US2174679A

US2174679A - Collapsible table

Info

Publication number: US2174679A
Authority: US
Publication date: 1939-10-03
Anticipated expiration: 1956-10-03

Description

Oct. 3, W39. I. ZINSER COLLAPSIBLE TABLE Filed Nov. 4, 195a 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 m' IIIIAYYI/AVl/l/A gi if? Patented Oct. 3, 1939 ATENT OFFICE COLLAPSIBLE TABLE Irwin Zinser, St. Louis, Mo., assignor to Gaylord Container Corporation, St. Louis, Mo., a corporation of Maryland Application November 4, 1938, Serial No. 238,721

2 Claims.

My invention relates to collapsible tables and has for its principal object a construction whereby a strong table can be made out of light material such as corrugated board or fiberboard. The

5 invention consists principally in a table including a top having downwardly depending flanges and a supporting base of sheet material disposed on edge and having a longitudinal portion extending along the center line of the table, an-

gular end portions extending into the corners of the top and a transverse middle portion. The invention further consists in the collapsible table and in the parts and combinations and arrangements of parts hereinafter described and claimed.

15 In the accompanying drawings,

Fig. 1 is a top plan view of a table embodying my invention,

Fig. 2 is a side elevation thereof,

Fig. 3 is an end elevation,

20 Fig. 4 is a bottom plan view,

Fig. 5 is a sectional view on the line 5-5 in Fig. 2, c Fig. 6 is a sectional view on the line 6-6 in 5 Fig. 2,

Fig. 7 is a perspective View of a portion of the longitudinal support,

Fig. 8 is a perspective view of the transverse support; and

Fig. 9 is a plan view of the cover reinforcing member blank.

The top or cover member I of the table has a body or panel 2 provided with depending flanges 3 which are secured together at their corners as by tabs 4 on some of the flanges overlapping adjacent flanges and secured thereto as by staples 5. Thus, the cover member I is of strong and rigid construction.

Fitting snugly in said cover member I is a cover reinforcing member 6 having a body or panel 1 fitting against the underside of the top panel 2 and depending flanges 8 fitting in the flanges 3 of the cover member I. The side flanges of said cover reinforcing member are provided with alined notches 9 at their middles for a purpose hereinafter set forth.

The support or base member I 0 is made of sheet material disposed on edge. Two longitudinal supporting members ll extend along the middle line of the cover reinforcing member 6 and are disposed in flatwise contact with each other. The ends l2 of said longitudinal supporting members II are disposed angularly and extend into the corners of the cover reinforcing member 6, said ends I2 preferably being provided with flanges l3 engaging flanges 8 of the cover reinforcing member.

Said longitudinal members II have deep slots M in their middles extending downwardly from the top and a transverse supporting member I5 5 preferably comprising two sheets [6 disposed fiatwise in contact with each other is provided with a slot IT at its middle, extending upwardly from the bottom, the longitudinal and transverse supporting members II and I5 thus being interen- 10 gaged with each other and their upper edges being flush. The ends of said transverse member I5 extend into said notches 9 in said cover reinforcing member 6 and flanges IS on the ends thereof extend into the spaces between the cover flanges 3 and the cover reinforcing member flanges 8.-

The above described construction is easily assembled and collapsed. The cruciform middle portion formed by the longitudinal members H and the transverse members l5, and the angular end portions l2 furnish ample support for the cover. Notwithstanding the fact that all 'parts are made of fiberboard, corrugated board or other light sheet material, the construction is strong and rigid. The cover is supported by the longitudinal and transverse members and by the angular extensions. The engagement of said angular extensions and their flanges with the corners of the cover member and the engagement of the flanges of the transverse supporting member with the flanges of the cover reinforcing member braces the assembly in all directions and holds the parts together.

Obviously numerous changes may be made without departing from the invention and I do not wish to be limited to the precise construction shown.

What I claim is:

1. A table of fiberboard, corrugated board or the like comprising a cover having depending flanges connected together at all corners, a cover reinforcing member having depending flanges, said flanges on two sides having alined notches and a supporting frame comprising a longitudinal 5 supporting member, a transverse member extending at its ends into said notches and having end flanges bent into the spaces between flanges of said cover and said reinforcing member, said members being slotted to interlock with each other and said longitudinal member having angularly disposed end portions extending into the corners of said cover reinforcing member flanges.

2. A table of fiberboard, corrugated board or the like comprising a cover having depending Patented Oct. 3, 1939 DIESEL FUEL Darwin E. Badertscher and George S. Crandall, Woodbury, N. J., assignors to Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Incorporated, New York, N. Y.,

' a corporation of New York No Drawing. Application October 8, 1937,

. Serial No. 167,937

Claims.

This invention has to do in a general way with fuels for internal combustion engines of the Diesel type wherein ignition of the fuel is effected spontaneously by compression in the cylinders 5, and is more particularly concerned with the modification of such fuels by incorporating therein characterizing ingredients for the purpose of controlling the combustion characteristics.

In the Diesel cycle internal combustion engine where the fuel is injected into the combustion space, it is important to the attainment of maximum efliciency that the delay period between injection and ignition be short. It will thus be seen that enhanced speed of ignition is a highly desirable characteristic in fuels for this type of engine. Improperly delayed ignition in a Diesel engine gives rise to the phenomena known asfknocking due to improper coordination of combustion and cylinder characteristics.

20 It is therefore an important feature of this invention to decrease theignition delay period of Diesel fuel. This, in addition to eliminating the knocking above referred to, has the added advantage of giving a fuel in which combustion 25 takes place at a lower compression pressure, increases the ease of starting, gives smoother operation and permits making the engine of less mass and consequently gives a lower cost per unit of power output.

30 It has been found that the ignition quality of a fuel oil can be improved by the addition of small amounts of certain compounds which act as ignition accelerators. The addition of such accelerators offers a means for improving the 96 better grades of Diesel fuels and a means for widening the range of available fuels by raising the ignition quality of lower grades to a point where they can be satisfactorily used.

Several compounds have heretofore been sug- 40 gested for this purpose and have-been used with varying degrees of success. Some of these compounds are unsatisfactory from the standpoint of stability, cost, toxicity, or because of their tendency to form corrosive gases inthe combustion 45 chamber of the engine.

Our present invention is predicated upon the discovery that the ignition quality of a Diesel fuel can be materially improved by incorporating a small quantity of diacetyl peroxide in the base 50 fuel stock and our invention contemplates as one of its objects a Diesel fuel having a minor proportion of diacetyl peroxide in admixture therewith in sufiicient amount to decrease the ignition delay period of the fuel.

66 We, are aware of'the fact that certain peroxides have been proposed as blending ingredients for fuels for various purposes, but our present invention is directed primarily to a Diesel fuel having accelerated ignition quality and to diacetyl peroxide as the blending ingredient to effect such 5 increase.

Diacetyl peroxide is a well known organic compound having the formula of and various methods for its preparation can be found in the literature.

"-'For example, diacetyl peroxide canbe prepared by treating an ethereal solution of acetic anhydride with an aqueous suspension of barium peroxide and recovering the product by careful evaporation of the ether. (See Clover and' v Richmond, Amer. Chem. Jour. 29, 182 (1903) and Freer and N'ovy, Amer. Chem. Jour. 2'7, 186 (1902).) This compound may also be prepared from acetic anhydride and hydrogen peroxide in an ether extraction process. (See Nef., Ann. 298, 288 (1897)), or by treating an ethereal solution of acetic anhydride with moist sodium peroxide (see Gambarjan, Ber. 42, 4010 (1909).)

The diacetyl peroxide prepared in accordance with any of the above methods may be isolated by careful evaporation of the ether solution and then dissolved in the Diesel fuel oil in the desired proportion. Since the preparation of the compound in this Way is a hazardous one involving the danger of explosion, we have devised another method of incorporating the diacetyl peroxide in the fuel which we consider preferable to the methods outlined above, and which is contemplated as a primary feature of our present invention.

In the practice of the preferred method contemplated by this invention, we first dissolve acetic anhydride in a solventwhich is soluble in 40 or miscible with the base fuel stock, and then form the diacetyl peroxide in this acetic anhydride solution by reaction with a suitable oxidizing agent such as barium peroxide in aqueous solutionor suspension.

It is preferable to effect the conversion of the acetic anhydride to diacetyl peroxide, in this procedure, through the use of an inorganic peroxide, rather than by direct treatment with air or oxygen, since it provides means for conveniently controlling the reaction and the desired product is formed without appreciable attack on the fuel hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the use of an inorganic peroxide avoids the formation of acids, ketones and aldehydes, which would undoubtedly be formed if the conversion were effected by oxidation with air or oxygen and which would have to be renioved by refinement.

' ,The solvent for the acetic anhydride may be any suitable liquid which is also soluble in the base fuel stock, but we prefer to use some of the base fuel stock as the solvent or a fuel material similar thereto in character. If desired, the diacetyl peroxide may be formed in substantial concentration (say above 1% or 2%) in this initial solution, or it may be formed directly in the fuel at the concentration necessary to raise the ignition quality of the fuel to the desired point, generally less than 2%. In the first instance,

the diacetyl peroxide solution will be blended with a base fuel stock and in the latter instance no blending operation is necessary.

As a specific example of the method contemplated by this invention, a fuel blend containing diacetyl peroxide can be prepared as follows: A solution of 22 grams of acetic anhydride in 500 cc. of No. 2'furnace oil was chilled to 20 F. with agitation. This solution was maintained within the temperature range of +20 to +30 F. and a suspension of 30 gramsof barium perbxide in 30 cc. of water was slowly added thereto. This mixture was stirred for a period of two hours at reduced temperaturathe precipitate was allowed to settle and the oil layer drawn off and dried over calcium chloride. The product consisted of 358 grams of .fuel oil solution containing 1.76% acetyl peroxide. The concentration of the peroxide in such a solution can be readily determined by known methods of analyses (for example see Marks and Morell Analyst 54, 503 (1929) A fuel oil solution of diacetyl peroxide of the type described above can be used as a Diesel fuel, such fuel having accelerated ignition characteristics. 'For most purposes, however, we have found that the concentration of diacetyl peroxide 'which will give the desired results is less than that obtained using the DI'OPOT': tions of ingredients given in the above example, and where a relatively more concentrated solution such as that exemplified above is obtained,

such fuel-diacetyl peroxide solution may be cetene) numbers. The cetane (or cetene) numher is the percent by volume of cetane (or cetene) in a blend of cetane (or cetene) and alphamethyl naphthalene, which blended fuel has the same combustion characteristics as the sample being tested. (See Proc. Am. Soc. Testing Materials, V0. 36 I p. 418.) The increase in cetane (or cetene) number indicates a decrease in delay between fuel injection and fuel ignition and consequently indicates an improvement in fuel pombustion characteristics.

As examples of the improved eificiency obtained through the use of diacetyl peroxide in Diesel fuel, we have indicated in the accompanying table the results of a plurality of tests showing the increase in cetane (or cetene) number obtained through the use of this compound in the same.

various types of base fuel stocks. In the table below, those values marked with an asterisk are cetene numbers. The cetene number differs from the cetane number only in that cetene is used as a standard instead of cetane and the increase in either cetane or cetene number indicates a comparative increase in the ignition quality of the blended fuel. Table I gives the physical characteristics of the diflerent fuel stocks used in making the blends with diacetyl peroxide and Table II gives the results obtained through the use of various percentages of the diacetyl peroxide in these base fuel stocks and blends of such stocks.

Table I Stock A B C D Thermal Catalyti- Nnture Straight run No. 2 cracked cally fuel oil recycle cracked #3 stock. el oil.

Specific gravity 86 0. 89 0.89 Pensky Martens ilash point 156 F. 140 F. 176 F Aniline point 122 8 F. 94. 7 F. 101. 2 F ColorLovibond 0. 25 105 11 Diesel index 43. 5 25. 3 27. l Cetane number '53. 42.0 40 30 Cetene number.

Table II Cetane Cone. of Cetane Increase Base stock diacetyl :3 3: 2 number in cetane peroxide Stock of blend number 1.0 'sao 67.0 14.0 0. 99 42. 0 59:0 17. 0 0. 49 42. 0 61. 0 9. 0 0. 19 42. 0 48. 5 6. 5 0. 09 42. 0 45. 5 3. 5 5050 blend of B-i-C .1 0.67 41. 5 49. 0 7. 5 50-50 blend of B+D 0.68 36. 0 45.0 9.0

Cetcne number.

It will be observed from Table II above that diacetyl peroxide is effective to'materially increase the cetane number and therefore to materially improve the ignition quality of Diesel fuels when used in percentages ranging from 0.09% to 1.0%. It is to be understood of course that the percentage of diacetyl peroxide used in a blended fuel of this character may vary depending upon the type of base fuel stock used and the extent to which it is desired to improve This material may, for example, be used in amounts varying say from 0.05% up to or over approximately 2%, but for most purposes concentrations in the neighborhood of from 0.1% to 1.0% will give the desired results.

In the foregoing specification and in the following'claims,'the terms Diesel fuel, hydrocarbon fuel oil, liquid fuel, etc. include anyoxidizing the acetic anhydride in situ to diacetyl peroxide.

2. The method of preparing an improved fuel oil for use in Diesel engines which includes the steps of dissolving acetic anhydride in a hydrocarbon oil suitable for use as a Diesel fuel and adding an inorganic peroxide to'the hydrocarbon