US2506749A - X-ray sensitive screen - Google Patents
X-ray sensitive screen Download PDFInfo
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- US2506749A US2506749A US29607A US2960748A US2506749A US 2506749 A US2506749 A US 2506749A US 29607 A US29607 A US 29607A US 2960748 A US2960748 A US 2960748A US 2506749 A US2506749 A US 2506749A
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- radiation
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- violet
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K4/00—Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of X-rays or particle radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
- Y10S430/167—X-ray
Definitions
- This invention relates to the use of non- Theepresentiinventioni.involves, vonthe. other photographic chemical materials inthe-detecting hand not aprocess for. altering the rate of the and.recordingzof highafrequency radiation, .suchemission oiabsorbederadiant energy, but rather; Y- and sam-maray radiation, and-their. for permanentlyaltering thephysicallnature of.
- the present imventionh consists gin t progess exhibit to val'ying'idegrees' true ottreating,certain.pl'iospl ior materials with hishphorescence or afterrglowin-ieither the visible :on; frequency, radiation havingmazwavefl length invisible: ranger.
- any: kind-1* nique-zembodying its' usage in: which: ultra-violet is oneaffctingoniy-the rate ofluminescent de responsivity is created by treatment with X cay f rays: W1'aetheror:*-not a; material: is-original y luminescent or non-luminescent under ultraviolet radiation may depend on the wavelength of said radiation.
- ultra-violet is oneaffctingoniy-the rate ofluminescent de responsivity is created by treatment with X cay f rays: W1'aetheror:*-not a
- material is-original y luminescent or non-luminescent under ultraviolet radiation may depend on the wavelength of said radiation.
- a phosphor material which is normally luminescent (in the visible range) under a given ultra-violet radiation is reduced in the intensity of its luminescence upon being irradiated by high-frequency radiation having a wave length between 0.001 A. and 500 A said reduction being proportional to the quantity of radiant energy reaching the phosphor material.
- the invention constitutes a means of making negative radiographic images (shadowgraphs) or diffraction patterns of an opaque object.
- An advantage of the invention is that a permanent record of the image or pattern is made without the employment of photographic means.
- the image or pattern, resulting from a permanent change in the nature of the phosphor material, is not susceptible to dissipation with time, temperature (except possibly at high levels), or to continued application of the ultra-violet radiation.
- the phosphor material used in a preferred embodiment of this invention is a solid solution of salts of lead. and manganese and at least one other salt wherein the Pb++-Mn++ combination constitutes the activator ingredient.
- phosphors containing other activators for example, Sn++, may be used.
- This phosphor material may be prepared by fusion together of the respective components and subsequent solidification, or by precipitation from a concentrated aqueous solution of said components. In the preparation of the lead-containing phosphors the precipitation method is preferred since volatilize.- tion may occur during fusion.
- the relative quantities are not critical, only a small amount of the active ion or ion combination being required to make a phosphor luminescent under ultraviolet radiation.
- the solid solution is ground mechanically (if prepared by fusion) to a particle size in the order of 200-300 mesh and applied to a suitable backing material to form a phosphor screen.
- a phosphor material is prepared by fusion or precipitation of a mixture of one part lead chloride, one part manganese chloride and fifty parts sodium chloride. The material is then ground and mounted on a suitable backing material. If it is now examined under ultra-violet radiation, for example 2537 A it will be seen that the material luminesces brightly emitting visible light. This particular radiation is desirable since it is conveniently produced (by germicidal lamps) and creates a strong luminescence in this phosphor.
- the screen is then placed in the film position I in a radiographic assembly, Fig. 1, arranged for example, to X-ray a steel flange 2, and a high frequency radiation 3 such as from a tungsten target 1 operating at 30 kv. (0.5-1.0 A.) is directed toward and through the flange.
- a high frequency radiation 3 such as from a tungsten target 1 operating at 30 kv. (0.5-1.0 A.) is directed toward and through the flange.
- Fig. 2 under ultra-violet radiation IU of wave length 2537 A. and it is observed that the screen H has lost much of its luminescence and now is quite dark over the directly exposed areas.
- the loss of luminescence is proportional to the intensity of the X-irradiation reaching the screen.
- the practical value of such a technique lies in showing up differences in density in the X-rayed object, such as result from internal defects, rather than differences in thickmess.
- a phosphor screen having an X-ray sensitive, fluorescent responsivity to a given ultraviolet radiation consisting essentially of one part each of a lead salt and a manganese salt and fifty parts of sodium chloride, ultra-violet radiation means providing said radiation, and high-frequency radiation means providing radiation having a wave length within the range of 0.001 A. to 500 A.
- ultra-violet radiation means providing a radiation having a wave length between 2400 A. and 3000 5.
- high-frequency radiation means providing radiation having a wave length within the range of 0.001 A. to 500A.
- the method of evaluating the intensity of a high-frequency radiation of wave-length between 0.001 A. and 590 A. comprising, irradiating a quantity of phosphor material consisting essentially of one part each of a. solid solution of a lead salt and a manganese salt and fifty parts of sodium chloride with an ultra-violet radiation having a wave-length from 2400 A. to 3000 A. to produce a given fluorescent response, irradiating a quantity of said phosphor material with said high-frequency radiation, and irradiating said irradiated quantity of phosphor material with said ultra-violet radiation to produce a different fluorescent response, the difference in the respective fluorescent responses being an evaluation of the intensity of the high-frequency radiation.
- the method of preparing an image of a pattern of high-frequency radiation having a wavelength between 0.001 A. and 500 A comprising, forming a permanent, invisible image of said pattern on an ultra-violet responsive, X-ray sensitive phosphor screen comprising essentially one part each of a solid solution of a lead salt and a manganese salt and fifty parts of sodium chloride mounted on a suitable backing material, by exposing said screen to said pattern, and forming a fluorescent, visible, negative image of said pattern by exposing said exposed phosphor screen to ultra-violet radiation having a Wave-length between 2400A. and 3000 A.
Description
May 9, 1950 J. H. SCHULMAN ET AL 2,506,749
X-RAY SENSITIVE SCREEN Filed May 27, 1948 JNVENTORS JAMES H. SCHULMAN LYLE W. EVANS BY ROBERT GINT ATTORNEY Patented May 9, 1950 UNITED STATES eerie E51 X-RAY SENSIHVE SCREEN" J'amevH. Scli'uhnan; Washington, D; (1;, LyleLWJ.
E'vans; Emporium; Pa., and Robert Ginth'err" Washington, DIG.
Application-May 27, 1948; Seria'LNm: 29;60-7
7"Claims; (31'. 250 -71) (Granted... under. the act oti March: 3, .1883;:,ast.-
amemledApril 30,. 1928; 370%} 757-) This invention relates to the use of non- Theepresentiinventioni.involves, vonthe. other photographic chemical materials inthe-detecting hand not aprocess for. altering the rate of the and.recordingzof highafrequency radiation, .suchemission oiabsorbederadiant energy, but rather; Y- and sam-maray radiation, and-their. for permanentlyaltering thephysicallnature of.
applications:torradiography. and diffractiom thehaffected materialsltorwhichwe.shallapply, Certain materials, generically referred. to. as broadly, the term phosphors) by means ofone: phosphors, have been widely used ,forithis pmtype.,.of.radiation in isucha way. that their charposerin X-ray'workr.inconjnnctionrwithphotoacteristics undercertain, other radiations are graphic plates-or film. clearly altered'e.
Inithislatt riana y th ymit a tinicradh 19 Itiisithe. general. object. of this-invention to. ation asa; directv resultrof. simply being. -irradi=- rovideavmethodifor. detectingiby means of one" ed with f y and e y augment the. type of radiation the-permanent changes brought. photochemical.-. reduction brought about as b t. inmcertainm phosphon materials by means" primariiy a functionofthe. Xerays. Thusetheyf, nother.typeioilradiation, act as intensifiersf? in; that they reduce the: Another object is to provide a method of: amoun f X-r r n r y;- r ir f r a q permanently. aifecting. certain materials. by X film blac eninaand ns q n y th r qu s ray or. gamrnaray radiation so that the effect. exposure time lfiubeeu'rr-ent i It il d can atiany later... time. be..detected by subsequent u that the phenomenon h r involved is-p..r0n-= ultra=vio1et radiation-treatment. r y fi s rather" 111131! 20 It is the particular. object of the invention to phosphorescence even though the. radiation. provide. a. new and, improved, radiographic or emitted isnot=necessarily visible. Thiszis becauses diffraction technique wherein certain the luminescence.." (broadyusage) continuessoniy phgtographic ,phosphon material is permanently during-theperiod of exposureyto:X-rayswhereas: affected; by X-ray; or. gamma. ray, radiation; phosphorescence is: a; phenomenon: operative; differentially, according tcrthejntensity of the: afterthepl'imalyxradiationhas ceased; transmittedmr.diffiractedabeam so flas-to form a An th r pl of: a ph sph is; the shadow-graph (radiographic image); or. dif-' fluoroscopic screen? which-is 'madenof' at-closely? fraction;pattern on the aflected phosphgr related luminescent: material differing": only in? terial, andzsubsequently irradiatingsaid material; that its emits radiation falling within the=visible 39 with. umwviolet 7 radiation t bring t aid.
range of :thespeetrum; and thusdoesaway with shadowgmphw or tte negativdyp through need a? Photographic" Operation when visible fiuorescence...oi; then-unaffected portion. of observation is desired: the,
Some phosphor. materiaisafter; treatment :with; The present imventionhconsists gin t progess exhibit to val'ying'idegrees' true ottreating,certain.pl'iospl ior materials with hishphorescence or afterrglowin-ieither the visible :on; frequency, radiation havingmazwavefl length invisible: ranger. Recentlyphosphorsrhaveebeeni tween (L001 A and 500 A such as X mys ongam? developedinirwhich.the:aiterg1ow. (Whiehr-hapr manmysf and therebyfdecreasmgntheirvlumines cence under:subsequentradiation treatment-,with.
i iv i 'dvmateriais -be peratures. The. radiation. rate. of. these. phoszfbgwen'ultm 9 radian)?! Sal W phors is increased lby-raising the temperature mg stmligly lumutescent F t vlslbledange and also by subjecting we; material to inf??? under said;- u1 tra-.-v 1o1et;. radiation: priorto exred-radiation posure to. said. high-frequency. radiation, in Thus it is seen that the prior art of" phosphor" o-ther'words,theiprocessof destmy-mgi some materials is limitedtd cases: where" the lumi' nescence is" a' direct I6SU'1U'OfTth6 primarvirrad ation, whether said"luininescencebeconcurrent ri inally visibly fluorescent under. the parwith' (fluorescent) or'subsequent'to' (phosphores tiwlal'f ultmwlolet Tadlatloni cent) said irradiation. In other" words the 0 Our: J -pending: app a fln; la phenomenon of" luminescencefo11ovvs= immedi 2 9L606; filed of evenxdatevherewith; wehave disatel-y and necessarily"asaresult of "the or-iginair' closedxa type of; phosphor material and-=awtech--- the? ultra-violetluminescent responsivity by" means: of X-rays: In all. cases the-"material is excitation, andj. further treatment of any: kind-1* nique-zembodying its' usage, in: which: ultra-violet is oneaffctingoniy-the rate ofluminescent de responsivity is created by treatment with X cay f rays: W1'aetheror:*-not a; material: is-original y luminescent or non-luminescent under ultraviolet radiation may depend on the wavelength of said radiation. Thus, it is necessary to know the effect of a particular ultra-violet radiation on a particular phosphor prior to its exposure to X-irradiation, and to bring out the efiect of said irradiation with the same ultra-violet radiation after exposure. Although there is probably for every phosphor an optimum ultra-violet wavelength at which the intensity of contrast is a maximum, any radiation under which an appropriate phosphor is originally luminescent (as in this application) or non-luminescent (as in our co-pending application) is operative.
In this invention a phosphor material which is normally luminescent (in the visible range) under a given ultra-violet radiation is reduced in the intensity of its luminescence upon being irradiated by high-frequency radiation having a wave length between 0.001 A. and 500 A said reduction being proportional to the quantity of radiant energy reaching the phosphor material. Thus the invention constitutes a means of making negative radiographic images (shadowgraphs) or diffraction patterns of an opaque object.
An advantage of the invention is that a permanent record of the image or pattern is made without the employment of photographic means. The image or pattern, resulting from a permanent change in the nature of the phosphor material, is not susceptible to dissipation with time, temperature (except possibly at high levels), or to continued application of the ultra-violet radiation.
The phosphor material used in a preferred embodiment of this invention is a solid solution of salts of lead. and manganese and at least one other salt wherein the Pb++-Mn++ combination constitutes the activator ingredient. However, phosphors containing other activators, for example, Sn++, may be used. This phosphor material may be prepared by fusion together of the respective components and subsequent solidification, or by precipitation from a concentrated aqueous solution of said components. In the preparation of the lead-containing phosphors the precipitation method is preferred since volatilize.- tion may occur during fusion. The relative quantities are not critical, only a small amount of the active ion or ion combination being required to make a phosphor luminescent under ultraviolet radiation. The solid solution is ground mechanically (if prepared by fusion) to a particle size in the order of 200-300 mesh and applied to a suitable backing material to form a phosphor screen.
As an illustration of one way in which the process may be carried out the accompanying drawings are shown and the following procedure described:
A phosphor material is prepared by fusion or precipitation of a mixture of one part lead chloride, one part manganese chloride and fifty parts sodium chloride. The material is then ground and mounted on a suitable backing material. If it is now examined under ultra-violet radiation, for example 2537 A it will be seen that the material luminesces brightly emitting visible light. This particular radiation is desirable since it is conveniently produced (by germicidal lamps) and creates a strong luminescence in this phosphor.
The screen is then placed in the film position I in a radiographic assembly, Fig. 1, arranged for example, to X-ray a steel flange 2, and a high frequency radiation 3 such as from a tungsten target 1 operating at 30 kv. (0.5-1.0 A.) is directed toward and through the flange. After exposure the phosphor screen is again examined, Fig. 2, under ultra-violet radiation IU of wave length 2537 A. and it is observed that the screen H has lost much of its luminescence and now is quite dark over the directly exposed areas. Furthermore, the loss of luminescence is proportional to the intensity of the X-irradiation reaching the screen. Of course, the practical value of such a technique lies in showing up differences in density in the X-rayed object, such as result from internal defects, rather than differences in thickmess.
The above example is intended to be illustrative and not limitative of the invention except as to the extent defined in the herewith appended claims.
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes Without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
What is claimed is:
1. The method of permanently reducing luminescent responsivity to a given ultra-violet radiation in a phosphor material originally responsive to said ultra-violet radiation, said material consisting essentially of a solid solution of one part each of a lead salt and a manganese salt and fifty parts of sodium chloride, comprising subjecting said ultra-violet responsive material to high-frequency radiation having a wave length Within the range of 0.001 A. to 500 A.
2. In apparatus for the preparation of a permanent, negative with respect to luminescence, radiographic image or a diffraction pattern of an opaque object on a luminescent screen, the combination of a phosphor screen having an X-ray sensitive, fluorescent responsivity to a given ultraviolet radiation consisting essentially of one part each of a lead salt and a manganese salt and fifty parts of sodium chloride, ultra-violet radiation means providing said radiation, and high-frequency radiation means providing radiation having a wave length within the range of 0.001 A. to 500 A.
3. In apparatus for the preparation of a permanent, negative with respect to luminescence, radiographic image or a diffraction pattern of an opaque object on a luminescent screen, the combination of a solid solution of one part each of a lead salt and a manganese salt and fifty parts of sodium chloride mounted on a suitable backing material, ultra-violet radiation means providing a radiation having a wave length between 2400 A. and 3000 5., and high-frequency radiation means providing radiation having a wave length within the range of 0.001 A. to 500A.
4. In the preparation of a permanent, negative with respect to luminescence, non-photographic, radiographic image of an opaque metal object upon a luminescent screen, the method comprising, placing in the film position in a radiographic assembly a phosphor screen luminescent under a given ultra-violet radiation comprised essentially of a lead salt and a manganese salt of about one part each and sodium chloride of about fifty parts, transmitting high-frequency radiation of a wave length within the range of 0.001 A. to 500 A. to-
ward and through said metal object, thereby permanently affecting said phosphor screen, and subsequently irradiating said permanently affected phosphor screen with said ultra-violet ra" diation to bring out, negatively, the image of said opaque object.
5. The method of detecting the permanent reduction in the luminescent responsivity of a phosphor material responsive to a given ultra-violet radiation brought about by exposure of said material to X-ray radiation, said material consisting essentially of one part each of a lead salt and a manganese salt and fifty parts of sodium chloride comprising subjecting said X-ray exposed material to said given ultra-violet radiation.
6. The method of evaluating the intensity of a high-frequency radiation of wave-length between 0.001 A. and 590 A. comprising, irradiating a quantity of phosphor material consisting essentially of one part each of a. solid solution of a lead salt and a manganese salt and fifty parts of sodium chloride with an ultra-violet radiation having a wave-length from 2400 A. to 3000 A. to produce a given fluorescent response, irradiating a quantity of said phosphor material with said high-frequency radiation, and irradiating said irradiated quantity of phosphor material with said ultra-violet radiation to produce a different fluorescent response, the difference in the respective fluorescent responses being an evaluation of the intensity of the high-frequency radiation.
7. The method of preparing an image of a pattern of high-frequency radiation having a wavelength between 0.001 A. and 500 A, comprising, forming a permanent, invisible image of said pattern on an ultra-violet responsive, X-ray sensitive phosphor screen comprising essentially one part each of a solid solution of a lead salt and a manganese salt and fifty parts of sodium chloride mounted on a suitable backing material, by exposing said screen to said pattern, and forming a fluorescent, visible, negative image of said pattern by exposing said exposed phosphor screen to ultra-violet radiation having a Wave-length between 2400A. and 3000 A.
JAMES H. SCHULMAN.
LYLE W. EVANS.
ROBERT GINTHER.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,418,240 Curie et al May 30, 1922 2,213,138 Hayward Aug. 27, 1940 2,247,112 Batchelor June 24, 1941 2,360,326 Adrian et al Oct. 17, 1944 OTHER REFERENCES Luminescent and Tenebrescense as applied to Radar, by H. W. Leverenz, R. C. A. Review, vol. 8, N0. 2, June 1946, Fig. 15.
Claims (1)
1. THE METHOD OF PERMANENTLY REDUCING LUMINESCENT RESPONSIVITY TO A GIVEN ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION IN A PHOSPHOR MATERIAL ORIGINALLY RESPONSIVE TO SAID ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION, SAID MATERIAL CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF A SOLID SOLUTION OF ONE PART EACH OF A LEAD SALT AND A MANGANESE SALT AND FIFTY PARTS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE, COMPRISING SUBJECTING SAID ULTRA-VIOLET RESPONSIVE MATERIAL TO
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US29607A US2506749A (en) | 1948-05-27 | 1948-05-27 | X-ray sensitive screen |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US29607A US2506749A (en) | 1948-05-27 | 1948-05-27 | X-ray sensitive screen |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| US2506749A true US2506749A (en) | 1950-05-09 |
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| US29607A Expired - Lifetime US2506749A (en) | 1948-05-27 | 1948-05-27 | X-ray sensitive screen |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2775710A (en) * | 1952-02-21 | 1956-12-25 | Texaco Development Corp | Method of radiological surveying |
| US2957987A (en) * | 1958-02-14 | 1960-10-25 | Arnesen Tore | Method of determining metal thickness, scaling, and deposits in piping |
| US3169188A (en) * | 1952-08-18 | 1965-02-09 | Charles R Horner | Case for phosphor glass dosimeter |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1418240A (en) * | 1920-05-19 | 1922-05-30 | Curie Maurice | Apparatus for the production of luminous images and the like |
| US2213138A (en) * | 1939-07-01 | 1940-08-27 | John T Hayward | Method and apparatus for detecting oil in well drilling |
| US2247112A (en) * | 1937-09-10 | 1941-06-24 | John C Batchelor | Image reproducer |
| US2360326A (en) * | 1941-11-21 | 1944-10-17 | Matthew B Adrian | X-ray inspection equipment and method |
-
1948
- 1948-05-27 US US29607A patent/US2506749A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1418240A (en) * | 1920-05-19 | 1922-05-30 | Curie Maurice | Apparatus for the production of luminous images and the like |
| US2247112A (en) * | 1937-09-10 | 1941-06-24 | John C Batchelor | Image reproducer |
| US2213138A (en) * | 1939-07-01 | 1940-08-27 | John T Hayward | Method and apparatus for detecting oil in well drilling |
| US2360326A (en) * | 1941-11-21 | 1944-10-17 | Matthew B Adrian | X-ray inspection equipment and method |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2775710A (en) * | 1952-02-21 | 1956-12-25 | Texaco Development Corp | Method of radiological surveying |
| US3169188A (en) * | 1952-08-18 | 1965-02-09 | Charles R Horner | Case for phosphor glass dosimeter |
| US2957987A (en) * | 1958-02-14 | 1960-10-25 | Arnesen Tore | Method of determining metal thickness, scaling, and deposits in piping |
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