US2636063A - Electrical battery - Google Patents

Description

April 21, 1953 w. w. scHRoEDER ELECTRICAL BATTERY 2 SHEETS-SHEET l Filed May 8, 1950 Walter W.

April 21, 1953 w. w. scHRoEDl-:R 2,636,063

ELECTRICAL BATTERY Filed May 8, 1950 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2 Illllf 40@ j.' 404' 15M i? gj 42m 436 INVENTOR 116e i6@ Waer W50/W066i@ @MW/fm ATTORNEY Patented Apr. 21, 1953 ELECTRICAL BATTERY Walter W. Schroeder, North Adams, Mass., as-

signor to Sprague Electric Company, North Adams, Mass., a corporation of Massachusetts Application May 8, 1950, Serial No. 160,659

(Cl. 13G- 133) Claims. l

The present invention relates to electric batteries, and more particularly relates to batteries encased in metal housings.

The evolution of hydrogen and other gases during discharge, shelf and re-charging of batteries is a common occurrence. This gassing action is a distinct problem in the case of small cells which are more or less permanently cncased, for use in hearing aid devices, etc. It is difficult to provide a vent for gas release which will not also permit leakage of liquid components of the cell system.

If the gases are permitted to build up a high internal pressure within such cells, the cell container may rupture and corrosive electrolytes may be discharged to damage surrounding structures.

As an example, primary cells containing highly effective mercurio oxide depolarizers which are reduced to mercury during cell operation, are in high demand for such applications as hearing aid power supplies. For this reason all precaution must be taken to eliminate any hazard which they may represent to the human body and to the remainder of the hearing aid circuit. There is always present the danger that cells of this type may leak electrolyte and/or liquid mercury formed during cell operation. If the cell is so sealed as to safeguard against mercury and electrolyte leakage, then there is danger that excess gas pressure may develop within the cell by the generation of polarizing gases. Such excess gas pressure may rupture the cell container and allow electrolyte to discharge from the cell. Discharge of electrolyte and/or mercury into a hearing aid may cause irreparable damage to the very intricate and expensive hearing aid circuit elements surrounding the cell.

The history of what has been done to obliterate this ever present danger is evidence of the failure thus far met in seeking a solution to the current problem. In most applications where it has been found necessary to provide venting means to relieve excess gas pressures within the cell, such means have consisted of an emergency vent such as a closed crack or split in the wall of the cell container, formed by slitting the Wall and then stamping the metal together again to close the slit. Another crude prior art Ventilating means is a groove that does not completely penetrate the container wall. The venting operation is similar when either of these means is employed, should gas pressure develop within the cell the vent supposedly opens up suiciently to permit the escape of gas. While both of these means provide a substantially sealed unit under normal amalgamate with the copper at the site of the slit or groove, and permanently seal the container wall against the relief of gas pressure except by major rupture. If the cell is to be recharged, the problem becomes even more pronounced.

It is an object of this invention to overcome the foregoing and related disadvantages, A further object is to produce a housed battery which rovides for gas release without liquid release. A still further object is to produce an alkalinemercurio-oxide cell which permits hydrogen evolution without electrolyte or mercury leakage. Additional objects will become apparent from the following description and claims.

These objects are attained in accordance with the present invention wherein there is produced an electric battery having a first electrode engaging an electrolyte which defines a surface for contacting an oppositely polarized electrode at which surface gas is generated by battery action: a supporting surface encircling said electrode contacting surface, an electrode structure including a second electrode, and a resilient device urging said latter electrode into electrolytic contact with said electrolyte surface and urging said electrode structure into sealing engagement with said supporting surface for relieving internal pressure within said battery by providing automatic relief valve action between said electrode structure and said supporting surface.

In a more limited embodiment there is produced in accordance with this invention an electrical battery housing comprising two opposed cylindrical metal cups enclosed in a tubular metal case, one of said cups being insulated and separated from said case by means of an intermediate cylindrical insulating grommet provided with an inner lip which separates said cups, the other of said cups containing a consolidated depolarizer material and being in sliding metal contact with said case, resilient means between said case and the bottom of said other cup holding` said other cup against the lip of said grommet under a pressure sufficient to normally bring said other cup into engagement with the lip and said lip into engagement with said consolidated depolarizer material, but insu'icient to prevent release of internally developed gas under pressure. In another form of the invention the cup in sliding contact with the outer sleeve may be eccentric and/or provided with ribbing or milling o on its external cylindrical surface. The resilient spacing material disclosed may be natural or synthetic resins such as elastomers or metal springs, etc.

The invention will be further described with reference to the appended drawings wherein FigureA l is a cross-sectional View of a cell embodying features of the invention,

Figure la shows a partial cross-section view of the primary cell shown in Figure 1 illustrating the novel function of the cell,

Figure lb shows in perspective a diiferent form of an electrode cup that can be used in the construction of Figure l,

Figures 1c and 1d are horizontal sectional views along AA of Figure l showing alternative elec*- trode cups for use in the batteries of the invention,

Figure le illustrates in top view a modiiied resilient member for use in constructions of the invention,

Figure lf illustrates a cross-sectional view of the modified resilient member shown in le.

Figures 2, 3 and 4 illustrate a modiiied cell structure, and

Figure 2a shows shown in Figure 2.

The drawings have been exaggerated where necessary in order to more clearly illustrate the invention.

In accordance with the standard nomenclature of the battery art, the term anode as used herein refers to the electrode of the cell which develops a negative electric potential with respect to the cooperating electrode, and the term cathode refers to the electrode that becomes positively charged relatively to the other electrode.

In Figure l, an anode H33, such as, for example, a perforated zinc foil, is held in an inverted top cup H12 which may be made of copper or bronze. The cathode or depolarizer l I2 is contained, generally in the form of a consolidated pellet of mercurio oxide and graphite, in a bottom cup H4, which may, for example, be cylindrical and made of steel. Disposed around the anode EU8 and between the anode and the depolarizer H2, is electrolyte HB, which, for eX- ample, may consist of a gelled aqueous solution of KOH and carboxymethyl cellulose or of KOI-I and polyvinyl alcohol. Anode cup |02 is substantially enclosed by an insulating and sealing sleeve iti?, one end of which, as shown at |25, is turned in under the edge of cup m2 to separate this cup from cup lid. The top and bottom cups H22 and lid and sleeve l are housed in an outer container ll, of cold rolled steel, for example. Cathode cup im is tted within the container Edil in such a manner as to provide a piston type slide nt. Space, such as IBS, due for example to irregularities in cup IM, provide for the escape of any excess gas from between the cups. rhe bottom of the container is perforated at 122 to vent the escaping gases. Resilient elements shown as resilient iibrous sheets H6, iZ with an intermediate sheet of perforated lead foil l i8, are inserted between the bottom of cathode cup Il@ and the bottom of container EM. The upper cup [B2 may be xedly sealed in place with the sleeve IEE, as by spinning or rolling over the upper edge l2@ of the container.

In use, the container which contacts cup iifi is one terminal of the battery and the exposed portion of cup ill2 is the other terminal. The reduced end of cup H32 provides a convenient internal shoulder against which the anode S is positioned and serves to identify this terminal.

ka modification of the cell The resilient elements hold the cups together s that their current-generating ingredients are brought into electrical engagement and can function properly. Should gas accumulate between the cups it will be trapped in place until its pressure is raised sufficiently to momentarily force out cup lill against the resilient elements. This releases the gas and the "cup is immediately re= seated to resume normal battery action. The momentary disturbance is ordinarily not even detectable by the user of a hearing aid Yequipped with the battery shown in Figure l.

Figure la shows the automatic valve action obtained with this invention should gas form in the cell. When the internal pressure within the cell becomes great enough to overcome the resilient clamping force of the porous papers l I6, 29, the cathode cup l l@ is dispiaced away from the flange 26 of sleeve IEEE to form an opening through which the internal pressure is relieved. The arrows shown indicate the general direction of gas escape through Vent |22. The gas relieving action is only momentary and the cups are immediately reseated by the resilient force applied by paper layers H6, [20.

Figures 1b, 1c and ld show particular forms of modified electrode valve cups that can be used in the construction of Figure l. Figure lb shows in perspective a ribbed cathode cup H429, the indentations 38?) between ribs providing a gas releasing passageway. The cups Htc and H411 shown in Figures 1c and ld function similarly to that shown in Figure lb. In Figure 1c cup ll4c has several indentations l38c therein while in Figure ld space ld is due to irregularities in the surface of the Walls of outer container l4cl and/or cup l llid.

Figure le shows a top view of one form of resilient element in accordance with this invention. The element comprises four interconnected rubber sections l 16e.

The construction shown in Figure 2 is similar to that shown in Figure 1. Like or similar parts are similarly identified except that each identifying three-digit numeral has the prex 2 to associate it with Figure 2. (A new prefix will be used for each gure shown herein.) Here, top and bottom cups 2&2 and 2M are sealed within outer sleeve 294. These cups are resiliently engaged by means of leaf spring 216 as shown. Resilient spring member 215 has spaces 222 therein to provide for the release of internal gas from the cell to the atmosphere. For some purposes a coil spring may be used instead of leaf spring 2HE.

One of the preferred embodiments of the invention is shown in Figure 2a. The structure shown is similar to Figure 2, except that the consolidated depolarizer 2i2a acts as the principle support for anode cup 22a and grommet 26a. Grommet 286e preferably consists of a plasticized, tough, synthetic resin film. In the structure shown in Figure 2a consolidated depolarizer material 22a acts both as an integral structural member and as an electrochemical member. This particular structure provides for better electrochemical contact between the depolarizer 2| 2a and the electrolyte and improves the electrical characteristics of the cell.

In Figure 3 anode cup 302 is engaged by a resilient member and thereby provides the automatic valve action previously disclosed in detail with reference to Figure la. Cathode cup 3M remains in fixed position. In Figure 4, as in Figure 3, the anode cup 402 is the one engaged by the resilient papers and provides the automatic valve action, while the cathode cup 4l4 remains stationary. In this modification outer container 404 has an annular shaped opening 422 in its bottom. The dome 436 of anode cup 402 extends through annular opening 434. The opening 422 between the edges of container 404 and the dome 436 of anode cup 402 forms the permanent relief vent. Resilient means comprising porous paper sheets 4I6, 420 and readily amalgamable metal foils 4l8 are annular in shape and are juxtaposed between anode cup 402 and outer container 404. The entire unit is held in position by outer container 404 which may be partially enclosed by an insulating jacket, such as, for example, paper jacket 432. The unit is sealed by crimping the shoulder of container 404 as shown at 424. Dome 436 of anode cup 402 provides this modification of the cell with the usual button-type anode construction as shown in Figure 1, for example, thus reducing the possibility that the cell having the inverted electrodes of Figure 3, for example, will be connected in a circuit with the cell polarity inverted.

Dipped or plated coatings of mercury or readily amalgamable metals on the outer walls of the movable electrode cup can be used to trap liquid mercury that may escape from between the cups. When the problem of escaping mercury is not serious, mercury trapping means need not be employed in the cell construction.

Many features of the herein disclosed invention are unique in the art. The electrical battery housing disclosed provides for relative movement of the cell electrode members incident to the development of gas pressure within the cell. This movement does not destroy the cell, in fact, it prolongs its useful life.

The cell is constructed so as to provide continuous sliding electrical contact between the cell housing and at least one of the cell electrode cups. Though, the entire peripheries of the sliding electrode cup and the cell housing are not in continuous physical contact due to irregularities or milling in one of the other, they are in continuous electrical contact. The space between the electrode and the housing provides for the escape of gas from within the cell. Resilient members hold the electrode members against a sealing grommet during normal operation of the cell ultimately permitting gas release at a certain cell pressure and then resealing the cell after this pressure has been safely reduced. The entire action is simple and automatic. The structure is such as to keep the cell stack dimensions at a minimum; it also permits iixed external electrical connections.

While this invention has been described with particular reference to mercury oxide cells, it is not to be limited thereto. The structure may also be used in conjunction with other primary and secondary cells wherein gases are generated within the cell during shelf life and/or under normal operating conditions.

As many apparently widely different embodiments of this invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope hereof, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments hereof except as defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. In an electric battery having a first electrode engaging an electrolyte which defines a surface for contacting an oppositely polarized electrode at which surface gas is generated by battery action: a supporting surface encircling said electrode contacting surface, an electrode structure including a second electrode, and a resilient device urging said latter electrode into electrolytic contact with said electrolyte surface and urging said electrode structure into sealing engagement with said supporting surface for relieving internal pressure within said battery by providing automatic relief valve action between said electrode structure and said supporting surface.

2. An electrical battery housing comprising two opposed cylindrical metal cups enclosed in a tubular metal case, one of said cups being insulated and separated from said case by means of an intermediate cylindrical insulating grommet provided with an inner lip ywhich separates said cups. the other of said cups being in sliding metal contact with said case, resilient means between said case and the bottom of said other cup holding said other cup against the lip of said grommet under a pressure sufficient to normally bring said other cup into engagement with the lip, but insufficient to prevent release oi internally developed gas under pressure, means defining an opening in said case for the escape of gas released into said case from said cups.

3. The battery of claim 2 wherein the cup in metal contact with said case is substantially filled with solid battery material upon which said inner grommet lip rests.

4. The battery of claim 2 wherein the insulated cup is provided with anode material and the freeboard therein is filled with electrolyte material.

5. The battery as defined by claim 2 wherein the cup in sliding contact with said case is provided with ribbing on its extended cylindrical surface.

6. The battery as defined by claim 2 wherein the resilient spacing material is compressible fibrous sheet material.

7. The combination as defined by claim 1 in which the resilient device is a spring.

8. An electrical battery housing comprising two opposed metal cups enclosed in a tubular metal case, one of said cups being insulated from said case and filled with one set of current-generating ingredients, the other of said cups being in sliding metal contact with said case and filled with a set of complementary current-generating materials, resilient elements between said case and said other cup urging said cups toward each other to bring the sets of current-generating materials into contact with each other, said elements being yieldable to cause gas internally developed by said current-generating ingredients to force the cups apart and escape between the case and said other cup.

9. An electrical battery housing comprising two opposed metal cups enclosed in a tubular metal case, one of said cups being insulated from said case, insulating means covering the lip of said cup, the other of said cups being in sliding metal contact with said case, resilient means between said case and said other cup biasing the open end of said other cup against the insulating means on said first cup so as to hold said cups in a valve-like relation to one another, means defining a gas escape opening in said case, and a piece of material capable of readily forming an amalgam positioned within said case between said gas escape opening and the open ends of said cups.

10. An electrical battery housing comprising two opposed metal cups enclosed in a tubular metal case, one of said cups being insulated from said case and filled with one set of current-generatng ingredients, the other of-said cups beingv inslidng metal contact with said case and lled Withfa set of complementary current-generating materials, resilient elements between Vsaid case and said other cup ,urging said cups toward each other. to( bring the sets Vof ourrent-geifieratng` materials into contact with each other, said ele'-,

ments being yieldable to cause gas internally developed by said current-generating ingredients to force the cupsapart and escape between vthe case/and said other cup said case being provided with means defining a gasr escape opening opposite said sldeable cup.

WALTERW. SCHROEDER.

ReferencesV Cited` in theY flle of thispatent UNITED STATES' PATENTS Number Number Name Date DrummondA Nov. 1'1,v 1936; Gyuris Junel, 1937 RubenV June 10,' 1947 Ruben Sept. 20, 1949 Rubenv 1 Nov. 15,1949 Williams .p Feb. 28, `19,50 Daniel 7 Oct. 24, 1950 Ruben Jan. 2, 1951 FOREIGN VPiflvTllIf1Rl` Country Date` Great Britain June 6, 1944.

Claims (1)

1. IN AN ELECTRIC BATTERY HAVING A FIRST ELECTRODE ENGAGING AN ELECTROLYTE WHICH DEFINES A SURFACE FOR CONTACTING AN OPPOSITELY POLARIZED ELECTRODE AT WHICH SURFACE GAS IS GENERATED BY BATTERY ACTION: A SUPPORTING SURFACE ENCIRCLING SAID ELECTRODE CONTACTING SURFACE, AN ELECTRODE STRUCTURE INCLUDING A SECOND ELECTRODE, AND A RESILIENT DEVICE URGING SAID LATTER ELECTRODE INTO ELECTROLYTIC CONTACT WITH SAID ELECTROLYTE SURFACE AND URGING SAID ELECTRODE STRUCTURE INTO SEALING ENGAGEMENT WITH SAID SUPPORTING SURFACE FOR RELIEVING INTERNAL PRESSURE WITHIN SAID BATTERY BY PROVIDING A UTOMATIC RELIEF VALVE ACTION BETWEEN SAID ELECTRODE STRUCTURE AND SAID SUPPORTING SURFACE.

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