US2040045A - Railway car construction - Google Patents
Railway car construction Download PDFInfo
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- US2040045A US2040045A US744429A US74442934A US2040045A US 2040045 A US2040045 A US 2040045A US 744429 A US744429 A US 744429A US 74442934 A US74442934 A US 74442934A US 2040045 A US2040045 A US 2040045A
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- car
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
- B61D7/00—Hopper cars
- B61D7/02—Hopper cars with discharge openings in the bottoms
Definitions
- the invention relates to railway cars and more particularly to side walls of open top railway cars. These side walls perform two functions. First, they are the load retaining means, and secondly, major portion of the weight of the lading to the body bolsters from whence it is transferred to the trucks. In certain types of other railway cars my construction may also be used.
- An object of the invention is to provide a very light and strong car wall which can be quickly and economically made, installed and repaired.
- Such walls must bevery light, as it is expensive to transport dead weight in a car and such walls must be very strong'as girders to carry the load referred to above and must be avery strong as vertical beams to carry the horizontal thrust of the lading, which is very great on account of the impact thereof due to the movements of the car when running.
- the parts of the wall must be capable of easy assemblage because replacements frequently are necessary on account of wearing out of the parts, corrosion and wrecks.
- Another object of the invention is to provide 0 the sidewall of an open top railway car with outwardly projecting panels between the vertical strut-ties to increase the cubical capacity of the car and a further object is to. provide some of the metallic wall sheets forming the retaining wall of the car with an integral flange forming a strut-tie so as toincrease the horizontal widths of the outwardly projecting panels longitudinally of the car whereby the cubical c pacity of the car is further increased. 7 x
- a further object of the invention is to provide an integral strut-tie of such depth as, to project beyond the outwardly projecting panels in the wall sheets so as to protect the side walls from being scraped by objects along the right-of-way, protect the lettering and other painting from being scraped or damaged and also to protect the side wall of the car when it is tipped upside down in an unloading machine.
- Another object of the invention is to provider means to prevent the strut-tie from deflecting laterallyun der stress; as such deflection would weaken the member both as a strut and as a tie,
- Y such means being preferably within the bounding planes of the outwardly projecting panels, so that such panels may be extended to the maximum permissible width of the car whereby the greatest cubical capacity of the car is obtained.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a car wall so that the component parts thereof may be secured together by bolting, riveting or welding.
- Another object is to provide a car wall wherein the component parts canbe made of pressed steel plates between reciprocating dies. 5
- Another object is to provide a car wall to ob-' taln'the maximum cubical capacity of the car commensurate with the strength requirements.
- Another object is to provide a car which will dump the entire lading when turned upside down 10 in an unloading machine.
- Another object is to secure the ends of the strut beams (or one of them) to the frame members of the car so as to form restrained beams.
- Another object is to form the integral flange 15 with a reflange so as to materially increase the strength thereof and also so this reflange may be secured to one or both of the frame members.
- Fig. 1- shows a partial side elevation of an open 20 top railway car provided with a 1 side wall in "accordance with my invention.
- Fig. 2 is a section on line 2-2 of Fig. 1.-
- Fig. 3 is an enlarged section on line 3-.3 of Fig. 1.
- Fig. 4 is a fragmentary perspective view of the exterior of the side wall of a car in accordance with my invention.
- Fig. 5 is similar to Fig. 4 but shows an interior view of the car.
- Fig. 6 is a perspective view showing one means of preventing the strut beam from buckling under stress.
- Figs. 7 and 8 show other means of preventing the strut beam from buckling understress.
- Fig. 9 shows a modified construction of my inventionwherein the adjacent wall plates are welded together.
- the wallof the car comprises spaced apart upper (2) and lower (3) chords or other framemembers and a plurality of wall plates 4 extending therebetween and forming the load retaining means of together, whereas Fig.
- Each-of the wall plates is formed, with an outwardly projecting panel It) so as to increase the cubical capacity of the car.
- the panel of the flanged plate l2 (Fig. 3) merges into the plate ll adjacent the base of the flange 6 and the panel of the adjacent plate l6 merges into the plate I I, which plate I1 is secured to the flanged plate I2 adjacent the base of the flange 6.
- the panels'merge into the body portion of the plates as close to each other as strength requirements permit so that the horizontal widths of the panels longitudinally of the car are increased (over the paneled side wall having separate strut beams) whereby the lading' compartment of the car is further in creased in cubical capacity. .Figs.
- FIG. 3 and 6 show the flanged and the u'nflanged plate overlapped and the rivets l9 secure the overlapped portions 9 shows the flanged and unflanged plate designed fora welded connection wherein the sloping walls 28 and 22 of the adjacent pane ls 24-26 are even closertogether than in the riveted construction.
- Numeral 28. designates the flange and 30 the reflange.
- the sloping parts ll-l8 of the wallplates l2-l8 respectively cooperate with the flange 8 to form a strong column and a strong beam '(or strut-beam) between the upper and lower frame members.
- the reflange 8 preferably projects towards the flanged wall-plate so that the reflan ge 8, flange 6 and overlapping portion l8- (of the flanged wall plate) form a channel section, which is" a very strong section.
- integral flange 6 or strut beam greater in horizontal depth than the depth of the panels so that theflange 6 (or the reflange 8) projects beyond the outer plane 48 of the panels, thus protecting the panels in the wall sheets. See Fig. 3.
- a single beam member suchas the flange illustrated, deflects laterally under stress, thereby weakening the member as a beam and also as a strut; therefore, I preferably provide means to prevent the strut beam from deflecting laterally such as the triangular shaped inwhich may be positioned at spaced the flange 8 preferably between the rivets I8.
- Figs. 6, 'I and 8 show other forms of'stiffening' dentation 42 means for the flange wherein Fig. 6 shows a strap 84 overlapping the reflange 8 and secured thereto, which strap is secured to both of the adjacent panels of the wall sheets.
- Fig. 7 shows a form wherein the short straps l6 and 88 are secured to the reflange 8 and the adjacent panels but are positioned between thesloping webs. 50-52 of the adjacent panels; 1. e., within the" bounding plane of the outwardly projecting panels; These straps 88-48 may be welded as shown on the drawings or riveted.
- Fig. 6 shows a strap 84 overlapping the reflange 8 and secured thereto, which strap is secured to both of the adjacent panels of the wall sheets.
- Fig. 7 shows a form wherein the short straps l6 and 88 are secured to the reflange 8 and the adjacent panels but are positioned between thesloping webs. 50-52 of the adjacent panels; 1. e
- FIG. 8 shows an arrangement wherein a preferably flat plate 56 is welded to theflange 6 and the reflange also preferably to the body of theplate at 51.
- I Fig. 9 shows a modification wherein the flanged plate and ,unflanged plate are welded together.
- each of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubical capacity of the car, the panel of the flanged wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the edge of the other wall plate and the panel of the other wall plate merging into said other plate adjacent the base of the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the pan- 'els longitudinally of the car are increased and the cubical capacity of the car is increased and whereby parts of the adjacent panels and the flange cooperate to form a strut beam" between the frame members, a part of the flang'e and "the part of the flanged plate which tion of a pair of anintegral flange at a vertical'margin thereof closely adjacent said plates, said flange provided with a reflange projecting toward the flanged plate, each of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubical capacityof the ing an integral flange at a car, the panel
- a pair of wall plates extending between and secured to said frame members to form a load retaining means therebetween, a portion of one of said plates overlapping a portion of the other plate, means securing said overlapping portions together, one of said wall plates having an integral flange at a vertical margin thereof closely adjacent the overlapping portions of said plates, each of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubical capacity of the car, thepanel of the flanged wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the edge of the other wall plate and the panel of the other wall plate merging into base of the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the panels longitudinally of the car are increased and the cubic: L1 capacity of the car is increased and whereby parts of the, adjacent panels and the flange cooperate to form a strut-beam between the frame members, and means to prevent railway car having spaced said other plate adjacent the load retaining means therebetween, a portion of one of said plates overlapping a other plate, means
- each of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubi- 75 portion of the w cal capacity of the car, the panel of the flanged wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the edge of the other wall plate and the panel of the other wall plate merging into said other plate adjacent the base of the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the panels longitudinally of the car are increased and the cubical capacity of the car is increased and whereby parts of the adjacent panels and the flange cooperate to form a strut-beam between the frame members, and
- means toprevent said flange from deflecting laterally under stress comprising members secured to said flange and to said panels, said members being positioned within the bounding plane of the outwardly projecting panels so as not to increase the width of the car.
Description
May 5,1930.
G. G. GlLPlN RAILWAY CAR CONSTRUCTION Filed Sept. 17, "1934' 2 Shets-Sheet 2 j'nqenfof:
" they are girders carrying the Patented May 5, 1936 UNITED STATES} PATE RAILWAY CAR CONSTRUCTION Garth e. Gilpin, Riverside, m, assign or to Union Metal Products Company, Chicago, 111., a corporation of' Delaware Application September 17, 1934, Serial No. 744,429 11 Claims. (Cl. 105-409) The invention relates to railway cars and more particularly to side walls of open top railway cars. These side walls perform two functions. First, they are the load retaining means, and secondly, major portion of the weight of the lading to the body bolsters from whence it is transferred to the trucks. In certain types of other railway cars my construction may also be used.
An object of the invention is to provide a very light and strong car wall which can be quickly and economically made, installed and repaired.
Such walls must bevery light, as it is expensive to transport dead weight in a car and such walls must be very strong'as girders to carry the load referred to above and must be avery strong as vertical beams to carry the horizontal thrust of the lading, which is very great on account of the impact thereof due to the movements of the car when running. The parts of the wall must be capable of easy assemblage because replacements frequently are necessary on account of wearing out of the parts, corrosion and wrecks.
Another object of the invention is to provide 0 the sidewall of an open top railway car with outwardly projecting panels between the vertical strut-ties to increase the cubical capacity of the car and a further object is to. provide some of the metallic wall sheets forming the retaining wall of the car with an integral flange forming a strut-tie so as toincrease the horizontal widths of the outwardly projecting panels longitudinally of the car whereby the cubical c pacity of the car is further increased. 7 x
- A further object of the invention is to provide an integral strut-tie of such depth as, to project beyond the outwardly projecting panels in the wall sheets so as to protect the side walls from being scraped by objects along the right-of-way, protect the lettering and other painting from being scraped or damaged and also to protect the side wall of the car when it is tipped upside down in an unloading machine.
Another object of the invention is to provider means to prevent the strut-tie from deflecting laterallyun der stress; as such deflection would weaken the member both as a strut and as a tie,
Y such means being preferably within the bounding planes of the outwardly projecting panels, so that such panels may be extended to the maximum permissible width of the car whereby the greatest cubical capacity of the car is obtained.
Another object of the invention is to provide a car wall so that the component parts thereof may be secured together by bolting, riveting or welding.
Another object is to provide a car wall wherein the component parts canbe made of pressed steel plates between reciprocating dies. 5
Another object is to provide a car wall to ob-' taln'the maximum cubical capacity of the car commensurate with the strength requirements.
Another object is to provide a car which will dump the entire lading when turned upside down 10 in an unloading machine.
Another object is to secure the ends of the strut beams (or one of them) to the frame members of the car so as to form restrained beams.
Another object is to form the integral flange 15 with a reflange so as to materially increase the strength thereof and also so this reflange may be secured to one or both of the frame members.
In the drawings:
Fig. 1- shows a partial side elevation of an open 20 top railway car provided with a 1 side wall in "accordance with my invention.
Fig. 2 is a section on line 2-2 of Fig. 1.-
Fig. 3 is an enlarged section on line 3-.3 of Fig. 1.,
Fig. 4 is a fragmentary perspective view of the exterior of the side wall of a car in accordance with my invention.
Fig. 5 is similar to Fig. 4 but shows an interior view of the car.
Fig. 6 is a perspective view showing one means of preventing the strut beam from buckling under stress. t
' Figs. 7 and 8 show other means of preventing the strut beam from buckling understress.
Fig. 9 shows a modified construction of my inventionwherein the adjacent wall plates are welded together.
Inthe form of my invention illustrated the wallof the car comprises spaced apart upper (2) and lower (3) chords or other framemembers and a plurality of wall plates 4 extending therebetween and forming the load retaining means of together, whereas Fig.
- under stress intervals along so preferably secured to one or both frame members 2-3. v
Each-of the wall plates is formed, with an outwardly projecting panel It) so as to increase the cubical capacity of the car. The panel of the flanged plate l2 (Fig. 3) merges into the plate ll adjacent the base of the flange 6 and the panel of the adjacent plate l6 merges into the plate I I, which plate I1 is secured to the flanged plate I2 adjacent the base of the flange 6. In other words, the panels'merge into the body portion of the plates as close to each other as strength requirements permit so that the horizontal widths of the panels longitudinally of the car are increased (over the paneled side wall having separate strut beams) whereby the lading' compartment of the car is further in creased in cubical capacity. .Figs. 3 and 6 show the flanged and the u'nflanged plate overlapped and the rivets l9 secure the overlapped portions 9 shows the flanged and unflanged plate designed fora welded connection wherein the sloping walls 28 and 22 of the adjacent pane ls 24-26 are even closertogether than in the riveted construction. Numeral 28. designates the flange and 30 the reflange.
The sloping parts ll-l8 of the wallplates l2-l8 respectively cooperate with the flange 8 to form a strong column and a strong beam '(or strut-beam) between the upper and lower frame members. The reflange 8 preferably projects towards the flanged wall-plate so that the reflan ge 8, flange 6 and overlapping portion l8- (of the flanged wall plate) form a channel section, which is" a very strong section.
In the preferred construction the integral flange 6 or strut beam greater in horizontal depth than the depth of the panels so that theflange 6 (or the reflange 8) projects beyond the outer plane 48 of the panels, thus protecting the panels in the wall sheets. See Fig. 3.
A single beam member, suchas the flange illustrated, deflects laterally under stress, thereby weakening the member as a beam and also as a strut; therefore, I preferably provide means to prevent the strut beam from deflecting laterally such as the triangular shaped inwhich may be positioned at spaced the flange 8 preferably between the rivets I8. These indentations, or stiffening meanscxtendintoapartoftheflangeandapartof the .body of the plate.
Figs. 6, 'I and 8 show other forms of'stiffening' dentation 42 means for the flange wherein Fig. 6 shows a strap 84 overlapping the reflange 8 and secured thereto, which strap is secured to both of the adjacent panels of the wall sheets. Fig. 7 shows a form wherein the short straps l6 and 88 are secured to the reflange 8 and the adjacent panels but are positioned between thesloping webs. 50-52 of the adjacent panels; 1. e., within the" bounding plane of the outwardly projecting panels; These straps 88-48 may be welded as shown on the drawings or riveted. Fig. 8 shows an arrangement wherein a preferably flat plate 56 is welded to theflange 6 and the reflange also preferably to the body of theplate at 51. I Fig. 9 shows a modification wherein the flanged plate and ,unflanged plate are welded together.
The accompanying drawings illustrate the preferred form of the invention, though it is to be understood that the invention is not limited o. the exact details of construction shown and described, as it is obvious that various modiflcafening means for. the flange.
tions thereof, within the scope of the claims, occur to persons skilled in the art. I claim; LIn an open top apart horizontal frame members, the combination of a pair of wall plates extending between will railway car having spaced A and secured to said frame members to form a load retaining means therebetween, a portion of one of said plates overlapping a portion of the other plate, means securing said overlapping portions together, one of said wall plates having closely adjacent the overlapping portions of said plates, each of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubical capacity of the car, the panel of theflanged 1 wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the an integral flange at a vertical margin thereof tion of a pair of wall plates extending between i I z and secured .to saidframe members to form-a load retaining means therebetween, a'portion of one of said plates overlappi ng a portion of the other plate, means securing said overlapping portions together, one of said wall plates having an integral flange at a vertical margin thereof closely adjacent the overlapping portions ofsaid. plates, each,of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panerto increase the cubical capacity of the car, the panel of the flanged wall plate merging into the-plate adjacent" the edge of the other wall plate and the panel of the other wall 'plate merging into said other ,plate adjacent the 'base of the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the panels longitudinally of the car are increased and the cubical capacity of the car is increased and whereby parts of the adjacent panels and the flange cooperate to form a strut-beam between the frame members, a part of the flange and the part of the flanged plate which 'overlaps the otherplate being formed with spaced apart iiidentationsto provide stif- 1 3. In an open top railwayv car having spaced apart horizontalframe members, the combination of a pair of wall plates extending between overlapping portions together, one of saidwall Y.
plates having an integral flange at a vertical margin thereof closely adjacent the overlapping portions of said plates, each of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubical capacity of the car, the panel of the flanged wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the edge of the other wall plate and the panel of the other wall plate merging into said other plate adjacent the base of the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the pan- 'els longitudinally of the car are increased and the cubical capacity of the car is increased and whereby parts of the adjacent panels and the flange cooperate to form a strut beam" between the frame members, a part of the flang'e and "the part of the flanged plate which tion of a pair of anintegral flange at a vertical'margin thereof closely adjacent said plates, said flange provided with a reflange projecting toward the flanged plate, each of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubical capacityof the ing an integral flange at a car, the panel of the flanged wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the edge of the other wall plate and the panel of the other wall plate merging into said other plate adjacent the base of the flange whereby the horizontal widthsof the panels longitudinally of the car are increased and the cubical capacity of the car and whereby the flange, the reflange and the overlapping portion of the flanged wall plate form a channel shaped strut-beam between the frame members which is protected from the lading by the overlapping portion of said other plate.
5. In an open top railway car having spaced apart horizontal frame members, the combination of a pair of wall plates extending between and secured to said frame members to form a one of said plates overlapping a portion of the other plate, means securing said overlapping portions together, one of said wall plates havvertical margin thereof closely adjacent the overlapping portions'of said plates, said flange provided with a reflange projecting toward theflanged plate, each of. said wall plates formed with an panel to increase the cubical capacity of the car, the panel of the flanged wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the edge of the other wall plate and the panel of the other wall plate merging into said other plate adjacent the base of panels longitudinally of sitioned beyond the pla e of the panels to protect said panels.
I ing an integral flange at a vertical margin there-- 6. In an open top railway car having spaced apart horizontal frame members, the combinaportions together, .one of said wall plates havof closely adjacent the overlapping portions of overlaps the said reflange being p frame members, the combina- 1 one of said plates overlapping a portion ofv the other plate, means securing said overlapping portions together, one of said wall plates having the overlapping portions of is increased .load retaining means therebetween', a portion of -the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the the car are increased formed crease the cubical capacity of the car, the panel the base of the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the panels longitudinally of the car are increased and the cubical capacity ofthe car is increased and whereby parts of the adjacent panels arid the flange cooperate to form a strut-beam between the frame members, said reflange being secured directly to said frame members.
7. In an open top railway car having spaced apart horizontal frame members, the combination of a pair of wall plates extending between and retaining means therebetween, a portion of one of said plates overlapping a portion of the other plate, means securing said overlapping portions together, one of said wall plates having an integral flange at a vertical margin thereof closely adjacent the overlapping portions of said plates, said flange provided with a reflange projecting toward the flanged plate, each of said wall plates with an outwardly projecting panel to inof the flanged wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the edge of the other wall plate and the panel of the other wall plate merging into said other plate adjacent the base of the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the panels longitudsecured to said frame members to form a load inally of the car are increased and the cubical capacity of the car is increased and whereby the flange, the reflange and the overlapping portion of the flanged wall plate form a channel shaped strut-beam between the frame members which is protected from the lading by the overlapping portion of said other plate, and means to prevent said flange from deflecting laterally under stress comprising an element secured to said flange, said reflange and the portion of the flanged plate which overlaps the other of said plates. I 8. In an open'top apart horizontal frame members, the combination of a pair of wall plates extending between and secured to said frame members to form a load retaining means therebetween, a portion of one of said plates overlapping a portion of the other plate, means securing said overlapping portions together, one of said wall plates having an integral flange at a vertical margin thereof closely adjacent the overlapping portions of said plates, each of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubical capacity of the car, thepanel of the flanged wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the edge of the other wall plate and the panel of the other wall plate merging into base of the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the panels longitudinally of the car are increased and the cubic: L1 capacity of the car is increased and whereby parts of the, adjacent panels and the flange cooperate to form a strut-beam between the frame members, and means to prevent railway car having spaced said other plate adjacent the load retaining means therebetween, a portion of one of said plates overlapping a other plate, means securing tions together one oi. said integral flange at a vertical saidoverlapping porwall plates having an margin thereof close- 1y adjacent the overlapping portions of said plates, each of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubi- 75 portion of the w cal capacity of the car, the panel of the flanged wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the edge of the other wall plate and the panel of the other wall plate merging into said other plate adjacent the base of the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the panels longitudinally of the car are increased and the cubical capacity of the car is increased and whereby parts of the adjacent panels and the flange cooperate to form a strut-beam between the frame members, and
means toprevent said flange from deflecting laterally under stress comprising members secured to said flange and to said panels, said members being positioned within the bounding plane of the outwardly projecting panels so as not to increase the width of the car.
10. In an open top railway car-having-spaced apart horizontal frame members, the combination of a pair of wall plates extending between and secured to said frame members to form a load retaining means therebetween, a portion of onelof said plates overlapping a portion of the other plate, means securing said overlapping portions together, one of said wall plates having an integral flange at a vertical margin thereof closely adjacent the overlapping portions of the plates, said flangebeing secured to said frame members in the plane of said vertically extending flange, each of said wall plates formed ,with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubical capacity of the car, the panel of the flanged wall plate merging into the plate adjacent the edge of the other wall plate and the panel oil-the other wall plate merging into said other plate adjacent the base of the flange whereby the hori- ,means therebetween, one of said wall plates hav-' a ing an integral flange at a vertical margin thereof, each of said wall plates formed with an outwardly projecting panel to increase the cubical capacity of the car, the panel of the flanged wall plate merging into of the flange and the panel of the other wall plate terminating in a sloping wall weldedto said flanged plate 'adiacent the base of the flange whereby the horizontal widths of the panels longitudinally of the car are increased and the cubical capacity of the car is increased and whereby.
of the adjacent panels and the flange coparts operate to form a strut-beam between the frame members.
V GARTH G. GILPIN.
the plate adjacent the base.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US744429A US2040045A (en) | 1934-09-17 | 1934-09-17 | Railway car construction |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US744429A US2040045A (en) | 1934-09-17 | 1934-09-17 | Railway car construction |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2040045A true US2040045A (en) | 1936-05-05 |
Family
ID=24992690
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US744429A Expired - Lifetime US2040045A (en) | 1934-09-17 | 1934-09-17 | Railway car construction |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2040045A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2626574A (en) * | 1950-07-29 | 1953-01-27 | Youngstown Steel Door Co | Carside |
-
1934
- 1934-09-17 US US744429A patent/US2040045A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2626574A (en) * | 1950-07-29 | 1953-01-27 | Youngstown Steel Door Co | Carside |
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