stopper, and is permitted to run from the said hole into a spout whichdelivers it into the hearth of a reverberatory furnace which is capable of being heated to the melting-point of wrought-iron, or higher.
- the kind of reverbera'tory furnace which I prefer to use for this purpose is a gas-furnace constructed with a revolving movable hearth which is capable of being revolved upon an upright axis when in the furnace, and of being applied to and removed therefrom, the fuel used in said furnace being preferably the gases evolved by the combustion of bituminous coal which is burned by means of jetsof heated air.
- metal is heated n said furnacein contact with the basic reagents fora short period-say from ten to thirty miuuteswhen the lime is in the condition of floor-spar, depending upon the smaller or larger portion of carbon remaining in the iron at.
- the preferred mode ofapplying the reagents is to spread the compound of them upon the 7c hearth of the furnace before the melted decarbon-ized metal is permitted to run into the furnace, and also to heat the compound until it becomes viscid; and I prefer that the hearth of the furnace should, previous to use, be lined 7 with lime or other calcareous material, or with magnesia, or iron plates, as described in' my English Patent No. 1,051 of 1870, and in my United States Patent No. 106,365. By thus protecting the metal and the reagents from 80 contact with silica it is found that the work is accomplished better.
- the lime of the basic reagents shall be in the condition of fiuor-spar, and that the oxide of iron shall be in the form of titan- 8 iferous iron ore, and that the relative proportions of the two shall be forty (40) parts, by weight, of fluor-spar to onehundred parts,
- titaniferous iron ore by weight, of titaniferous iron ore.
- the proportions of the reagents to be used may, how- 0 ever, be varied, and will depend upon the quantity of phosphorus present in the metal. If, for example, the phosphorus present is one per cent. of the metal, the amount of floor-spar and titaniferous iron ore required will be about 9 5 three (3) hundred-weight of the mixture of the two to one ton of steel, and if the phosphorus be present in less quantity the quantity of the mixture of the reagents may be correspondingly reduced.
- the reagents above described may be replaced by their substitutes.
- caustic lime or limestone may be substituted for fiuor-spar weight for weight, and the titaniferous iron The 5 7 'ation of casting it difficult.
- ore may be replaced by rich magnetic oxides or hematites as free from silica, sulphur, and phosphorus as possible.
- the use of an oxide of iron in conjunction with flnor-spar or its equivalent is deemed preferable to either fluorspar or oxide of iron separately. When combined in use the reaction will proceed more energetically, with a corresponding economy of time and saving in cost.
- the oxide of iron also protects the metal measurably from oxidation during the removal of the phosphorus.
- the process above described is characterized by the dephosphorization of the iron after its deearbonization, and this is important because if lime in the form of fluor-spar should be introduced into the metal while in the converter before decarbonization, the fluorine of the fluorspar, by combining with a portion of the silicon of the iron, and carrying it off in vapor or in gas would rob the metal of a substance (silicon) whose combustion by the blast is important for thepurpose ofkeepingthe melted metal at the requisite temperature, and the practical result would be the reduction of the temperature of the metal so low as to render the oper- If," on the other hand,as above provided for, the metal be subjected to the action of the purifying reagent after the silicon has been consumed in the process ofdecarbonization, the temperature of the metal will not be reduced by the action of the purifying agent to any practical extent.
- the additional heat applied to the melted metal in the reverberatory furnace during the treatment is advantageous. It obviates the risk of the metal becoming cooled by the too prolonged detention in the vessel in which it is treated, and also'snpplies the requisite heat to maintain the metal in a melted condition in to treatment is not sufficient for that purpose.
Description
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
JAMES HENDERSON, OF BELLEFONTE, PENNSYLVANIA.
'ART OF MANUFACTURING IRON, STEEL, 800.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 278,013, dated May 22, 1833,
Applicationfiled March 27, 1883. (No specimens.) Patented in England October 1-2, 1874, No. 1,267.
To all whom it inay concern:
Be it known that I, JAMES HENDERSON, of Bellefonte, in the county of Centre and State of Pennsylvania, have made an invention of a new and useful Improvement inthe Art of Manufacturing Iron and Steel; and-I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description and specification thereof.
The object of this invention is to free crude iron of pho'sphorus'by an economical operation; and to this end the invention consists of a process comprising the following operations, viz: first, the decarbonizatiou of the crude iron, in whole or in part, by the action of air upon it while in a liquid condition; second, the treatment-of the partially or wholly decarbonized iron, while in the liquid or molten condition, with a calcareous reagent and an oxide of iron, as more fully herein set forth.
In order that my invention maybe fully understood, I will proceed to describe the best mode known to me in which the sa me may be practiced. I
The crude iron to be treated is by preference melted in a cupola-furnace, such as is used for melting pig-iron in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. The melted iron isrun into a Bessemer converter, which may be lined with the cent.; but the operation may be continued to the end of the blowing, when, practically, all of the carbon is removed. The decarbonized iron thus obtained is transferred to a ladle with a hole in the bottom, closed with a plug-stopper, and is permitted to run from the said hole into a spout whichdelivers it into the hearth of a reverberatory furnace which is capable of being heated to the melting-point of wrought-iron, or higher. The kind of reverbera'tory furnace which I prefer to use for this purpose is a gas-furnace constructed with a revolving movable hearth which is capable of being revolved upon an upright axis when in the furnace, and of being applied to and removed therefrom, the fuel used in said furnace being preferably the gases evolved by the combustion of bituminous coal which is burned by means of jetsof heated air. metal is heated n said furnacein contact with the basic reagents fora short period-say from ten to thirty miuuteswhen the lime is in the condition of floor-spar, depending upon the smaller or larger portion of carbon remaining in the iron at. the time of its introduction into the furnace, after which a sufficient quantity ofcompounds of carbon, iron, and manganeseas spiegeleisen or ferro-manganeseis added 'to it torthepurpose of recarbonizingthe metal, 6 as in practicing the Bessemer process. Then: 'the metal is permitted to run from the furnace,
and is cast into ingots in suitable molds.
The preferred mode ofapplying the reagents is to spread the compound of them upon the 7c hearth of the furnace before the melted decarbon-ized metal is permitted to run into the furnace, and also to heat the compound until it becomes viscid; and I prefer that the hearth of the furnace should, previous to use, be lined 7 with lime or other calcareous material, or with magnesia, or iron plates, as described in' my English Patent No. 1,051 of 1870, and in my United States Patent No. 106,365. By thus protecting the metal and the reagents from 80 contact with silica it is found that the work is accomplished better.
I prefer that the lime of the basic reagents shall be in the condition of fiuor-spar, and that the oxide of iron shall be in the form of titan- 8 iferous iron ore, and that the relative proportions of the two shall be forty (40) parts, by weight, of fluor-spar to onehundred parts,
by weight, of titaniferous iron ore. The proportions of the reagents to be used may, how- 0 ever, be varied, and will depend upon the quantity of phosphorus present in the metal. If, for example, the phosphorus present is one per cent. of the metal, the amount of floor-spar and titaniferous iron ore required will be about 9 5 three (3) hundred-weight of the mixture of the two to one ton of steel, and if the phosphorus be present in less quantity the quantity of the mixture of the reagents may be correspondingly reduced.
The reagents above described may be replaced by their substitutes. Thus caustic lime or limestone may be substituted for fiuor-spar weight for weight, and the titaniferous iron The 5 7 'ation of casting it difficult.
ore may be replaced by rich magnetic oxides or hematites as free from silica, sulphur, and phosphorus as possible. The use of an oxide of iron in conjunction with flnor-spar or its equivalent is deemed preferable to either fluorspar or oxide of iron separately. When combined in use the reaction will proceed more energetically, with a corresponding economy of time and saving in cost. The oxide of iron also protects the metal measurably from oxidation during the removal of the phosphorus.
The process above described is characterized by the dephosphorization of the iron after its deearbonization, and this is important because if lime in the form of fluor-spar should be introduced into the metal while in the converter before decarbonization, the fluorine of the fluorspar, by combining with a portion of the silicon of the iron, and carrying it off in vapor or in gas would rob the metal of a substance (silicon) whose combustion by the blast is important for thepurpose ofkeepingthe melted metal at the requisite temperature, and the practical result would be the reduction of the temperature of the metal so low as to render the oper- If," on the other hand,as above provided for, the metal be subjected to the action of the purifying reagent after the silicon has been consumed in the process ofdecarbonization, the temperature of the metal will not be reduced by the action of the purifying agent to any practical extent.
The additional heat applied to the melted metal in the reverberatory furnace during the treatment is advantageous. It obviates the risk of the metal becoming cooled by the too prolonged detention in the vessel in which it is treated, and also'snpplies the requisite heat to maintain the metal in a melted condition in to treatment is not sufficient for that purpose.
It is understood that the operation of decarbonization as carried on in a Bessemer converter by means of injected jets of air, as above case the heat which is inherent in it previous set forth,is attended with the dcsiliconizing of lining of the containing-vesselwith a cal careous reagent and oxide of iron to remove the phosphorus.
2. The improvement in the art of manufacturing iron and steel, which consists in first decarbonizing the metal, while in a molten condition, by means of jets of air, and afterward treating the deearbonized metal with acalcareous reagentand oxide of iron, while the metal is maintained in a liquid condition by the application of additional heat.
3. The improvement in the art of manufacturing iron and steel, which consists in first decarbonizing the metal, while in a molten condition, by means ofijets of air, and afterward treating the decarbonized metal with a calcareous reagent and oxide of iron to remove the phosphorus.
JAMES HENDERSON.
Witnesses:
WILBUR F. REEDER, CHARLES MCOAFFERTY.
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US278013A true US278013A (en) | 1883-05-22 |
Family
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US278013D Expired - Lifetime US278013A (en) | James hendebson |
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- US US278013D patent/US278013A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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