US269132A - William stanley - Google Patents
William stanley Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US269132A US269132A US269132DA US269132A US 269132 A US269132 A US 269132A US 269132D A US269132D A US 269132DA US 269132 A US269132 A US 269132A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- hair
- carbon
- carbons
- william stanley
- lamps
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 210000004209 Hair Anatomy 0.000 description 56
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 10
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000229754 Iva xanthiifolia Species 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000000538 Tail Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003648 hair appearance Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained Effects 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/52—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite
- C04B35/528—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite obtained from carbonaceous particles with or without other non-organic components
- C04B35/532—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite obtained from carbonaceous particles with or without other non-organic components containing a carbonisable binder
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
Definitions
- Thepresent invention consists in a carbon I 5 burner for electric lamps produced from hair; also, in the method ofpreparing or producing such hair carbons, substantially as hereinafter set forth and claimed.
- a desirable method of forming or producing such carbons is to take strands of hair, preferably from the human head, and immerse them in an alkaline bath of sutlicient strength and during sufficient time to remove the greasy or fatty matter therefrom. Instead, however, of treating the hair 2 with alkalies, dilute sulphuric acid or other weak acids may be used which will have an affinity for the oil vor fatty matter and will not materially injure the structure of the hair. So,
- the strands or filaments of hair can be laid straight 5 upon a plate of glass or other smooth surface and retained in that position till thoroughly dried by any convenient means, as by sticking the ends upon the plate by the use of any adhes'ive substance adapted for the purpose, or 40 even by the moisture of alkalies or acids by which they have been treated.
- This drying of the strands in a straightened and slightly stretched position tends to preventthem from crinkling during the operation of carboniza- 5 tion.
- the strands of hair When the strands of hair are dried they are placed in suitable molds or flasks provided with grooves or channels, in which the hairs arebrought into the form or shape for use, and are then carbonized by heatiugthe flasks to the required tempefature in the ordinary way for carbonizin g materials tbrincandescent lamp carbons. Whenthecarbonizationiscompleted the hair is ready for application to the lamp, and may be attached to theleadingin wires in any desired manner.
- Carbon burners properly made from hair are found to be superior in the densityof the carbon, as compared with its size, to that of most, if not all, carbons from other material. It 0 made from suitable hair, which can easily be obtained, they are also remarkably uniform in structure and in diameter throughout their entire length, and they are less liable to crack and flaw during carboniza-tion', from the fact 9 5 that hair contains only asmall percentage of silicious matter compared with wood fiber or most vegetable or mineral products from which such carbon burners have heretofore been made.
- Hair carbons properly made, are essentially I00 tougher, more flexible, and more durable than those heretofore made from other materials, and they can be readily bent into desirable shapes or forms for use in lamps, even if carbonized when straight. 1n addition to the superior density of the hair carbon, its purity, flexibility, durability, and the abundance of the supply of hair ofthe proper sizes forlights of different intensities, without any cost or labor of changing its naturalform or size, there is another important advantage arising from the fact that the hair is tubular, and, as a consequence, the same mass of carbon will present a larger radiating-surface than if it were in theform of a solid cylinder.
- the present invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing, which shows the hair carbon or burner A in position in the globe B of an electric lamp, a a representing the leading-in wires properly sealed into the neck of 20 the globe.
Description
' UNITED STATES N PATENT OFFICE.
WILLIAM STANLEY, JR, OF ENGLEWOOD, NEW JERSEY, ASSIGNOR TO THE SWANINCANDESCENT ELECTRIC. LIGHT COMPANY, OF BOSTON, MASS.
ELECTRIC LAMP.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No.'269,l32, dated December 12, 1882.
l Application filed June 15, 1882. (No model.)
To all whom itmay concern:
' Be it known that-I, WILLIAM STANLEY, J r., of Englewood, in the county of Bergen and State-of New Jersey, have invented a new and i useful Improvement in Carbon Burners for Electric Lamps, of which the following is a specification.
I have discovered and demonstrated by a series of experiments that hair from the human To head, as well as that taken from the bodies,
manes, and tails of certain animals, is admirably adapted for the manufacture of carbon burners for incandescent electric lamps.
Thepresent invention consists in a carbon I 5 burner for electric lamps produced from hair; also, in the method ofpreparing or producing such hair carbons, substantially as hereinafter set forth and claimed. A desirable method of forming or producing such carbons is to take strands of hair, preferably from the human head, and immerse them in an alkaline bath of sutlicient strength and during sufficient time to remove the greasy or fatty matter therefrom. Instead, however, of treating the hair 2 with alkalies, dilute sulphuric acid or other weak acids may be used which will have an affinity for the oil vor fatty matter and will not materially injure the structure of the hair. So,
also, by exposing the hair to a gentle heat for 0 a considerable length of time the larger proportion of oil and grease can be removed by evaporation.
After the removal of the fatty matter the strands or filaments of hair can be laid straight 5 upon a plate of glass or other smooth surface and retained in that position till thoroughly dried by any convenient means, as by sticking the ends upon the plate by the use of any adhes'ive substance adapted for the purpose, or 40 even by the moisture of alkalies or acids by which they have been treated. This drying of the strands in a straightened and slightly stretched position tends to preventthem from crinkling during the operation of carboniza- 5 tion. When the strands of hair are dried they are placed in suitable molds or flasks provided with grooves or channels, in which the hairs arebrought into the form or shape for use, and are then carbonized by heatiugthe flasks to the required tempefature in the ordinary way for carbonizin g materials tbrincandescent lamp carbons. Whenthecarbonizationiscompleted the hair is ready for application to the lamp, and may be attached to theleadingin wires in any desired manner.
In practice I have found that the hair of the human head is superior to that of the lower animals for making carbons for the purpose indicated, and that the hair of Chinamen gives the most satisfactoryresults. This,inmyjudg- 6o ment, is due to the circumstance that the hair of the Chinese, so far as l have examined it, is coarser than that of most races, and is remarkably straight and uniform in cross section.
Heretofore carbon burners for incandescent lamps have been made from a great variety of materials; but, so far as I know, nothing has been found in abundance which, in its natural state, was of the proper sizes for this purpose, and a large part of the cost of making such finished carbons has been expended in bringing the material into the proper sizes in crosssection by molding, cutting, shaving, and by the use of dies and other devices. As opposed to this prior state of the art, and constituting 7 5 one of the valuable advantages of the use of hair for this purpos'e,is the circumstance that this material can be found in great abundance of allthe sizesincross-section without preparation or deduction in the matter of size for the manufacture of carbons for lamps of different intensities, it being true that the hair from human heads ofthe same race differs greatly in size, while a still greater difference is found when the hair of some of the different races is compared.
Carbon burners properly made from hair are found to be superior in the densityof the carbon, as compared with its size, to that of most, if not all, carbons from other material. It 0 made from suitable hair, which can easily be obtained, they are also remarkably uniform in structure and in diameter throughout their entire length, and they are less liable to crack and flaw during carboniza-tion', from the fact 9 5 that hair contains only asmall percentage of silicious matter compared with wood fiber or most vegetable or mineral products from which such carbon burners have heretofore been made.
Hair carbons, properly made, are essentially I00 tougher, more flexible, and more durable than those heretofore made from other materials, and they can be readily bent into desirable shapes or forms for use in lamps, even if carbonized when straight. 1n addition to the superior density of the hair carbon, its purity, flexibility, durability, and the abundance of the supply of hair ofthe proper sizes forlights of different intensities, without any cost or labor of changing its naturalform or size, there is another important advantage arising from the fact that the hair is tubular, and, as a consequence, the same mass of carbon will present a larger radiating-surface than if it were in theform of a solid cylinder.
The present invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing, which shows the hair carbon or burner A in position in the globe B of an electric lamp, a a representing the leading-in wires properly sealed into the neck of 20 the globe.
It is not intended to limit this invention to the use of any special kind or quality of hair, or to any special way or process of carbonizing the hair or of removing the oil or fatty matter therefrom but What I claim as new is- 1. A burner for incandescent electriclamps, composed of carbonized hair.
2. The hereinbefore-described method of produci n g burners for incandescent electric lamps, which consists in removing the oil or fatty matter from hair and then carbonizing the same.
WILLIAM STANLEY, JR.
Witnesses:
' ROBERT H. DUNCAN, W. F. HAPGOOD..
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US269132A true US269132A (en) | 1882-12-12 |
Family
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US269132D Expired - Lifetime US269132A (en) | William stanley |
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- US US269132D patent/US269132A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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