US2500695A

US2500695A - Air conditioning system

Info

Publication number: US2500695A
Application number: US632152A
Authority: US
Inventors: William L Mcgrath
Original assignee: Carrier Corp
Current assignee: Carrier Corp
Priority date: 1945-12-01
Filing date: 1945-12-01
Publication date: 1950-03-14
Anticipated expiration: 1967-03-14

Description

March 14, 1950 w, v MCGRATH 2,500,695

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Filed DSC. '1, 1945 n ''.r E4/Umm wie Patented Mar. 14, 1950 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM William L. McGrath, Syracuse, N. Y., assigner to Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, N. Y., a corporation-of Delaware Application December 1, 1945, Serial No. 632.152

'6Claims.

This invention relates to air conditioning systems and to a method of operating an air conditioning system.

An air conditioning system in extensive use contemplates the division of a building into zones in accordance with the various heat loads present in the rooms of the building. In such system air from the exterior of the building is treated at a central conditioning point remote from the areas to be conditioned to compensate for ventilation and dehumidiiication requirements of the various zones. It is then distributed at relatively high static pressure and at relatively high velocity to a plurality of units disposed in and serving a plurality of areas to be conditioned in the various zones. The high pressure air supplied to each unit is discharged therein at high velocity inducing a relatively great circulation of air withdrawn from the areas served by the unit. The primary or high pressure air, and the secondary or induced air are then supplied to the conditioned area. Tempering means such as coils or the like are disposed in the various local units to effect heating or cooling of air circulated through the unit as required.

In the operation of the system cold water is furnished to the tempering means under summer conditions and warm water is furnished to the tempering means under winter conditions. Depending upon the heat load in each zone, cold or warm water may be supplied in winter or in summer. Under intermediate operating conditions, some zones of the building are supplied with warm water while other zones of the building may be supplied with cold water.

In an air conditioning system of this character cold water is passed through a coil in the air conditioning equipment to dehumidify air before it is supplied to the various local units in areas to be conditioned. Such cold water serves to reduce the dew point of the air to a desired degree. The refrigerating equipment needed to supply cold water for dehumidifying purposes is also required to supply cold water to the various local units in order to effect individual conditioning of each area in accordance with the variable heat factors 'present in such area. It will be appreciated refrigerating equipment of great capacity is required for such equipment must possess suiiicient capacity to dehumidify the air and to eii'ect local cooling under maximum load conditions. Consequently the cost of refrigerating equipment is a large factor in the initial cost of the air conditioning system and the operating expenses of such system are great since the system does not sumcient fiexibility to permit a reduction in opthe load imposed upon the system.

The chief object of the present invention is to provide a simpliiied air conditioning system of this general type in which the initial costs of the system and the operational costs of the system are materially reduced.

An object of the invention is to provide a simplifled method of operation of an air conditioning system in which the operational costs of the system may be -reduced in accordance with the reductions in load imposed upon the system.

A further object is to provide an air conditioning system of enhanced iiexibility and low initial cost in which full advantage may be taken of a reduction in load imposed upon the system to eect operating economies. Other objects of my invention will be readily perceived from the following description.

This invention relates to an air conditioning system which comprises in combination means to condition primary air, said means including a first heat exchange member, a second heat exchange member, and means to pass air to be conditioned through said members; means to supply refrigerant to the second heat exchange member in heat exchange relation with air directed therethrough;

a plurality of conditioning units disposed in areas to be conditioned, means for supplying conditioned air to said units,vheat exchangers in said units for conditioning air therein; a source of supply for conditioning medium including means for varying the temperature of the conditioning medium, means for supplying the conditioning medium to the heat exchangers disposed in said units, return means adapted to receive conditioning medium after its passage through said heat exchangers and to supply the returned conditioning medium to said first heat exchange member, and means for returning the conditioning medium to the source of supply after its passage through the first heat exchange member.

The attached drawing illustrates a preferred embodiment of my invention, in which Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of an air conditioning system illustrating the piping diagram for conditioning medium; and

Figure 2 is a fragmentary diagrammatic view of an air conditioning system illustrating the manner in which conditioned air is supplied from a central station to areas being conditioned. Referring to the attached drawing there is illustrated generally at Isuitableair conditioning equipment for use in my invention. Such equipment may comprise a casingv 3 containing `e. fan 4 adapted to draw air from the exterior of the building through dampers 5 into the interior of casing 3. Fan 4 forwards the air `throfugh sprays 6, a precooling coil 1, and a dehumidifying coil 8 into a plenum 9. Air from plenum 9 passes through reheaters I0 and is supplied at high static pressure and 'high velocity to conditioning units disposed in areas I2 to -be conditioned. As previously explained, the conditioned primary air supplied to each unit is discharged therein at high velocity, inducing la relatively great circulation of air withdrawn from the area, served by each unit I. The primary air and the secondary induced air are then supplied to the conditioned area.

Compressor |3 is connected by line I4 to a condenser I5; condenser |5 is connected to dehumidifying coil 8 by line I6. Dehumidifying coil 8 is connected to compressor I3 by line I1. Compressor I3 serves to compress gaseous reli'rlgerant and to supply such gaseous refrigerant through line I4 to condenser I5, where it is condensed to` liquid form. The liquid refrigerant `is supplied through line I6 to dehumidifying coil 8 which serves in effect as the evaporator of the for cooling the conditioning medium. Any suitable means may be supplied; for example, a centrifugal compressor |9 operated by a suitable .motor or turbine 20 may supply cooled brine to a cooler 2| where it is placed in heat exchange relation with water adapted to be cooled and used as the conditioning medium.

In the normal operation of the system under maximum load, water passes from cooler 2| through line 22, three yway valve 23, and line 24 to a supply header 25 adapted to supply a plurality of supply mains or risers. From header 25 it passes through lines 26 to supply mains 21 which supply the conditioning medium through lines 28 to heat exchange coils 29 disposedinunits II. 26 vfor a purpose hereinafter explained. Conditioning medium from coils 29 passes through lines 3| to lines 32 which conduct `the conditioning medium to a common return header 33. Valves 34 are disposed in lines 32 for a purpose hereinafter explained.

Suitable vents 35 are disposed at the stub ends of supply mains 21 to permit air entrapned in the system to escape therefrom. Likewise, a suitable vent 36 is disposed at one end of header 33. An expansion tank 31 is connected to header 33 by means of a line 38.

A return line 39 extends from header 33 to a three-way valve 40. A line 4| connects valve 40 with precooling coil 1. A pump 43 is disposed in line 39. A line 42 connects valve 49 with cooler 2|. A valve 44 is disposed in line 39 between pump 43 and three-way valve 40 for a purpose hereinafter described.

A line 45 in which is disposed a three-way valve 46 connects precooling coil 1 with line 42.

A line 41 serves to connect valve 46 with line 24..

The above description contemplates the supply Valves 30 are disposed in lines water to the various units disposed in areas I2 to be conditioned. It will be appreciated, if desired, provision may be made for the supply of warmed conditioning medium to the coils 29 of units II under winter operating conditions, for example. Under intermediate conditions, of course, it may be desired to supply cooled conditioning medium to certain zones, while it is desired to supply warmed conditioning medium to other zones. A suitable system for supplying warm water to the coils 29 of units I I may include a heater 48 which comprises a coil 49 adapted to place steam in heat exchange relation with conditioning medium to be supplied to the coils 29 of units Conditioning medium passes from heater 49 through line 5I) to a warm water header 5| common to'supply mains 21. Lines 52 in which are disposed valves 53 connect header 5I with supply mains 21. through lines 28, coils 29, lines 3| to lines 32.

Lines 54 extend from lines 32 to a warm'water" line 59. A line 60 connects return lines 39 and 51, a Valve 6| being disposed in line 68; a line 62 also connects lines 39 and 59, a valve 63 being disposed in said line.

Preferably, a thermostat 64 is provided adapted' to\control a valve 65 disposed in steam line 66 to govern the amount of steam passing through coil 49 in heater 48. Thermostat 64 may be controlled by means -oi a bulb 61 disposed in thermal contact with line 50 connecting heater 48 and header 5|.

In order to aid in a better understanding of my invention I will describe the operation thereof, it being assumed that the system is operating under maximum load conditions. Cooler 2| supplies cold water to the system. Water from cooler 2| passes through line 22, valve 23, line 24, to cold water header 25. From header 25 the cold water passes through lines 26, valves 30 being opened and valves 53 being closed, to supply mains 21. The cooled conditioning medium then passes through lines 28, heat exchangers 29 of units disposed in areas I2, lines 3| to lines 32. The conditioning medium passes from lines 32 to common return header 33, valves 34 being open and valves 56 being closed. From header 33 the conditioning medium passes to return line 39, valve 40, line 4| to precooling coil 1 where the conditioning medium serves to precool air drawn into the air conditioning equipment by fan 4. The conditioning medium is conducted from coil 1 through line 45, valve 46 and line 42 to cooler 2|. The air supplied lto the conditioning units disposed in the areas I2 to be conditioned is drawn into equipment 2 by fan 4 through dampers 5 and is passed through sprays 6, precooling coil 1 and dehumidifying coil 8. The conditioned air is then passed through reheaters I0 if desired and is supplied to units |I through suitable ducts lthen discharged into the area to be conditioned.

Under the conditions described above, it is assumed that the air conditioning system is operating under maximum'load conditions. It will be' obvious that a considerable reduction in oper-vl The warm water then passes v(nuire ating expenses is obtained by using the returned conditioned. Under these conditions reduced power consumption is obtained; for example. the

returned conditioning medium may be used to compensate for perhaps 75%'of the necessary cooling load of air being conditioned, while the dehumidifying coil 8 need'be operated to compensate only forgjthe remaining portion of the cooling load, approximately Such operation permits a smaller compressor to be used in the operation' of coil 8 and also enables smaller reirigeration equipment to be used for supplying the local units and precooling coil 1. The power consumption is thus reduced and additional exibility for primary air dehumidifying may be provided under very light load conditions.

Assutne for example that the load has decreas a reasonable amount below maximum load conditions. Under such circumstances coil 8 may be rendered inoperative by stopping compressor i3. Three-

way valves

40, 23 and 46 are rotated. Rotation of valve 40 returns conditioning medium from header 33 through

lines

39 and 42 to supply 2|. Cooled conditioning medium is furnished from'supply 2| through line 22. Rotation of valve 23 directs the conditioning medium from line 22 through line 23' and line 4| to coil 1 which then serves to dehumidify the air being conditioned. Conditioning medium is then passed from coil 1 through line 45 to valve 46; rotation of valve 46 directs the conditioning medium through line 41 and line 24 to header 25 which permits its supply to mains 21, coils 29 of units and its subsequent return from header 33 through line 39, valve 40 and line 42, to the source of supply 2|.

Assume the reduction in load conditions is so great that it is desired to furnish warm water to the coils 29 of units In such case valves 30 4.conditioning medium to precool the air being and 34 are closed and

valve

53 and 58 are opened.

Warm water is supplied by heater 58 through line 50 to header 5|. The warm water passes through line 52 to mains 21 and is supplied through lines 28 to coils 29 of units I I. The warm water then passes through lines 3| to lines 32, lines 54, valves 56 to header 55. The warm water is returned from header through 51 to pump 58 which passes the conditioning medium through line 59 to heater 48. Under these

circumstances valves

23, 40 and 46 are rotated to permit cold water to be supplied to header 25 without passing through precooling/coil 1, precooling coil 1 being thus rendered inoperative. Actuation of compressor I3 pernts coil 8 to carry the complete dehumidifying load.

It will be appreciated that certain zones may require warm water, while other zones 'may recold water. Zones requiring warm water may be supplied from header 5| while the zones requiring cold water may be supplied from header 25. Such headers are filled with warm and cold Water respectively at all times, and the zones may draw their requirements from lsuch headers as required in accordance with the load conditions encountered in such zones.

Under maximum load conditions it may be desired to use both return lines 39 and 51 as return lines for cold conditioning medium or for warm conditioning medium. The use of both.

lines 39 and 51 as return lines under a maximum cooling or maximum heating load obviates forming line 39 of such size as to handle the maximum water ilow under peak load conditions.

Under conditions of maximum cooling load,

75 the conditioning medium, a supply line for sup-V heating willnot be required in the zones. By opening

valves

34 and 58 as well as valves 39,

headers

33 and 55 will vboth be supplied with conditioning medium returning from the coils 29 of units and b'oth return lines 39 and 51 will be used to return the cold conditioning medium. Valve 8| in line 50 is opened permitting conditioning medium in return line 51 to iiow into return line 39. If it be desired to supplement the head produced by pump 43, pump 58 may be actuated; in such case valve 6| in line 60 and valve 44 in line 59 are closed and valve 63 in line v62 is opened permitting pump 58 to supplement the head produced -by pump 43. Likewise, under conditions of maximum heating load, valve 6| is opened, valve 44 being closed, permitting conditioning medium in line 39 to flow into lines 51 and 59. Pump 43 may 4also be used as an auxiliary by closing valve 6| and opening valve 63 permitting returned medium to pass into line 59 from line 39. Both pumps 43 and 58 may be used for cooling or heating, or one may be used for cooling and the other for heating.

The present invention provides an air conditioning system in which the capacity of the required refrigerating equipment is so designed as to eiect maximum economies in initial costs and operating costs. My invention permits reduced power consumption and a more favorable balance between water temperature and water quantities supplied to the local units thanis possible in systems heretofore used. My invention provides more satisfactory ilexibilityof the primary air dehumidifying operation under very light load conditions; In the system so provided the capacity of the cooler is selected to correspond with` the temperature requirements only of the water supplied to the local units. In my invention returned conditioning medium may be used forperhaps '15% of the required cooling load, while only 25% of the load need be carried by the dehumidifying equipment; this permits an enormous reduction in power consumption.

Assume conditioning medium at F. is supplied to all the zones of the system and that it is load on the dehumidifying coil will amount to ap' proximately 25% of the total air conditioning load. For the remainder of the load, returned conditioning medium at perhaps 60 F. may be used at peak load, and at even higher temperatures at reduced load. It vwill be appreciated that a system so designed permits a great reduction infoperating costs.

While I have described a preferred embodi-n 1. In an air conditioning system, the combination of means to condition primary air, said means including a rst coil, a second coil, and a fan to pass air to be conditioned through said members; a refrigeration system including a reciprocating compressor to supply refrigerant to the second coil in heat exchange relation with air directed thereto; a plurality of conditioning units disposed in the areas to be conditioned, means for supplying conditioned air to said units, coils in said units for conditioning air therein; a source of supply for condtioning medium including a centrifugal refrigerating system for cooling plying conditioning medium to a common supply header, a plurality of supply mains connected to said header adapted to supply conditioning v supply line for supplying the conditioning medium to a plurality of units disposed in areas to |be conditioned, a return line for returning conditioning medium from the units, a first coil adapted to precool air for supply to the areas to be conditioned, a second coil adapted to dehumidify precooled air, a line connecting the first coil to the return line to permit passage of the returned conditioning medium through the first coil, a second line connecting the first coil to the source of supply to permit conditioning medium after its passage through the first coil to return to the source of supply, a refrigeration system including a reciprocating compressor for supplying refrigerant to the second coil, a line connecting the source of supply with said return line, and a valve disposed at the juncture of said line and the return line, rotation of said valve passing returned conditioning medium to the source of supply oi` to the first coilas desired.

3. In an air conditioning system, the combination of means to condition primary air, said means including a irst coil, a second coil and a fan to pass air to be conditioned through said members; means to supply refrigerant to the second coil in heat exchange relation with air directed therethrough; a plurality of condition- A:lng units disposed in the areas to be conditioned,

means for supplying conditioned air to said units, coils in said units for conditioning air therein in accordance rwth the variable heat factors present in each area; a source of supply for conditioning medium including a refrigerating system for cooling the conditioning medium, a supply line for supplying conditioning medium to a common supply header, a plurality of supply mains connected to said header adapted to supply conditioning medium to the unit coils, a common return header adapted to receive conditioning medium from the unit coils, a return line connected to said return header to supply the returned conditioning medium to the first coil, a

line for returning the conditioning medium to the source of supply after its passage through the first coil, a valve disposed in the return line, a second valve disposed in the supply line, ,a third valve disposed inthe lineconnecting the rst coil and the source of supply, and a second line connecting the third valve and the supply line, location of said valve permitting the return of conditioning medium directly to the source of supply and its supply to the unit coils without passage through the first coil.

4. In apparatus of the character described, the combination of a source of supply for conditioning medium including means for varying the temperature of the conditioning medium, a supply line for supplying the conditioning medium to a plurality of umts disposed in areas to be conditioned, a return line for conditioning me-I dium passing from the units, a first heat exchange member adapted to treat air for supply to the areas to be conditioned, a second heat exchange member adapted to further treat air for supply to the areas to be conditioned, a line connecting the rst exchanger to the return line to permit passage of returned conditioning medium through the first heat exchange member, a second line connecting the first heat exchange member to the source of supply to permit the conditioning medium after its passage through the rst heat exchange member; to return to the source of supply, means for supplying refrigerant to the second heat exchange member, a valve disposed inthe return line, a second valve disposed in the supply line, a third valve disposed in the line connecting the heat exchanger with the source of supply, rotation of said valves permitting conditioning medium to pass through the first heat exchange member and then to the supply line, and returned conditioning medium to pass directly to the source of supply without passing through the first heat exchange member.

5. In apparatus of the character described, the combination of a source of supply for conditioning medium including a refrigeration system for cooling the conditioning medium, a supply line for supplying the conditioning medium to a plurality of units disposed in areas to be conditioned, a return line for returning conditioning medium from the units, a rst coil adapted to precool air for supply to the areas to be conditioned, a second coil adapted to dehumidify pre-cooled air, a line connectingthe rstcoil to the return line to permit passage of the returned conditioning medium through the first coil, a second line connecting the first coil to the source of supply to permit conditioning medium after its passage through the rst coil to return to the source of supply, means for supplying refrigerant to the second coil, a line connecting the source of supply with said return supply line, rotation of said valve serving to passl returned conditioning medium to the source of supply, then through the first coil and to the `supply line.

6. In an air conditioning system the combination of means to condition primary air, said means including a first heat exchange member, a second heat exchange member and means to pass air to be conditioned through said members, means to supply refrigerant to the second' heat exchange member in heat exchange relation with air directed therethrough to cool the same; a plurality of conditioning unitsdisposed in areas to lbe conditioned; means for supplying conditioned air to said units; heat exchangers in said units for conditioning air therein; a source of supply 'for conditioning medium including means for varying the temperature of the Iconditioning medium; means for supplying the conditioning medium to the heat exchangers disposed in said units; return means adapted to receive conditioning medium after its passage through said heat exchangers and to supply the returned conditioning medium to said first heat exchange member; ,means for returning the conditioning medium to the source of supply after its passage through the first heat exchange member; controls to direct returned therethrough.

WILLIAM L. McGRATH.

A REFERENCES CITED The followingI references areof record in the tile of this patent:

Number n 10 UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date Goodman Mar. 2, 1937 Broderick Mar. 16, 1937 Crawford A Mar. 29, 1938 Lawless May 23, 1939 Crawford Dec. 8. 1942