US2442223A - Method of improving the corrosion resistance of chromium alloys - Google Patents

Method of improving the corrosion resistance of chromium alloys Download PDF

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Publication number
US2442223A
US2442223A US555401A US55540144A US2442223A US 2442223 A US2442223 A US 2442223A US 555401 A US555401 A US 555401A US 55540144 A US55540144 A US 55540144A US 2442223 A US2442223 A US 2442223A
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Prior art keywords
chromium
alloy
iron
corrosion resistance
improving
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US555401A
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Herbert H Uhlig
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/80—After-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D3/00—Diffusion processes for extraction of non-metals; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D3/02—Extraction of non-metals
    • C21D3/04—Decarburising
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
    • C23C8/10—Oxidising
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12826—Group VIB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12847—Cr-base component
    • Y10T428/12854—Next to Co-, Fe-, or Ni-base component

Definitions

  • the present invention is a method for improving the corrosion resistance of chromium alloys.
  • the oxidation resistance of such alloys improves with increase in the chromium content.
  • the resistance of such alloys to corrosion in aqueous media improves with increase in chromium content although not in the same fashion.
  • Alloyed with iron, 12% chromium in aqueous media is a critical composition. For example, alloys containing less than 12% chromium rust in the manner characteristic of iron while those alloys which contain more than 12% chromium are in the class commonly known as stainless irons and steels. Any method therefore which increases the surface concentration of chromium will improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy regardless of the original surface concentration.
  • I may improve the oxidation resistance of any chromium alloy regardless of its original chromium content.
  • the alloy for example, contains less than 12% chromium my improved method may be employed .to increase the surface concentration of chromium to a point above 12% which will produce a stainless alloy surface.
  • the increase in surface concentration of a chromium alloy is accomplished by diffusing chromium from the interior of the alloy. The difiusion takes place at elevated temperatures provided an appropriate concentration gradient of chromium can be established and maintained in the alloy. This concentration gradient can be obtained by preferentially reacting the surface chromium so that chromium is continually removed as a compound or a reaction product.
  • the chromium compound can then be reduced to metal leaving an enriched chromium surface.
  • the compound may be employed to protect the underlying metal from corrosion.
  • Hydrogen containing water vapor will react with iron-chromium alloys in a manner which meets the required conditions for chromium enrichment of the alloy surface.
  • a mixture of hydrogen and water vapor at elevated temperatures reacts easily with chromium in an iron-chromium alloy to form CrzOs but the iron remains unaffected.
  • the molal ratio of H: to H2O at 1000 C. can be as low as 1.5 before iron is attacked,
  • CrzOa green chrome oxide
  • the oxide coat CrzOs on the treated wire is adherent whereas the mixed oxide coating on the untreated wire flakes off, exposing bare metal underneath.
  • the oxide coating on the treated wire is far more protective in air than that on the untreated wire by a. factor 3.65 .155-j-.23
  • the growth of oxide in the hydrogen-water mixture at 1150 C. after 3 minutes obeys the equation:
  • the amount of chromium brought to the surface in each of the above instances is small but appreciable.
  • the enrichment of Cr produced on the 25% Cr-Fe alloy wire by heating in moist Hz at 1150 C. for only one hour and eight minutes is calculated to be equivalent to .01 mil of chromium metal.
  • the amount of chromium diffused to the surface by the present method is therefore of the same order of magnitude as a commercial electroplate.
  • the improvement in surface properties obtained by forming a protective oxide coating is not limited to iron-chrome and nickel-chrome alloys but applies to copper-aluminum and cop- 40 1,745,912
  • a process for improving the corrosion resistance of an alloy containing less than 12% chromium, the remainder being principally metal of the group iron and nickel which comprises heating the alloy in a moist hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature high enough to produce a coating of one; on the alloy, the ratio of hydrogen and water in said atmosphere being such as to oxidize the chromium but not the principal metal in the surface of said alloy, and thereafter reducing thesaid Crzoa coating to chromium metal by heating said coated alloy in an atmosphere of pure dry hydrogen.
  • a process for improving the corrosion resistance of an alloy containing less than 12% chromium, the principal metal being of the group iron and nickel which comprises heating the alloy in a, mixture of hydrogen and water vapor at a temperature of'about 1,000 C. to produce a coating of Cr203 on the alloy, the molal ratio of hydrogen to water in said mixture being from 1.5 to 32 inclusive, and thereafter heating said alloy in pure dry hydrogen at about 1100 C. until the oxide is completely reduced.

Description

Patented May 25, 1948 METHOD OF IMPROVING THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF CHROMIUM ALLOYS Herbert H. Uhlig, Schenectady, N. Y., asslgnor to General Electric Company, a corporation of New York No Drawing. Application September 22, 1944, Serial No. 555,401
2 Claims. (Cl. 148-635) The present invention is a method for improving the corrosion resistance of chromium alloys. The oxidation resistance of such alloys improves with increase in the chromium content. Also, the resistance of such alloys to corrosion in aqueous media improves with increase in chromium content although not in the same fashion. Alloyed with iron, 12% chromium in aqueous media is a critical composition. For example, alloys containing less than 12% chromium rust in the manner characteristic of iron while those alloys which contain more than 12% chromium are in the class commonly known as stainless irons and steels. Any method therefore which increases the surface concentration of chromium will improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy regardless of the original surface concentration.
It is one of the objects of the present invention to provide a. simple method for increasing the corrosion resistance of alloys containing chromium. It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved method for increasing the surface concentration of chromium in chromium alloys. Other-objects will appear hereinafter.
In carrying out my invention I may improve the oxidation resistance of any chromium alloy regardless of its original chromium content. If the alloy, for example, contains less than 12% chromium my improved method may be employed .to increase the surface concentration of chromium to a point above 12% which will produce a stainless alloy surface. The increase in surface concentration of a chromium alloy is accomplished by diffusing chromium from the interior of the alloy. The difiusion takes place at elevated temperatures provided an appropriate concentration gradient of chromium can be established and maintained in the alloy. This concentration gradient can be obtained by preferentially reacting the surface chromium so that chromium is continually removed as a compound or a reaction product. The chromium compound can then be reduced to metal leaving an enriched chromium surface. However, if desired, the compoundmay be employed to protect the underlying metal from corrosion.
Hydrogen containing water vapor will react with iron-chromium alloys in a manner which meets the required conditions for chromium enrichment of the alloy surface. A mixture of hydrogen and water vapor at elevated temperatures reacts easily with chromium in an iron-chromium alloy to form CrzOs but the iron remains unaffected. The molal ratio of H: to H2O at 1000 C. can be as low as 1.5 before iron is attacked,
whereas chromium is oxidized when the molal ratio is as high as 32. Consequently, heating a chrome-iron alloy in moist hydrogen produces an adherent green chrome oxide (CrzOa) coating. This oxide coating is adherent and non-porous and protects underlying metal core against further oxidation and to a greater extent than the mixture of iron and chrome oxides which is formed when the iron-chromium alloy is heated directly in air.
A .0508 cm. diameter iron-chromium wire 81.4
cm. long and containing 25% chromium was heated in 9, mixture of H2 and H20 (molal ratio=32) at 1150 C. for 68 minutes with a re sultant gain of .003 gm.=0.23 mg./cm. When wire treated as above was heated in air at 1000" C. for 24 hours it showed a. loss of 0.155 mg./cm. while an untreated wire showed a loss of 3.65 mgL/cmF. Similar weight losses occurred in the second 24 hours at 1000 C. in air.
The oxide coat CrzOs on the treated wire is adherent whereas the mixed oxide coating on the untreated wire flakes off, exposing bare metal underneath. The oxide coating on the treated wire is far more protective in air than that on the untreated wire by a. factor 3.65 .155-j-.23 The growth of oxide in the hydrogen-water mixture at 1150 C. after 3 minutes obeys the equation:
y=10.85 log t16.4
where y=mg. wt. gain/sq. decimeter and t=time in seconds.
The similarly protective value of a CrzOa coating on nickel chrome alloy (20 Cr Ni) is shown by the data below. In this case the oxide coat Was formed as for the Cr-Fe alloy by heating in hydrogen which bubbles through water, since nickel like iron is not oxidized by a gas mixture of this composition.
A 16 mil wire 41.2 cm. long was heated in H2+H2O (molal ratio=32) at 1150 C. for 76 minutes showed a weight gain of .0007 gm.=0.13 mg./cm. Wire so treated when heated in air at 1200" C. for 63 minutes showed a weight gain of 0.22 mg./cm. while untreated wire under the same conditions showed a weight gain of 0.51 man/cm The above tests v indicate clearly that the treated wire which oxidized in air was far superior to the untreated wire. Greater advantage may be secured by increasing the thickness of the pre- 68 liminary CrzOa coat. This increase in preliminary oxide thickness may be accomplished by increasing the temperature and time of treatment and also by decreasing the Hz/HzO ratio used as oxidizing atmosphere.
The amount of chromium brought to the surface in each of the above instances is small but appreciable. The enrichment of Cr produced on the 25% Cr-Fe alloy wire by heating in moist Hz at 1150 C. for only one hour and eight minutes is calculated to be equivalent to .01 mil of chromium metal. Commercially it is the practice to protect metal surfaces from corrosion by electrodepositing chromium layers of the order of .01 to 0.1 mil thickness. The amount of chromium diffused to the surface by the present method is therefore of the same order of magnitude as a commercial electroplate.
In producing a stainless surface on low chrome iron alloys by diffusing chromium to the surface by reaction with Hz-l-HzO and then reducing the CrzOa layer with pure dry hydrogen, the chromium during the high temperature reduction has a tendency to difiuse again into the metal interior. In .the short time involved however, it diffuses only a short distance and produces thereby a high chrome iron stainless alloy "surface which is somewhat thicker than the equivalent .01 mil of pure chromium. Bars thick 2" long consisting of a 5% chrome-iron alloy were heated in moist hydrogen in a furnace at 1100 C. for 24 hours to produce an oxide scale of CrzOa. This oxide was thereafter completely reduced by heating the oxide coated metal in pure dry hydrogen at 1100 C. for 15 minutes thereby producing a stainless or passive surface on the iron chrome alloy.
The improvement in surface properties obtained by forming a protective oxide coating is not limited to iron-chrome and nickel-chrome alloys but applies to copper-aluminum and cop- 40 1,745,912
devices, for example in household appliances such as toasters, electric fiat irons and the like which normally operate in air. The life of such heater wires when coated with chrome oxide is greatly increased over that of untreated wire.
What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A process for improving the corrosion resistance of an alloy containing less than 12% chromium, the remainder being principally metal of the group iron and nickel which comprises heating the alloy in a moist hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature high enough to produce a coating of one; on the alloy, the ratio of hydrogen and water in said atmosphere being such as to oxidize the chromium but not the principal metal in the surface of said alloy, and thereafter reducing thesaid Crzoa coating to chromium metal by heating said coated alloy in an atmosphere of pure dry hydrogen.
2. A process for improving the corrosion resistance of an alloy containing less than 12% chromium, the principal metal being of the group iron and nickel which comprises heating the alloy in a, mixture of hydrogen and water vapor at a temperature of'about 1,000 C. to produce a coating of Cr203 on the alloy, the molal ratio of hydrogen to water in said mixture being from 1.5 to 32 inclusive, and thereafter heating said alloy in pure dry hydrogen at about 1100 C. until the oxide is completely reduced.
HERBERT H. UHLIG.
. REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date Richardson Feb. 4, 1930 1,901,039 Owens et al Mar. 14, 1933 2,369,146 Kingston Feb. 13, 1945 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 114,649 Australia Feb. 4, 1942 140,193 Austria Jan. 10, 1935 OTHER REFERENCES Book of Stainless Steels, by E. E. Thum, 2nd edition, 1935, pages 547-553, published by American Society for Metals, Cleveland, Ohio. (Copy in Division 3.)
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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2513303A (en) * 1946-12-30 1950-07-04 Armco Steel Corp Coated cobalt alloy products
US2519127A (en) * 1945-04-23 1950-08-15 American Steel & Wire Co Method of drawing stainless steel wire
US2547536A (en) * 1951-04-03 Formation of a surface easily
US2677877A (en) * 1948-04-30 1954-05-11 Cutler Hammer Inc Glass to metal seal and parts thereof and method of making same
US2703298A (en) * 1949-10-14 1955-03-01 Robertshaw Fulton Controls Co Process for annealing stainless steel
US2763584A (en) * 1952-04-16 1956-09-18 Union Carbide & Carbon Corp Metal articles for use at elevated temperatures
US2933423A (en) * 1958-03-03 1960-04-19 Kimble Glass Co Preoxidation of stainless steel for glass-to-metal sealing
US3345218A (en) * 1964-04-02 1967-10-03 Owens Illinois Inc Preoxidation of stainless steel for glass-to-metal sealing
US3660173A (en) * 1969-06-25 1972-05-02 Toyo Kogyo Co Method of preparing corrosion resistant metallic articles
US3812718A (en) * 1972-04-26 1974-05-28 Robertshaw Controls Co Cased heat resistant alloy to reduce mercury corrosion
US3812720A (en) * 1972-04-26 1974-05-28 Robertshaw Controls Co Inhibitor to reduce mercury corrosion
US3812719A (en) * 1972-04-26 1974-05-28 Robertshaw Controls Co A temperature bulb with an inner liner to reduce mercury corrosion
US3925109A (en) * 1974-01-29 1975-12-09 Us Energy Precise carbon control of fabricated stainless steel
US3969151A (en) * 1974-01-25 1976-07-13 Varian Associates Treatment of stainless steel and similar alloys to reduce hydrogen outgassing
US4119761A (en) * 1975-12-12 1978-10-10 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. Heat radiation anode
US4266987A (en) * 1977-04-25 1981-05-12 Kennecott Copper Corporation Process for providing acid-resistant oxide layers on alloys
US5169515A (en) * 1989-06-30 1992-12-08 Shell Oil Company Process and article
EP0878662A2 (en) * 1997-05-15 1998-11-18 Jgc Corporation Pure steam-related apparatus protected from fouling and method of manufacturing the same
FR2822851A1 (en) * 2001-03-30 2002-10-04 Bacock & Wilcox Canada Ltd Formation of a chromium rich layer on the surface of a nickel based alloy component containing chromium by heating to chromium oxidising temperature and exposing it to a controlled oxidising gas mixture
EP2878708A1 (en) * 2013-11-28 2015-06-03 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Method for the modification of the surface structure of a metal body

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1745912A (en) * 1923-05-03 1930-02-04 Westinghouse Lamp Co Chromium-coated wire and method of manufacture
US1901039A (en) * 1931-12-09 1933-03-14 Internaitonal Nickel Company I Process of bright annealing steels and alloys
AT140193B (en) * 1932-07-18 1935-01-10 Krupp Ag Process for surface hardening of stainless steels.
US2369146A (en) * 1940-09-26 1945-02-13 Sylvania Electric Prod Metal insert for vacuum-tight sealing

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1745912A (en) * 1923-05-03 1930-02-04 Westinghouse Lamp Co Chromium-coated wire and method of manufacture
US1901039A (en) * 1931-12-09 1933-03-14 Internaitonal Nickel Company I Process of bright annealing steels and alloys
AT140193B (en) * 1932-07-18 1935-01-10 Krupp Ag Process for surface hardening of stainless steels.
US2369146A (en) * 1940-09-26 1945-02-13 Sylvania Electric Prod Metal insert for vacuum-tight sealing

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2547536A (en) * 1951-04-03 Formation of a surface easily
US2519127A (en) * 1945-04-23 1950-08-15 American Steel & Wire Co Method of drawing stainless steel wire
US2513303A (en) * 1946-12-30 1950-07-04 Armco Steel Corp Coated cobalt alloy products
US2677877A (en) * 1948-04-30 1954-05-11 Cutler Hammer Inc Glass to metal seal and parts thereof and method of making same
US2703298A (en) * 1949-10-14 1955-03-01 Robertshaw Fulton Controls Co Process for annealing stainless steel
US2763584A (en) * 1952-04-16 1956-09-18 Union Carbide & Carbon Corp Metal articles for use at elevated temperatures
US2933423A (en) * 1958-03-03 1960-04-19 Kimble Glass Co Preoxidation of stainless steel for glass-to-metal sealing
US3345218A (en) * 1964-04-02 1967-10-03 Owens Illinois Inc Preoxidation of stainless steel for glass-to-metal sealing
US3660173A (en) * 1969-06-25 1972-05-02 Toyo Kogyo Co Method of preparing corrosion resistant metallic articles
US3812720A (en) * 1972-04-26 1974-05-28 Robertshaw Controls Co Inhibitor to reduce mercury corrosion
US3812718A (en) * 1972-04-26 1974-05-28 Robertshaw Controls Co Cased heat resistant alloy to reduce mercury corrosion
US3812719A (en) * 1972-04-26 1974-05-28 Robertshaw Controls Co A temperature bulb with an inner liner to reduce mercury corrosion
US3969151A (en) * 1974-01-25 1976-07-13 Varian Associates Treatment of stainless steel and similar alloys to reduce hydrogen outgassing
US3925109A (en) * 1974-01-29 1975-12-09 Us Energy Precise carbon control of fabricated stainless steel
US4119761A (en) * 1975-12-12 1978-10-10 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. Heat radiation anode
US4266987A (en) * 1977-04-25 1981-05-12 Kennecott Copper Corporation Process for providing acid-resistant oxide layers on alloys
US5169515A (en) * 1989-06-30 1992-12-08 Shell Oil Company Process and article
EP0878662A2 (en) * 1997-05-15 1998-11-18 Jgc Corporation Pure steam-related apparatus protected from fouling and method of manufacturing the same
US6150040A (en) * 1997-05-15 2000-11-21 Jgc Corporation Pure steam-related apparatus protected from fouling and method of manufacturing the same
EP0878662A3 (en) * 1997-05-15 2001-04-11 Jgc Corporation Pure steam-related apparatus protected from fouling and method of manufacturing the same
FR2822851A1 (en) * 2001-03-30 2002-10-04 Bacock & Wilcox Canada Ltd Formation of a chromium rich layer on the surface of a nickel based alloy component containing chromium by heating to chromium oxidising temperature and exposing it to a controlled oxidising gas mixture
EP2878708A1 (en) * 2013-11-28 2015-06-03 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Method for the modification of the surface structure of a metal body

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