US2671635A - Reversible pump-turbine - Google Patents
Reversible pump-turbine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2671635A US2671635A US164240A US16424050A US2671635A US 2671635 A US2671635 A US 2671635A US 164240 A US164240 A US 164240A US 16424050 A US16424050 A US 16424050A US 2671635 A US2671635 A US 2671635A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- runner
- turbine
- pump
- blades
- hinged
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
- F03B3/10—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto characterised by having means for functioning alternatively as pumps or turbines
- F03B3/103—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto characterised by having means for functioning alternatively as pumps or turbines the same wheel acting as turbine wheel and as pump wheel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S415/00—Rotary kinetic fluid motors or pumps
- Y10S415/91—Reversible between pump and motor use
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to reversible pump-turbines and it is an object of my invention to provide an improved unit whose best efflciency occurs at the same speed for either pump or turbine operation.
- pump storage apparatus has been used to pump water into an elevated reservoir duringofi-peak loads of a power system and then such stored wateris utilized to drive a hydraulic turbine to supply electric current back to the system during peak load demands.
- These installations have generally employed separate turbine and pump units whereby the turbine remains idle while the pump is operating and vice versa. In such installations, there is not only the cost of the two units but also the additional space requared for such units.
- various arrangements have heretofore been proposed for combining both the pump and turbine operations in a single machine, but this involves the well-known problem of operating the unit at different speeds for the pump and turbine operations, thus increasing the cost of the pump motor which functions as a generator during turbine operation, and also involves other diificulties incident thereto.
- Fig. 1 is a transverse section through the runner and a portion of the casing structure employing my improved runner;
- Fig. 2 is a section taken generally on the line 2-! of Fig. 1 showing a runner blade converted to turbine operation;
- Fig. 3 is an enlarged plan view of a link type of operating mechanism for convertin a runner blade from turbine to pump operation or vice versa and taken substantially on the line 3-3 of Fig. 1;
- Fig. 4 is a fragmentary horizontal section taken substantially on the line 4-4 of Fig. lshowing the relationship of a series of the runner blades when in their pump position;
- Fig. 5 is a fragmentary plan view of a series of operated devices for a plurality of blades and of a type such as shown in Fig. 3
- Fig. 6 is a partial plan view of a modified form of gear operating mechanism for the blades
- Fig. 7 is a modified form of runner blade
- Fig. 8 is a perspective of one of the conversion blades.
- Fig. 9 is an enlarged vertical section of one of the runner blades.
- a pump-turbine unit in a Francis type setting which includes a spiral casing l, a radial annular passage 2 in which a series of adjustable guide vanes 3 are mounted, a runner generally indicated at 4, and a draft tube 5 or other suitable axial flow passage.
- the runner as is customary, is mounted on a shaft 6 suitably journalled in a head cover 7.
- runner blade sections 8 with hinged blade sections 9 suitably journalled at In and H at their upper and lower ends in the runner walls 12 and I3, the blade sections 8 being fixed with respect to these two walls.
- the hinged blade sections are shown more particularly in Fig. 2 as forming a continuation of the outer edge l4 of the fixed blade sections 8.
- the sections 8 also are suitably recessed as at l5 to receive the hinged blades 9 when folded back against blade 8 in which position the two blades present a substantially continuous surface that will insure substantially uniform fluid flow.
- the joints between these blade sections may be fitted with any desired degree of clearance as may be required.
- individual operating mechanism consisting of having the blade shafts l0 provided with a pair of links it and I1 operated by a piston and cylinder l 8 whose supply and exhaust of operating fluid may be suitably controlled through pipes l9 and 20 connected to a control valve (not shown), common to all servomotors, for moving the servo-motor l8 in either of opposite directions.
- a single operating mechanism common to all of the hinged blades comprises a ring gear 2
- the ring gear can be operated by a single servo-motor such as l 8 or in any other manner desired.
- the hinged blade sections 23 are disposed between the outer ends of the other blade sections 24 which are fixed with respect to the runner walls.
- the hinged sections are folded back to their dotted line positions 25 when the unit operates as a turbine and are extended to their full line position when operating as a pump.
- the hinged blade sections 9 of Fig. 1 are extended for pump operation and are folded back for turbine operation.
- a hydraulic reversible pump-turbine unit comprising, incombination, a runner rotatable in one direction for turbine operation and in the opposite direction for pump operation, means forming passages leadin to and from said runner, said runner having radially extending fixed blades terminating in outer edges, radially extending movable blade sections, means carried by said runner for pivotally supporting said movable blades about axes substantially parallel to the fixed blades at the outer edges thereof, the pivotal axes being offset from the center line of the movable blades, and operating mechanism for swinging said pivotal blades through substantially 180 from maximum to minimum radial positions lying in a common plane substantially parallel to the runner axis so as to increase or decrease the effective length of the runner blading in the direction in which the hydraulic fluid flows over the blades thereby either to provide a maximum runner diameter for determining the operation of the runner as a pump in one direction of its rotation at substantially a given speed or to provide 4 a minimum runner diameter for determining
- a hydraulic reversible pump-turbine of the Francis type having a spiral casing with a radial flow passage, means forming an axial flow passage, adjustable guide vanes, means for supporting the same in said radial flow passage, a Francis type runner, means for supporting the runner between said radial and axial flow passages, said runner having fixed and hinged blade sections, means carried by said runner for pivotally supporting said hinged blades about axes offset from the center line of the hinged blades, and operating mechanism for swinging said hinged blades through substantially 180 from maximum to minimum radial positions lying in a common plane substantially parallel to the runner axis so as to increase or decrease the effective runner blading in the direction in which the hydraulic fluid flows over the blades thereby either to provide a maximum runner diameter for determining the operation of the runner as a pump in one direction of its rotation at substantially a given speed or to provide a minimum runner diameter for determining the operation of the runner as a turbine when rotated in the opposite direction at said
Description
March 9, '1954 R. B. WILLI REVERSIBLE PUMP-TURBINE Filed May 25 2 Sheets-Sheet l I l- R H mm f m M I R R. B. WILLI REVERSIBLE PUMP-TURBINE March 9, 1954 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Tiled May 25, 1950 INVENTOR RICHARD B WILLI A T TORNEY Patented Mar. 9, 1954 REVERSIBLE PUMP-TURBINE Richard B. Willi, Norristown, Pa., assignor to Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation, a corporation of Pennsylvania Application May 25, 1950, Serial No. 164,240
Claims. 1
This invention relates generally to reversible pump-turbines and it is an object of my invention to provide an improved unit whose best efflciency occurs at the same speed for either pump or turbine operation.
As is well-known, pump storage apparatus has been used to pump water into an elevated reservoir duringofi-peak loads of a power system and then such stored wateris utilized to drive a hydraulic turbine to supply electric current back to the system during peak load demands. These installations have generally employed separate turbine and pump units whereby the turbine remains idle while the pump is operating and vice versa. In such installations, there is not only the cost of the two units but also the additional space requared for such units. To overcome these difficulties various arrangements have heretofore been proposed for combining both the pump and turbine operations in a single machine, but this involves the well-known problem of operating the unit at different speeds for the pump and turbine operations, thus increasing the cost of the pump motor which functions as a generator during turbine operation, and also involves other diificulties incident thereto.
In the combination or elements comprising my present invention, I have provided an improved runner that may be effectively used in a single reversible pump-turbine unit adapted to operate at a single speed at best efficiency for either pump or turbin operation.
Other objects and advantages will be more apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description of the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 is a transverse section through the runner and a portion of the casing structure employing my improved runner;
Fig. 2 is a section taken generally on the line 2-! of Fig. 1 showing a runner blade converted to turbine operation;
Fig. 3 is an enlarged plan view of a link type of operating mechanism for convertin a runner blade from turbine to pump operation or vice versa and taken substantially on the line 3-3 of Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is a fragmentary horizontal section taken substantially on the line 4-4 of Fig. lshowing the relationship of a series of the runner blades when in their pump position;
Fig. 5 is a fragmentary plan view of a series of operated devices for a plurality of blades and of a type such as shown in Fig. 3
Fig. 6 is a partial plan view of a modified form of gear operating mechanism for the blades;
Fig. 7 is a modified form of runner blade;
Fig. 8 is a perspective of one of the conversion blades; and
Fig. 9 is an enlarged vertical section of one of the runner blades.
In the particular embodiment of the invention disclosed in Fig. 1, I have shown a pump-turbine unit in a Francis type setting which includes a spiral casing l, a radial annular passage 2 in which a series of adjustable guide vanes 3 are mounted, a runner generally indicated at 4, and a draft tube 5 or other suitable axial flow passage. The runner, as is customary, is mounted on a shaft 6 suitably journalled in a head cover 7. When the unit operates as a turbine the water flows from casing I through passage 2 and the runner into passage 5 and when operating as a pump the water flows in the reverse direction.
To permit the turbine runner to have its best eificiency at the same speed whether operating as a pump or as a turbine, I have provided runner blade sections 8 with hinged blade sections 9 suitably journalled at In and H at their upper and lower ends in the runner walls 12 and I3, the blade sections 8 being fixed with respect to these two walls. The hinged blade sections are shown more particularly in Fig. 2 as forming a continuation of the outer edge l4 of the fixed blade sections 8. The sections 8 also are suitably recessed as at l5 to receive the hinged blades 9 when folded back against blade 8 in which position the two blades present a substantially continuous surface that will insure substantially uniform fluid flow. The joints between these blade sections may be fitted with any desired degree of clearance as may be required.
To adjust the movable blade sections simultaneously, individual operating mechanism is employed consisting of having the blade shafts l0 provided with a pair of links it and I1 operated by a piston and cylinder l 8 whose supply and exhaust of operating fluid may be suitably controlled through pipes l9 and 20 connected to a control valve (not shown), common to all servomotors, for moving the servo-motor l8 in either of opposite directions. There is one servo-motor for each hinged blade, althugh, as shown in Fig. 6, a single operating mechanism common to all of the hinged blades comprises a ring gear 2| engaging a quadrant gear 22 secured to the shaft III of each of the hinged blades. The ring gear can be operated by a single servo-motor such as l 8 or in any other manner desired.
In the modification shown in Fig. 7, the hinged blade sections 23 are disposed between the outer ends of the other blade sections 24 which are fixed with respect to the runner walls. The hinged sections are folded back to their dotted line positions 25 when the unit operates as a turbine and are extended to their full line position when operating as a pump. In the same manner the hinged blade sections 9 of Fig. 1 are extended for pump operation and are folded back for turbine operation. In both forms of the invention it is seen that by swinging the pivotal blades through 180 the blades have maximum and minimum radial positions lying in a common plane substantially parallel to the runner axis so that the effective length of the runner blading in the direction in which water flows over the blades is increased or decreased so as to provide either a maximum or minimum diameter runner respectively for pump or turbine operation in opposite directions of rotation but at the same speed. Also in both forms the pivotal axes of the movable blades are offset from the center line thereof but these axes are substantially parallel to the fixed blades at the outer edges thereof.
Thus it is seen that I have provided an extremely simple, yet highly effective, compact and economical arrangement for converting from turbine to pump operation or vice versa in a single unit. The single runner, with its two selective diameters, permits best efliciency, at the same speed, regardless of whether the unit operates as a pump or as a turbine.
It will, of course, be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made in the construction and arrangement of parts without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
I claim:
1. A hydraulic reversible pump-turbine unit comprising, incombination, a runner rotatable in one direction for turbine operation and in the opposite direction for pump operation, means forming passages leadin to and from said runner, said runner having radially extending fixed blades terminating in outer edges, radially extending movable blade sections, means carried by said runner for pivotally supporting said movable blades about axes substantially parallel to the fixed blades at the outer edges thereof, the pivotal axes being offset from the center line of the movable blades, and operating mechanism for swinging said pivotal blades through substantially 180 from maximum to minimum radial positions lying in a common plane substantially parallel to the runner axis so as to increase or decrease the effective length of the runner blading in the direction in which the hydraulic fluid flows over the blades thereby either to provide a maximum runner diameter for determining the operation of the runner as a pump in one direction of its rotation at substantially a given speed or to provide 4 a minimum runner diameter for determining the operation of the runner as a turbine when rotated in the opposite direction at said given speed.
2. The combination set forth in claim 1 further characterized in that the movable blade sections are hinged adjacent to the outer edges of the fixed runner blades.
3. The combination set forth in claim 1 further characterized in that the movable blade sections are hinged adjacent to the outer edges of the fixed runner blades which are provided with a recess into which the movable section may be disposed.
4. The combination set forth in claim 1 further characterized in that the movable blade sections are spaced between the outer edges of adjacent fixed blades.
5. A hydraulic reversible pump-turbine of the Francis type having a spiral casing with a radial flow passage, means forming an axial flow passage, adjustable guide vanes, means for supporting the same in said radial flow passage, a Francis type runner, means for supporting the runner between said radial and axial flow passages, said runner having fixed and hinged blade sections, means carried by said runner for pivotally supporting said hinged blades about axes offset from the center line of the hinged blades, and operating mechanism for swinging said hinged blades through substantially 180 from maximum to minimum radial positions lying in a common plane substantially parallel to the runner axis so as to increase or decrease the effective runner blading in the direction in which the hydraulic fluid flows over the blades thereby either to provide a maximum runner diameter for determining the operation of the runner as a pump in one direction of its rotation at substantially a given speed or to provide a minimum runner diameter for determining the operation of the runner as a turbine when rotated in the opposite direction at said given speed.
RICHARD B. WILLL.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,611,341 Deriaz Dec. 21, 1926 1,627,294 Nydqvist May 3, 1927 1,664,895 Nydqvist Apr. 3, 1928 1,837,568 Moody Dec. 22, 1931 2,028,368 White Jan. 21, 1938 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 250,234 Great Britain July 1, 1926 821,862 France Sept. 6, 1937
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US164240A US2671635A (en) | 1950-05-25 | 1950-05-25 | Reversible pump-turbine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US164240A US2671635A (en) | 1950-05-25 | 1950-05-25 | Reversible pump-turbine |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US2671635A true US2671635A (en) | 1954-03-09 |
Family
ID=22593595
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US164240A Expired - Lifetime US2671635A (en) | 1950-05-25 | 1950-05-25 | Reversible pump-turbine |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US2671635A (en) |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2832292A (en) * | 1955-03-23 | 1958-04-29 | Edwards Miles Lowell | Pump assemblies |
US2875979A (en) * | 1952-09-04 | 1959-03-03 | Neyrpic Ets | Hydroelectric turbo-generator installation |
US2933237A (en) * | 1957-05-20 | 1960-04-19 | Gen Electric | Compressor |
US2950686A (en) * | 1958-03-20 | 1960-08-30 | Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc | Variable centrifugal pump |
US2984965A (en) * | 1957-06-14 | 1961-05-23 | Raffineries & Sucreries Say So | Drive arrangement for driving a rotatable member in short intervals at high and low speeds |
US3007628A (en) * | 1958-04-03 | 1961-11-07 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Control system for hydraulic machine guide vane damping brakes |
US3026085A (en) * | 1957-11-27 | 1962-03-20 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Diagonal flow reversible pump-turbine |
US3226083A (en) * | 1961-04-05 | 1965-12-28 | English Electric Co Ltd | Reversible pump turbines |
US3339890A (en) * | 1966-02-03 | 1967-09-05 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Speed control device for hydraulic turbine |
US3372645A (en) * | 1966-03-16 | 1968-03-12 | Baldwin Lima Hamilton Corp | Power-accumulation system |
DE1628116B1 (en) * | 1966-12-15 | 1970-11-26 | Voest Ag | Impeller for a pump turbine |
US3758225A (en) * | 1968-07-08 | 1973-09-11 | L Kazachkov | Hydraulic pump-turbine |
US3878677A (en) * | 1974-04-10 | 1975-04-22 | United Aircraft Corp | Auxiliary turbine/compressor system for turbine engine |
US3901624A (en) * | 1973-12-10 | 1975-08-26 | Allis Chalmers | Integrated gate operating servomotor |
US4056330A (en) * | 1974-10-03 | 1977-11-01 | Ateliers Des Charmilles S.A. | Method for adjusting the output of a pump provided with an adjustable spray cone with movable blades |
US4880351A (en) * | 1986-05-30 | 1989-11-14 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Variable capacity turbine |
US20140119897A1 (en) * | 2012-10-25 | 2014-05-01 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Hydroturbine Guide Vanes and Hydroturbine |
US20140341714A1 (en) * | 2013-04-23 | 2014-11-20 | Andritz Frautech S.R.L. | Device For Drawing Off Fluid Of A Centrifugation Device |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB250234A (en) * | 1925-03-31 | 1926-07-01 | Nicolai Popoff | Improvements in, or relating to, rotors for water turbines or turbine pumps or the like |
US1611341A (en) * | 1922-04-27 | 1926-12-21 | English Electric Co Ltd | Hydraulic turbine |
US1627294A (en) * | 1923-10-13 | 1927-05-03 | Nydquist Antenor | Hydraulic power-transmission mechanism |
US1664895A (en) * | 1926-01-19 | 1928-04-03 | Nydqvist Antenor | Blade wheel |
US1837568A (en) * | 1923-04-14 | 1931-12-22 | Moody Lewis Ferry | Hydraulic turbine |
US2028368A (en) * | 1934-03-31 | 1936-01-21 | William M White | Hydraulic turbine |
FR821862A (en) * | 1937-05-14 | 1937-12-15 | Adjustable vane distributor for hydraulic turbines |
-
1950
- 1950-05-25 US US164240A patent/US2671635A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1611341A (en) * | 1922-04-27 | 1926-12-21 | English Electric Co Ltd | Hydraulic turbine |
US1837568A (en) * | 1923-04-14 | 1931-12-22 | Moody Lewis Ferry | Hydraulic turbine |
US1627294A (en) * | 1923-10-13 | 1927-05-03 | Nydquist Antenor | Hydraulic power-transmission mechanism |
GB250234A (en) * | 1925-03-31 | 1926-07-01 | Nicolai Popoff | Improvements in, or relating to, rotors for water turbines or turbine pumps or the like |
US1664895A (en) * | 1926-01-19 | 1928-04-03 | Nydqvist Antenor | Blade wheel |
US2028368A (en) * | 1934-03-31 | 1936-01-21 | William M White | Hydraulic turbine |
FR821862A (en) * | 1937-05-14 | 1937-12-15 | Adjustable vane distributor for hydraulic turbines |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2875979A (en) * | 1952-09-04 | 1959-03-03 | Neyrpic Ets | Hydroelectric turbo-generator installation |
US2832292A (en) * | 1955-03-23 | 1958-04-29 | Edwards Miles Lowell | Pump assemblies |
US2933237A (en) * | 1957-05-20 | 1960-04-19 | Gen Electric | Compressor |
US2984965A (en) * | 1957-06-14 | 1961-05-23 | Raffineries & Sucreries Say So | Drive arrangement for driving a rotatable member in short intervals at high and low speeds |
US3026085A (en) * | 1957-11-27 | 1962-03-20 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Diagonal flow reversible pump-turbine |
US2950686A (en) * | 1958-03-20 | 1960-08-30 | Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc | Variable centrifugal pump |
US3007628A (en) * | 1958-04-03 | 1961-11-07 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Control system for hydraulic machine guide vane damping brakes |
US3226083A (en) * | 1961-04-05 | 1965-12-28 | English Electric Co Ltd | Reversible pump turbines |
US3339890A (en) * | 1966-02-03 | 1967-09-05 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Speed control device for hydraulic turbine |
US3372645A (en) * | 1966-03-16 | 1968-03-12 | Baldwin Lima Hamilton Corp | Power-accumulation system |
DE1628116B1 (en) * | 1966-12-15 | 1970-11-26 | Voest Ag | Impeller for a pump turbine |
US3758225A (en) * | 1968-07-08 | 1973-09-11 | L Kazachkov | Hydraulic pump-turbine |
US3901624A (en) * | 1973-12-10 | 1975-08-26 | Allis Chalmers | Integrated gate operating servomotor |
US3878677A (en) * | 1974-04-10 | 1975-04-22 | United Aircraft Corp | Auxiliary turbine/compressor system for turbine engine |
US4056330A (en) * | 1974-10-03 | 1977-11-01 | Ateliers Des Charmilles S.A. | Method for adjusting the output of a pump provided with an adjustable spray cone with movable blades |
US4880351A (en) * | 1986-05-30 | 1989-11-14 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Variable capacity turbine |
US20140119897A1 (en) * | 2012-10-25 | 2014-05-01 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Hydroturbine Guide Vanes and Hydroturbine |
US20140341714A1 (en) * | 2013-04-23 | 2014-11-20 | Andritz Frautech S.R.L. | Device For Drawing Off Fluid Of A Centrifugation Device |
US9856879B2 (en) * | 2013-04-23 | 2018-01-02 | Andritz Frautech S.R.L. | Centrifugation device with adjustable vanes |
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