US20220168447A1 - Plakophilin-2 (pkp2) gene therapy using aav vector - Google Patents

Plakophilin-2 (pkp2) gene therapy using aav vector Download PDF

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US20220168447A1
US20220168447A1 US17/670,390 US202217670390A US2022168447A1 US 20220168447 A1 US20220168447 A1 US 20220168447A1 US 202217670390 A US202217670390 A US 202217670390A US 2022168447 A1 US2022168447 A1 US 2022168447A1
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vector
promoter
pkp2
seq
aav
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Christopher Dean HERZOG
Chester Bittencort SACRAMENTO
Raj Prabhakar
David RICKS
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Spacecraft Seven LLC
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Spacecraft Seven LLC
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Assigned to SPACECRAFT SEVEN, LLC reassignment SPACECRAFT SEVEN, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RICKS, David, SACRAMENTO, Chester Bittencort, HERZOG, Christopher Dean, PRABHAKAR, Raj
Publication of US20220168447A1 publication Critical patent/US20220168447A1/en
Priority to US18/399,438 priority patent/US20240390519A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
    • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
    • A61K48/005—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'active' part of the composition delivered, i.e. the nucleic acid delivered
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
    • A01K2217/07—Animals genetically altered by homologous recombination
    • A01K2217/075—Animals genetically altered by homologous recombination inducing loss of function, i.e. knock out
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
    • A01K2227/10—Mammal
    • A01K2227/105—Murine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
    • A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
    • A01K2267/0306—Animal model for genetic diseases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
    • A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
    • A01K2267/035—Animal model for multifactorial diseases
    • A01K2267/0375—Animal model for cardiovascular diseases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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    • C12N2750/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssDNA viruses
    • C12N2750/00011—Details
    • C12N2750/14011—Parvoviridae
    • C12N2750/14111—Dependovirus, e.g. adenoassociated viruses
    • C12N2750/14141—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
    • C12N2750/14143—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector
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    • C12N2830/00—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription
    • C12N2830/008—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription cell type or tissue specific enhancer/promoter combination
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N2830/00—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription
    • C12N2830/48—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription regulating transport or export of RNA, e.g. RRE, PRE, WPRE, CTE
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N2830/00—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription
    • C12N2830/50—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription regulating RNA stability, not being an intron, e.g. poly A signal

Definitions

  • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a form of adult-onset heart disease, which impacts an estimated 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 1,250 people. It manifests as breakdown of the muscular wall of the heart (the myocardium) over time, which leads to increased risk of abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia) and an increased risk of sudden death when an affected individual exercises strenuously. Individuals may also experience a sensation of fluttering or pounding in the chest (palpitations), light-headedness, fainting (syncope), shortness of breath, and abnormal swelling in the legs or abdomen. Over time, ARVC can lead to heart failure.
  • At least 13 genes are implicated in ARVC, many of which are involved in the biogenesis of desmosomes, which are intracellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between cells.
  • desmosomes When desmosomes fail to form properly, myocardial cells may detach from one another and die. The right ventricle in particular may develop weakness, while fatty deposits and scar tissue may replace the damaged myocardium, leading to distension of the right ventricle.
  • PGP2 Autosomal dominant plakophilin-2
  • cardiomyopathy is an inherited ARVC in which mutations affecting PKP2 are detected.
  • compositions and methods disclosed herein address this need.
  • the present invention relates generally to gene therapy for a disease or disorder, e.g., a cardiac disease or disorder, using a vector expressing PKP2 or a functional variant thereof.
  • the disclosure provides polynucleotide, comprising an expression cassette and optionally flanking adeno-associated virus (AAV) inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), wherein the polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) or a functional variant thereof, operatively linked to a promoter.
  • AAV adeno-associated virus
  • ITRs inverted terminal repeats
  • the promoter is a cardiac-specific promoter.
  • the promoter is a muscle-specific promoter.
  • the promoter is a cardiomyocyte-specific promoter.
  • the promoter is a Myosin Heavy-chain Creatine Kinase 7 (MHCK7) promoter.
  • the MHCK7 promoter shares at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 31.
  • the promoter is a cardiac troponin T (hTNNT2) promoter.
  • the hTNNT2 promoter shares at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 32.
  • the expression cassette comprises exon 1 of the cardiac troponin T (hTNNT2) gene, wherein optionally the hTNNT2 promoter and exon 1 together share at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 32.
  • the promoter is a ubiquitous promoter, optionally a CMV promoter or a CAG promoter.
  • the expression cassette comprises a polyA signal.
  • the polyA signal is a human growth hormone (hGH) polyA.
  • the expression cassette comprises a Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element (WPRE), optionally a WPRE(x).
  • WPRE Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element
  • the Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) or functional variant thereof is a PKP2.
  • the PKP2 is a functional PKP2.
  • the PKP2 is a human PKP2.
  • the PKP2 is PKP2 isoform A.
  • the PKP2 isoform A shares at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the PKP2 is PKP2 isoform B.
  • the PKP2 shares at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the polynucleotide sequence encoding PKP2 is a human PKP2 polynucleotide.
  • the polynucleotide sequence encoding PKP2 shares at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the polynucleotide sequence encoding PKP2 shares at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the polynucleotide comprises at least about 4.0 kb, at least about 4.1 kb, at least about 4.2 kb, at least about 4.3 kb, at least about 4.4 kb, or at least about 4.5 kb.
  • the polynucleotide comprises at most about 4.1 kb, at most about 4.2 kb, at most about 4.3 kb, at most about 4.4 kb, at most about 4.5 kb, or at most about 4.6 kb.
  • the polynucleotide comprises 4.0 kb to 4.6 kb, 4.0 kb to 4.5 kb, or 4.0 kb to 4.4 kb or wherein the polynucleotide comprises 4.0 kb to 4.3 kb, 4.0 kb to 4.2 kb, or 4.0 kb to 4.1 kb.
  • the PKP2 or functional variant thereof comprises at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the polynucleotide shares at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8-15.
  • the expression cassette is flanked by 5′ and 3′ inverted terminal repeats (ITRs)
  • the ITRs are AAV2 ITRs and/or the ITRs share at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with any one of SEQ ID NO: 20-26.
  • the disclosure provides a gene therapy vector, comprising the polynucleotide of any one of the preceding embodiments.
  • the gene therapy vector is a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector.
  • rAAV recombinant adeno-associated virus
  • the rAAV vector is an AAV9 or a functional variant thereof.
  • the rAAV vector comprises a capsid protein that shares 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 77.
  • the rAAV vector is an AAVrh10 or a functional variant thereof.
  • the rAAV vector comprises a capsid protein that shares 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 79.
  • the rAAV vector is an AAV6 or a functional variant thereof.
  • the rAAV vector comprises a capsid protein that shares 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 78.
  • the rAAV vector is an AAVrh74 or a functional variant thereof.
  • the rAAV vector comprises a capsid protein that shares 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 80.
  • the disclosure provides a method of treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the vector of any one of the preceding embodiments to the subject.
  • the disease or disorder is a cardiac disorder.
  • the disease or disorder is cardiomyopathy.
  • the cardiomyopathy is arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).
  • ARVC arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
  • the cardiomyopathy is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or dilated cardiomyopathy.
  • the disease or disorder is characterized by fibrofatty infiltration of myocardium.
  • the disease or disorder is heart failure.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject is a primate.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the subject has a mutation in a PKP2 gene.
  • the vector is administered by intravenous injection, intracardiac injection, intracardiac infusion, and/or cardiac catheterization.
  • the administration increases PKP2 expression by at least about 5%.
  • the administration increases PKP2 expression by at least about 30%.
  • the administration increases PKP2 expression by at least about 70%.
  • the administration increases PKP2 expression by about 5% to about 10%.
  • the administration increases PKP2 expression by about 30% to about 50%.
  • the administration increases PKP2 expression by about 50% to about 70%.
  • the administration increases PKP2 expression by about 70% to about 100%.
  • the method treats and/or prevents the disease or disorder.
  • the method comprises administering an effective amount of the vector.
  • the disease or disorder is related to or caused by loss of function in PKP2 in the subject.
  • the disease or disorder is related to or caused by gain of function in PKP2 in the subject.
  • the subject has a mutation that causes an amino acid substitution selected from p.Arg490Trp, Asp26Asn, Thr50 Va151SerfsX60, Arg79X, Tyr86X, Gln133X, Va1406SerfsX3, Tyr616X, Trp676X, Cys796Arg, Cys796E, Tyr807X, Glu62Lys, S688P, Trp848X, Y86X, V406X, Y616X, W848X, and Y807X, relative to a human PKP2 gene encoding a human PKP2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the vector.
  • the method comprises administering between about 1 ⁇ 10 11 vector genomes and about 1 ⁇ 10 13 vector genomes of the vector to the subject, administering between about 1 ⁇ 10 12 vector genomes and about 1 ⁇ 10 14 vector genomes of the vector to the subject, or administering between about 1 ⁇ 10 13 vector genomes and about 1 ⁇ 10 15 vector genomes of the vector to the subject.
  • the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the vector of any one of the preceding embodiments.
  • the disclosure provides a kit comprising the vector of any one of the preceding embodiments or the pharmaceutical composition of the preceding embodiment and optionally instructions for use.
  • the disclosure provides a use of the vector of any one of the preceding embodiments in treating a disease or disorder, optionally according to the method of any one of the preceding embodiments.
  • the disclosure provides a vector according to any one of the preceding embodiments for use in treating a disease or disorder, optionally according to the method of any one of the preceding embodiments.
  • the disclosure provides a polynucleotide, comprising a polynucleotide sequences that shares at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 12-15 and 89-92 or to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8-11 and 93-96.
  • the promoter is a MHCK7 promoter.
  • the MHCK7 promoter shares at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 31.
  • the PKP2 is a human PKP2.
  • the PKP2 is PKP2 isoform A.
  • the PKP2 isoform A shares at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the disclosure provides a gene therapy vector, comprising the polynucleotide of any one of the preceding embodiments.
  • the gene therapy vector is a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector.
  • rAAV recombinant adeno-associated virus
  • the rAAV vector is an AAV9 vector.
  • the rAAV vector is an AAVrh74 vector.
  • the disclosure provides a method of treating and/or preventing a cardiac disorder in a subject identified as having a mutation in the PRP2 gene, comprising administering the vector of any one of the preceding embodiments to the subject.
  • the cardiac disorder is cardiomyopathy, optionally arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or dilated cardiomyopathy.
  • ARVC arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
  • the cardiac disorder is heart failure.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the vector is administered by intravenous injection, intracardiac injection, intracardiac infusion, and/or cardiac catheterization.
  • the method prevents or reduces a decrease in left ventricle ejection fraction percentage (LVEF %), optionally by about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% compared to the decrease observed in an untreated subject identified as having a mutation in the PRP2 gene.
  • LVEF % left ventricle ejection fraction percentage
  • the method prevents or reduces a decrease in left ventricle fractional shortening percentage (FS %), optionally by about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% compared to the decrease observed in an untreated subject identified as having a mutation in the PRP2 gene.
  • FS % left ventricle fractional shortening percentage
  • the method prevents or reduces an increase in right ventricle area in millimeters squared (RV Area (mm2), optionally by about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% compared to the increase observed in an untreated subject identified as having a mutation in the PRP2 gene.
  • RV Area millimeters squared
  • the method prevents or reduces a decrease in right ventricle velocity time integral in millimeters per second (RV VTI (mm/sec), optionally by about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% compared to the decrease observed in an untreated subject identified as having a mutation in the PRP2 gene.
  • RV VTI right ventricle velocity time integral in millimeters per second
  • the method prevents or reduces an increase in left ventricle or right ventricle fibrosis, optionally by about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% compared to the increase observed in an untreated subject identified as having a mutation in the PKP2 gene.
  • FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a vector genome.
  • the full polynucleotide sequence of the vector genome is SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • the expression cassette is SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the MHCK7 promoter as described herein is labelled “Enhancer/MHCK7” in the diagram.
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a vector genome.
  • the full polynucleotide sequence of the vector genome is SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the expression cassette is SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • FIG. 3 shows a diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a vector genome.
  • the full polynucleotide sequence of the vector genome is SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • the expression cassette is SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the MHCK7 promoter as described herein is labelled “Enhancer/MHCK7” in the diagram.
  • FIG. 4 shows a diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a vector genome.
  • the full polynucleotide sequence of the vector genome is SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the expression cassette is SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • FIGS. 5A-5B show PKP2 protein expression in transduced differentiated AC16 cells.
  • FIG. 5A shows Western Blots (WB) of PKP2 (top panel) or loading control, GAPDH (bottom panel).
  • FIG. 5B show a bar graph of the Western Blot.
  • the AAV vector serotype (AAV9 or rh74) and the promoter (MHCK7 or hTnT) are noted.
  • FIGS. 6A-6D show left ventricle ejection fraction percentage (LVEF %) for normal mice (left bars), untreated PKP2 knockout mice (middle bars, cKO PKP2), or treated mice (right bars).
  • FIG. 6A shows results with the AAV9 vector and MHCK7 promoter (AAV9-MHCK7).
  • FIG. 6B shows results with the AAVrh.74 vector and MHCK7 promoter (AAVrh.74-MHCK7).
  • FIG. 6C shows results with the AAV9 vector and hTnT promoter (AAV9-hTnT).
  • FIG. 6D shows results with the AAVrh.74 vector and hTnT promoter (AAVrh.74-hTnT).
  • FIGS. 7A-7D show left ventricle fractional shortening percentage (FS %) for normal mice (left bars), untreated PKP2 knockout mice (middle bars, cKO PKP2), or treated mice (right bars).
  • FIG. 7A shows results with the AAV9 vector and MHCK7 promoter (AAV9-MHCK7).
  • FIG. 7B shows results with the AAVrh.74 vector and MHCK7 promoter (AAVrh.74-MHCK7).
  • FIG. 7C shows results with the AAV9 vector and hTnT promoter (AAV9-hTnT).
  • FIG. 7D shows results with the AAVrh.74 vector and the hTnT promoter (AAVrh.74-hTnT).
  • FIGS. 8A-8D show right ventricle area in millimeters squared (RV Area (mm 2 )) for normal mice (left bars), untreated PKP2 knockout mice (middle bars, cKO PKP2), or treated mice (right bars).
  • FIG. 8A shows results with the AAV9 vector and MHCK7 promoter (AAV9-MHCK7).
  • FIG. 8B shows results with the AAVrh.74 vector and MHCK7 promoter (AAVrh.74-MHCK7).
  • FIG. 8C shows results with the AAV9 vector and hTnT promoter (AAV9-hTnT).
  • FIG. 8D shows results with the AAVrh.74 vector and hTnT promoter (AAVrh.74-hTnT).
  • FIGS. 9A-9D show right ventricle velocity time integral in millimeters per second (RV VTI (mm/sec)) for normal mice (left bars), untreated PKP2 knockout mice (middle bars, cKO PKP2), or treated mice (right bars).
  • FIG. 9A shows results with the AAV9 vector and MHCK7 promoter (AAV9-MHCK7).
  • FIG. 9B shows results with the AAVrh.74 vector and MHCK7 promoter (AAVrh.74-MHCK7).
  • FIG. 9C shows results with the AAV9 vector and hTnT promoter (AAV9-hTnT).
  • FIG. 9D shows results with the AAVrh.74 vector and hTnT promoter (AAVrh.74-hTnT).
  • FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate the degree of fibrosis in left and right ventricles based on quantitation of the Percent Collagen following trichrome histological staining of the heart.
  • Control animals without the conditional PKP2 gene knock-out (Cre Neg group) were found to have very little collagen, while control PKP2 knock-out animals receiving Formulation Buffer (CKO FB group) were found to have substantially greater proportion of collagen in both left and right ventricles.
  • FIG. 10A is a bar graph of percent collagen in the left ventricle.
  • FIG. 10B is a bar graph of percent collagen in the right ventricle.
  • FIG. 11 shows a diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a vector genome.
  • the full polynucleotide sequence of the vector genome is SEQ ID NO: 89.
  • the expression cassette is SEQ ID NO: 93.
  • the MHCK7 promoter as described herein is labelled “Enhancer/MHCK7” in the diagram.
  • FIG. 12 shows a diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a vector genome.
  • the full polynucleotide sequence of the vector genome is SEQ ID NO: 90.
  • the expression cassette is SEQ ID NO: 94.
  • FIG. 13 shows a diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a vector genome.
  • the full polynucleotide sequence of the vector genome is SEQ ID NO: 91.
  • the expression cassette is SEQ ID NO: 95.
  • the MHCK7 promoter as described herein is labelled “Enhancer/MHCK7” in the diagram.
  • FIG. 14 shows a diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a vector genome.
  • the full polynucleotide sequence of the vector genome is SEQ ID NO: 92.
  • the expression cassette is SEQ ID NO: 96.
  • the present disclosure provided gene therapy vectors for PKP2 that deliver a polynucleotide encoding a PKP2 polypeptide or a functional variant thereof, along with methods of use, and other compositions and methods.
  • the disclosure relates to a gene therapy vector comprising a promoter sequence operatively linked to a polynucleotide encoding a PKP2 polypeptide or a functional variant thereof.
  • the promoter is a Myosin Heavy-chain Creatine Kinase 7 (MHCK7) promoter.
  • the AAV vector is an AAV9 vector.
  • the promoter is an MHCK7 promoter and the AAV vector is an AAV9 vector.
  • the promoter is a hTNNT2 promoter. In some embodiment, the promoter is an hTNNT2 promoter and the AAV vector is an AAV9 vector. In some embodiments, the PKP2 is human PKP2a. In some embodiments, the PKP2 is human PKP2b. In some embodiment, the AAV vector is an rh74 vector. In some embodiments, the promoter is an MHCK7 promoter and the AAV vector is an rh74 vector. In some embodiments, the promoter is a hTNNT2 promoter. In some embodiment, the promoter is an hTNNT2 promoter and the AAV vector is an rh74 vector. In some embodiments, the PKP2 is human PKP2a. In some embodiments, the PKP2 is human PKP2b.
  • This disclosure further provides methods of treating a disorder or disorder in a subject by administering a gene therapy vector of the disclosure to the subject.
  • the disorder or disorder is arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).
  • the subject being treated is an ARVC patient having one or more mutation in a PKP2 gene. More than half of ARVC patients carry mutations in the desmosomal gene PKP2 encoding the protein Plakophilin-2 (PKP2). PKP2 is also associated with Brugada syndrome (BrS) and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. It is a member of the armadillo repeat and plakophilin protein family. The protein contains nine central, conserved armadillo repeat domains flanked by N-terminal and C-terminal domains. It functions to link cadherins to intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton
  • Plakophilin 2 localizes to cell desmosomes and nuclei and binds plakoglobin, desmoplakin, and the desmosomal cadherins via an N-terminal head domain.
  • PKP2 provides a lateral stabilizing force with the desmosomal-intermediate filament assembly facilitating cell-to-cell contact. It may also serve roles in intracellular signaling regulation, electrophysiologic and trafficking regulation, and control of transcription processes.
  • a polynucleotide encoding a PKP2 or functional variant thereof, wherein the PKP2 or functional variant thereof comprises at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids (e.g., no C terminal truncation at Arg-735), may be employed in generating a gene therapy vector.
  • the resulting vector may be employed in treating diseases or disorders, e.g. a PKP2-related disease or disorder, e.g. ARVC, Brugada syndrome (BrS), idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and others.
  • diseases or disorders e.g. a PKP2-related disease or disorder, e.g. ARVC, Brugada syndrome (BrS), idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and others.
  • any concentration range, percentage range, ratio range, or integer range is to be understood to include the value of any integer within the recited range and, when appropriate, fractions thereof (such as one tenth and one hundredth of an integer), unless otherwise indicated.
  • the term “about”, when immediately preceding a number or numeral, means that the number or numeral ranges plus or minus 10%.
  • the terms “a” and “an” as used herein refer to “one or more” of the enumerated components unless otherwise indicated.
  • the use of the alternative e.g., “or” should be understood to mean either one, both, or any combination thereof of the alternatives.
  • the term “and/or” should be understood to mean either one, or both of the alternatives.
  • the terms “include” and “comprise” are used synonymously.
  • identity refers, with respect to a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence, to the percentage of exact matching residues in an alignment of that “query” sequence to a “subject” sequence, such as an alignment generated by the BLAST algorithm. Identity is calculated, unless specified otherwise, across the full length of the subject sequence.
  • a query sequence “shares at least x % identity to” a subject sequence if, when the query sequence is aligned to the subject sequence, at least x % (rounded down) of the residues in the subject sequence are aligned as an exact match to a corresponding residue in the query sequence.
  • residues denoted X residues denoted X
  • Sequence alignments may be performed using the NCBI Blast service (BLAST+ version 2.12.0).
  • operatively linked refers to a functional relationship between two or more nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) segments. Typically, it refers to the functional relationship of a transcriptional regulatory sequence to a transcribed sequence.
  • a promoter sequence is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it stimulates or modulates the transcription of the coding sequence in an appropriate host cell or other expression system.
  • promoter transcriptional regulatory sequences that are operatively linked to a transcribed sequence are physically contiguous to the transcribed sequence, i.e., they are cis-acting.
  • some transcriptional regulatory sequences, such as enhancers need not be physically contiguous or located in close proximity to the coding sequences whose transcription they enhance.
  • an “AAV vector” or “rAAV vector” refers to a recombinant vector comprising one or more polynucleotides of interest (or transgenes) that are flanked by AAV inverted terminal repeat sequences (ITRs).
  • AAV vectors can be replicated and packaged into infectious viral particles when present in a host cell that has been transfected with a plasmid encoding and expressing rep and cap gene products.
  • AAV vectors can be packaged into infectious particles using a host cell that has been stably engineered to express rep and cap genes.
  • an “AAV virion” or “AAV viral particle” or “AAV vector particle” refers to a viral particle composed of at least one AAV capsid protein and an encapsidated polynucleotide AAV vector.
  • the particle comprises a heterologous polynucleotide (i.e., a polynucleotide other than a wild-type AAV genome such as a transgene to be delivered to a mammalian cell), it is typically referred to as an “AAV vector particle” or simply an “AAV vector.”
  • production of AAV vector particle necessarily includes production of AAV vector, as such a vector is contained within an AAV vector particle.
  • promoter refers to a polynucleotide sequence capable of promoting initiation of RNA transcription from a polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • vector genome refers to the polynucleotide sequence packaged by the vector (e.g., an rAAV virion), including flanking sequences (in AAV, inverted terminal repeats).
  • expression cassette and “polynucleotide cassette” refer to the portion of the vector genome between the flanking ITR sequences. “Expression cassette” implies that the vector genome comprises at least one gene encoding a gene product operatively linked to an element that drives expression (e.g., a promoter).
  • the term “patient in need” or “subject in need” refers to a patient or subject at risk of, or suffering from, a disease, disorder or condition that is amenable to treatment or amelioration with a recombinant gene therapy vector or gene editing system disclosed herein.
  • a patient or subject in need may, for instance, be a patient or subject diagnosed with a disorder associated with heart.
  • a subject may have a mutation in an PKP2 gene or deletion of all or a part of PKP2 gene, or of gene regulatory sequences, that causes aberrant expression of the PKP2 protein.
  • Subject and “patient” are used interchangeably herein.
  • the subject treated by the methods described herein may be an adult or a child. Subjects may range in age.
  • variant refers to a protein that has one or more amino-acid substitution, insertion, or deletion as compared to a parental protein.
  • functional variant refers to a protein that has one or more amino-acid substitution, insertion, or deletion as compared to a parental protein, and which retains one or more desired activities of the parental protein.
  • treating refers to ameliorating one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder.
  • preventing refers to delaying or interrupting the onset of one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder or slowing the progression of PKP2-related disease or disorder, e.g., arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).
  • ARVC arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
  • Adeno-associated virus is a replication-deficient parvovirus, the single-stranded DNA genome of which is about 4.7 kb in length including two ⁇ 145-nucleotide inverted terminal repeat (ITRs).
  • ITRs inverted terminal repeat
  • serotypes when classified by antigenic epitopes.
  • the nucleotide sequences of the genomes of the AAV serotypes are known.
  • the complete genome of AAV-1 is provided in GenBank Accession No. NC_002077; the complete genome of AAV-2 is provided in GenBank Accession No. NC_001401 and Srivastava et al., J.
  • the sequence of the AAVrh.74 genome is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 9,434,928, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Cis-acting sequences directing viral DNA replication (rep), encapsidation/packaging and host cell chromosome integration are contained within the AAV ITRs.
  • Three AAV promoters (named p5, p19, and p40 for their relative map locations) drive the expression of the two AAV internal open reading frames encoding rep and cap genes.
  • the two rep promoters (p5 and p19), coupled with the differential splicing of the single AAV intron (at nucleotides 2107 and 2227), result in the production of four rep proteins (rep78, rep68, rep52, and rep40) from the rep gene.
  • Rep proteins possess multiple enzymatic properties that are ultimately responsible for replicating the viral genome.
  • the cap gene is expressed from the p40 promoter and it encodes the three capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3.
  • Alternative splicing and non-consensus translational start sites are responsible for the production of the three related capsid proteins.
  • a single consensus polyadenylation site is located at map position 95 of the AAV genome. The life cycle and genetics of AAV are reviewed in Muzyczka, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 158: 97-129 (1992).
  • AAV possesses unique features that make it attractive as a vector for delivering foreign DNA to cells, for example, in gene therapy.
  • AAV infection of cells in culture is noncytopathic, and natural infection of humans and other animals is silent and asymptomatic.
  • AAV infects many mammalian cells allowing the possibility of targeting many different tissues in vivo.
  • AAV transduces slowly dividing and non-dividing cells, and can persist essentially for the lifetime of those cells as a transcriptionally active nuclear episome (extrachromosomal element).
  • the AAV proviral genome is inserted as cloned DNA in plasmids, which makes construction of recombinant genomes feasible.
  • the signals directing AAV replication and genome encapsidation are contained within the ITRs of the AAV genome, some or all of the internal approximately 4.3 kb of the genome (encoding replication and structural capsid proteins, rep-cap) may be replaced with foreign DNA.
  • the rep and cap proteins may be provided in trans.
  • Another significant feature of AAV is that it is an extremely stable and hearty virus. It easily withstands the conditions used to inactivate adenovirus (56° to 65° C. for several hours), making cold preservation of AAV less critical. AAV may even be lyophilized. Finally, AAV-infected cells are not resistant to superinfection.
  • Gene delivery viral vectors useful in the practice of the present invention can be constructed utilizing methodologies well known in the art of molecular biology.
  • viral vectors carrying transgenes are assembled from polynucleotides encoding the transgene, suitable regulatory elements and elements necessary for production of viral proteins, which mediate cell transduction.
  • Such recombinant viruses may be produced by techniques known in the art, e.g., by transfecting packaging cells or by transient transfection with helper plasmids or viruses.
  • Typical examples of virus packaging cells include but are not limited to HeLa cells, SF9 cells (optionally with a baculovirus helper vector), 293 cells, etc.
  • a Herpesvirus-based system can be used to produce AAV vectors, as described in US20170218395A1.
  • Detailed protocols for producing such replication-defective recombinant viruses may be found for instance in WO95/14785, WO96/22378, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,882,877, 6,013,516, 4,861,719, 5,278,056 and WO94/19478, the complete contents of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the present disclosure contemplates compositions and methods of use related to Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) proteins or polypeptides.
  • PPKP2 Plakophilin-2
  • Various mutations in PKP2 are known to be associated with cardiomyopathy and heart failure, including diseases like those described in van Tintelen et al. Circulation 113:1650-58 (2006); Novelli Front. Cardiovasc. Med . (2008); and in other sources.
  • Viral vector-mediated delivery of the PKP2 gene may therefore serve as a viable therapeutic for PKP2-related human diseases such as cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
  • PKP2 gene More than 230 mutations in the PKP2 gene have been identified in people with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). (See “PKP2 gene,” MedlinePlus). This condition most commonly affects the myocardium surrounding the right ventricle, one of the two lower chambers of the heart. ARVC increases the risk of an abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia) and sudden death.
  • Some PKP2 gene mutations lead to the production of an abnormally short version of plakophilin 2.
  • Other mutations alter the structure of plakophilin 2 by adding, deleting, or changing one or more of its protein building blocks (amino acids). Studies suggest that the altered protein impairs the formation and function of desmosomes.
  • PKP2-related disease may be found in the following references: Bonne et al. Genomics 51:452-454 (1998) [PubMed: 9721216]; Bonne et al. Cytogenet. Cell Genet.
  • PKP2a-837 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 1) 1 MAAPGAPAEY GYIRTVLGQQ ILGQLDSSSL ALPSEAKLKL 41 AGSSGRGGQT VKSLRIQEQV QQTLARKGRS SVGNGNLHRT 81 SSVPEYVYNL HLVENDFVGG RSPVPKTYDM LKAGTTATYE 121 GRWGRGTAQY SSQKSVEERS LRHPLRRLEI SPDSSPERAH 161 YTHSDYQYSQ RSQAGHTLHH QESRRAALLV PPRYARSEIV 201 GVSRAGTTSR QRHFDTYHRQ YQHGSVSDTV FDSIPANPAL 241 LTYPRPGTSR SMGNLLEKEN YLTAGLTVGQ VRPLVPLQPV 281 TQNRASRSSW HQSSFHSTRT LREAGPSVAV DSSGRRAHLT 321 VGQAAAGGSG NLLTERSTFT DSQLGNADME MTLERAVSML
  • R735X is numbered according to the PKP2b isoform.
  • the R735X mutant of PKP2a is 690 amino acids in length, due to C-terminal truncation at Arg-690, (Arg-735 relative to PKP2b, SEQ ID NO: 2).
  • the PKP2 protein comprises a polypeptide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the PKP2 protein is a wild-type or native PKP2 protein, e.g. human PKP2a or human PKP2b.
  • the disclosure provides a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) virion, comprising a capsid and a vector genome, wherein the vector genome comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding an PKP2 or a functional variant thereof, operatively linked to a promoter.
  • the disclosure provides a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) virion, comprising a capsid and a vector genome, wherein the vector genome comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding an PKP2, operatively linked to a promoter.
  • the polynucleotide encoding the PKP2a may comprise a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the polynucleotide encoding the PKP2b may comprise a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the polynucleotide sequence encoding the vector genome may comprise a Kozak sequence, including but not limited to GCCACCATGG (SEQ ID NO: 5).
  • Kozak sequence may overlap the polynucleotide sequence encoding an PKP2a protein or a functional variant thereof.
  • the vector genome may comprise a polynucleotide sequence (with first ten nucleotides constituting the Kozak sequence) at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • Kozak sequence may overlap the polynucleotide sequence encoding an PKP2b protein or a functional variant thereof.
  • the vector genome may comprise a polynucleotide sequence (with first ten nucleotides constituting the Kozak sequence) at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the Kozak sequence is an alternative Kozak sequence comprising or consisting of any one of:
  • the vector genome comprises no Kozak sequence.
  • the polynucleotide sequence may be codon-optimized.
  • the vector genome may comprise a polynucleotide sequence encoding a PKP2a that shares at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 87.
  • the vector genome may comprise a polynucleotide sequence encoding a PKP2b that shares at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 88.
  • the AAV virions of the disclosure comprise a vector genome.
  • the vector genome may comprise an expression cassette (or a polynucleotide cassette for gene-editing applications not requiring expression of the polynucleotide sequence).
  • Any suitable inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) may be used.
  • the ITRs may be AAV ITRs from the same serotype as the capsid present in the AAV virion, or a different serotype from the capsid (e.g., AAV2 ITRs may be used with an AAV virion having an AAV9 capsid or an AAVrh74 capsid). In each case, the serotype of the capsid determines the name applied to the virion.
  • the ITR are generally the most 5′ and most 3′ elements of the vector genome.
  • the vector genome will also generally contain, in 5′ to 3′ order, a promoter, a transgene, 3′ untranslated region (UTR) sequences (e.g., a WPRE element), and a polyadenylation sequence.
  • the vector genome includes an enhancer element (generally 5′ to the promoter) and/or an exon (generally 3′ to the promoter).
  • the vector genomes of the disclosure encode a partial or complete transgene sequence used as a repair template in a gene editing system.
  • the vector genome may comprise an exogenous promoter, or the gene editing system may insert the transgene into a locus in the genome having an endogenous promoter, such as a cardiac- or myocyte-specific promoter.
  • the 5′ ITR comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 20.
  • the 5′ ITR comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • the 5′ ITR comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 22)
  • the 5′ ITR comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 23.
  • the 3′ ITR comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the 3′ ITR comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25.
  • the 3′ ITR comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26.
  • the vector genome comprises one or more filler sequences, e.g., at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 27; SEQ ID NO: 28; or SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • the polynucleotide sequence encoding an PKP2 protein or functional variant thereof is operatively linked to a promoter.
  • the promoter is an MHCK7 promoter.
  • the promoter is an TNNT2 promoter.
  • Promoters useful in embodiments of the present disclosure include, without limitation, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter, or a promoter sequence comprised of the CMV enhancer and portions of the chicken beta-actin promoter and the rabbit beta-globin gene (CAG).
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • PGK phosphoglycerate kinase
  • CAG rabbit beta-globin gene
  • the promoter may be a synthetic promoter.
  • Exemplary synthetic promoters are provided by Schlabach et al. PNAS USA. 107(6):2538-43 (2010).
  • the promoter comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 30.
  • a polynucleotide sequence encoding an PKP2 protein or functional variant thereof is operatively linked to an inducible promoter.
  • An inducible promoter may be configured to cause the polynucleotide sequence to be transcriptionally expressed or not transcriptionally expressed in response to addition or accumulation of an agent or in response to removal, degradation, or dilution of an agent.
  • the agent may be a drug.
  • the agent may be tetracycline or one of its derivatives, including, without limitation, doxycycline.
  • the inducible promoter is a tet-on promoter, a tet-off promoter, a chemically-regulated promoter, a physically-regulated promoter (i.e., a promoter that responds to presence or absence of light or to low or high temperature).
  • Inducible promoters include heavy metal ion inducible promoters (such as the mouse mammary tumor virus (mMTV) promoter or various growth hormone promoters), and the promoters from T7 phage which are active in the presence of T7 RNA polymerase. This list of inducible promoters is non-limiting.
  • the promoter is a tissue-specific promoter, such as a promoter capable of driving expression in a cardiac cell to a greater extent than in a non-cardiac cell.
  • tissue-specific promoter is a selected from any various cardiac cell-specific promoters including but not limited to, desmin (Des), alpha-myosin heavy chain ( ⁇ -MHC), myosin light chain 2 (MLC-2), cardiac troponin C (cTnC), cardiac troponin T (hTNNT2), muscle creatine kinase (CK) and combinations of promoter/enhancer regions thereof, such as MHCK7.
  • the promoter is a ubiquitous promoter.
  • a “ubiquitous promoter” refers to a promoter that is not tissue-specific under experimental or clinical conditions.
  • the ubiquitous promoter is any one of Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Cytomegalovirus early enhancer element chicken beta-Actin gene intron with the splice acceptor of the rabbit beta-Globin gene (CAG), ubiquitin C (UBC), Phosphoglycerate Kinase (PGK), Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (EF1-alpha), Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), simian virus 40 (SV40), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), chicken beta-actin, and human beta-actin promoters.
  • CMV Cytomegalovirus
  • CAG Cytomegalovirus early enhancer element chicken beta-Actin gene intron with the splice acceptor of the rabbit beta-Globin gene
  • UBC ubiquitin C
  • PGK Phos
  • the promoter sequence is selected from Table 3.
  • the promoter comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31-51.
  • the promoter comprises a fragment of a polynucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 31-51, e.g., a fragment comprising at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 31-51.
  • the vector genome comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31.
  • the vector genome comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 32.
  • the vector genome comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 33.
  • promoters are the SV40 late promoter from simian virus 40, the Baculovirus polyhedron enhancer/promoter element, Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (HSV tk), the immediate early promoter from cytomegalovirus (CMV) and various retroviral promoters including LTR elements.
  • HSV tk Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • LTR elements various retroviral promoters including LTR elements.
  • a large variety of other promoters are known and generally available in the art, and the sequences of many such promoters are available in sequence databases such as the GenBank database.
  • vectors of the present disclosure further comprise one or more regulatory elements selected from the group consisting of an enhancer, an intron, a poly-A signal, a 2A peptide encoding sequence, a WPRE (Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element), and a HPRE (Hepatitis B posttranscriptional regulatory element).
  • regulatory elements selected from the group consisting of an enhancer, an intron, a poly-A signal, a 2A peptide encoding sequence, a WPRE (Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element), and a HPRE (Hepatitis B posttranscriptional regulatory element).
  • the vector comprises a CMV enhancer.
  • the vectors comprise one or more enhancers.
  • the enhancer is a CMV enhancer sequence, a GAPDH enhancer sequence, a (3-actin enhancer sequence, or an EF1- ⁇ enhancer sequence. Sequences of the foregoing are known in the art.
  • the sequence of the CMV immediate early (IE) enhancer is SEQ ID NO: 50.
  • the vectors comprise one or more introns.
  • the intron is a rabbit globin intron sequence, a chicken ⁇ -actin intron sequence, a synthetic intron sequence, an SV40 intron, or an EF1- ⁇ intron sequence.
  • the vectors comprise a polyA sequence.
  • the polyA sequence is a rabbit globin polyA sequence, a human growth hormone polyA sequence, a bovine growth hormone polyA sequence, a PGK polyA sequence, an SV40 polyA sequence, or a TK polyA sequence.
  • the poly-A signal may be a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal (bGHpA).
  • the vectors comprise one or more transcript stabilizing element.
  • the transcript stabilizing element is a WPRE sequence, a HPRE sequence, a scaffold-attachment region, a 3′ UTR, or a 5′ UTR.
  • the vectors comprise both a 5′ UTR and a 3′ UTR.
  • the vector comprises a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) selected from Table 4.
  • the vector genome comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOS 51-61.
  • the vector comprises a 3′ untranslated region selected from Table 5.
  • the vector genome comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOS 62-70.
  • the vector comprises a polyadenylation (polyA) signal selected from Table 6.
  • the polyA signal comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOS 71-75.
  • Illustrative vector genomes are depicted in FIGS. 1-4 and 11-14 ; and provided as SEQ ID NOs: 12-15 and 89-92.
  • the expression cassette of each sequence is SEQ ID NOs: 8-11 or 93-96.
  • the vector genome comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polynucleotide sequence that shares at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 12-15 and 89-92, optionally with or without the ITR sequences.
  • the vector genome comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polynucleotide sequence that shares at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8-11 and 93-96.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; an MHCK7 promoter; a PKPa transgene; an WPRE(x) element; an pAGH-HS sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 31; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 6, and 87; SEQ ID NO: 63; and SEQ ID NO: 75; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2a transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; a hTnnT2 promoter; a PKPa transgene; an WPRE(x) element; an pAGH-HS sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 6, and 87; SEQ ID NO: 63; and SEQ ID NO: 75; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2a transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; an MHCK7 promoter; a PKPb transgene; an WPRE(x) element; an pAGH-HS sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 31; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 7, and 88; SEQ ID NO: 63; and SEQ ID NO: 75; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2b transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; a hTnnT2 promoter; a PKPb transgene; an WPRE(x) element; an pAGH-HS sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 7, and 88; SEQ ID NO: 63; and SEQ ID NO: 75; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2b transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; an MHCK7 promoter; a PKPa transgene; optionally a WPRE element; a polyadenylation sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 31; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 6, and 87; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2a transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; a hTnnT2 promoter; a PKPa transgene; optionally a WPRE element; a polyadenylation sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 6, and 87; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2a transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; an MHCK7 promoter; a PKPb transgene; optionally a WPRE element; a polyadenylation sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 31; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 7, and 88; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2b transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; a hTnnT2 promoter; a PKPb transgene; optionally a WPRE element; a polyadenylation sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 7, and 88; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2b transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; an MHCK7 promoter; SV40 intron; a PKPa transgene; optionally a WPRE element; a polyadenylation sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 31; SEQ ID NO: 53 or 61; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 6, and 87; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2a transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; a hTnnT2 promoter; SV40 intron; a PKPa transgene; optionally a WPRE element; a polyadenylation sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33; SEQ ID NO: 53 or 61; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 6, and 87; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2a transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; an MHCK7 promoter; SV40 intron; a PKPb transgene; optionally a WPRE element; a polyadenylation sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 31; SEQ ID NO: 53 or 61; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 7, and 88; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2b transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • the vector genome comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a 5′ ITR; a hTnnT2 promoter; SV40 intron; a PKPb transgene; optionally a WPRE element; a polyadenylation sequence; and a 3′ ITR.
  • the vector genome may comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order, the polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33; SEQ ID NO: 53 or 61; any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 7, and 88; or polynucleotide sequences sharing 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to each of the foregoing.
  • this vector genome is packaged in an AAV9 or AAVrh74 vector.
  • the PKP2b transgene of this embodiment is a full length transgene, i.e. a transgene encoding a PKP of at least 800 or at least 830 amino acids.
  • WPRE element may be present or absent.
  • AAV vectors useful in the practice of the present invention can be packaged into AAV virions (viral particles) using various systems including adenovirus-based and helper-free systems.
  • Standard methods in AAV biology include those described in Kwon and Schaffer. Pharm Res . (2008) 25(3):489-99; Wu et al. Mol. Ther . (2006) 14(3):316-27. Burger et al. Mol. Ther . (2004) 10(2):302-17; Grimm et al. Curr Gene Ther . (2003) 3(4):281-304; Deyle D R, Russell D W. Curr Opin Mol Ther. (2009) 11(4):442-447; McCarty et al. Gene Ther .
  • AAV DNA in the rAAV genomes may be from any AAV variant or serotype for which a recombinant virus can be derived including, but not limited to, AAV variants or serotypes AAV-1, AAV-2, AAV-3, AAV-4, AAV-5, AAV-6, AAV-7, AAV-8, AAV-9, AAV-10, AAV-11, AAV-12, AAV-13 and AAVrh10.
  • Production of pseudotyped rAAV is disclosed in, for example, WO 01/83692.
  • Other types of rAAV variants, for example rAAV with capsid mutations, are also contemplated. See, for example, Marsic et al., Molecular Therapy, 22(11): 1900-1909 (2014).
  • the nucleotide sequences of the genomes of various AAV serotypes are known in the art.
  • the rAAV comprises a self-complementary genome.
  • an rAAV comprising a “self-complementary” or “double stranded” genome refers to an rAAV which has been engineered such that the coding region of the rAAV is configured to form an intra-molecular double-stranded DNA template, as described in McCarty et al.
  • Self-complementary recombinant adeno-associated virus (scAAV) vectors promoter efficient transduction independently of DNA synthesis. Gene Therapy. 8 (16): 1248-54 (2001).
  • the present disclosure contemplates the use, in some cases, of an rAAV comprising a self-complementary genome because upon infection (such transduction), rather than waiting for cell mediated synthesis of the second strand of the rAAV genome, the two complementary halves of scAAV will associate to form one double stranded DNA (dsDNA) unit that is ready for immediate replication and transcription.
  • dsDNA double stranded DNA
  • the rAAV vector comprises a single stranded genome.
  • a “single standard” genome refers to a genome that is not self-complementary. In most cases, non-recombinant AAVs have singled stranded DNA genomes. There have been some indications that rAAVs should be scAAVs to achieve efficient transduction of cells. The present disclosure contemplates, however, rAAV vectors that maybe have singled stranded genomes, rather than self-complementary genomes, with the understanding that other genetic modifications of the rAAV vector may be beneficial to obtain optimal gene transcription in target cells.
  • the present disclosure relates to single-stranded rAAV vectors capable of achieving efficient gene transfer to anterior segment in the mouse eye. See Wang et al. Single stranded adeno-associated virus achieves efficient gene transfer to anterior segment in the mouse eye. PLoS ONE 12(8): e0182473 (2017).
  • the rAAV vector is of the serotype AAV1, AAV2, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV13, AAVrh10, or AAVrh74.
  • Production of pseudotyped rAAV is disclosed in, for example, WO 01/83692.
  • Other types of rAAV variants, for example rAAV with capsid mutations, are also contemplated. See, for example, Marsic et al., Molecular Therapy, 22(11): 1900-1909 (2014).
  • the rAAV vector is of the serotype AAV9.
  • said rAAV vector is of serotype AAV9 and comprises a single stranded genome. In some embodiments, said rAAV vector is of serotype AAV9 and comprises a self-complementary genome. In some embodiments, a rAAV vector comprises the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences of AAV2. In some embodiments, the rAAV vector comprises an AAV2 genome, such that the rAAV vector is an AAV-2/9 vector, an AAV-2/6 vector, or an AAV-2/8 vector.
  • ITR inverted terminal repeat
  • AAV vectors may comprise wild-type AAV sequence or they may comprise one or more modifications to a wild-type AAV sequence.
  • an AAV vector comprises one or more amino acid modifications, optionally substitutions, deletions, or insertions, within a capsid protein, optionally VP1, VP2 and/or VP3.
  • the modification provides for reduced immunogenicity when the AAV vector is provided to a subject.
  • Capsid proteins of a rAAV may be modified so that the rAAV is targeted to a particular target tissue of interest such as endothelial cells or more particularly endothelial tip cells.
  • the rAAV is directly injected into the intracerebroventricular space of the subject.
  • the rAAV virion is an AAV2 rAAV virion.
  • the capsid many be an AAV2 capsid or functional variant thereof.
  • the AAV2 capsid shares at least 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to a reference AAV2 capsid, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 76.
  • the rAAV virion is an AAV9 rAAV virion.
  • the capsid many be an AAV9 capsid or functional variant thereof.
  • the AAV9 capsid shares at least 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to a reference AAV9 capsid, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 77.
  • the rAAV virion is an AAV6 rAAV virion.
  • the capsid many be an AAV9 capsid or functional variant thereof.
  • the AAV6 capsid shares at least 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to a reference AAV6 capsid, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 78.
  • the rAAV virion is an AAVrh.10 rAAV virion.
  • the capsid many be an AAV9 capsid or functional variant thereof.
  • the AAVrh.10 capsid shares at least 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to a reference AAVrh.10 capsid, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 79.
  • the capsid protein is encoded by a polynucleotide supplied on a plasmid in trans to the transfer plasmid.
  • the polynucleotide sequence of wild-type AAVrh74 cap is provided as SEQ ID NO: 80.
  • the disclosure further provides protein sequences for AAVrh74 VP1, VP2, and VP3, including SEQ ID NOs: 81-83, and homologs or functional variants thereof.
  • the AAVrh74 capsid comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81.
  • the rAAV vector comprises a polypeptide that comprises, or consists essentially of, or yet further consists of a sequence, e.g., at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, or 89%, more typically 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to amino acid sequence of AAVrh74 VP1 which is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81.
  • the rAAV vector comprises a polypeptide that comprises, or consists essentially of, or yet further consists of a sequence, e.g., at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, or 89%, more typically 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to amino acid sequence of AAVrh74 VP2 which is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82.
  • the rAAV vector comprises a polypeptide that comprises, or consists essentially of, or yet further consists of a sequence, e.g., at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, or 89%, more typically 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to amino acid sequence of AAVrh74 VP3 which is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the rAAV virion is an AAV-PHP.B rAAV virion or a neutrotrophic variant thereof, such as, without limitation, those disclosed in Int'l Pat. Pub. Nos. WO 2015/038958 A1 and WO 2017/100671 A1.
  • the AAV capsid may comprise at least 4 contiguous amino acids from the sequence TLAVPFK (SEQ ID NO:85) or KFPVALT (SEQ ID NO:86), e.g., inserted between a sequence encoding for amino acids 588 and 589 of AAV9.
  • the capsid many be an AAV-PHP.B capsid or functional variant thereof.
  • the AAV-PHP.B capsid shares at least 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to a reference AAV-PHP.B capsid, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 84.
  • AAV capsids used in the rAAV virions of the disclosure include those disclosed in Pat. Pub. Nos. WO 2009/012176 A2 and WO 2015/168666 A2.
  • an AAV9 vector, AAVrh.74, or an AAVrh.10 vector will confer desirable cardiac tropism on the vector.
  • the present inventors have further determined that an AAV9 vector, AAVrh.74, or an AAVrh.10 vector may provide desired specificity to cardiac cells.
  • the disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the rAAV virion of the disclosure and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients.
  • aqueous solutions For purposes of administration, optionally by injection, various solutions can be employed, such as sterile aqueous solutions. Such aqueous solutions can be buffered, if desired, and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with saline or glucose.
  • Solutions of rAAV as a free acid (DNA contains acidic phosphate groups) or a pharmacologically acceptable salt can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as Poloxamer 188, e.g., at 0.001% or 0.01%.
  • a dispersion of rAAV can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  • the sterile aqueous media employed are all readily obtainable by standard techniques well-known to those skilled in the art.
  • the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include but are not limited to sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • the form is sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating actions of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of a dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal and the like. In many cases it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions may be prepared by incorporating rAAV in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filter sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the sterilized active ingredient into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the certain methods of preparation are vacuum drying and the freeze-drying technique that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from the previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • the disclosure comprises a kit comprising an rAAV virion of the disclosure and instructions for use.
  • the disclosure provides a method of increasing PKP2 activity in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an rAAV of the disclosure. In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of increasing PKP2 activity in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an rAAV of the disclosure.
  • the cell and/or subject is deficient in PKP2 messenger RNA or PKP2 protein expression levels and/or activity and/or comprises a loss-of-function mutation in PKP2.
  • the cell may be a cardiac cell, e.g. a cardiomyocyte cell.
  • the subject is a mammal, e.g., a human.
  • the method promotes survival of cardiac cell, e.g. a cardiomyocyte cell, in cell culture and/or in vivo. In some embodiments, the method promotes and/or restores function of the heart.
  • cardiac cell e.g. a cardiomyocyte cell
  • the method promotes and/or restores function of the heart.
  • the disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an rAAV virion of the disclosure.
  • the disease or disorder is a cardiac disease or disorder.
  • Illustrative cardiac disorders include heart failure, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), Brugada syndrome (BrS) and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation.
  • the subject suffers from or is at risk for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).
  • the subject is a mammal, e.g., a human, having a loss-of-function mutation in a PKP2 gene.
  • treatment with the rAAV virion results in expression of the PKP2 protein encoded by the rAAV virion in the subject, e.g., in the subject's heart or cardiac tissue.
  • treatment with the rAAV virion results in at least two-fold, at least five-fold, at least ten-fold, or more PKP2 protein levels detectable in the subject's heart.
  • the AAV-mediated delivery of PKP2 protein to the heart may increase life span, prevent or attenuate cardiac cell degeneration, heart failure, scarring, reduced ejection fraction, arrythmia, angina, exercise intolerance, angina (chest pain), sudden cardiac death, exertional myalgias and cramps.
  • the AAV-mediated delivery of PKP2 protein to the heart may show improvement from, or prevent normal disease course detected by use of pathological electrocardiogram, cardiac MRI, heart biopsy, decrease in paroxysmal ventricular arrhythmias, decrease in sudden cardiac death, and/or decrease in or lack of further development of fibro-fatty deposits in right ventricular myocardium.
  • the methods of the disclosure may prevent a decrease in, restore, and/or increase right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF).
  • the methods disclosed herein may provide efficient biodistribution in the heart. They may result in sustained in expression in all, or a substantial fraction of, cardiac cells, e.g., cardiomyocytes. Notably, the methods disclosed herein may provide long-lasting expression of PKP2 protein throughout the life of the subject following AAV vector administration. In some embodiments, PKP2 protein expression in response to treatment lasts at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 years.
  • Combination therapies are also contemplated by the invention. Combinations of methods of the invention with standard medical treatments (e.g., corticosteroids or topical pressure reducing medications) are specifically contemplated, as are combinations with novel therapies.
  • a subject may be treated with a steroid and/or combination of immune suppressing agents to prevent or to reduce an immune response to administration of a rAAV described herein.
  • the AAV vector is administered at a dose of between about 1 ⁇ 10 12 and 5 ⁇ 10 14 vector genomes (vg) or between about 1 ⁇ 10 12 and 6 ⁇ 10 14 vg of the AAV vector per kilogram (vg) of total body mass of the subject (vg/kg). In some embodiments, the AAV vector is administered at a dose of between about 1 ⁇ 10 13 and 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is administered at a dose of between about 5 ⁇ 10 13 and 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is administered at a dose of between about 5 ⁇ 10 13 and 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector is administered at a dose of less than about 1 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 7 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 1 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 7 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 1 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 7 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 1 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, or less than about 7 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector delivered at any of these doses is an AAV9 vector or an AAV rh74
  • the AAV vector is administered at a dose of about 1 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 7 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 1 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 7 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 7 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 1 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, or about 7 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector delivered at any of these doses is an AAV9 vector or an AAV rh74 vector.
  • the AAV vector is administered at a dose of 1 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 7 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 7 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 7 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, or 7 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector delivered at any of these doses is an AAV9 vector or an AAV rh74 vector.
  • the AAV vector is administered systemically at a dose of between about 1 ⁇ 10 12 and 5 ⁇ 10 14 vector genomes (vg) of the AAV vector per kilogram (vg) of total body mass of the subject (vg/kg). In some embodiments, the AAV vector is administered systemically at a dose of between about 1 ⁇ 10 13 and 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is administered systemically at a dose of between about 5 ⁇ 10 13 and 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is administered systemically at a dose of between about 5 ⁇ 10 13 and 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector is administered systemically at a dose of less than about 1 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 7 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 1 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 7 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 7 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 1 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, or less than about 7 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector delivered at any of these doses is an AAV9 vector or an AAV r
  • the AAV vector is administered systemically at a dose of about 1 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 7 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 1 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 7 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 7 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 1 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, or about 7 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector delivered at any of these doses is an AAV9 vector or an AAV rh74 vector.
  • the AAV vector is administered systemically at a dose of 1 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 7 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 7 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 7 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, or 7 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector delivered at any of these doses is an AAV9 vector or an AAV rh74 vector.
  • the AAV vector is administered intravenously at a dose of between about 1 ⁇ 10 12 and 5 ⁇ 10 14 vector genomes (vg) of the AAV vector per kilogram (vg) of total body mass of the subject (vg/kg). In some embodiments, the AAV vector is administered intravenously at a dose of between about 1 ⁇ 10 13 and 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is administered intravenously at a dose of between about 5 ⁇ 10 13 and 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is administered intravenously at a dose of between about 5 ⁇ 10 13 and 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector is administered intravenously at a dose of less than about 1 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 7 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, less than about 1 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 7 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, less than about 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 7 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, less than about 1 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, less than about 3 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, less than about 5 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, or less than about 7 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector delivered at any of these doses is an AAV9 vector or an AAV
  • the AAV vector is administered intravenously at a dose of about 1 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 7 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, about 1 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 7 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, about 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 7 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, about 1 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, about 3 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, about 5 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, or about 7 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector is administered intravenously at a dose of 1 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 7 ⁇ 10 12 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 7 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 7 ⁇ 10 14 vg/kg, 1 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, 3 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, 5 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg, or 7 ⁇ 10 15 vg/kg.
  • the AAV vector delivered at any of these doses is an AAV9 vector or an AAV rh74 vector.
  • NHA Class New York Heart Association functional classification
  • pathological electrocardiogram cardiac MRI
  • heart biopsy decrease in paroxysmal ventricular arrhythmias
  • decrease in sudden cardiac death and/or decrease in or lack of further development of fibro-fatty deposits in right ventricular myocardium.
  • Benefit may be observed in electrocardiographic features normally associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy such as T wave inversion, prolonged S-wave upstroke, localized QRS widening, and/or paroxysmal episodes of ventricular tachycardia.
  • the method prevents or reduces a decrease in left ventricle ejection fraction percentage (LVEF %), optionally by about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% compared to the decrease observed in an untreated subject suffering from or at risk for disease or disorder related to or caused by loss of function in PKP2.
  • LVEF % left ventricle ejection fraction percentage
  • the method prevents or reduces a decrease in left ventricle fractional shortening percentage (FS %), optionally by about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% compared to the decrease observed in an untreated subject suffering from or at risk for disease or disorder related to or caused by loss of function in PKP2.
  • FS % left ventricle fractional shortening percentage
  • the method prevents or reduces an increase in right ventricle area in millimeters squared (RV Area (mm2), optionally by about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% compared to the increase observed in an untreated subject suffering from or at risk for disease or disorder related to or caused by loss of function in PKP2.
  • RV Area millimeters squared
  • the method prevents or reduces a decrease in right ventricle velocity time integral in millimeters per second (RV VTI (mm/sec), optionally by about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% compared to the decrease observed in an untreated subject suffering from or at risk for disease or disorder related to or caused by loss of function in PKP2.
  • RV VTI millimeters per second
  • the method prevents or reduces an increase in left ventricle or right ventricle fibrosis, optionally by about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% compared to the increase observed in an untreated subject suffering from or at risk for disease or disorder related to or caused by loss of function in PKP2.
  • Administration of an effective dose of the compositions may be by routes standard in the art including, but not limited to, systemic, local, direct injection, intravenous, intracardiac administration. In some cases, administration comprises systemic, local, direct injection, intravenous, intracardiac injection. Administration may be performed by cardiac catheterization.
  • systemic administration may be administration into the circulatory system so that the entire body is affected.
  • Systemic administration includes parental administration through injection, infusion or implantation.
  • Routes of administration for the compositions disclosed herein include intravenous (“IV”) administration, intraperitoneal (“IP”) administration, intramuscular (“IM”) administration, intralesional administration, or subcutaneous (“SC”) administration, or the implantation of a slow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, a depot formulation, etc.
  • the methods of the disclosure comprise administering an AAV vector of the disclosure, or pharmaceutical composition thereof by intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrarenal, intraurethral, intracardiac, intracoronary, intramyocardial, intradermal, epidural, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraventricular, ionophoretic or intracranial administration.
  • administration of rAAV of the present invention may be accomplished by using any physical method that will transport the rAAV recombinant vector into the target tissue of an animal. Administration includes, but is not limited to, injection into the heart.
  • the methods of the disclosure comprise intracardiac delivery.
  • Infusion may be performed using specialized cannula, catheter, syringe/needle using an infusion pump.
  • Administration may comprise delivery of an effective amount of the rAAV virion, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the rAAV virion, to the heart. These may be achieved, e.g., via intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrarenal, intraurethral, intracardiac, intracoronary, intramyocardial, intradermal, epidural, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraventricular, ionophoretic or intracranial administration.
  • the compositions of the disclosure may further be administered intravenously.
  • the method of treatment disclosed herein may reduce and/or prevent one or more symptoms including but not limited to ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular tachycardia, exercise intolerance, angina, and reduced RVEF.
  • FIGS. 1-4 Vectors illustrated in FIGS. 1-4 are tested.
  • AAV vectors or respective expression cassettes are tested in vitro using cultured cardiomyocytes (e.g., induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes, iPSC-CMs) or other cells amenable to transfection or transduction with these constructs.
  • iPSC-CMs induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes
  • PKP2 is assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blot.
  • Cell-based studies employing patient iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes will reveal benefit of overexpression of PKP2 transgene (either following AAV vector transduction and/or transfection with vector plasmids) by a decreased adipogenic potential (e.g. less lipid accumulation), decreased upregulation or abnormal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation, associated with increased density of PKP2.
  • PDP2-cKO mutant mouse models of cardiomyopathy
  • Evidence of benefit of AAV mediated overexpression of PKP2 may be revealed using a cardiomyocyte-specific, tamoxifen-activated, PKP2 knockout murine line, referred to as “PKP2-cKO”.
  • This mouse model allows control of the onset of PKP2 loss of expression, limits loss of PKP2 to adult myocytes, and initiates a progression of molecular and functional events leading to an arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, with right ventricular predominance in this mouse.
  • Additional mouse models that result in similar course of pathology may also be utilized to reveal benefit of AAV-mediated overexpression of PKP2 in cardiomyocytes.
  • Benefit of AAV-mediated PKP2 overexpression would be evidenced by increase in survival, mitigation of the normal progression of cardiomyopathy observed on echocardiograms from left and/or right ventricle (e.g. greater left ventricular ejection fraction, greater left ventricle fractional shortening, and greater right ventricle velocity time interval, compared to PKP cKO formulation buffer control animals).
  • Electrophysiological evidence of functional benefit of AAV-mediated delivery of PKP2 protein is demonstrated by mitigation of disease-related disrupted calcium dynamics in affected cardiomyocytes, most notably on measures of L-type calcium current, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak, diastolic calcium leak, as well as standard measures of calcium transients in affected (e.g., PKP2-deficient) cardiomyocytes such as time to peak amplitude and relaxation time constants. Histological analyses will reveal benefit of AAV-mediated PKP2 overexpression by diminished appearance of disease-related collagen deposition (e.g., via trichrome stain) in various regions of the heart including ventricles, compared to cKO formulation buffer injected controls.
  • cardiomyocyte ventricular proteins involved in calcium signaling pathways measured by increased (i.e., normalized) relative levels of Casq2, and/or Trdn, and/or Cav 1.2, and/or AnkB and/or RyR2, relative to non AAV-PKP2 treated, PKP2-cKO diseased controls.
  • AAV vectors are described herein (see FIGS. 11-12 ) were prepared and used to transduce differentiated AC16 cells, a human cardiomyocyte cell line. Expression levels of PKP2 (PKP2a isoform) were assessed by Western Blot ( FIGS. 5A-5B ). Surprisingly, the MHCK7 promoter causes robust expression of PKP2 in cardiomyocytes, whereas the hTnnT2 promoter (“hTnT”) generates marginal PKP2 levels above background under the current testing conditions. The AAVrh.74 serotype induced higher expression of PKP2 than the AAV9 serotype vector.
  • AAV9 vectors or AAVrh74 vectors can effectively be used to express PKP2 in cardiomyocytes, and that the MHCK7 promoter is superior to the hTnnT2 promoter when solely evaluating the relative levels of PKP2 expression.
  • PGP2-cKO mouse model of PKP2-deficiency, as described in Cerrone et al., Nat Comm., 2017 was obtained.
  • This cardiomyocyte-specific, tamoxifen-activated PKP2 knockout murine line (aMHC-Cre-ER(T2)/Pkp2 fl/fl; referred to as “PKP2-cKO”) was utilized to control the onset of PKP2 loss of expression (see Cerrone et al., Nat Comm, 2017).
  • PKP2 deficiency in adult ventricular myocytes is sufficient to cause an arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy of RV predominance, which includes the ‘hallmark’ functional, molecular, and structural indices consistent with the disease phenotype of ARVC.
  • PKP2-Cko mice were injected with tamoxifen, causing myocyte-specific knockout of PKP2.
  • Mice were injected with AAV vectors (as described below) at 3 ⁇ 10 13 vg/kg by intravenous (tail vein) injection.
  • myocyte-specific knockout of PKP2 was induced by treatment of the mice with tamoxifen.
  • the vector genomes used were:
  • Each vector genome was tested in a AAV9 serotype or AAVrh74 serotype vector.
  • mice were evaluated for various physiology parameters, essentially as described in Cerrone et al., Nat Comm, 2017 or using standard methodologies known in the art. Efficacy in treating disease was assessed by left ventricle ejection fraction percentage (LVEF %) ( FIGS. 6A-6D ), left ventricle fractional shortening percentage (FS %) ( FIGS. 7A-7D ), right ventricle area in millimeters squared (RV Area (mm 2 )) ( FIGS. 8A-8D ), right ventricle velocity time integral in millimeters per second (RV VTI (mm/sec)) ( FIGS.
  • LVEF % left ventricle ejection fraction percentage
  • FS left ventricle fractional shortening percentage
  • RV Area mm 2
  • FIGS. 8A-8D right ventricle velocity time integral in millimeters per second
  • FIGS. 10A-10B degree of fibrosis
  • AAV9-mediated PKP expression evidence for mitigation of the disease phenotype was observed following both AAV9- and AAVrh.74-mediated PKP expression, to varying degrees.
  • AAV9 surprisingly produced the most robust effects on all parameters.
  • AAVrh.74 given the cardiotropism of AAVrh74 and given that biological effects were observed with AAVrh.74-mediated overexpression of PKP2 in this model (e.g. LVEF %, FS %, and right ventricular area), optimization of the dose of AAVrh.74 in combination with the appropriate promoter (i.e., either MHCK7 or hTnnT2) could enable robust therapeutic potential for this vector.
  • the appropriate promoter i.e., either MHCK7 or hTnnT2
  • AAV9 and AAVrh.74 can be used to treat PKP2-related diseases, such as Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) [also known as Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia (ARVD) or Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM)] for which the PKP-cKO mouse is considered an appropriate model.
  • ARVC Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
  • ARVD Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
  • ACM Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy

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