US2295294A - Method of increasing the density of - Google Patents
Method of increasing the density of Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2295294A US2295294A US2295294DA US2295294A US 2295294 A US2295294 A US 2295294A US 2295294D A US2295294D A US 2295294DA US 2295294 A US2295294 A US 2295294A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- mass
- piezo
- electric
- density
- Prior art date
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- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000001965 increased Effects 0.000 title description 20
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 64
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 20
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 16
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052904 quartz Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002305 electric material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007569 slipcasting Methods 0.000 description 6
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L MgCl2 Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005674 electromagnetic induction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N AI2O3 Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium fluoride Chemical compound [NH4+].[F-] LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- INJRKJPEYSAMPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;silicic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al].[Al].O[Si](O)(O)O INJRKJPEYSAMPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VFAXGZLIPBSFQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanium;magnesium;chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Mg].[Cl-] VFAXGZLIPBSFQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003292 diminished Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000015110 jellies Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052850 kyanite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010443 kyanite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011776 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014380 magnesium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monochloramine Chemical compound ClN QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LJCNRYVRMXRIQR-OLXYHTOASA-L potassium sodium L-tartrate Chemical compound [Na+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O LJCNRYVRMXRIQR-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011006 sodium potassium tartrate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
- C04B35/565—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on silicon carbide
- C04B35/573—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on silicon carbide obtained by reaction sintering or recrystallisation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28C—PREPARING CLAY; PRODUCING MIXTURES CONTAINING CLAY OR CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28C1/00—Apparatus or methods for obtaining or processing clay
- B28C1/10—Apparatus or methods for obtaining or processing clay for processing clay-containing substances in non-fluid condition ; Plants
- B28C1/14—Apparatus or methods for obtaining or processing clay for processing clay-containing substances in non-fluid condition ; Plants specially adapted for homogenising, comminuting or conditioning clay in non-fluid condition or for separating undesired admixtures therefrom
- B28C1/22—Apparatus or methods for obtaining or processing clay for processing clay-containing substances in non-fluid condition ; Plants specially adapted for homogenising, comminuting or conditioning clay in non-fluid condition or for separating undesired admixtures therefrom combined with means for conditioning by heating, humidifying, or vacuum treatment, by cooling, by sub-atmospheric pressure treatment
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
- Y10S264/58—Processes of forming magnets
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S29/00—Metal working
- Y10S29/046—Vibration
Definitions
- This invention relates to the production of massive bodies from granular material, and consists in a method of increasing the density of such bodies. It finds practical application in concrete building and in the production of articles of ceramic ware and refractories. It is advantageously employed in the production of refractories whose ingredients in finely divided condition are size-graded according to the teaching of the specification of an application for 10 more greatly increased, by subjecting it to furi that in clay suspensions in water, and other suspending media, such exchangeable cations. serve as the connections between clay particles; and that, in cases in which such cations bring about coagulation of clay particles, it tends to be an oriented coagulation. Further, it is known that clay-particles in such suspensions can be oriented by passing electric current through the suspensions and by subjecting the suspensions to electric fields.
- the dispersions may be penetrated by direct or alternatin'g current, or may be brought within and made subject to magnetic fields, to electro-magnetic induction, or to positive or negative rays.
- the waves of force may vary, not in direction only, but in intensity as well.
- a specific means of accomplishing rapid change of orientation is to-place a mass of the material within an annular coil, so wound that the particles within the mass of material will be rapidly oriented and their orientation altered when an alternating current is passed through the coil.
- the field intensity is, of course, sufiicient to cause orientation.
- I may prefer to cause movement of particles relative to one another by causing at least some of the particles to vibrate by means of passing high-voltage high! frequency electric current through piezo-electric crystals, the piezo-electric materials being situated either outsideof or within the mass being acted upon.
- I may prefer to use Rochelle salt, quartz, mullite, particles that are largely alumina, magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium duo-silicate, and other materials, including constituents of the ceramic mass, as the piezo-electric material, and vary the frequency and voltage to suit the material used.
- I may prefer so to act on ceramic masses while they are under pressure. Crystalline constituents of ceramicmasses frequently contain -crystal strain, particularly in fired particles. I may vibrate a dispersion by means of piezo-eiectric vibration of these strained particles.
- nos lfiezo-electric excitation may be set up by caus ing particles of quartz present in a dispersion to vibrate. Particles'of quartz are normally present in a concrete mix and in a ceramic casting slip also.
- Piezo-electric excitation is commonly carried out by passing the exciting force through the crystal in a given direction.
- I may prefer to orient piezo-electric crystals in a mass of particles, such as concrete, ceramic materials, and refractory materials by the methods hereof; and, while so oriented, to pass a piezo-electric exciting force through such crystals in the most favorable direction.
- I may prefer so. to orient particles of quartz, kyanite, clay, magnesite, chrome, and'auxiliary piezo-electric materials, including organic piezo-electric materials, and to subject them to piezo-electric exciting force while so oriented.
- One specific practical application of the invention is found in decreasing the rigidity of water-containing masses of concrete, so that they can be flowed to position and form a relatively void-free finished product.
- Another application is found in doing the like in the case of a ceramic mass, so that the mass, containing an amount of water less than otherwise is practi- In ceramic masses, such control of orientation of ultimate particles has the advantage that it permits of wider variety in the applications of a 7 number of ceramic materials. Specifically, it permits the use of certain clays in slip-cast ware that give unusual strength to the ware, and
- I may in particular cases and with good effect disorientthe silica particles of silica jellies.
- the particles may then be re-oriented, for the purpose of'giving to the molded material a set,
- the molding may be performed by slip casting. Dressing, or by other suitable means.
- the method herein described of increasing the density of a mass of size-graded granular materials including in part grains that manifest the piezo-electrical phenomenon and in part grains that do not manifest such phenomenon which method consists in subjecting the mass to electrical forces, repeatedly varying the intensity of such forces and producing in the mass piezo-electrical vibration-producing stresses.
Description
Pmm'd Sept. 8, 1942 "UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE METHOD OF INCREASING THE DENSITY OF A MASS F GRANULAR MATERIAL Donald w. Ross, Washington, Pa.
No Drawing. Original application November 5,-
1938, Serial No. 239,184. Divided and this application July 22, 1939, Serial N0. 285,961
7 Claims. (Cl. 25-156) This invention relates to the production of massive bodies from granular material, and consists in a method of increasing the density of such bodies. It finds practical application in concrete building and in the production of articles of ceramic ware and refractories. It is advantageously employed in the production of refractories whose ingredients in finely divided condition are size-graded according to the teaching of the specification of an application for 10 more greatly increased, by subjecting it to furi that in clay suspensions in water, and other suspending media, such exchangeable cations. serve as the connections between clay particles; and that, in cases in which such cations bring about coagulation of clay particles, it tends to be an oriented coagulation. Further, it is known that clay-particles in such suspensions can be oriented by passing electric current through the suspensions and by subjecting the suspensions to electric fields.
. Reasoning from the above and other known chemical facts, I have concluded that such suspended ultimate clay particles, and similar suspensions of many other kinds of particles, carry, or are capable of carrying, electrical charges.
By altering the direction of an electric current 40 that I may cause to pass through such a suspension, or by, altering the direction of lines of force. of an electric field to which I may subject such a suspension, it is possible to break down given orientations and form still other orientations in conformity with the altered directions. Still further, since the ultimate par ticles of such .a suspension can carry electric.
charges, it is possible to orient and -alter the positions of the particles relative to each other 0 by subjecting the suspension to any electric, electronic, magnetic field, electromagnetic induction, or positive or negative ray forces of sufiicient magnitude. Similarly, by more or less continuously my earlier 15 sible to keep the ultimate particles in more or less continuous mcvement relative to one another. By using such forces of sufilcient intensity and by varying the intensity I am able to gain maximum and desirable time of disorientation of ultimate particles and produce other dosirable effects.
Multiple forces of the nature specified may be simultaneously applied; they may be applied in parallel directions or at angles to one another,
in the same plane or in different planes, and
in changing directions relative to one another. I
Conventional means may be employed that the dispersions may be penetrated by direct or alternatin'g current, or may be brought within and made subject to magnetic fields, to electro-magnetic induction, or to positive or negative rays. The waves of force may vary, not in direction only, but in intensity as well. In case direct or alternating current is used directly for this purpose, I prefer to use a current of between 22 and 1500 volts, and, with amperage suitably small, the current becomes relatively safe to handle.
A specific means of accomplishing rapid change of orientation is to-place a mass of the material within an annular coil, so wound that the particles within the mass of material will be rapidly oriented and their orientation altered when an alternating current is passed through the coil. The field intensity is, of course, sufiicient to cause orientation.
'In concrete and in ceramic masses containing granular and colloidal material, I may prefer to cause movement of particles relative to one another by causing at least some of the particles to vibrate by means of passing high-voltage high! frequency electric current through piezo-electric crystals, the piezo-electric materials being situated either outsideof or within the mass being acted upon. I may prefer to use Rochelle salt, quartz, mullite, particles that are largely alumina, magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium duo-silicate, and other materials, including constituents of the ceramic mass, as the piezo-electric material, and vary the frequency and voltage to suit the material used. I may prefer so to act on ceramic masses while they are under pressure. Crystalline constituents of ceramicmasses frequently contain -crystal strain, particularly in fired particles. I may vibrate a dispersion by means of piezo-eiectric vibration of these strained particles.
altering the direction of such a force, it is nos lfiezo-electric excitation may be set up by caus ing particles of quartz present in a dispersion to vibrate. Particles'of quartz are normally present in a concrete mix and in a ceramic casting slip also.
Piezo-electric excitation is commonly carried out by passing the exciting force through the crystal in a given direction. I may prefer to orient piezo-electric crystals in a mass of particles, such as concrete, ceramic materials, and refractory materials by the methods hereof; and, while so oriented, to pass a piezo-electric exciting force through such crystals in the most favorable direction. For instance, I may prefer so. to orient particles of quartz, kyanite, clay, magnesite, chrome, and'auxiliary piezo-electric materials, including organic piezo-electric materials, and to subject them to piezo-electric exciting force while so oriented.
In case the two sets of forces interfere, I may prefer to apply them alternately to the piezoelectric particles. In case alternating electrical forces are used for this purpose, I may choose to synchronize these forces, so that one is acting with minimum effect on the particles while the other'is .acting with-maximum effect. For instance, one force might be one fourth of a cycle behind the other.
I may prefer to use this piem-electric crystal vibration method in the forming of concrete masses and of ceramic masses containing mini-- mum water contents, whether the ceramic mass be shaped by slip casting, by pressing, or by other forming method. I
By subjecting the particles of the suspension to such orienting and piezo-electric influences rigidity of a mass may be diminished, facility of flow increased, and other good purposes served.
One specific practical application of the invention is found in decreasing the rigidity of water-containing masses of concrete, so that they can be flowed to position and form a relatively void-free finished product. Another application is found in doing the like in the case of a ceramic mass, so that the mass, containing an amount of water less than otherwise is practi- In ceramic masses, such control of orientation of ultimate particles has the advantage that it permits of wider variety in the applications of a 7 number of ceramic materials. Specifically, it permits the use of certain clays in slip-cast ware that give unusual strength to the ware, and
' whose'particle-size range apparently is unusually cable, may still be flowed into a mold, or otherwise shaped. I find a result of disorientation of particles in ceramic and other masses to be low porosity of the formed dried masses.
In particular cases I prefer to keep the particlesdisoriented only long enough to permit formgreat.
I may in particular cases and with good effect disorientthe silica particles of silica jellies.
The combined result of this invention with particle-size grading according to the teaching of my earlier application named above is a dry poroslty of ware which, to my knowledge and belief, is lower than has heretofore been achieved, either by slip casting or by any other method.
In the manufacture of cement, specifically, not only may the strength and covering power of the cement be improved by extending according to my formula the lower limits of particle size, but also (since concrete commonly contains quartz particles that can be piezo-electrically excited)- such excitation may be resorted to in order to increase the fluidity of the newly mixed mass.
I claim as my invention:
1. The method herein described of increasing the density of a mass of granular material which consists in subjecting the mass to successive, differently directed polarizing stresses.
2. The method herein described of filling a mold with slip, which consists in subjecting the slip as it comes to place in the mold to successive, diiferently directed polarizingstresses.
3. The method herein described of increasing the density of a mass of granular materials that consists in part of grains that manifest the piezoelectrical phenomenon and ability to be electrically oriented 'and in part of grains that do not manifest such phenomenon nor such ability, which consists in subjecting the mass to the in-.
fluence of an electro-magnetic field, and repeatedly varying themagnetic eifect of the field and producing in the mass piezo-electrical-vibration-' producing stresses.
4. The method herein described of increasing the density of a mass of granular material which consists in subjecting the mass to polarizing stresses, and repeatedly varying the intensity 'of such stresses. l
' 5. The method herein described offilling a mold with slip, which consists in subjecting the ing (as in a mold) the masses containing them.
The particles may then be re-oriented, for the purpose of'giving to the molded material a set,
so that the molded article can be removed from the mold within a minimum period of time, and so that other useful purposes can be served. The molding may be performed by slip casting. Dressing, or by other suitable means.
' Referring again to the crystal structure of clay particles, it is commonly known that the molecules .of polar liquids, such as water, attach themselves to the ultimate particles of suspensions in definitely oriented positions with reference to the cation bonds between the particles. Reasoningfrom this and other known chemical facts, such water is, I believe, little attached to and hence more easily removed from disoriented particles than from oriented material. I, therefore, prefer to alter the orientation of ultimate particles and to disorient them during .at least part of the time of the dryingof masses containing them! Such treatment serves to permit easslip as it comes to place in the mold to polarizing stresses, and repeatedly varying the-intensity of such stresses.
6. The method herein described of increasing the density of a mass of size-graded granular materials including in part grains that manifest the piezo-electrical phenomenon and in part grains that do not manifest such phenomenon, which method consists in subjecting the mass to differently directed electrical forces and producing in the mass piezo-electrical vibration-producing stresses.
'7. The method herein described of increasing the density of a mass of size-graded granular materials including in part grains that manifest the piezo-electrical phenomenon and in part grains that do not manifest such phenomenon, which method consists in subjecting the mass to electrical forces, repeatedly varying the intensity of such forces and producing in the mass piezo-electrical vibration-producing stresses.
DONALD W. ROSS.
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2295294A true US2295294A (en) | 1942-09-08 |
Family
ID=3432843
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US2295294D Expired - Lifetime US2295294A (en) | Method of increasing the density of |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2295294A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3184400A (en) * | 1959-05-06 | 1965-05-18 | Agatha C Magnus | Apparatus for the treatment of substances with ultrasonic vibrations and electromagnetic radiations |
| US3194640A (en) * | 1961-02-10 | 1965-07-13 | Nesh Florence | Use of ultrasound to induce crystal rearrangements and phase transitions |
| US3250831A (en) * | 1962-12-20 | 1966-05-10 | Gen Electric | Magnetic material |
| US3340079A (en) * | 1964-04-15 | 1967-09-05 | Dow Chemical Co | Method of increasing the viscosity of magnesia cements |
| US3431968A (en) * | 1966-05-23 | 1969-03-11 | Walter W Eichenberger | Process for makingsand molds |
-
0
- US US2295294D patent/US2295294A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3184400A (en) * | 1959-05-06 | 1965-05-18 | Agatha C Magnus | Apparatus for the treatment of substances with ultrasonic vibrations and electromagnetic radiations |
| US3194640A (en) * | 1961-02-10 | 1965-07-13 | Nesh Florence | Use of ultrasound to induce crystal rearrangements and phase transitions |
| US3250831A (en) * | 1962-12-20 | 1966-05-10 | Gen Electric | Magnetic material |
| US3340079A (en) * | 1964-04-15 | 1967-09-05 | Dow Chemical Co | Method of increasing the viscosity of magnesia cements |
| US3431968A (en) * | 1966-05-23 | 1969-03-11 | Walter W Eichenberger | Process for makingsand molds |
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