US2263906A - Method of treating steel - Google Patents
Method of treating steel Download PDFInfo
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- US2263906A US2263906A US335326A US33532640A US2263906A US 2263906 A US2263906 A US 2263906A US 335326 A US335326 A US 335326A US 33532640 A US33532640 A US 33532640A US 2263906 A US2263906 A US 2263906A
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- steel
- compound
- steels
- treating
- chloride
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 80
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title description 80
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 7
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 26
- 229910021380 Manganese Chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000011565 manganese chloride Substances 0.000 description 18
- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese chloride Chemical compound Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 17
- 235000002867 manganese chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 17
- 229940126062 Compound A Drugs 0.000 description 15
- NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heterophylliin A Natural products O1C2COC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC2C(OC(=O)C=2C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=2)C(O)C1OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 5
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium carbonate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]C([O-])=O AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000677 High-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KCGAKPRPJUVRFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cr](=O)([O-])O[Cr](=O)[O-].[K+].[K+] Chemical compound [Cr](=O)([O-])O[Cr](=O)[O-].[K+].[K+] KCGAKPRPJUVRFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AYJRCSIUFZENHW-DEQYMQKBSA-L barium(2+);oxomethanediolate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-][14C]([O-])=O AYJRCSIUFZENHW-DEQYMQKBSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium cyanide Chemical compound [K+].N#[C-] NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium dichromate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000276 potassium ferrocyanide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOGGUFAVLNCTRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrapotassium;iron(2+);hexacyanide Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+2].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] XOGGUFAVLNCTRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/34—Methods of heating
- C21D1/44—Methods of heating in heat-treatment baths
- C21D1/46—Salt baths
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/20—Carburising
- C23C8/22—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/40—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions
- C23C8/52—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions more than one element being applied in one step
- C23C8/54—Carbo-nitriding
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/60—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using solids, e.g. powders, pastes
- C23C8/62—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using solids, e.g. powders, pastes only one element being applied
- C23C8/64—Carburising
- C23C8/66—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
Definitions
- This invention relates to the art of heat treat; ing and welding steel and to steel treating compositions for use therein.
- steels of relatively low carbon content when treated in accordance with the invention, develop qualities of resistance to abrasion and shock and longevity which are appreciably greater than those obtainable when similar steels are treated in conventional manner, and which renders such low carbon steels suitable for many uses for which higher grades of steel, such as tool steel, were aloneconsidered suitable heretofcre. invention, moreover, does not cause the relatively high degree of brittleness which, heretofore, has been regarded as a concomitant of hardness in steels.
- steels treated in accordance with my invention ar characterized by a corrosionresistant or stainless quality which enables them to resist oxidation and attack by weak acids, al-- though steels of comparable initial character, not treated in accordance with my invention, possess virtually no corrosion-resistant or stainless qualities.
- ammonium chloride and manganous chloride are ammonium chloride and manganous chloride.
- these substances which are employed together are used in comminuted form and in admixture with one or more other materials, e. g, those of the type known as carburizing materials, such The treatment in accordance with my ,of the invention.
- ride and manganous chloride may, for example, be mixed with one or more of the following: Petroleum coke, charcoal, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium bichromate, potassium dichromatef
- the ammonium chloride and manganous chloride are each present, in any mixture thereof with other material or materials, to the extent of from about 1 /r-% to about 24%, by weight, of the total mixture.
- Compound A Compound B Percent Percent by Ingredient y Ingredient weight weight 1Q Potassium lerrocy v 34. 24 Sodium chloride. snide. 35 Sodium carbonate.
- the. presentinvention in one aspect, resides in the provision of an energizer blend comprising ammonium other material or materials also preferably being 55 chloride and manganous chloride.
- the present invention includesv heating steel above itsupper critical temperature in the presence of, or while the steel is subjected to the action of, manganous chloride and ammonium chloride.
- the invention contemplates the use of these energizers in connection with the annealing of high carbon steel, and in connection with the welding of steel, as more fully explained hereinbelow.
- each of these steels of relatively low carbon content attained a degree of hardness and a depth of penetration which it would not, and could not, have attained if such steel were treated in conventional manner.
- Thread rolling'dies made of S. A. E. 1045 steel treated in accordance with the invention have been used for threading more than one million screws without showing any signs of deterioration or fracture.
- the procedure followed in treating the die parts was to heat them in compound A for 2 hours at 1800 F. and then to quench them in oil; they were then reheated in compound B for approximately 15 to 20 minutes at a temperature of about 1500' F., and quenched 'in brine, after which they ,.were tempered or drawn in the customary manner.
- Expanding mandrels made of S. A'. E. 3135 steel treated in accordance with the invention, used in the manufacture of brass tubing, have oil; the steel was then reheated in compound B for 20' minutes at 1500 F., quenched in brine, and then tempered or drawn in the customary manner.
- a brass blanking die at least forty years old, and of undetermined composition but incapable of blanking any type of steel was heated in compound A for 2 hours at 1750 F., quenched in oil, reheated for 25 minutes in compound B at about 1500 F. and then quenched in brine. This die, after such treatment. successfully blanked a substantial quantity of stainless steel.
- the annealing procedure employed to accomplish this result was as follows: The steel to be treated was heated with compound A, at 1450" F., (a temperature above the upper critical temperature) for 1,-2 hours, in a sheet steel box, and then allowed to cool therein ata rate which metallurgists term moderately slow, to a temperature of about 500 F. The steel was then taken from the box and the remainder of the cooling was accomplished in the air,
- ammonium chloride and manganous chloride in connection with the arc welding of steel, results in the creation of a more stable arc, and less spattering of deposited metal and, in less contamination of the weld by foreign matter.
- energizers which together serve as and constitute a welding flux, are preferably utilized in the manner just indicated, the invention is not so limited, and contemplates the use of such energizers in any manner in which fluxes are conventionally employed.
- ammonium chloride and manganous chloride may be used in proportions otherthan those specified in the formulae of compound 'A and compound B; each such energizeig may be used, in mixture with other material onmaterials, in'a proportion of from about 1 /g% to about 24%. Further, it is to be understood that the energizers may be used not only in solid form, but also in cyanide baths or other used in the treatment of steel.
- a relatively hard, tough, and corrosion-resistant steel having a surface condition such as results from the heating of such steel to a temperature above its upper critical temperature in the presence of a'treating compound including the presence of a treating compound including at least one carburlzing material, from about 2% to about 7% of ammonium chloride and from about 2% to about 7% of manganous chloride.
- a treating compound including a carburizing material from about ,1 /i% to about 24% of ammonium chloride and from about 155% to about 24% of manganous chloride and thereafter cooling the steel relatively slowly.
Description
Patented Nov. 7 25, 1941 2,263,906 METHOD OF TREATING sTEEL Stanley B. Sovatkin, Brooklyn, N. Y.
No Drawing.
Application May 15, 1940,
Serial No. 335,326
7 Claims.
This invention relates to the art of heat treat; ing and welding steel and to steel treating compositions for use therein.
Heretofore the common run of tonnage or S. A, E. steels has not been used for purposes for which tool steel is intended. Further, it is recognized that in the absence of special ingredients, e. g. chromium and manganese or nickel, ordinary steels do not possess any appreciable corrosion resistant quality.
I have found that by heat treating steel, especially steels of the S. A. E. variety, with certain substances hereinafter mentioned, there may be obtained unusual and highly advantageous results. Thus, steels of relatively low carbon content, when treated in accordance with the invention, develop qualities of resistance to abrasion and shock and longevity which are appreciably greater than those obtainable when similar steels are treated in conventional manner, and which renders such low carbon steels suitable for many uses for which higher grades of steel, such as tool steel, were aloneconsidered suitable heretofcre. invention, moreover, does not cause the relatively high degree of brittleness which, heretofore, has been regarded as a concomitant of hardness in steels.
Furthermore, steels treated in accordance with my invention ar characterized by a corrosionresistant or stainless quality which enables them to resist oxidation and attack by weak acids, al-- though steels of comparable initial character, not treated in accordance with my invention, possess virtually no corrosion-resistant or stainless qualities.
Again, when steel which is to be cold worked by swaging is treated in accordance with the invention, its surface condition is improved in a manner which renders the steel better suited for cold working operations.
Furthermore, the use of certain substances which are involved in the invention in-connection with the welding of steel brings about advantages more fully explained hereinafter.
The substances to which I hav referred, and
which, because of their unique and beneficial effects on steel subjected to the action thereof, I prefer to term energizers, are ammonium chloride and manganous chloride. Preferably, these substances which are employed together are used in comminuted form and in admixture with one or more other materials, e. g, those of the type known as carburizing materials, such The treatment in accordance with my ,of the invention.
used in comminuted form. The ammonium chlo-.
ride and manganous chloride may, for example, be mixed with one or more of the following: Petroleum coke, charcoal, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium cyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium bichromate, potassium dichromatef The ammonium chloride and manganous chloride are each present, in any mixture thereof with other material or materials, to the extent of from about 1 /r-% to about 24%, by weight, of the total mixture.
Although I do not fully understand why these energizers should bring about the unusual and advantageous results for which they have, in fact, been found to be responsible, I believe that subjecting steel, at a temperature above its upper critical temperature, to the action of ammonium chloride and manganous chloride in the presence of the other substances referred to produces a molecular change in, and improves the normally imperfect microstructure of, the steel, particularly at the surface thereof, and that such change and improvement are, at least in part, responsi ble for the unusual results flowing from exercise It is also possible that the "results are due in whole or in part to the entry of manganese and/or nitrogen into the constitution of the steel as a result of the process.
I have found that the following mixtures, including the ammonium chloride and manganous chloride to which I have referred, have been productive of particularly good results:
Compound A Compound B Percent Percent by Ingredient y Ingredient weight weight 1Q Potassium lerrocy v 34. 24 Sodium chloride. snide. 35 Sodium carbonate.
11 Sodium chloride. 18.82 Potassium lerrocy- 9 Bicarbonate of soda. anide. 2% Potassium dichrom- 2. 04 Ammonium chloride. ate. 2. 04 Manganous chloride. 6 Barium carbonate. .56 Potassium ferryocy- 50 Charcoal. an e.
6 Ammonium chloride. 62 Sodium chloride. 5% Manganous chloride. 51 Sodium bicarbonate.
- 34 Barium carbonate. 4. 83 Charcoal. 1 Potassium dichrom- It may be said, therefore, that the. presentinvention, in one aspect, resides in the provision of an energizer blend comprising ammonium other material or materials also preferably being 55 chloride and manganous chloride. In another aspect, it ma be said that the present invention includesv heating steel above itsupper critical temperature in the presence of, or while the steel is subjected to the action of, manganous chloride and ammonium chloride. In still other aspects, it may be said that the invention contemplates the use of these energizers in connection with the annealing of high carbon steel, and in connection with the welding of steel, as more fully explained hereinbelow.
As illustrative of the eflicacy of the present invention in processing steel of relatively low initial carbon content (i. e., of the order of .5% or less) and of imparting desirable surface characteristics thereto, I cit the following instances:
1. An S. A. E. 3135 steel was heated in compound A at a temperature of 1750 F. for 35 minutes and was then quench'edin oil. The steel was found to have developed a surface hardness of 50-55 Rockwell scale, and the surface of the steel was found to be clean, and free from any deposit. (Since the various S. A. E. designations herein employed are generally understood by those skilled in the art to relate, respectively, to steels of various particular compositions. no further designation or description of the steels so referred to herein are deemed necessary.)
2. An S. A. E. 3115 steel was heated in compound A for 3 hours at 2000 F. and was then quenched in brine. The steel was found to have developed a surface hardness of 63-66 Rockwell C scale, and the depth of penetration of the hard case thus formed was sixty thousandths (.060) of an inch.
3. An S. A. E. 4615 steel was heated in compound B at 1650 F. for 2 hours and was then quenched in oil. The steel was found to have developed a surface hardness of 60-63 Rockwell 0 scale, and the depth of penetration of the hard case thus formed was one hundred and twenty thousandths (.120) of an inch.
'4. An S. A. E. 4615 steel was heated in compound B for 1 hour at 1600 F. and was then quenched in brine. The steel was found to have developed a surface hardness of 58-60 Rockwell C scale, and the depth of penetration of the hard case thus formed was twenty thousandths (.020) of an inch.
It will thus be noted that through practice of the invention, each of these steels of relatively low carbon content attained a degree of hardness and a depth of penetration which it would not, and could not, have attained if such steel were treated in conventional manner.
As indicative of the manner in which the present invention enables low carbon steels of the tonnage variety to replace high carbon tool steels outlasted, by an average of about 60,000 feet of tubing, similar mandrels, made of high carbon tool steel and conventionally treated, subjected to identical usage. The procedure followed in treating the former mandrels was to heat them in compound A at 1800 F. for about 2 to 3 hours and then to quench them in oil; they were then reheated in compound B at about 1500 F, for minutes, and quenched in brine, after which they were tempered or drawn in the customary manner.
3. Blanking dies made of S. A. E. 1045 steel treated in accordance with the invention, successfully blanked as many pieces of stainless steel as dies made of a well known tool steel of high grade. The procedure followed in treating the S. A. E. 1045 steel was to heat it in compound A for 2% hours at 1700 F. and then to quench it in in many industrial applications, I cite the following instances of actual experience in the use of the invention:
1. Thread rolling'dies made of S. A. E. 1045 steel treated in accordance with the invention have been used for threading more than one million screws without showing any signs of deterioration or fracture. The procedure followed in treating the die parts was to heat them in compound A for 2 hours at 1800 F. and then to quench them in oil; they were then reheated in compound B for approximately 15 to 20 minutes at a temperature of about 1500' F., and quenched 'in brine, after which they ,.were tempered or drawn in the customary manner.
. 2. Expanding mandrels, made of S. A'. E. 3135 steel treated in accordance with the invention, used in the manufacture of brass tubing, have oil; the steel was then reheated in compound B for 20' minutes at 1500 F., quenched in brine, and then tempered or drawn in the customary manner.
In one test, a brass blanking die at least forty years old, and of undetermined composition but incapable of blanking any type of steel, was heated in compound A for 2 hours at 1750 F., quenched in oil, reheated for 25 minutes in compound B at about 1500 F. and then quenched in brine. This die, after such treatment. successfully blanked a substantial quantity of stainless steel.
Other low carbon steels which were treated in accordance with the invention and which were, thereafter, found to possess characteristics generally regarded as restricted to high carbon tool steels, were the following: S. A. E. steels Nos. 1010, 1020, 1045, 2335, 3135, 6145.
As illustrative of the manner in which exercise of the invention imparts a corrosion resistant quality to steels which ordinarily would possess no such quality, I cite the following instances, representing my actual experience in the use of the invention:
1. An S. A. E. 1335 steel was heated in compound A at 1800 F. for 1 hour and was then quenched in brine. The steel thus treated successfully resisted the well known cold copper sulphate test and showed no signs of plating. After 11 days in Ringers solution, the steel showed no signs of corrosion.
2. An S. A. E. 1045 steel was heated in compound A for 1 hour, at 1750 F., quenched in brine. and then reheated in compound B at 1500 F. for 20 minutes. After 15 days in Ringer's solution, the steel showed no signs of corrosion.
As illustrative of the application of the invention to the treatment of steel having a relatively high carbon content, and intended to be cold .worked by swaging, I cite the following:
was annealed in conventional manner, 1. e., merely by having been heated to a temperature of about 1600 F. and then cooled slowly, the second step left, at the point, flash metal" or a burr formation, which had to be removed, in a separate operation, in order that the article might present a finished appearance. However, when 'liquid preparations used or adapted to be the steel was annealed by having been subjectedto the action of the energizers in association with the other materials to which I have referred, the second step was accomplished without the formation of a flash or burr. This application of the invention made it possible to produce satisfactory articles without any necessity forlremoving flash metal, and hence at an appreciable saving in both time and labor, as compared with conventional practice. The annealing procedure employed to accomplish this result was as follows: The steel to be treated was heated with compound A, at 1450" F., (a temperature above the upper critical temperature) for 1,-2 hours, in a sheet steel box, and then allowed to cool therein ata rate which metallurgists term moderately slow, to a temperature of about 500 F. The steel was then taken from the box and the remainder of the cooling was accomplished in the air,
I have further found that the use of ammonium chloride and manganous chloride, in connection with the arc welding of steel, results in the creation of a more stable arc, and less spattering of deposited metal and, in less contamination of the weld by foreign matter.
While the reasons underlying causes of such advantages afforded by the invention remain obscure, my tests have conclusively indicated that use of the invention does, in fact, afiord these benefits. Moreover, my experiments have shown that welded connections made in accordance with the invention are stronger than otherwise similar welded connections not made in accordance with the invention, thus indicating that use of the invention will, in many instances, afford substantial economies by permitting butt welds to be used where conventional practice would dictate the use the compounds A and B hereinabove referred to.
While the energizers, which together serve as and constitute a welding flux, are preferably utilized in the manner just indicated, the invention is not so limited, and contemplates the use of such energizers in any manner in which fluxes are conventionally employed.
Although, it is preferred, in most cases, to subject the steel to the action of compound A during a first heating stage and to the action of compound B during a second heating stage, it is to be understood that I may use either compound in both heating stages, and that I may subject the steel to the action of compound B during the first heating stage and to the action of compound A during the second heating stage. It has been my observation that compound A tends to bring about a depth of penetration which is greater than that afforded by compound B, and that compound B tends to. bring about a degree of hardness which is greater than that afforded by compound A. It is this observation which is the basis for the preference which I have expressed above, for it seems to me desirable, in most cases, first to obtain a relatively high degree of penetration and then to obtain a relatively high degree of hardness at the surface of the steel.
Since I recognize that those skilled in the art may make various changes in practicing the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is intended that the foregoing description be regarded as illustrative only, and not in a limiting sense.
I claim:
1. The improvement in the art of heat-treating steel which consists in heating the steel to a temperature above its upper critical temperature in the presence of a treating compound including at least one carburizing material from about 1 /g to about 24% of ammonium chloride and While compounds substantially similar to those designated above as compound A and compound B, respectively, are preferred for use in practicing the invention in its various aspects, I wish it to be understood that my invention is not limited to compounds of the named ingredients; my energizers may be used to advantage with, for example, any and all substances understood to be embraced within the generic designation carburizing materials. Nor is the invention limited to the above specified proportions of any of the various ingredients indicated as being mixed with the energizers. The ammonium chloride and manganous chloride may be used in proportions otherthan those specified in the formulae of compound 'A and compound B; each such energizeig may be used, in mixture with other material onmaterials, in'a proportion of from about 1 /g% to about 24%. Further, it is to be understood that the energizers may be used not only in solid form, but also in cyanide baths or other used in the treatment of steel.
from about 1 to about 24% of manganous chloride.
2. The improvement in the art of heat-treating steel which consists in heating the steel to a temperature above its upper critical temperature while subjecting the steel to the action of a treating compound including at least one carburizing material, from about 5% to about 7% of ammonium chloride, and from about 5% to about 7% of manganous chloride.
3. The improvement in the art of heat-treating steel having an initial carbon content not exceeding .5% which consists in heating the steel to a temperature above its upper critical temperature while subjecting the steel to the action of a carburizing material, ammonium chloride and manganous chloride, the ammonium chlorideand-manganous chloride being each present to the extent of from 1 to about 24%, by weight, of the total treating compound.
4. In the art of heat-treating steel, heating the steel to a temperature above its upper critical temperature while subjecting the steel to the action of a treating compound including a carburizing material, from about 1 to about 24% of manganous chloride and from about 1 to about-24% of ammonium chloride, and thereafter cooling the steel'relatively slowly.
5. A relatively hard, tough, and corrosion-resistant steel having a surface condition such as results from the heating of such steel to a temperature above its upper critical temperature in the presence of a'treating compound including the presence of a treating compound including at least one carburlzing material, from about 2% to about 7% of ammonium chloride and from about 2% to about 7% of manganous chloride.
'7. A steel having a carbon content in excess of .5% and having properties rendering it particularly suitable for cold working by swaging said steel having a surface condition such as results from subjecting such steel to a temperature above its upper critical temperature in the presence of a treating compound including a carburizing material from about ,1 /i% to about 24% of ammonium chloride and from about 155% to about 24% of manganous chloride and thereafter cooling the steel relatively slowly.
STANLEY B. SOVATKIN.
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US335326A US2263906A (en) | 1940-05-15 | 1940-05-15 | Method of treating steel |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2525700A (en) * | 1943-12-03 | 1950-10-10 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Carburizing |
DE968526C (en) * | 1943-04-25 | 1958-02-27 | Eisenwerke Gelsenkirchen Ag | Process for surface hardening of workpieces by cementation |
-
1940
- 1940-05-15 US US335326A patent/US2263906A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE968526C (en) * | 1943-04-25 | 1958-02-27 | Eisenwerke Gelsenkirchen Ag | Process for surface hardening of workpieces by cementation |
US2525700A (en) * | 1943-12-03 | 1950-10-10 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Carburizing |
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