US2485959A - Spindle adapter and bobbin - Google Patents

Description

Oct. 25, 1949. r. DAvlEs y 2,485,959

SPINDLE ADAPTER AND BOBBIN Filed Oct. 18, 1947 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 zum? L. MVJZS, INVENTOR.

Oct. 25, 1949. r. 1 DAvll-:s

SPINDLE ADAPTER AND BOBBIN Filed Oct. 18, 1947 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 JNVENTOR. 729W ,czaies* BY QL j/ T. L. DAVIES SPINDLE ADAPTER AND BOBBIN 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Oct. 18, 1947 r n n l l l l Il Patented Oct. 25, 1949 SPINDLE ADAPTER AND BolN Trevor L.`Davies, Clarendon Hills, Ill., assignor to F. L. Regnery Corp., Chicago, lll., a corporation oi' Illinois Application October 18, 1947,v Scrial No. 780,741

3 Claims. (Cl. 57-130) l The present invention relates to spinning machines or frames and more particularly to a spindle adapter and associated bobbin or hollow core for supporting yarn and thread for use in connection with spinning frames used in the textile lndustry.

Specifically this application is a continuationin-part of an application for Letters Patent of the United States, Serial No. '700,036 illed September 28, 1946, now abandoned.

In the textile industry spinning machines or frames are employed for spinning yarn such as cotton: yarn, for example, into suitable thread which is wound on bobbins. Subsequently, these bobbins are placed on the spooler for the warp yarn and then on to the weaving machines. .A single spinning machine or frame in a textile mill may actually have hundreds of spinning spindles associated therewith. The manufacturers of textile machinery have put out a wide variety oi' spinning frames employing spindles of many different types. The reason for this is that thevengineers in the textile machinery manufacturing industry have had numerous occasions to design units with details at variance from standard existing units at the time in question. Some of these special units became standardized with time and it is now common practice for a manufacturer of textile machinery to -produce twenty or more standard spinning spindles which vary from each other in numerous details. It will be understood that suitable bobbins of various shapes and sizes are mounted on these spinning spindles, which bobbins subsequently are used in the spooling operations and then on the weaving machines. Perhaps the most common type of bobbin is a Wooden device which fits over the spinning spindle. Such wooden bobbins are susceptible to splitting and swelling and furthermore must be designed loosely enough so that they can readily be removed from the spindle when the spinning operation relative thereto has been completed. Very often such wooden bobbins are not properly concentric with the result that about one-third less yarn can be wound thereon than would be the case if the wooden bobbin and associated spinning spindle were accurately concentric. It will be apparent that a substantial saving in labor results in getting more yarn on each bobbin since the changing or dofling of bobbins in the textile industry is done by hand and, consequently, the cost is greatly-increased if such changing of bobbins must be done more often. In addition, for cach different type of spindle a diierent type of vbobbin must be used. It would be vdesirable to provide an arrangement whereby all of the many diiferent kinds of standard spinning spindles havi ing various sizes, shapes and designs could be standardized in a lsimplemanner so that a common bobbin or a very few types of bobbins could be employed and which arrangement would permit the maximum amountof yarn to bel spun thereon due to maintainingproper concentricity at all times.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide spinning spindle adapters by means of which al1 spinning spindles, regardless of type or make are converted to ay relatively few standard spindles completely concentric, whereby in a particular mill a single standard bobbin may f be employed with all spinning machines used therein regardless of the various types of spinning spindles originally employed.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a spinning spindle adapter which overcomes the disadvantages existing heretofore in the textile industry as pointed out above.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an adapter which will convert spinning spindles employed in present textile machinery so that standardized bobbins may be employed therewith.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a spinning adapter which becomes an integral part of the spindle once it is applied to the spindle whereby all spindles now in operation may be converted so as to accommodate one or at most a few standard types of bobbin.

Still a further object of the present invention is to provide a spinning spindle adapter preferably formed of metal such as aluminum and being provided With a bore designed so that the adapter may be made an integral part of the spindle with which it is associated by means of a press fit at one or more sections of the spindle.4

It is another object of the present invention to provide a spinning spindle adapter which when properly assembled to the spinning spindle of a spinning frame greatly reduces the Wear on the bolster into which the lower section of the spindle ts.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved spinning spindle adapter which is so designed that the bobbin associated therewith is driven from the top rather than the bottom as in prior art devices thereby resulting in a much more concentric motion.

Still another object of the present invention is the provision of an aluminum bobbin for use with the above-mentioned spindle adapter which may.l

be very accurately formed so as to be fooiprooi is va double lframe with two rows of spinningV in operation, and insure more satisfactory spinspindles or spindle adapters of spinning machines.-

Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent as the following description proceeds and the features of novelty which characterize this invention will be pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this specification.

For a better understanding of the present in vention, reference may be had to the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is a somewhat schematic diagram of a spinning frame provided with spinning spindles employing the adapters and bobbins of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of one of the spinnin spindles of Fig. 1 showing in sectional view the adapter of the present invention mounted thereon as well as a sectional view of a portion of the spindle;

Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2, with the adapter only in section. showing a different spinning spindle construction with the adapter of the present invention for converting the spinning spindle to the identical exterior conguration as that of the arrangement shown in Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is a view of the spinning spindle and adapter of the present invention shown in Fig. 2 of the drawings with a bobbin embodying another feature of the present invention applied thereto and shown in section;

Fig. 5 is a view of the bobbin which may be employed with all spinning frames employing the spinning spindle adapters of Figs. 2. 3 and 4 of the drawingsregardless of the spinning spindles associated therewith;

Fig. 6 is an enlarged view of a portion of Fig. 4.

Fig. 7 is a view illustrating still another modiiication of the adapter and bobbin of the present invention; Y

Fig. 8 is an enlarged partial sectional view of a. portion of the adapter of Fig. 7 taken on line 8--8 of Fig. 7 and Fig. 9 isa sectional view of a spinning spindle having associated therewith modications of both the adapter and bobbin of the present invention, both shown in section.

Referring now to Fig. 1 ofthe drawings, there is illustrated in schematic form a spinning frame generally indicated at I0 which may be of any conventional type. It will be understood that the particular construction of the spinning frame I0 forms no part of the present invention and is included in the drawings merely to aid in understandingthe invention. As illustrated, the spinning frame I0 includes a double two-story `creel arrangement for accommodating the roving bobbins generally indicated at I I, As is common practice, the creel boards I2 are vertically adjustable to accommodate any length of roving bobbins II. The textile ber from the roving bobbins passes over the roving rods I3 and through the drafting rolls I4. The threads leaving the drafting rolls are wound on bobbins associated with the spinning spindle units generally indicated at I5. As

illustrated in the drawings. the spinning frame I@ spindles which are supported on a pair oi spindle rails IS, one positioned at either side of the machine and extending longitudinally `along the length of the machine. The spinning spindles and associated bobbins extend through a ring rail Il,

`also extending horizontally along the length Aof the machine and provided with suitable spaced openingsfthrough which the various spinningspindles and associated bobbins extend. Each spinning spindle unit I5 includes a spindle base I 3 which extends down through an opening in the'top-iiange of the spindle rail I6 and is fastened thereto by suitable means indicated at It. This spindle base IB includes a bolster into which the lower end of the spinning spindle extends.

By referring to Fig. 2 of the drawings, the detailed construction of a representative spinning spindle may readily be understood. Each spinning spindle includes two separate parts comprising a generally slender, cylindrical blade 20 preferably formed of a. Suitable deformation resisting material, and a whorl 2l which includes a pulley portion 22. The blade 20 and whorl 2I are assembled in the manner shown in Fig. 2 of the drawings and a force t maintains them in this relationship. The portion 20h of the blade 20 extending below the pulley 221s adapted to extend into the base I8 which is suitably provided with a bolster, not shown, for accurately mounting the spinning spindle for high speed rotation with very accurate concentricity. The portion of the blade 20 extending above the whorl 2I is characterized by the reference numeral 20a.

For the purpose of driving various parts of the spinning mechanism, spinning frames are usually provided with a rotating cylinder 23 extending longitudinally of the spinning frame and rotated by any suitable means such as a suitable prime mover of some sort associated therewith. The plurality of spindle units I5 mounted along the spindle rails I6 on either side of the spinning frame are driven from the rotating cylinder 23 by means of a conventional tape drive. Preferably this tape drive for each four spindles comprises a belt member 24 which passes around the pulleys 22 of two adjacent spindles on one side of the spinning frame then into frictional engagement with the cylinder 23 and around the pulleys 22 of two adjacent spinning spindles on the other side of the spinning frame I0. With this arrangement, all of the spinning spindles associated with a spinning frame are driven at a constant speed regardless of the tape length. Suitable tension and guide means schematically indicated at 25 may be provided to insure constant tape tension and maintain the pressure on the pulley portions 22 of the whorls 2l substantially constant.

As was pointed out above, the present invention is not concerned with the entire spinning frame I0 illustrated in Fig 1 of the drawings, but is specifically concerned with an adapter to be used with a spinning spindle associated therewith of the type shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4 of the drawings. The spinning spindle unit comprising the blade 20 the whorl 2| and an adapter associated therewith has been designated by the reference numeral 26 in Fig. 2 of the drawings. In order better to understand the present invention, reference may be had to Fig. 3 of the drawings in which there is illustrated a spinning spindle unit generally indicated at 21 which includes a blade 28 and a. whorl 29, including a pulley portion 30. The pulley portion 30 has a conguration for receiving a fiat type belt or tape as contrasted with the V-shaped pulley portion 22 of Fig. 2 of the drawings.

Hereinafter the reference numerals 26 and 21 are employed to characterize both the spinning spindles without the adapters as well as the unit including the adapters. A comparison of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 of the drawings indicates that the blade 28 of the spinning spindle 21 differs considerably from the blade 20 of the spinning spindle 26. There is also a considerable difference in the whorls 2| and 29 associated with the respective blades 20 and 28. Prior to the present invention, it was necessary to have two distinct bobbins for spinning spindles 26 and 21 due to their entirely different configuration. When it is considered that the spinning spindles 26 and 21 Aare representative of two types of spinning spindies out of twenty ormore standard spinning spindles, it will be appreciated that a very large number of different kinds of standard bobbins were required to go with the various kinds of spinning spindles. It should be understood, therefore, that Figs. 2 and 3 represent only two of the large number of different standard spinning spindles available on the market. In order to simplify the drawings, it was felt that two different types. of representative spinning spindles would be suilicient to' bring out this aspect of the present invention.

In order that all spinning needles now in use 26 comprising the blade 2|) and whorl 2|, a press may be converted to a standard type of spinning spindle with which a standard form of bobbin may be used, there is provided in accordance with the present invention `a spinning spindle adapter generally indicated at 3| in Fig. 2 of the drawings and 32 in Fig. 3 of the drawings. The spinning spindle adapters 3| and 32 and any additional adapters which would be provided for other forms of standard spindles, have identical configurations and dimensions as far as the exterior thereof is concerned as will become apparent from an examination of Figs. 2 and 3 of the drawings. As illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 of the drawings, the exterior of the spindle 3| is provided with a somewhat tapered portion 3|a at the upper end thereof and a somewhat enlarged' portion 3|b at the lower end thereof. Similarly the adapter 32 is provided with a tapered portion 32a at the upper end thereof and an enlarged portion 32b at the lower end thereof. As was pointed out above, the dimensions of the portions 32a and 32h are identical with the portions 3|a and 3|b as far as the outside configuration thereof is concerned. The same is true of the portions of the spinning spindle adapters 3| and 32 between the end portions designated by the corresponding reference numerals marked with appropriate subscripts a and b respectively. The diameters and lengths of the bores provided in the spinning spindle adapters such as 3| and 32 vary as will'be apparent in accordance with the spindles with which they are to be associated. As indicated, the spinning spindle adapter 3| .has a bore 33 therein which is considerably shorter than a bore 34 provided in the spinningspindle adapter 32. In any event, with reference to the spinning spindle adapter 3|, for example, the bore 33 is provided with an enlarged portion 33h adjacent the end thereof into which the spinning spindle 26 is adapted to be inserted and a portion 33a adjacent the closed end of the adapter. When the spinning spindle adapter 3| of Fig. 2

of the drawings is applied to the spinning spindle t is made at the upper end between the bore 33a and the upper portion 20a of the blade 2l. In addition a press fit is made at the lower end with the bore 33h engaging the whorl 2| of the spinning spindle 26. By means of these press fits the spinning spindle adapter 3| of Fig. 2 of the drawings in effect becomes integral with the spinning spindle to provide a standard spinning spindle unit 26 which will accommodate a standard bobbin. An important feature of the present invention is that the adapter 3| is intimately fastened by a press fit to each of the two separate partsy 20 and 2| of the spinning spindle, which two separate parts as was mentioned above are also united by a press fit. Consequently the adapter 3| effectively locks the blade 20 and whorl 2| together and there is provided an-effectively integral spinning spindle unit 26 which may be made accurately concen- Vtric'in every respect to permit high speed rotation with a minimum of vibration and the like. Where the term press fit is employed in this application and the claims thereof it should be understood to include any effectively integral junction whether it is obtained by an actual pressing of the parts together or whether the spindle is shrunk as by chilling or the adapter is expanded as by cooling or both during the assembly operation. Similarly the spinning spindle adapter 32 of Fig. 3 of the drawings when fastened to the spinning spindle 21 by means of a press fit not only effectively becomes an integral unit therewith but moreover effectively locks the blade 28 and the whorl 29 together. It will be apparent therefore that the two different spinning splndles shown in Figs. 2 and 3 of the drawings which heretofore required different bobbins have been converted to identical units as far as Athe bobbin to be associated therewith is concerned. This may be true of all spinning spindles with which the spinning spindle adapter of the present invention is associated. Actually the adapters 3| and 32 are of a type referred to for accommodating parallel-sided bobbins as will become apparent from the following description. There are also what are generally referred 'to as tapered bobbins and in Fig. '7 of the drawings there is illustrated an adapter for receiving a so-called tapered bobbin.

In accordance with the present invention, the spinning spindle adapters such as 3| and 32 may be formed of any suitable material, but preferably are formed of aluminum. By employing such aluminum spinning spindle adapters, a textile factory may `convert its spinning frames which up to now were of the type employing spindles of considerably different standard constructions, to a standard construction employing standard bobbins. spinning spindles are converted to those having very accurate concentricity whereby much larger quantities of yarn may be applied thereto to reduce the manufacturing expense, as was brought out earlier in this application.

Although any suitable bobbin may be associated with the spinning spindles as converted by means of the adapters 3| and 32, there is i1- lustrated in Figs. 4 and 5 of the drawings a bobbin 36 embodying another aspect of the present invention. Heretofore it has been common practice to employ paper, fiber or wood bobbins all of which have relatively short lives and all of which are adversely aiIected by factors such as temperature, humidity and the like. In accord- With this arrangement, thel ance with the present invention there is provided a substantially indestructible bobbin which is unaffected by conditions such asl humidity and the like and which is especially adaptable for use with adaptors such as 3| and 32. In some applications it is desirable to wet the yarn while still on the bobbin for a better weaving operal tion. Obviously in such an application wood and particularly paper and fiber bobbins are quite unsatisfactory whereas the bobbin of the present invention is ideally suited. As illustrated in Fig. 4 of the drawings the bobbin is applied to the spindle adapter unit 26 of Fig. 2 of the drawings and the corresponding parts are designated by the same reference numerals. The bobbin 36 is lof course equally applicable to the spindle adapter unit 21 shown in Fig. 3 of the drawings since they are identical as farl as their outside configurations are concerned. In accordance with the present invention the bobbin 36 is adapted to be supported substantially entirely by the upper tapered portion 3|a of the adapter 3| while in accordance with the present invention providing a very small clearance at the lower end with respect to the portion 3|b of the adapter 3|. With this arrangement, unlike bobbins and spinning spindles used heretofore, the bobbin is driven from the top rather than the bottom. This results in a much more concentric motion.

As illustrated the bobbin -36 preferably is a socalled parallel-sided or straight bobbin formed of a tube of hardened aluminum generally designated as 31. For the purpose of reinforcing the lower end of the bobbin there is pro. vided a metal reinforcing sleeve or other suitable insert 38 having a diameter slightly larger than the portion 3|b of the adapter 3| to provide the clearance referred to above. As illustrated the sleeve 38 is held in position by rolling over the bottom edge of the tube 31 as indicated at 31a, and if desired aring the lower end to aid in lplacing the bobbin on the adapter. In order to eliminate the metal to metal driving contact between the adapter 3| and the bobbin 36 there is provided at the upper end of the tubular member 31, a bushing 39 having an inner configuration so as to engage the tapered portion 3|aL of the adapter 3|. This bushing may be formed of a moldable insulating material or plastic such as polystyrene or the like in which case it could be molded into position. The bus/hing 39 may also be molded from a canvas-impregnated material such as Bakelite or the like before insertion into the upper end of the tube 31. To properly position bushingy 39 within the tube 31 the upper end of the tubev 31 is counter-bored to define u shoulder or ledge 40 for engaging the lower end of the bushing 39. The upper end of the tubular member 31 is rolled over as indicated at 31h firmly to lock the bushing 39 in position. The plastic insert effectively provides a cushion drive. The bobbin 36, as illustrated, ts over the adapter 3| to within approximately one-eighth inch from the bottom of the adapter 3|.

In view of the detailed description included above.' operation of the spinning spindle adapter and improved bobbin therefor of the present `invention will be understood by those skilled in the art and no further discussion thereof is included herewith. It will furthermore be understood that with the present invention it is no longer necessary for a textile manufacturer to stock or different types of bobbins which might be employed with various ones of. the spinning frames in the textile mill. Instead. all of the all spinning frames can be converted so as to employ a standard bobbin identical for all machines. In addition, the disadvantages of the wooden. paper, fiber or other bobbin are dispensed with which disadvantages comprise splitting, swelling, lack of concentricity and the like, and the additional advantage is obtained of being able to wind about one-third more yarn on the bobbin associated with the spindle than on prior art arrangements. Y

It will furthermore be understood that with the present invention bent spindles may eectively be straightened merely by applying the adapter of the present invention thereto. In such a case the adapter prior to finally forming the exterior surface thereof is applied to the spinning spindle in the manner described above, and the exterior of the adapter is then formed so as to be accurately concentric with the spindle.

It has been common practice in the spinning industry to employ to a considerable extent the so-called tapered" bobbins and in Figs. 7 and 3 of the drawings there is illustrated a spinning spindle unit havingassociated therewith a tapered bobbin 46. The spindle is illustrated as being identical with the spindle of Fig. 3 of the drawings and the corresponding parts are designated by the same reference numerals. It should be understood however that any other type of spindle might equally well have been illustrated and could equally well be converted to accommodate a standard tapered" bobbin such as 46. The adapter in Fig. 7 is indicated by the reference numeral 41 and comprises the necessary internal bore commensurate with the spindle with which it is to be united as anl integral unit. As illustrated the adapter 41 is tapered from end to end with the exception of a slight enlargement 48 at the upper end thereof to provide the driving surface yfor the tapered bobbin 46 which may be substantially identical with the bobbin 36 described above except for the substitution of a tapered tube 56 for the straight or parallelsided" tube 31. A sleeve 5| similar to the sleeve 38 is employed at the lower end of the bobbin 46. The lower end of the tapered tube 5| is provided with a rolled edge 5|a which may also be iiared as indicated. The upper end of the tapered tube 5| may be provided with the rolled edge 5|b for holding a plastic bushing or insert in position in the same manner as the rolled edge 31h in Fig. 4 of the drawings to provide the desired top drive which avoids metal to metal contact. l

In Figs. '1 and 8 of the drawings, however, there is illustrated a modif-led so-called plastic" bobbin drive in that the plastic bushing is made as an integral part of the adapter 41 rather than as an integral part of the bobbin 46. In this modified arrangement the upper end of the adapter 41 is cut awayto define a portion of reduced cross section 41a and a shoulder or ledge 41h. A plastic sleeve 52 preferably formed of Bakelite or the like is positioned on the ledge 41h in'con- A centric relationship with the portion 41a and integrally united as by a presst or the like to provide the driving surface 48 mentioned above.

` It should be understood however that the driving In Fig. 9 of the drawings there is illustrated a spinning spindle 45 identical with the one shown in Fig. '1 of the drawings except that the adapter is'not provided with the plastic sleeve 52. Both I the adapter 41' and the whorl 29 of the spindle are shown in section. It may be noted that the upper portion 28a of the blade 28 is relatively short as contrasted with Fig. 2 of the drawings. Preferably the blade is cut off to a short desired length as illustrated. The adapter 41 is provided with a bore 53 having an enlarged bore portion 53a near the lower end having a configuration to provide a press or shrink iit with the whorl 29 and an upper bore portion 53D having the desired configuration to provide a press or shink t with the short upper portion 28a of the blade 28. With this arrangement two spaced portions of the adapter 41 tightly embrace cooperating portions on the spindle 45 and specifically a portion of the blade and a portionof the whorl so as effectively to lock the blade and whorl together as a unit in the manner described in con nection with Fig. 2 of the drawings.

In the construction of Fig. 9 of the drawings the spindle is preferably straightened, the blade cut off and the blade and whorl modified to be concentric, if not already so, preparatory to assembly with the adapter. 'I'he adapter is also constructed so that its internal bore and external surface are truly concentric. These two parts are then assembled by a press lit or the like to produce an integral truly concentric structure.

In Fig. 9 of the drawings there is illustrated a modified bobbin 56 of the so called straigh type which may be employed on a tapered adapter 41'. The plastic insert 51 at the upper end thereof has aconflguration to produce the desired drive with the surface 48 while still permitting the diameter of the upper end ofthe tube 58 to equal that of the lower end. Such a bobbin would enable more yarn to be wound thereon and would provide a better angle of yarn pull throughout the traverse.

While there have been shown and described particular embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the arrangements disclosed are merely illustrative of the invention. It will, of course, be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the present invention, and it is also aimed in the appended claims to cover all suchchanges and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. An adapter for use .with a spinning spindle of the type having a `blade and a whorl united by a press nt or the like, comprising a metal member having a predetermined external configuration for accommodating a standard bobbin, and means defining a bore in said adapter of such shape as` tightly to embrace two spaced portions of said spinning spindle, one of said spaced portions comprising a tapered portion of said blade and the other of said spaced portions comprising a. tapered extension of said whorl, said adapter effectively becoming an integral part of said spindle upon press fitting of the tightly embracing portions of said spindle and said adapter, whereby said blade and whorl of said spindle l slender circular blade having a first tapered sur- CII face portion, an elongated member having a predetermined external configuration for accommodating a bobbin, means defining a tapered internal bore in said member for receiving therein in frlctional engagement as by a press fit or the like said first tapered surface portion to form an effectively integral unit, means deilning on said member an accurately formed second tapered cylindrical surface of larger diameter than said first tapered surface portion, and a whorl having a tapered cylindrical surface portion frictionally interrelated with said second tapered cylindrical surface.

3. A spinning spindle comprising a relatively slender circular blade having a first external surface portion, an elongated member having a predetermined external conguration for accommodating a bobbin, means dening an internal bore in said member for receiving therein in frictional engagement as by a press fit or the like said ilrst surface portion to form an eiectively integral unit, means defining on said member an accurately formed` second cylindrical surface comprising an enlargement of said internal bore spaced in the direction of the longitudinal axis of said member from said first surface portion, and a whorl having a cylindrical surface portion frictionally interrelated with said second cylindrirounding said blade immediately above said whorl.

TREVOR L. DAVIES.

The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name y VDate 505,507 Buttrick Sept. 26,1893 515,035 Wrigley Feb. 20, 1894 602,183 Sutcliffe Apr. 12, 1898 680,019 Brown Aug. 6, 1'901 '1,614,648 Buflington Jan. 18, 1927 2,320,965 Cetchett etal. June 1; 1943 2,417,485 Gleitz et al.l Mar. 18, 1'947 2,463,484 Geipke Mar. 1, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 620 Great Britain Nov. 4, 1909 23,874 Great Britain Oct. 7, 1893 23,988 Switzerland May 30, 1901 522,622 Great-Britain June 21, 1940 552,842 France Jan. 30, 1923 565,382 France Nov. 6, 1928 '458,748 Germany Apr. 20, 1928 498,786 Germany May 27. 1930

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