US2407250A - Directive antenna - Google Patents

Directive antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
US2407250A
US2407250A US417152A US41715241A US2407250A US 2407250 A US2407250 A US 2407250A US 417152 A US417152 A US 417152A US 41715241 A US41715241 A US 41715241A US 2407250 A US2407250 A US 2407250A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
electrodes
antenna
electrode
ionized
directive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US417152A
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English (en)
Inventor
Henri G Busignies
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
STC PLC
Federal Telephone and Radio Corp
Original Assignee
Standard Telephone and Cables PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE474941D priority Critical patent/BE474941A/xx
Application filed by Standard Telephone and Cables PLC filed Critical Standard Telephone and Cables PLC
Priority to US417152A priority patent/US2407250A/en
Priority to GB19829/43A priority patent/GB592490A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2407250A publication Critical patent/US2407250A/en
Priority to FR951025D priority patent/FR951025A/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C7/00—Modulating electromagnetic waves
    • H03C7/02—Modulating electromagnetic waves in transmission lines, waveguides, cavity resonators or radiation fields of antennas
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
    • G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element

Definitions

  • This invention relates to directive antenna systems, and in particular to improvements in variably directive devices for transmitting and/or receiving purposes.
  • Another object is to provide an improved reflector of radiant energy.
  • a further object is to provide improved means for varying impedance offered to radiant energy radiated or being detected by an antenna whereby directional transmission or reception may be obtained.
  • a more specific object is to provide means for utilizing a moving ionized field in conjunction with an antenna for obtaining directional transmission or reception.
  • a still more specific object is to provide means for setting up an ionized field shifting eccentrically about an axis.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic showing of a device for producing an eccentrically shifting ionized field in accordance with features of the invention
  • Figs. 2 and 3 illustrate schematically how a device according to Fig. 1 may be employed in cooperation with an antenna to producenovel directive effects in accordance with the invention
  • Fig. 4 illustrates schematically an alternative embodiment of the device shown in Fig. 1;
  • FIG. 5 illustrates schematically a, further alternative embodiment illustrative of the invention.
  • Figs. 6 and. 7 are plan view showings of certain elements in the apparatus of Fig. 5.
  • the present invention proposes to use the properties of an ionized field either to absorb or to refiect radiant energy in order to obtain novel directive effects.
  • a chamber filled with an ionizable medium and appropriately provided with electrodes for ionizing the same is suitably disposed with respect to an antenna whereby the ionized field present therein ma either reflect or absorb energy being radiated from or receivd by the antenna.
  • the electrodes within the chamber are so disposed and energized that a shifting ionized field is set up therein, which field shifts eccentrically of an axis of the antenna with substantially uniform density throughout its cycle of shifting operation.
  • Fig. 1 shows schematically a device for setting up such an eccentrically shifting, preferably eccentrically rotating, ionized field.
  • the device comprises a chamber 5 preferably of generally circular cross section and having a plurality of electrodes 6, i, 8. 3, H therein.
  • Chamber 5 may be filled with an ionizable gaseous medium, such as neon, for example.
  • chamber 5 is provided with two pairs of diametrically opposed electrodes, all spaced equally from a generally central electrode member iii.
  • the ionized field preferably extends over substantially a quadrant sector of the cross section shown, and is thus set up between the electrode I9 and either one or two adjacent of the outer electrodes.
  • two preferably equal voltages spaced 90 wi in respect to each other may be generated by the two phase alternator H and supplied to potentiometers i2 and 53 respectively.
  • the midpoints of potentiometers l2 and it are connected to the central electrode H), as is indicated. by the ground connection.
  • Each end of potentiometer I2 is connected to electrodes of one pair of op posed electrodes 9 through rectifier means It, i5 respectively, and each end of potentiometer I3 is connected to electrodes 5 and 8 of the other pair of opposed electrodes through rectifier means it, ll.
  • an ionizing potential ma first be set up say. between electrodes 6 and IE1. It is clear that this potential is set up when the voltage across potentiometer I3 as generated by Winding 5 lb of the alternator is a maximum and in the direction indicated by the arrow E8. No ionizing potential will be set up between electrodes 8 and iii at this instant due to the blocking operation of rectifier Hi, as will be clear. As alternator ll continues to rotate, the voltage generated in winding Hb will decrease and a voltage will appear across potentiometer ,2 as generated by winding Ila.
  • This voltage may be in the direction indicated by arrow l9, and due to the passing action of rectifier I4 and the blocking action of rectifier 45, will begin to set up an ionizing potential between electrodes 1 and iii.
  • the effect of decreasing ionizing potential between electrodes ii and ill and increasing ionizing potential between electrodes 5 and I ll will be bodily to displace the sectoral ionized pattern in a clockwise sense about electrode l6 and when the voltage across potentiometer l2 reaches a maximum in the direction i9, the ionized sector will appear wholly between. electrodes l and IE as will be clear.
  • Fig. 2 I show how the eccentrically rotating field may be employed .as a radiant energy absorber to produce desired directive effects.
  • chamber 5 is shown in partly broken away elevation and disposed preferably concentrically with the axis of a directive antenna structure 20 which may be employed in conjunction with ap-- basementte transmitter or receiving means 2
  • antenna 28 is a transmitting antenna, the pattern of radiated energy will be periodically displaced eccentrically of the axis of antenna throughout a generally conical orbit.
  • a chamber 5 containing the ionizable me-, dium is shown in partly broken awa elevation but is preferably shaped generally parabolically for better reflecting and focussing purposes.
  • a dipole 22 may be employed as the radiator or receiver of radiant energy and is preferably disposed along the axis of chamber 5' and generally at the focal point thereof.
  • antenna 22 will have a normal radiation generally to the left and to the right symmetrically about the axis thereof. Energy radiated generally to the right of antenna 22 will however.
  • I provide means for extending the sector comprising the ionized field to cover an are greater than that possible with the apparatus disclosed in connection with Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 4 shows a circuit for generating such a field in. which the ionized area extends over substantially three quadrants of thearea comprehended within the outer electrodes.
  • alternator H may supply substantially equal voltages in quadrature relation to potentiometers l2 and I3 respectively. The midpoints of these potentiometers and central electrode H) are again grounded.
  • each of the lines connecting terminals of potentiometers l2 and I 3 to the outer electrodes is provided with rectifiers 23, 24, 25, 26 and appropriately polarized batteries 21, 23, 29, 30.
  • Batteries 2? 39 may supply sufiicient potential for ionization purposes and rectifiers 23 26 preferably pass such potential and block an excess thereover.
  • the central electrode member 10 will have undesirable reflecting, distorting or'other effects upon radiated or received energy.
  • each such electrode structure comprises a plurality of closely-spaced electrodes, possible preferred forms of which have been illustrated in Fig. 6 and 7.
  • the form shown in Fig. 6 depicts electrode structure A--A a comprising two electrodes A and A, each having protruding or lobeshaped portions 4!, ll and correspondingly recessed lobe-shaped portions 42, 32'.
  • FIG. 6 depicts electrode structure A--A a comprising two electrodes A and A, each having protruding or lobeshaped portions 4!, ll and correspondingly recessed lobe-shaped portions 42, 32'.
  • electrodes A and A each comprise a plurality of relatively well spaced electrode surfaces 33. it, and each of the surfaces say 43 of electrode A is disposed between surfaces 63' of electrode A.
  • electrodes A and A are provided with a large plurality of lobes and recesses in the Fig. 6 form and with a large plurality of surfaces in the Fig. 7 form, whereby the alternate use of either electrode A or A will have little efiect in displacing an ionized field set up between electrode structure AA' and any other electrode structure, as will later be clear.
  • Fig. 5 the various electrode structures AA', BB, etc. are shown with a solid-line designation, e. g. A, and a dotted line, e. g. A.
  • a solid-line designation e. g. A
  • a dotted line e. g. A
  • Such a method of designation indicates schematically that the respective surfaces of both electrodes A and A are coplanar (perpendicular to the sense of Fig. 5) and insulatingly spaced with respect to each other, as clearly shown in Figs. 6 and 7.
  • I preferably employ means supplying a plurality of phase-displaced voltages for energizing appropriate pairs of electrodes within chamber 5'] to set up a desired rotating ionized field.
  • this plurality of voltages corresponds with the number of electrode structures AA', B-B, etc. and may be supplied by an appropriately Wound alternator 44.
  • Alternator 44 includes a number of output terminals a-a, 72-42 71-h, yielding a corresponding number of alternating voltages phase displaced preferably equally with respect to each other.
  • the mode of connecting the various phase outputs of alternator M to electrode structures AA', BB, etc. shown in Fig. 5 is merely illustrative, and it is to be understood that other connection schemes may be devised to accomplish substantially the same results.
  • successive output windings of alternator a l are connected between an electrode of one electrode structure and that of another structure displaced a few structures away. Specifically, the output of winding aa' is applied between electrodes A and D, the output of winding bb between electrodes B and E, and soon.
  • the effect of a, maximum and large voltage applied between electrodes A and D will be suflicient to produce an ionized field therebetween to cover a substantial chord of the tube All.
  • the effect of less voltage being applied simultaneously between electrodes B and E, and C and H, respectively, may be to set up an ionized field therebetween, if the voltage thus provided be sufficient to produce ionization.
  • the relatively low voltages from windings 0-0 and gg, respectively it is not likely that they will be sufficient to produce ionization between electrodes C and F, and B and G, respectively.
  • the net effect of application of potentials at the instant under consideration will thus be to set up a localized ionization field extending over the sector generally defined by a starting limit at electrode structure H-H and clockwise around to electrode structure E-E, as will be clear.
  • the ionized field may extend completely around tube fill, and at the same time be locally ionized to an extreme extent, due to the various ionizing potentials applied between electrodes of various electrode structures.
  • ionization may be taking place between at least one electrode of all the electrode structures, but there will be a localized extremely highly ionized field extending roughly over the sector HI-I clockwise to E--E.
  • a directive antenna system comprising a said element, said reflector comprising an envelope of non-conductive material, ionizable means within said envelope, electrode means for ionizitrg said ionizable means, said electrode means including electrodes disposed generally along the circumference of a circle, and means [or successively energizing said electrodes, whereby ionization within said envelope is eccentrically localized and rotated about the axis of said eccentricity.
  • a directive antenna system according to cla m 1, wherein said radiating element is generally uni-directionally directive and said reflector is disposed transverse to substantially all the radiation of said element.
  • a radiant energy directional. system including antenna means, means disposed in proximity to and positioned to reflect energy directed by said antenna means for setting up a locally ionized field, and means for periodically displacing said ionized field to variably effect the directional effect said energy.
  • a directionally responsive receiving antenna system including a receiving element, a rehector disposed adjacent said element to reflect energy thereto, said reflector comprising an en velope non-conductive material, ionizable means wi *1 said envelope, electrode means for ionizing said ionizable means, said electrode means including electrodes disposed generally along the circumference of a circle, and means for successively energizing said electrodes, Whereby ionization within said envelope is eccentrically localized and rotated about the axis of said eccentricity.
  • a directive antenna system according to claim 1, wherein said reflector is disposed generally transverse to radiation from said element.
  • a directive antenna system wherein said reflector is disposed generally transverse to radiation from said element and said chamber is of generally parabolic cross section.
  • a directionally responsive antenna system comprising an antenna for translating electromagnetic waves, a reflector for said waves disposed adjacent said antenna, said. reflector comprising an envelope of non-conductive material, ionizable means within said envelope, a plurality of opposed pairs of electrodes within said envelope for ionizing said ionizable means to produce an ionized path, and means for successively energizing electrodes in a predetermined sequence whereby the configuration of said path is varied to change the directivity of said antenna system.
  • a reflector for a directive antenna system comprising an envelope of non-conducting material, the shape oi said envelope being substantially paraboloidal, ionizing means Within said envelope for producing an ionized path, said ionizing means comprising an ionizable gaseous medium and a plurality of pairs of electrodes, said electrodes being disposed along a generally circular circumference near the periphery of said tube, means providing a plurality of phase-displaced voltages equal in number of said pairs of electrodes, and means for sequentially applying said voltages to said pairs of electrodes, whereby the configuration or said path is varied to change the directivity of said antenna system.
  • each electrode of said opposed pairs comprises a plurality of closely spaced electrode members, each of said members having lobe-shaped portions in spaced relation to a corresponding lobe-shaped portion of another of said members.
  • each electrode of said opposed pairs comprises two closely spaced members, each of which comprises relatively widely spaced electrode surfaces, and each of the surfaces of one of said members is disposed between the surfaces of another of said members.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
US417152A 1941-10-30 1941-10-30 Directive antenna Expired - Lifetime US2407250A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE474941D BE474941A (cs) 1941-10-30
US417152A US2407250A (en) 1941-10-30 1941-10-30 Directive antenna
GB19829/43A GB592490A (en) 1941-10-30 1943-11-26 Improvements in or relating to directive electric antenna systems
FR951025D FR951025A (fr) 1941-10-30 1947-08-05 Systèmes d'antennes dirigées

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US417152A US2407250A (en) 1941-10-30 1941-10-30 Directive antenna

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US2407250A true US2407250A (en) 1946-09-10

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BE (1) BE474941A (cs)
FR (1) FR951025A (cs)
GB (1) GB592490A (cs)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2539594A (en) * 1948-07-17 1951-01-30 Robert H Rines System and method of communication
US2597862A (en) * 1945-05-03 1952-05-27 John H Greig Electronic lobing
US2641702A (en) * 1948-10-22 1953-06-09 Int Standard Electric Corp Control of wave length in wave guide and coaxial lines
US2688744A (en) * 1948-11-12 1954-09-07 Philco Corp Means for controlling antenna characteristics in object locating systems of the reflection type
US2886811A (en) * 1957-06-07 1959-05-12 Jr Ernest Harrison Electromagnetic beam scanning and reflection
US2988741A (en) * 1957-01-30 1961-06-13 Goodyear Aircraft Corp Electronic scanning antenna
US3010105A (en) * 1949-10-06 1961-11-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrical lobing of antenna feed
US3127608A (en) * 1956-08-06 1964-03-31 Gen Electric Object camouflage method and apparatus
US3153787A (en) * 1961-04-10 1964-10-20 Radiation Inc Scanning antenna with power modulation
US3222601A (en) * 1962-07-10 1965-12-07 Martin Marietta Corp Antenna beam scanner
US3238531A (en) * 1963-03-12 1966-03-01 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Electronically steerable narrow beam antenna system utilizing dipolar resonant plasma columns
US3375519A (en) * 1960-05-19 1968-03-26 Litton Ind Of Maryland Inc Scanning reflector

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2597862A (en) * 1945-05-03 1952-05-27 John H Greig Electronic lobing
US2539594A (en) * 1948-07-17 1951-01-30 Robert H Rines System and method of communication
US2641702A (en) * 1948-10-22 1953-06-09 Int Standard Electric Corp Control of wave length in wave guide and coaxial lines
US2688744A (en) * 1948-11-12 1954-09-07 Philco Corp Means for controlling antenna characteristics in object locating systems of the reflection type
US3010105A (en) * 1949-10-06 1961-11-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrical lobing of antenna feed
US3127608A (en) * 1956-08-06 1964-03-31 Gen Electric Object camouflage method and apparatus
US2988741A (en) * 1957-01-30 1961-06-13 Goodyear Aircraft Corp Electronic scanning antenna
US2886811A (en) * 1957-06-07 1959-05-12 Jr Ernest Harrison Electromagnetic beam scanning and reflection
US3375519A (en) * 1960-05-19 1968-03-26 Litton Ind Of Maryland Inc Scanning reflector
US3153787A (en) * 1961-04-10 1964-10-20 Radiation Inc Scanning antenna with power modulation
US3222601A (en) * 1962-07-10 1965-12-07 Martin Marietta Corp Antenna beam scanner
US3238531A (en) * 1963-03-12 1966-03-01 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Electronically steerable narrow beam antenna system utilizing dipolar resonant plasma columns

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB592490A (en) 1947-09-19
FR951025A (fr) 1949-10-13
BE474941A (cs)

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