US2099023A - Fluorescent substances - Google Patents
Fluorescent substances Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2099023A US2099023A US732828A US73282834A US2099023A US 2099023 A US2099023 A US 2099023A US 732828 A US732828 A US 732828A US 73282834 A US73282834 A US 73282834A US 2099023 A US2099023 A US 2099023A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fluorescent
- zinc sulphide
- nickel
- phosphorescence
- sulphide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title description 18
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 description 29
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungstate Chemical compound [O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 3
- CJOBVZJTOIVNNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium sulfide Chemical compound [Cd]=S CJOBVZJTOIVNNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- UQMZPFKLYHOJDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;cadmium(2+);disulfide Chemical class [S-2].[S-2].[Zn+2].[Cd+2] UQMZPFKLYHOJDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000002688 persistence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K4/00—Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of X-rays or particle radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens
Definitions
- This invention consists in improvements in fluorescent substances, more particularly substances suitable for the production of fluorescent screens for X-ray purposes.
- intensifying screens such as are used in X-ray photography
- a substance which will fluoresce under the stimulation of X-rays and emit rays which affect the usual X-ray sensitive emulsions It has long been known that a number of substances will fluoresce in the desired manner, but during the last twenty or thirty years calcium tungstate has been the only substance which has been successfully employed in practice for the manufacture of intensifying screens for X-rays, the flucrescent light emitted by calcium tungstate when stimulated by X-rays being very actinic to the usual X -ray emulsions, the colour of the emitted rays being mainly in the short wave region of the spectrum.
- zinc sulphide is suitably prepared zinc sulphide. It has long been known that, under the stimulation of X-rays, suitably prepared zinc sulphide will emit a bright blue fluorescence which is very actinic to the normal X-ray emulsions, and intensifying screens produced from zinc sulphide when properly prepared can be made faster than those produced from calcium tungstate, that is shorter times of exposure are required.
- the practical application of such zinc sulphide is described in two papers in the British Journal of Radiology, A new and much more rapid intensifying screen allowing great alterations in Radiographic Technique by Levy and West, Vol. VI, No. 62, page 85 and A new fluorescent screen for visual examination by Levy and West, Vol. VI, No. 67, page 404.
- All screens containing zinc sulphide produced up to the present have disadvantages in common which limit their use in intensifying screens for X-ray photography. They all display the phenomenon of after-phosphorescence, that is the, screens emit radiations which afiect the normal X-ray emulsions even after the stimulation with X-rays has been discontinued. They also display the phenomenon of persistence of latent image, which is a more or less temporary increase of their sensitivity to X-rays which occurs locally at those parts influenced by the X-rays so that when the screen has been employed for one exposure and is used again after an interval for a second exposure, a latent image of the former exposure persists in the screen.
- a fluorescent substance suitable for the production of screens for X-ray purposes comprises fluorescent zinc sulphide in a high state of purity, an activator (for example silver), and a proportion of not more than one part of nickel in five hundred thousand parts of zinc sulphide whereby undesirable after-phosphorescence and the retention of latent image are eliminated. It is furtherfound that the action of nickel is still obtained when the zinc sulphide has cadmium sulphide mixed with it in order to modify the fluorescence.
- a suit able substance for use in accordance with the present invention is silver.
- the zinc sulphide is carefully purified and then the activator, e. g. silver and the nickel are added and the whole heated to a very high temperature, for example 1200-1300 C.
- the nickel may be added in any convenient form but is preferably added as a solublesalt, such as nickel chloride, and should be distributed as uniformly as possible before heating.
- the addition of the nickel reduces the intensity of the fluorescence to a certain extent but that provided it is present in very minute quantities theintensity of the fluorescence is only slightly reduced compared to that obtained without the addition of the nickel. Any reduction in intensity is, however, more than compensated for by the fact that. with screens made with the substances in accordance'with the present invention the after-phosphorescence phenomena are of such a nature and/or of such short duration that after the normalinterval be.- tween exposures they will not affect the usual X- ray sensitive emulsions.
- intensifyingscreens prepared froin the substances in accordance with the invention reduce the time of exposure necessary as compared with. the usual calcium tungstate. screens, and in addition do not suffer to any appreciable extent from the disadvantages due to actinic after-phosphorescence and latent image which havev been characteristics of all zinc sulphide intensifying screens previously produced.
- a fluorescent screen for X-ray purposes made up from fluorescent material free from undesirable after-phosphorescence and the retention of latent image and containing fluorescent zinc sulphide'obtained by precipitation in a high degree of purity as the essential fluorescent component. andv a proportion of not more than one part of nickel infive hundred thousand parts of zinc sulphide as the component which acts to eliminate the after-phosphorescence and retention of latent image.
- a fluorescent screen for X-ray purposes madeup from fluorescent material free from undesirable after-phosphorescence and the retention of latent image and containing fluorescent zinc sulphide obtained by precipitation in a high degree of purity as the essential fluorescent component and a proportion of nickel between one part in me hundred thousand and one part in three million parts of zinc sulphide as the component which acts to eliminatethe after-phosphorescence and retention of latentimage.
- a fluorescent screen for X-ray purposes made up from fluorescent material free from undesirablev after-phosphorescence and the retention of latent image and containing fluorescent zinc sulphide obtained by precipitation in a high degree of purity as the essential fluorescent component, a small proportion of an activator for activating the fluorescent properties of the zinc sulphide, and a proportion of not more than one part of nickel in five hundred'thousand parts of zinc sulphide as the component which acts to eliminate theafter-phosphorescence and retention of latent image.
- a fluorescent screen for X-ray purposes made up from fluorescent material free from undesirable after-phosphorescence. and the retention of latent image and containing fluorescent zinc sulphide obtained by precipitation in a high degree of purity as the essential fluorescent component, a small proportion of silver as a material for activating the fluorescent properties of the zinc sulphide and a proportion of not more than onepart of nickel in five hundred thousand parts of zinc sulphide as the component which acts to eliminate the after-phosphorescence and retention of latent image.
Description
Patented Nov. 16, 1937 PATENT OFFICE FLUORESCENT SUBSTANCES Leonard Angelo Levy and Donald Willoughby West, London, England, assignors of one-half to Ilford Limited, Ilford, Essex, England, a
British company No Drawing. Application June 28, 1934, Serial No. 732,828. In Great Britain July 11, 1933 4 Claims.
This invention consists in improvements in fluorescent substances, more particularly substances suitable for the production of fluorescent screens for X-ray purposes.
For the production of intensifying screens, such as are used in X-ray photography, it is necessary to have a substance which will fluoresce under the stimulation of X-rays and emit rays which affect the usual X-ray sensitive emulsions. It has long been known that a number of substances will fluoresce in the desired manner, but during the last twenty or thirty years calcium tungstate has been the only substance which has been successfully employed in practice for the manufacture of intensifying screens for X-rays, the flucrescent light emitted by calcium tungstate when stimulated by X-rays being very actinic to the usual X -ray emulsions, the colour of the emitted rays being mainly in the short wave region of the spectrum.
Among other substances which will fluoresce in the desired manner is suitably prepared zinc sulphide. It has long been known that, under the stimulation of X-rays, suitably prepared zinc sulphide will emit a bright blue fluorescence which is very actinic to the normal X-ray emulsions, and intensifying screens produced from zinc sulphide when properly prepared can be made faster than those produced from calcium tungstate, that is shorter times of exposure are required. The practical application of such zinc sulphide is described in two papers in the British Journal of Radiology, A new and much more rapid intensifying screen allowing great alterations in Radiographic Technique by Levy and West, Vol. VI, No. 62, page 85 and A new fluorescent screen for visual examination by Levy and West, Vol. VI, No. 67, page 404.
It is well known that the colour of the rays emitted by zinc sulphide when fluorescing is modified by the addition of cadmium sulphide and in the case of intensifying screens small proportions of cadmium sulphide can be added to blue fluorescing zinc sulphide without destroying the actinic character of the fluorescence. When referring to these compounds it has been usual to include zinc-cadmium sulphides under the generic term zinc sulphide and we wish it to be understood that where the term zinc sulphide is used hereafter in this specification and claims it is intended to include both simple zinc sulphide and zinc-cadmium sulphide.
All screens containing zinc sulphide produced up to the present have disadvantages in common which limit their use in intensifying screens for X-ray photography. They all display the phenomenon of after-phosphorescence, that is the, screens emit radiations which afiect the normal X-ray emulsions even after the stimulation with X-rays has been discontinued. They also display the phenomenon of persistence of latent image, which is a more or less temporary increase of their sensitivity to X-rays which occurs locally at those parts influenced by the X-rays so that when the screen has been employed for one exposure and is used again after an interval for a second exposure, a latent image of the former exposure persists in the screen. Secondary images due to both phenomena are liable to be reproduced together with the record obtained at a second exposure. These phenomena, limit the use of such screens in practice, for example for use in hospitals, as they can only be employed satisfactorily when fairly long intervals of time elapse between two exposures.
It is an object of the present invention to produce a fluorescent substance containing fluorescent zinc sulphide in which the after-phosphorescence and latent image phenomena are such (e. g. are of such short duration and/or low intensity) that they will not interfere with the repeated use of the screen in a series of exposures.
According to the present invention a fluorescent substance suitable for the production of screens for X-ray purposes comprises fluorescent zinc sulphide in a high state of purity, an activator (for example silver), and a proportion of not more than one part of nickel in five hundred thousand parts of zinc sulphide whereby undesirable after-phosphorescence and the retention of latent image are eliminated. It is furtherfound that the action of nickel is still obtained when the zinc sulphide has cadmium sulphide mixed with it in order to modify the fluorescence.
Experience has shown that it is desirable to produce the zinc sulphide in a very high state of purity since many substances, if present even in minute traces, act as poisons and inhibit the production of suitable fluorescence. On the other hand it is desirable to add a small quan tity of an activating substance to modify the qualities of the fluorescence produced. A suit able substance for use in accordance with the present invention is silver.
In applying the invention the zinc sulphide is carefully purified and then the activator, e. g. silver and the nickel are added and the whole heated to a very high temperature, for example 1200-1300 C. The nickel may be added in any convenient form but is preferably added as a solublesalt, such as nickel chloride, and should be distributed as uniformly as possible before heating.
It is found that the addition of the nickel reduces the intensity of the fluorescence to a certain extent but that provided it is present in very minute quantities theintensity of the fluorescence is only slightly reduced compared to that obtained without the addition of the nickel. Any reduction in intensity is, however, more than compensated for by the fact that. with screens made with the substances in accordance'with the present invention the after-phosphorescence phenomena are of such a nature and/or of such short duration that after the normalinterval be.- tween exposures they will not affect the usual X- ray sensitive emulsions.
As an example of the method of producing the fluorescent substances containing zinc and sulphur in accordance with the present invention,
highlypurified zinc sulphide. (or zinc-cadmium sulphide), is" prepared in known manner and a very small proportionof nickel is' added to the precipitate itself. The, exact momentjof' addition being immaterial providedit is prior toathe heating of the sulphide. The activating substance, e. g. silver, is. also added prior to the heating. The whole is then heated to a high 7 temperature of approximately 1200-1300 C. inthe usual manner. 7 This heating step may be conducted',,if desired, in the presence of a fusible salt suchas sodium chloride. v
The precise amountofnickel added is limited by the'r permissible reduction, in fluorescence.
About one part byweight of metallic nickel inone million parts by weight of zinc sulphide is found to be suitable, Higher proportions of nickel may be employed but it isfoundthat onepart in flve hundred thousand is aboutthe maximum proportion permissible, since anymaterial excess over this will reduce the. fluorescence to an undesirable extent. In practice just 'suificient of nickel is added to give the desired effect. A. proportionof nickel as low as one part in three million or even less may be employed but if too little nickel is added the actinic nature and/or duration of the after phosphorescence and latent image is not sufficiently depressed.
Provided the correct amounts .of nickel are added it is found that intensifyingscreens prepared froin the substances in accordance with the invention reduce the time of exposure necessary as compared with. the usual calcium tungstate. screens, and in addition do not suffer to any appreciable extent from the disadvantages due to actinic after-phosphorescence and latent image which havev been characteristics of all zinc sulphide intensifying screens previously produced.
Although the substances described are particularly suitable for use in the production of intensifying screens they may be employed for other purposes including the production of screens for visual examination with X-rays, for cathode ray tubes and the like.
We claim:-- Y
1. A fluorescent screen for X-ray purposes made up from fluorescent material free from undesirable after-phosphorescence and the retention of latent image and containing fluorescent zinc sulphide'obtained by precipitation in a high degree of purity as the essential fluorescent component. andv a proportion of not more than one part of nickel infive hundred thousand parts of zinc sulphide as the component which acts to eliminate the after-phosphorescence and retention of latent image.
21 A fluorescent screen for X-ray purposes madeup from fluorescent material free from undesirable after-phosphorescence and the retention of latent image and containing fluorescent zinc sulphide obtained by precipitation in a high degree of purity as the essential fluorescent component and a proportion of nickel between one part in me hundred thousand and one part in three million parts of zinc sulphide as the component which acts to eliminatethe after-phosphorescence and retention of latentimage. v
3. A fluorescent screen for X-ray purposes made up from fluorescent material free from undesirablev after-phosphorescence and the retention of latent image and containing fluorescent zinc sulphide obtained by precipitation in a high degree of purity as the essential fluorescent component, a small proportion of an activator for activating the fluorescent properties of the zinc sulphide, and a proportion of not more than one part of nickel in five hundred'thousand parts of zinc sulphide as the component which acts to eliminate theafter-phosphorescence and retention of latent image.
4. A fluorescent screen for X-ray purposes made up from fluorescent material free from undesirable after-phosphorescence. and the retention of latent image and containing fluorescent zinc sulphide obtained by precipitation in a high degree of purity as the essential fluorescent component, a small proportion of silver as a material for activating the fluorescent properties of the zinc sulphide and a proportion of not more than onepart of nickel in five hundred thousand parts of zinc sulphide as the component which acts to eliminate the after-phosphorescence and retention of latent image. I
LEONARD ANGELO LEVY. DONALD WILLOUGHBY WEST.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB2099023X | 1933-07-11 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2099023A true US2099023A (en) | 1937-11-16 |
Family
ID=10898426
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US732828A Expired - Lifetime US2099023A (en) | 1933-07-11 | 1934-06-28 | Fluorescent substances |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2099023A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2448476A (en) * | 1943-12-03 | 1948-08-31 | Rauland Corp | Cathode-ray projector tube |
| US2454499A (en) * | 1944-11-21 | 1948-11-23 | United States Radium Corp | X-ray screen |
| US2642538A (en) * | 1949-02-11 | 1953-06-16 | Eastman Kodak Co | Thermal radiography using phosphors |
| US3130341A (en) * | 1960-05-27 | 1964-04-21 | Gen Electric | Rapid response semiconductors |
-
1934
- 1934-06-28 US US732828A patent/US2099023A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2448476A (en) * | 1943-12-03 | 1948-08-31 | Rauland Corp | Cathode-ray projector tube |
| US2454499A (en) * | 1944-11-21 | 1948-11-23 | United States Radium Corp | X-ray screen |
| US2642538A (en) * | 1949-02-11 | 1953-06-16 | Eastman Kodak Co | Thermal radiography using phosphors |
| US3130341A (en) * | 1960-05-27 | 1964-04-21 | Gen Electric | Rapid response semiconductors |
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