US2547560A

US2547560A - Cup-shaped valve closure for combustion chambers

Info

Publication number: US2547560A
Application number: US750233A
Authority: US
Inventors: Brodzinsky Jacob
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1947-05-24
Filing date: 1947-05-24
Publication date: 1951-04-03
Anticipated expiration: 1968-04-03

Description

4 Sheets-Sheet 1 J. BRODZINSKY CUP-SHAPED VALVE CLOSURE FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS INVENTOR. (5 BY W Arm/mus April 3, 1951 Filed May 24, 1947 April 3, 1951. J. BRODZINSKY 2,547,550

CUP-SHAPED VALVE CLOSURE FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS Filed May 24, 1947 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 JN VEN TOR.

ATTOR/VE Y5- April 3, 1951 J. BRODZINSKY 4 Shecs-Sheet 3 Filed May 24, 1947 M ATTO/F/VEKS'.

April 3, 1951 J. BRODZINSKY 2,547,560

CUP-SHAPED VALVE CLOSURE FORCOMBUSTION CHAMBERS Filed May 24, 1947 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 Patented Apr. 3, 1951 CUP-SHAPED VALVE c osURE FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS Jacob Brodzinsky, Buffalo, N. Y.

Application May 24,- 1947, Serial No. 750,233

(Cl. (P-44) 5 Claims, 1

This invention relates to an internal combustion engine which is operated by the explosion of a fluid explosive fuel,

Investigation heretofore of explosive solid materials has shown that when a solid mass of explosive: fuel is put in the shape of a cup and ignited, that the pressure of the same will be exerted radially inward toward the hollow side of the mass and discharged from the open end thereof and develop a pressure which is much gi-reater than if the mass of fuel is ignited without having a cavity in one end of the mass.

fit is therefore the object of this invention to utilize this principle of action of an exploding mass of fluid fuel which has been presha'ped into the form of a hollow cup shaped body and either compressed or non-compressed.

Although various means may be employed which embody this invention several forms of the same are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

In these drawings;

Fig. l is a diagrammatic longitudinal section showin an internal combustion engine organized to operate, and utilize fluid fuel in accordance with this invention.

Fig- 2 is a vertical cross. section of the same taken on line 2-2, Fig. 1,;

Fig. 3. is a fragmentary vertical section, on an enlarged scale, of a form of this invention which includes one of the fuel explosion chamhers, a fuel supply mechanism, an ignition mechanism and means whereby the-body of fuel is formed into a cup shaped mass preparatory to being exploded and discharged-fromthe cham ber for power producing purposes, the several parts in this figure being shown in the position which they occupy while fluid fuel is being delivered into the explosion chamber and the outlet of the latter is closed by a; closure Which causes the fluid fuel to assume a cup shaped. mass preparatory to being ignited and discharged from theexplosion chamber.

ig. 4 is. a i s m ar to 3 but showin Fig. 4; and showing the mechanism whereby the and the circuit of closure for the outlet of the explosion chamber the ignition mechanism are controlled.

Fig. '7 is a plan view of part of the mechanism which controls the valve for admitting explosive fluid fuel to the explosion chamber, this view being taken from line 1--'-7, Fig. 4.

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary vertical section similar to Figs. 3 and 4 and showin a modified form of closure mechanism for the outlet of the ex-- plosion chamber.

Fig. 9- is', a horizontal section taken on line 9-43, Fig. 8.

Fig. 10 is another fragmentary vertical view similar to Figs. 3 and 4 and showing another construction closure for the explosion chamber embodying this invention.

Fig. 11 is a horizontal section taken on line H--l I, Fig. 10.

Fig. 12 is a fragmentary vertical section similar to Fig. 1-0 showing astill further modification embodying this invention.

Fig. 13 is a horizontal section taken on the correspondingly numbered line in Fig. 12.

In the following description similar characters of reference indicate like parts of the several figures of the drawings:

Referring to Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 the numeral 20 represents the firing or explosion chamber" of the engine in which the mass of explosive fuel is placed and caused to assume a cup shaped form under pressure. may be variously constructed the same preferably has a substantially cylindrical side wall or body l9 and a head 2| at-its outer end which is per gas, artificial gas, explosive powder or any other form of fuel which is substantially fluid and of a free flowing character. Various means may be provided for supplying this fuel and delivering the same into the explosion chamber under,

pressure, for example, a rotary pump 22 having its inletconnected with a source of fuel supply and its outlet connected with the inlet port 23 adapted to open into the explosion chamber through one of its fixed walls. A tmed valve .mechanism is provided which controls the ad- Although this chamber mission of the fuel into the explosion chamber, which mechanism may be variously constructed, but, as shown in Figs. 1, 3, 4 and '7 may be constructed as follows:

The numeral 24 represents a valve plug which is arranged within the explosion chamber and movable toward and from a valve seat 25 around the inner end of the fuel inlet port 23. This valve plug is provided with a valve stem 26 which projects outwardly from the valve plug through the port 23 and a guideway 21 on the adjacent part of the fixed wall of the explosion chamber to the exterior thereof. This valve plug is yieldingly held in its cross position by means of a Spring 28 surrounding the outer end of the valve stem 26 and bearing at its inner and outer ends, respectively, against the guideway 21 and a collar or shoulder 29 at the outer end of the valve stem. Opening of the valve plug is effected by means of a rotatable cam 30 which engages with the collar of the valve stem and is mounted on a rotatable shaft 3| which is journaled in a bearing 32 supported upon the adjacent part of the fixed wall of the explosion chamber. Rotation of the cam 36 and its shaft may be effected by means-of an operating shaft 33 which is journaled in bearings 34 on the fixed wall of the explosion chamber and operatively connected with the valve shaft 3| by means of meshing bevelled gears 35,- 36.

Ignition of the charge of fuel in the explosion chamber may be effected by various means such for example as a spark plug secured to the fixed wall of the explosion chamber and provided within the latter with a pair of

terminals

49, 41 separated by a gap across which an electric jump spark is formed upon closing an electric circuit containing these terminals. The numeral 39 represents the electric source from which the current'is derived which produces the spark between the terminals of the spark plug. The circuit of this electric source and the spark plug terminals is opened and closed by means of a circuit make and break mechanism which in the resent case includes afiexible movable switch contact Sl connected'with one side of the-circuit, a stationary contact 38 connected with the other side of this circuit, and a trip cam 32 mounted on the shaft 33 and adapted during each rotation to press the movable switch contact 4i against the stationary contact 49 for closing this circuit and then releasing the movable contact so as to again break this circuit.

--The closure which controls the outlet of the explosion chamber and which in its closed position operates to confine the exploding mass of fuel within this chamber in the form of a cup and which upon being opened permits the exploding fuel to escape from this chamber and press against a power transmitting element may bevariously constructed but the particular form of this closure which is shown in Figs. 1, 3, 4 and 5 is constructed as follows:

Thenumerallis represents a coil shaped memher which is wound into the form of a spiral about an axis arranged lengthwise in the center of the explosion chamberand preferably in such manner-that this coil is of conical form the large end of which is at the inner end of this coil while the small end thereof is in the outer end of the same. Upon contracting this coil so that the convolutions or turns thereof engage each other, the same in effect produce a gastight head, wall orgate which closes the inner end of the explosion chambenwhile upon expandingthiscoil so 4 that the convolutions or turns thereof are separated from one another then a spiral opening or passage will be formed between the several turns of the coil which provide a passage through which the exploded gases in the chamber are permitted to escape therefrom through the outlet of the latter. When the coil is contracted or collapsed within the inner part of the explosion chamber the fuel receiving space within the same has the form of a circular cap the side of which is formed by the side wall [9 of the explosion chamber, the outer closed end of this space is formed by the rigid or fixed outer head 2| of the chamber and the cavity at the inner end of this space is formed by the conical head or gate. The inner large end of the conical coil is secured to the side wall of the explosion chamber and the small end of this coil is movable inwardly toward the large end thereof. Opening of the spiral slit or passage between the several parts of the coil is effected by moving the small end of the coil outwardly and axi'allyrelative to the large end thereof.

Various means may be provided for supporting the large end of the coil on the side wall of the exploding chamber but this may be accomplished by securing the lowermost turn of the coil shaped head member to a ring 44 and fastening the latter in the bore of the explosipn chamber by means of screws 45 one of which is shown in Figs. 3 and 4.

The outward or expanding movement of the coil for separating the turns thereof may be effected by means of an operating rod 46 which moves axially through a guideway '31 in the upper fixed head of the explosion chamber and has its inner end secured to the small end of the conical coil, a spring 48 surrounding the outer part of the operating rod and bearing at its inner end against the outer side of the guide 16 while its outer end bears against a shoulder or collar 49 on the outer end of this stem. When the operating rod is free, it is moved outwardlyby means of the spring 48 and the latterstretches or separates the several turns of the spiral head so as to produce the spiral outlet passage between the same. The several turns of the spiral head member are contracted by moving the same inwardly relative to one another until they are in firm engagement and practically form a tight head, this being preferably accomplished by means of a cam 50 mounted on the operating shaft 33 and engaging with the outer end of the collar 49. The peripheral face of this cam is generally of snail shape and provided with a sharp drop from its highest or salient part 5! to its lowest or receding part 52 so that this cam during each rotation will cause the spiral gate member 23 to be first.

compressed and held in its closed position a suflicient length of time to permit a charge of explosive fuel to be introduced into the explosion chamber and then permit this coil member to plosion chamber andwhen a sufiicien't charge .of

t ia ha b en i tr duc i to this ham er the valve plug 24 will be closed and the spark pro-. d ed it er s mu a eou l with heoren ns of the coil shaped gate or slightly in advance or behind such opening movement depending upon the characterof the fuel which is used and the d g ee oi pr s u e wh h i i de d to mose on he mpact o th s em nt whi h receives the pressure of the exploding stream of fuel.

s th ch rge 11 1 s om ed nd @91 fined within the uel space between the side wall and fixed head of the explosion chamber and the inner movablegate thereof, the same has the form of a c ip which is closed at its side and'outer end while its inner end is provided with a cavity extending from the inneror front end of this mass toward the outer end thereof.

When this mass of compressed fuel is ignited and the movable gate of the explosion chamber is opened the pressure resulting from the explodingmass of fuel is directed radially inwardly to.- ward the longitudinal'central axis of this mass and forwardly through the outlet of the explosion chamber, the movable gate of which at-this time is open, thereby producing a gaseous stream the pressure of which is concentrated and produces a greater working effect on the transmitting element and enables a greater amount of power to be derived from a given amount of fuel compared with the method heretofore em: ployed for utilizing vaporous or gaseous fuel.

Although the thrust or impact means which receive the force of the exploding stream of fuel may be varied, the particular means for this purpose which are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are constructed as follows:

The numeral 53 represents a circular pressure chamber into a peripheral part thereof the outlet of the respective explosion chamber opens tangentially. Within this pressure chamber is arranged a rotary power impact or thrust wheel which preferably comprises a cylindrical body or hub 54 which rotates about an axis extending centrally through the pressure chamber and at right angles to the axis of the explosion chamber, and a plurality of blades, wings or vanes arranged in an annular row on the periphery of the hub and projecting outwardly therefrom close to the peripheral parts of the pressure chamber.

As the stream of gas resulting from the explodthe same strikes the adjacent wings of the rotary impact wheel in succession and turns the same about its axis and after the force of this stream has spent itself the dead gases escape from the several pockets between its blades through a plurality of exhaust openings 55, which are formed tangentially in the peripheral part of the pressurechamber at a distance from the outlet 0 the respective explosion chamber. The power developed by the impact of the exploding gases against the blades of the impact wheel may be transmitted from the latter to the place where the power is to be utilized in any suitable manner, this being accomplished in the present instance by mounting the impact or power wheel on a shaft El which is journaled in bearings 53 on the side walls of the pressure chamber and is adapted to be connected externally of this casing or chamber by belting or any other suitable gearing with the mechanism which is to be driven. For the purpose of utilizing the rotary impact or power wheel to greater advantage and obtainns g eat r amount r w o ne en in a plurality of fuel supplying, igniting and controlling units may be employed of the general directed "against theblades' of the impact wheelon diiiferent parts of the circumference. For example, as shown in Fig. 1, two of such units are arranged on diametrically opposite sides of the impact wheel and the pressure chamber so that the impact wheel will receive at least two thrusts of the exploding fuel during each rotation from the wheel, but if desired a greater movement of power producing units may be employed around the periphery of the impact wheel and it's pressure chamber, this being particularly advantageous when the diameter of the impact wheel and the pressure chamber are comparatively large. It is therefore possible toconstruct engines of various sizes and capacity in accordance with the amount of power desired.

Although the motion for operation of each fuel supplying, igniting and controlling unit may be derived from any suitable source it is preferable, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 to take the motion for this purpose from the shaft 5'? of the impact wheel and transmit the same to each operating shaft 33 by a transmission mechanism which comprises an upright main shaft iii which is journaled by means of suitable bearings 59 on'the adjacent part of the pressure chamber wall and having its central part operatively connected by means of intermeshing bevelled gear wheels Gil, S! with the power shaft, and transverse intermediate shafts 52 journaled in bearings 53 on opposite sides of the pressure chamber and eachof these intermediate shafts be.- ing connected with the adjacent end of the main shaft 1!} by intermeshing gear wheels t l, 55 and each of these intermediate shafts being also connected by intermeshing bevelled gear wheels 56, t! with the adjacent operating shaft 33.

Instead of constructing the outlet gate of the explosion chamber in the form of a spiral member which is contracted and expanded for the purpose of closing and opening this gate, the same maybe constructed so as to include a plurality of inclined plates or leaves 68 which are adapted to fold and unfold relative to each other. As there shown, a plurality of such plates are arranged in an annular row within the inner part of the explosion chamber and each of these plates is of inwardly tapering form and adapted to engage its longitudinal edges with the corresponding edges of adjacent plates and thereby form an inwardly tapering conical gate within the explosion chamber.

The large inner ends of these plates are pivoted on the side of the explosion chamber by means which may consist of a cylindrical knuckle 69 formed on the large end of the closure plate and seated in a groove shaped bearing which is formed between two rings H, 12 mounted on other at their longitudinal edges and also bear 7 against the periphery of the operating rod 13 the same form the inner conical side of an explosion chamber which is adapted to hold a body of explosive fuel that has the form of a cap, similar to that formed by the construction shown in Figs. 1, 3 and 4.

While the closure plates or leaves 68 are in their folded position and form a gate which closes the inner end of the explosion chamber fluid fuel is delivered into the same through the inlet port 23 in the fixed wall of the explosion chamber, which port is opened at this time by the valve plug 24. After the desired quantity of fuel has been introduced under pressure into the explosion chamber the fuel is ignited by the terminals 40, 4| of the spark plug and the closure plates 68 are unfolded or separated so as to form slits or passages between the same and thus provide an opening whereby the exploding fuel is permitted to pass from the explosion chamber through the outlet of the same. When this mass of fuel is exploded the pressure exerted by the same is directed radially inwardly toward the axis of the mass of fuel and then longitudinally out through the unconfined end of the mass of fuel and directed against the im- The construction of the means for causing the closure plates 68 to fold and unfold, comprise an inner opening ring 74 engaging with the inner sides of the several closure plates and connected by arms 15 with the inner end of the operating rod 13 and an outer closing ring '16 engaging with the outer side of the several closure plates and connected by arms 11 with a sleeve 18 on the adjacent part of the operating rod 13. The latter slides in a guide sleeve 19 in the fixed head of the explosion chamber and has its outer end operatively connected with any suitable means whereby the same is reciprocated. Upon moving the operating rod and its inner and outer fixed rings inwardly the several closure plates 68 are caused to move radially inward and engage each other at their longitudinal edges and also engage the narrow inner ends thereof with the periphery of the operating rod so as to form a tight closure or gate across the inner end of the explosion chamber and thereby produce a space which has substantially the form of cylinder the side and outer end of which are closed and the inner end of which has the form of a cavity. Upon moving the operating rod outwardly the several closure plates 58 are moved radially outward relative to the axis of the ex plosion chamber and thus liberate the exploding fuel and permit the same to exert its pressure against an impact member which may be of the character shown in Figs. 1 and 2 or of any other suitable character.

In the modified form of this invention shown in Figs. and 11 the closure gate or head for the inner end of the explosion chamber comprises an inner conical dome 86 which is arranged in the explosion chamber and tapers outwardly from a ring 8! secured to the adjacent inner part of the fixed side wall of the explosion chamber and an outer cone shaped cap 82 which surrounds this dome and has its outer end connected with an operating rod 83 extending through a bearing 85 in a fixed head 2| of the explosion chamber. This dome is provided with a plurality of longitudinal slits 85 and the cap is provided with a plurality of longitudinal slits 85. Upon tightly engaging the cap with the dome and moving the cap so that its slits are out of register to the slits in the dome, as shown in Figs. 10 and 11 communication between the slits of the dome and the slits of the cap will be cut off and thus produce a gastight gate or head for the inner end of the explosion chamber which permits of accumulating a charge of explosive medium in the explosion chamber. Upon moving the cap so that communication is established between the slits of the cap and the dome then the exploding mass of fuel in the explosion chamber is permitted to escape therefrom upon being ignited and produce a pressure which is exerted radially inward relative to the axis of the cup shaped mass of fuel and longitudinally outward relative to the cavity on the inner end of the same in a manner corresponding to the operation previously described with reference to the mechanism shown in Figs. 1-9.

Communication between the slits of the dome and the cap may be effected either by rotating the cap relative to the dome so that their corresponding slits are in register with one another or the cap may be simply lifted or moved outwardly relative to the dome so that the slits of the dome and cap are placed in communication by the annular space between the dome and cap at this time.

In the modified form of this invention shown in Figs. 12 and 13 the dome 81 is of cylindrical form and provided in its side wall or body with a plurality of outlet openings 88 and in its crown with a plurality of outlet openings 89 and the cap 90 is also of cylindrical form and provided in its side or skirt with a plurality of openings 9| which are adapted to be moved into and out of register with the side openings of the dome. The crown of this cap is provided with a plurality of outlet openings 92 which are adapted to be moved into and out of register with the corresponding outlet openings 89 in the crown of the dome. This cylindrical cap is capable of rotating on the dome so that in one position of the cap its outlet openings are out of register with the outlet openings of the dome and thereby form a gastight gate, partition or closure for the inner end of the explosion chamber but when this cylindrical cap is turned in such as position that its outlet openings are in register with the outlet openings of the cylindrical dome then the exploding mass of fuel in the explosion chamber is permitted to escape therefrom and exert pressure upon the power receiving element in the manner previously described with reference to Figs. 1-11. Rotation of the cap 98 may be effected by means of a shaft 93 journaled in a bearing 94 on the fixed head 2| of the explosion chamber and connected at its imier end with the crown of the cylindrical cap while its outer end is provided with a pulley 95 adapted to receive a belt of some actuating mechanism.

The operation of the construction shown in Figs. 12 and 13 is substantially the same as that heretofore described with reference to the conical dome and cap and when closed serve as a tight gate or wall for the inner end of the explosion chamber to form a charge of fuel which is delivered into the same under pressure which is of cup shape and has its hollow side facing the outlet of the explosion chamber while the side and opposite end of this mass of fuel are confined by the adjacent fixed side and outer head of the explosion chamber, whereby upon igniting this mass of fuel and opening the outlet passages provided by the perforated dome and cap the pressure exerted by this exploding fuel will be directed radially inward-toward the center of the cavity in this mass of fuel and then longitudinally outward from the open side of this cavity, thereby obtaining the advantageous results heretofore described.

' Although the foregoing description states that the combustible gas or vapor which is used as fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber under pressure, this pressure is merely to facilitate the passage of such fuel into the chamber in a comparatively short period of time and to provide a greater mass of fuel for each cycle. The final effect of concentration of the total available power in a body of explosive substance in a direction longitudinally along the central axis of the conical, or similarly-shaped cavity, and away from it, has no relation to the application of pressure to the fuel. The confinement of the gas or fuel vapor in a chamber such as has been described has, as its primary object, the conformation of such a combustible mass in a cylindrical, or similar shape, with a conical or similar cavity at one end, such a shaped mass, irrespective of confining walls, resulting in an explosion in which the total power of the exploding mass is expended principally or wholly along the longitudinal axis of the cavity, and away from it.

I claim:

1. An internal combustion engine, comprising an explosion chamber, means feeding an explosive fluid charge into said explosion chamber, said explosion chamber having a closed outer side wall and a closed outer end wall and having its end opposite said outer end wall adapted to be opened and closed, a cup-shaped closure provided with interstices to render it pervious and fitted in said opposite end of said chamber, means arranged to open and close said interstices of said pervious closure, said cup-shaped pervious closure being shaped to form a concavity in the corresponding side of said fluid charge which extends toward the center of said charge and said concavity being of sufficient depth and its walls of such spacing as to focus the lines of force on explosive expansion of the fluid charge through said interstices into said concavity to project a concentrated beam-like jet from said concavity, a

relatively movable reactor in line with said beamlike jet, and means synchronized with said interstice opening and closing means and arranged to detonate said explosive charge.

2. An engine, comprising a combustion chamber, means feeding an expansible fluid charge into said combustion chamber, said combustion chamber having a closed outer side wall, outer end wall and having its end opposite said outer end wall adapted to be opened and closed, a plurality of inclined plates arranged in an annular row within and around the axis of said chain-- ber, a pivot supporting each of said plates at said opposite end of said combustion chamber for movement relative to one another to form impervious cup-shaped closure for said opposite end of said combustion chamber on movement toward one another, and means arranged to move said plates toward one another to so form said impervious cup-shaped closure for. said opposite end of said combustion chamber and to move said plates away from one another to render said cup-shaped closure pervious, said cup shaped closure being shaped to form a concavity in the corresponding side of said fluid charge which extends toward the center of said charge and said concavity being of sufficient depth and 7.10. its walls of such spacing as to focus the lines of force on expansion of the fluid charge through said pervious cup-shaped closure into said concavity to project a beam-like jet from said concavity.

3. An engine, comprising a combustion chamber, means feeding an expansible ii id charge into said combustion chamber, said combustion chamber having a closed outer side wall, a closed outer end wall and having its end opposite said outer end wall adapted to be opened and closed, a plurality of inclined plates arranged in an annular row within and around the axis of said 1 chamber, a pivot supporting each of said plates at said opposite end of said combustion chamber for movement relative to one another to form an impervious cup-shaped closure for said opposite end of said combustion chamber on movement toward one another, means arranged to move said plates toward one another to so form said impervious cup-shaped closure for said opposite end of said combustion chamber and to move said plates away from one another to render said cup-shaped closure pervious, said cup shaped closure being shaped to form a concavity in the corresponding side of said fluid charge which extends toward the center of said charge and said concavity being of sufficient depth and its walls of such spacing as to focus the lines of force on expansion of the fluid charge through said pervious cup-shaped closure into said concavity to project a beam-like jet from said concavity, and a relatively movable reactor arranged in line with said beam-like jet.

4. An engine, comprising a combustion chamber, means feeding an expansible fluid charge into said combustion chamber, said combustion chamber having a closed outer side wall, a closed outer end wall and having its end opposite said outer end Wall adapted. to be opened and closed, a plurality of inclined plates arranged in an annular row within, and around the axis of said chamber, a pivot supporting each of said plates at said opposite end of said combustion chamber for movement relative to one another to form an impervious cup-shaped closure for said opposite end of said combustion chamber on movement toward one another, a ring embracing said plates andarranged to engage and move said plates toward one another to so form said impervious cup-shaped closure for said opposite end of said combustion chamber, a ring arranged on the opposite side of said plate from said first ring and arranged to engage and move said plates away from one another to render said cup-shaped closure pervious, means for moving said rings in unison to render them alternately effective, said cup-shaped closure being shaped to form a concavity in the corresponding side of said fluid charge which extends towards the center of said charge and said concavity being of sufficient depth and its walls of such spacing as to focus the lines of force on expansion of said fluid charge through said pervious cumshaped closure into said concavity to project a beam-like jet from said concavity, and a relatively movable reactor arranged in line with said beam-like jet.

5. An engine, comprising a chamber in a ..lCh expansion takes place, means feeding an expansihle fluid charge into sa d chamber, said chamber having a closed outer side wall, a closed outer end wall and having its end opposite said. outer end wall adapted to be opened and closed. a cup shaped dome arranged in chamber and having its rim secured to opposite end thereof and having a plurality of openings, a cap fitted against said dome and having a plurality of openings adapted to be brought into and out of register with said dome, and means for moving said cap relative to said dome to bring the openings thereof out of register to form an impervious cup-shaped closure and to bring the openings thereof into register to render said cup-shaped closure pervious, said cup-shaped closure being shaped to form a concavity in the corresponding side of said fluid charge which extends toward the center of said charge and said concavity being of suflicient depth and its walls of such spacing as to focus the lines of force on expansion of the fluid charge through said pervious cupsnaped closure into said concavity to project a beam-like jet from said concavity.

JACOB BRODZINSKY.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent: