US2450101A - Material for use in the manufacture of ear defenders and the like - Google Patents
Material for use in the manufacture of ear defenders and the like Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2450101A US2450101A US448587A US44858742A US2450101A US 2450101 A US2450101 A US 2450101A US 448587 A US448587 A US 448587A US 44858742 A US44858742 A US 44858742A US 2450101 A US2450101 A US 2450101A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ear
- manufacture
- defenders
- ear defenders
- ingredient
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title description 42
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 11
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 206010050337 Cerumen impaction Diseases 0.000 description 8
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 210000002939 cerumen Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 239000004166 Lanolin Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229940039717 lanolin Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 235000019388 lanolin Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 7
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OPNUROKCUBTKLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(2-methylphenyl)guanidine Chemical class CC1=CC=CC=C1N\C(N)=N\C1=CC=CC=C1C OPNUROKCUBTKLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 (5) a Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000737 Duralumin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000009001 Quillaja saponaria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001454523 Quillaja saponaria Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004902 Softening Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011538 cleaning material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000344 non-irritating Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L11/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of chloroprene
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F11/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the ears or hearing sense; Non-electric hearing aids; Methods or devices for enabling ear patients to achieve auditory perception through physiological senses other than hearing sense; Protective devices for the ears, carried on the body or in the hand
- A61F11/06—Protective devices for the ears
- A61F11/08—Protective devices for the ears internal, e.g. earplugs
Definitions
- This invention relates to a composition of matter and relates more particularly to material for use in the manufacture of ear stoppers, the car tips of hearing-aid ear phones, ear defenders, andthe like.
- a general object. of this invention is to provide a practical, durable and inexpensive material especially welladapted for use in the manufacture of ear defenders and other ear appliances.
- Ear stoppers, ear defenders, etc. must be formed of a material that is soft and yielding, yet elastic, free from objectionable odors and resistant to ear wax, soap, alcohol, etc. Rubber is unsatisfactory because it becomes soft and gummy and expands when exposed to the action of ear wax. Most of the so-called synthetic, rubbers have objectionable odors and for other reasons are unsuited for use in ear stoppers, ear defenders, etc.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a material particularly well adapted for use in ear defenders, and the like, that is resistant to ear wax, soap, water and alcohol and that is free from all objectionable odor.
- the material of the present invention is stable or permanent and does not become soft or gummy and will not swell when exposed to ear wax and cleaning materials, such as soap, water, cleaning alcohol, etc. The material retains its. original physical characteristics even after extended. use and has no objectionable odor.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a material of the character referred to that is.
- Ear defenders produced from the material of the present invention are soft and readily conform to the. canals of the ear and may be worn without discomfort and yet have the required resiliency to effectively seal with and conform to the walls or surfaces of the auditory canals.
- the hardness and resiliency of the material are comparable with that of soft medical rubber.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a material of the character referred to that is non-toxic and non-irritating.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a material of the character'mentioned that is substantially flesh colored so that the ear appliances are very inconspicuous.
- a further object of this invention is to provide a material of the character mentioned that is simple and inexpensive to manufacture, being readily milled, compounded and cured.
- the improved material or composition of the present invention may be said to comprise, genorally, (1) a base in the form of a synthetic rubber, (2) a neutralizing and vulcanizing agent, (Ii)- a lubricant to aidin the plasticizing operation, (4) an ingredient to increase the resiliency or modulus. of elasticity of the cured material, (5) a, filler which renders the material noninflammable, (6) a-colo-ring ingredient, (7') softeners and lubricants, (8) an ingredient which acts as an accelerator for the initial phase of the cure and a retarder for the latter stages of the cure.
- the base or principal ingredient (l) of the composition may be termed a synthetic rubber and is more specifically known as raw neoprene GN, polychloroprene. This ingredient is represented by I or H I We have found this material to be superior to the; other synthetic rubbers as the base or prin-. cipal element. of the composition.
- The; raw neoprene GN is cut and rolled on the mill until smooth to facilitate the mixing and further plastlcizing of the material as will be more fully described.
- the light magnesia MgO is employed as an acid. accepter serving to neutralize any hydrogen chloride that may be liberated from the neoprene during the milling and vulcanizing and subsequent aging.
- the magnesia is also effective as a vulcanizing agent during the curing process. This ingredient may be the first added to the neoprene when the latter has been P ep y cutting and rolling.
- the stearic acid is added to the mixture following the addition of the magnesia to the neoprene and operates as an eifective lubricant.
- the stearic acid reduces or eliminates tackiness or stickiness of the mixture during the plasticizing operation and prevents the material or mixture from sticking to the parts of the mill.
- the Permalux is employed in a relatively small proportion by Weight to increase the resiliency and modulus of elasticity of the finished product.
- the Permalux (diorthotolylguanidine salt of dicatechol borate) may be added followin the addition of the stearic acid.
- the titanium dioxide (TiOz) has a double function, serving as a filler and operating to make the mixture non-inflammable.
- the titanium dioxide is especially desirable in the light colored material or stock.
- the small proportion of iron oxide employed serves to give the product the pinkish color or flesh color. It will be obvious that the proportion of the iron oxide may be varied greatly and that other coloring materials may be employed if desired or found necessary.
- lanolin and paraifin are softening and lubricating agents of the material.
- Lanolin being an animal-grease has many of the same ingredients as ear wax. Accordingly, lanolin is particularly well adapted for embodiment in the ear defender material since it renders the ear defender material substantially inert when in contact with the ear wax. Ear wax is inert when in contact with the lanolin but would tend to react with other oils or waxes diiferent in nature from itself,
- the titanium dioxide, iron oxide, paraflin and lanolin may be added at one time or in close sequence.
- the paraffin and lanolin should be melted before they are added to the mix, but they should not be heated much above their melting points because the heat they would add to the batch in such a case might be sufiicient to produce an incipient curing of the mix.
- the zinc oxide (ZnO) operates as an accelerator in the early stages of the cure and further operates as a retarder in the latter stages of the cure. It is preferred to add the zinc oxide to the mix as'the last ingredient to prevent premature setting up during the mixing or compounding. While the order of adding or mixing of the several ingredients outlined above has been found preferableit is to be understood that the invention is not to be construed as restricted to this specific order of operations.
- neoprene GN is cut and rolled on the mill until smooth.
- the other ingredients are added in the proportions ab'ove named, or in substantially these proportions, and the mixture is cut and rolled until the material is thoroughly mixed.
- Any suitable form of mill may be employed and the mixing time may bevaried as conditions may as compared to 0.33 for rubber.
- the mixin time starting with the feeding of the raw neoprene into the mill and terminating with the rolling of the batch from the mill will range between approximately 25 minutes to approximately 35 minutes dependin upon the size of the batch and the character of the mill.
- the finished material or compounded material may have a tendency to pre-cure at room temperatures. For this reason it may be desirable to store the material in a cool place but the stored material should be kept Well above freezing temperature.
- Duralumin or stainless steel molds are employed the material cures as quickly and as easily as rubber. The cure may take approximately 20 minutes, presuming it is started with a hot press at between 150 and 155 centigrade. We have found it desirable to lubricate the molds with an extract of soap bark in order to prevent the material from sticking during the cure.
- the cured material is soft, having a Shore hardness No. 37 and is thus comparable to soft medical rubber.
- the material is very tough and durable. By test it has been found that the weight required to tear a nicked strip 2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide and 0.05 cm. thick, out 0.4 cm. across from one edge, is 230 gm. wt.
- the material of the invention has substantially the same elasticity as rubber. The ratio of stretch to the original length of a strip 2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide and 0.05 cm. thick stretched by a force of 150 gm. wt., is 0.30 The material has proven to be permanent and to retain its original physical characteristics.
- a composition of the class described comprising the following materials in the following proportions by weight: 100 parts polychloroprene, 4 parts magnesia, 1.5 parts stearic acid, 0.5 part diorthotolylguanidine salt of dicatechol borate, 12 parts titanium dioxide, 3 parts paraflin, 20 parts lanolin, and 1 part zinc oxide.
- composition as defined in claim 1 including 0.4 part iron oxide as a coloring material.
Description
Patented Sept. 28, 1948 MATERIAL FOR USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF EAR DEFENDERS AND THE LIKE Paul S. Veneklasen and Norman A. Watson, Los Angeles, Calif, assignors to the United States of America,
No Drawing. Application June 26, 1942, Serial No. 448,587
2 Claims.
This invention relates to a composition of matter and relates more particularly to material for use in the manufacture of ear stoppers, the car tips of hearing-aid ear phones, ear defenders, andthe like. A general object. of this invention is to provide a practical, durable and inexpensive material especially welladapted for use in the manufacture of ear defenders and other ear appliances.
Ear stoppers, ear defenders, etc., must be formed of a material that is soft and yielding, yet elastic, free from objectionable odors and resistant to ear wax, soap, alcohol, etc. Rubber is unsatisfactory because it becomes soft and gummy and expands when exposed to the action of ear wax. Most of the so-called synthetic, rubbers have objectionable odors and for other reasons are unsuited for use in ear stoppers, ear defenders, etc.
Another object of this invention is to provide a material particularly well adapted for use in ear defenders, and the like, that is resistant to ear wax, soap, water and alcohol and that is free from all objectionable odor. The material of the present invention is stable or permanent and does not become soft or gummy and will not swell when exposed to ear wax and cleaning materials, such as soap, water, cleaning alcohol, etc. The material retains its. original physical characteristics even after extended. use and has no objectionable odor.
Another object of this invention is to provide a material of the character referred to that is.
soft, pliable and elastic. Ear defenders produced from the material of the present invention are soft and readily conform to the. canals of the ear and may be worn without discomfort and yet have the required resiliency to effectively seal with and conform to the walls or surfaces of the auditory canals. The hardness and resiliency of the material are comparable with that of soft medical rubber.
Another object of this invention is to provide a material of the character referred to that is non-toxic and non-irritating.
Another object of this invention is to provide a material of the character'mentioned that is substantially flesh colored so that the ear appliances are very inconspicuous. v
A further object of this invention is to provide a material of the character mentioned that is simple and inexpensive to manufacture, being readily milled, compounded and cured.
The various objects and advantages of our invention will be more fully understood from the.
following detailed description of a preferred embodiment. of the inventionand manner of compounding the same. It is to be understood that the following detailed disclosure is typical ofa preferred species of the invention and of a typical preferred modeof compounding the same and the invention is not to be construed as limited or restricted to the specificdetails herein set forth but is to be considered in its broader aspects.
The improved material or composition of the present invention may be said to comprise, genorally, (1) a base in the form of a synthetic rubber, (2) a neutralizing and vulcanizing agent, (Ii)- a lubricant to aidin the plasticizing operation, (4) an ingredient to increase the resiliency or modulus. of elasticity of the cured material, (5) a, filler which renders the material noninflammable, (6) a-colo-ring ingredient, (7') softeners and lubricants, (8) an ingredient which acts as an accelerator for the initial phase of the cure and a retarder for the latter stages of the cure.
The following formula is a preferred typical example of the invention but is not necessarily restrictive of the invention. The quantities given are; by weight.
The base or principal ingredient (l) of the composition may be termed a synthetic rubber and is more specifically known as raw neoprene GN, polychloroprene. This ingredient is represented by I or H I We have found this material to be superior to the; other synthetic rubbers as the base or prin-. cipal element. of the composition. The; raw neoprene GN is cut and rolled on the mill until smooth to facilitate the mixing and further plastlcizing of the material as will be more fully described.
The light magnesia MgO is employed as an acid. accepter serving to neutralize any hydrogen chloride that may be liberated from the neoprene during the milling and vulcanizing and subsequent aging. The magnesia is also effective as a vulcanizing agent during the curing process. This ingredient may be the first added to the neoprene when the latter has been P ep y cutting and rolling.
The stearic acid is added to the mixture following the addition of the magnesia to the neoprene and operates as an eifective lubricant. The stearic acid reduces or eliminates tackiness or stickiness of the mixture during the plasticizing operation and prevents the material or mixture from sticking to the parts of the mill.
The Permalux is employed in a relatively small proportion by Weight to increase the resiliency and modulus of elasticity of the finished product. The Permalux (diorthotolylguanidine salt of dicatechol borate) may be added followin the addition of the stearic acid.
The titanium dioxide (TiOz) has a double function, serving as a filler and operating to make the mixture non-inflammable. The titanium dioxide is especially desirable in the light colored material or stock. The small proportion of iron oxide employed serves to give the product the pinkish color or flesh color. It will be obvious that the proportion of the iron oxide may be varied greatly and that other coloring materials may be employed if desired or found necessary.
The lanolin and paraifin are softening and lubricating agents of the material. Lanolin being an animal-grease has many of the same ingredients as ear wax. Accordingly, lanolin is particularly well adapted for embodiment in the ear defender material since it renders the ear defender material substantially inert when in contact with the ear wax. Ear wax is inert when in contact with the lanolin but would tend to react with other oils or waxes diiferent in nature from itself,
thus making the employment of such other oils or waxes unsuitable in the ear defender material. The titanium dioxide, iron oxide, paraflin and lanolin may be added at one time or in close sequence. The paraffin and lanolin should be melted before they are added to the mix, but they should not be heated much above their melting points because the heat they would add to the batch in such a case might be sufiicient to produce an incipient curing of the mix.
The zinc oxide (ZnO) operates as an accelerator in the early stages of the cure and further operates as a retarder in the latter stages of the cure. It is preferred to add the zinc oxide to the mix as'the last ingredient to prevent premature setting up during the mixing or compounding. While the order of adding or mixing of the several ingredients outlined above has been found preferableit is to be understood that the invention is not to be construed as restricted to this specific order of operations.
As above described, the principal ingredient or base, neoprene GN is cut and rolled on the mill until smooth. The other ingredients are added in the proportions ab'ove named, or in substantially these proportions, and the mixture is cut and rolled until the material is thoroughly mixed. Any suitable form of mill may be employed and the mixing time may bevaried as conditions may as compared to 0.33 for rubber.
require. We have found that the mixin time starting with the feeding of the raw neoprene into the mill and terminating with the rolling of the batch from the mill will range between approximately 25 minutes to approximately 35 minutes dependin upon the size of the batch and the character of the mill. The finished material or compounded material may have a tendency to pre-cure at room temperatures. For this reason it may be desirable to store the material in a cool place but the stored material should be kept Well above freezing temperature.
If Duralumin or stainless steel molds are employed the material cures as quickly and as easily as rubber. The cure may take approximately 20 minutes, presuming it is started with a hot press at between 150 and 155 centigrade. We have found it desirable to lubricate the molds with an extract of soap bark in order to prevent the material from sticking during the cure.
The cured material is soft, having a Shore hardness No. 37 and is thus comparable to soft medical rubber. The material is very tough and durable. By test it has been found that the weight required to tear a nicked strip 2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide and 0.05 cm. thick, out 0.4 cm. across from one edge, is 230 gm. wt. The material of the invention has substantially the same elasticity as rubber. The ratio of stretch to the original length of a strip 2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide and 0.05 cm. thick stretched by a force of 150 gm. wt., is 0.30 The material has proven to be permanent and to retain its original physical characteristics. It has been .found that the cured material is unaffected by ear wax, soap, Water, etc., when exposed to these elements for substantial periods. The ear defender material compounded as above described with the iron oxide is almost flesh colored and the ear defenders formed of the material are inconspicuous when in position in the ear.
Having described only a typical preferred form and application of our invention, We do not Wish to be limited or restricted to the specific details herein set forth, but Wish to reserve to ourselves any variations or modifications that may appear to those skilled in the art or fall within the scope of the following claims.
Having described our invention, we claim:
1. A composition of the class described comprising the following materials in the following proportions by weight: 100 parts polychloroprene, 4 parts magnesia, 1.5 parts stearic acid, 0.5 part diorthotolylguanidine salt of dicatechol borate, 12 parts titanium dioxide, 3 parts paraflin, 20 parts lanolin, and 1 part zinc oxide.
2. A composition as defined in claim 1, including 0.4 part iron oxide as a coloring material.
' PAUL S. VENEKLASEN.
NORMAN A. WATSON.
REFERENCES CITED UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date Dittmar Feb. 17, 1942 Number
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US448587A US2450101A (en) | 1942-06-26 | 1942-06-26 | Material for use in the manufacture of ear defenders and the like |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US448587A US2450101A (en) | 1942-06-26 | 1942-06-26 | Material for use in the manufacture of ear defenders and the like |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2450101A true US2450101A (en) | 1948-09-28 |
Family
ID=23780902
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US448587A Expired - Lifetime US2450101A (en) | 1942-06-26 | 1942-06-26 | Material for use in the manufacture of ear defenders and the like |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US2450101A (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2735813A (en) * | 1956-02-21 | Liner material for leaf spring | ||
US4414351A (en) * | 1975-03-19 | 1983-11-08 | Daicel Ltd. | Primer for powder coating comprising (a) diene polymer (b) MgO and (c) cobalt or manganese ion |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2273780A (en) * | 1939-12-30 | 1942-02-17 | Du Pont | Wax acryalte ester blends |
-
1942
- 1942-06-26 US US448587A patent/US2450101A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2273780A (en) * | 1939-12-30 | 1942-02-17 | Du Pont | Wax acryalte ester blends |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2735813A (en) * | 1956-02-21 | Liner material for leaf spring | ||
US4414351A (en) * | 1975-03-19 | 1983-11-08 | Daicel Ltd. | Primer for powder coating comprising (a) diene polymer (b) MgO and (c) cobalt or manganese ion |
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