US20220025587A1 - Artificial turf grass with natural appearance - Google Patents
Artificial turf grass with natural appearance Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20220025587A1 US20220025587A1 US17/312,044 US201917312044A US2022025587A1 US 20220025587 A1 US20220025587 A1 US 20220025587A1 US 201917312044 A US201917312044 A US 201917312044A US 2022025587 A1 US2022025587 A1 US 2022025587A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- weight percent
- core
- filament
- polymer
- shell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 title description 16
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- -1 maleic anhydride ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 56
- 229920005601 base polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 26
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 23
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920000092 linear low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004707 linear low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical group O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012963 UV stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 52
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000011257 shell material Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 28
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 20
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 11
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 239000013536 elastomeric material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004287 Dehydroacetic acid Substances 0.000 description 8
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012792 core layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229920003317 Fusabond® Polymers 0.000 description 6
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- HOYUQSOBHNSRER-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl cyanate Chemical compound C=COC#N HOYUQSOBHNSRER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000012986 chain transfer agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003923 2,5-pyrrolediones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C=C GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920010126 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003926 acrylamides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000008360 acrylonitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000008378 aryl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007771 core particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001179 medium density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004701 medium-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012968 metallocene catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 239000010420 shell particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001862 ultra low molecular weight polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDMOEFOXLIZJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCS(O)(=O)=O LDMOEFOXLIZJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGGDKDTUCAWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-vinylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C=C)=CC=CC2=C1 IGGDKDTUCAWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTTJWXVQRJUJQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dioctyl-3-sulfobutanedioic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(C(O)=O)(C(C(O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O)CCCCCCCC CTTJWXVQRJUJQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JJRUAPNVLBABCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(ethenoxymethyl)oxirane Chemical compound C=COCC1CO1 JJRUAPNVLBABCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000022 2-aminoethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBIQQQGBSDOWNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O WBIQQQGBSDOWNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXABMDQSAABDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethenoxyprop-1-ene Chemical compound C=CCOC=C ZXABMDQSAABDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PTHLSIBOMNYSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(4-aminophenyl)-8-chloro-3-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-7-ol Chemical compound C1N(C)CCC2=CC(Cl)=C(O)C=C2C1C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 PTHLSIBOMNYSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002126 Acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical group OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004641 Diallyl-phthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003314 Elvaloy® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004606 Fillers/Extenders Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004609 Impact Modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maleimide Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C=C1 PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006750 UV protection Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920010346 Very Low Density Polyethylene (VLDPE) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical compound C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000333 X-ray scattering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011954 Ziegler–Natta catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- YMOONIIMQBGTDU-VOTSOKGWSA-N [(e)-2-bromoethenyl]benzene Chemical compound Br\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 YMOONIIMQBGTDU-VOTSOKGWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000800 acrylic rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- QUDWYFHPNIMBFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC=C QUDWYFHPNIMBFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002981 blocking agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- CDQSJQSWAWPGKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,1-diol Chemical compound CCCC(O)O CDQSJQSWAWPGKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroprene Chemical compound ClC(=C)C=C YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004595 color masterbatch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007973 cyanuric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- VVYDVQWJZWRVPE-UHFFFAOYSA-L dimethyltin(2+);diiodide Chemical compound C[Sn](C)(I)I VVYDVQWJZWRVPE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000878 docusate sodium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940060296 dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001941 electron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229920001973 fluoroelastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003055 glycidyl group Chemical group C(C1CO1)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanuric acid Chemical compound OC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002075 main ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006224 matting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002074 melt spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006078 metal deactivator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005641 methacryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000005036 nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N nifuroxazide Chemical group C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(=O)N\N=C\C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)O1 YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012875 nonionic emulsifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical group CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical group CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008447 perception Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005638 polyethylene monopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920013716 polyethylene resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005606 polypropylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005629 polypropylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000004469 siloxy group Chemical group [SiH3]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012748 slip agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002348 vinylic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
- D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
- D01F1/10—Other agents for modifying properties
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
- D01F6/02—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D01F6/04—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyolefins
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
- E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
- D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
- D01F1/04—Pigments
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
- D06N7/0063—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf
- D06N7/0065—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by the pile
Definitions
- the field of this invention is fibers for use in artificial turf and artificial turf having such fibers.
- a common structure for this artificial turf particularly for sports fields, includes a sheet-like substrate with a plurality of filiform formations or fibers (i.e., synthetic grass blades or turf yarn or turf filaments) extending from the substrate for simulating the grassy sward of natural turf and a particulate filling material, or infill, dispersed between the filiform formations so as to keep the filiform formations themselves in a substantially upright condition.
- filiform formations or fibers i.e., synthetic grass blades or turf yarn or turf filaments
- the synthetic grass blades are typically made of one or more polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyesters, and polyamides which may include additive such as IR reflectants, UV stabilizers, fire-retardants, matting agents, luminescent compounds, or fillers.
- polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyesters, and polyamides which may include additive such as IR reflectants, UV stabilizers, fire-retardants, matting agents, luminescent compounds, or fillers.
- EP 3088575 discloses method of manufacture of artificial turf comprising stabilizing polymer which is a polyaramid fiber surrounded by a compatibilizer in a bulk polymer. While use of such polymers is helpful for cost and durability it can lead to an appearance that is not looks synthetic. Having an appearance resembling as closely as possible natural grass is an increasingly important feature for synthetic turf surfaces. Especially for landscaping and residential applications, there is a clear trend in the industry towards a more natural look for the turf.
- melt fracture is typically achieved at the expense of draw ratio flexibility or even durability compromise.
- a simulated grass structure comprising a substrate having a plurality of turf filaments (also referred to as turf yarn or filiforms) extending from the substrate wherein the turf filaments comprise from 50 to 99.5 weight percent of a base polymer, from 0.1 to 20 weight percent of polymer particles having a core and a shell structure where the core comprises a first polymeric material having a first refractive index and the shell comprises a second polymeric material having a second refractive index that is different from the first refractive index, from 0.5 to 30 weight percent of a compatibilizer, and from 0 to 10 weight percent of a colorant based on total weight of the filaments.
- the base polymer can comprise a polyolefin.
- filaments comprising from 50 to 99.5 weight percent of a base polymer which comprises a polyolefin, from 0.1 to 20 weight percent of polymer particles having a core shell structure where the core comprises a first polymeric material having a first refractive index and the shell comprises a second polymeric material having a second refractive index that is different from the first refractive index, from 0.5 to 30 weight percent of a compatibilizer, and from 0 to 10 weight percent of a colorant based on total weight of the filaments.
- the filaments of the above description and the turf grass made with them have a more natural (e.g. grass like) appearance than do filaments made without the acrylic particles.
- the compatibilizer can enable the filaments to maintain the mechanical strength of the base polymer as compared to filaments that have only the base polymer and the acrylic polymer particles.
- the acrylic polymeric particles in addition to improving the appearance of the yarn can also improve the UV resistance of the yarn.
- the artificial turf can be of any conventional structure of such turf.
- the artificial turf can include a substrate to which synthetic grass fibers, (also referred to herein as turf filaments, turf yarn, or filiforms) are attached.
- the substrate may be a sheet or film like material. It can for example a thermoplastic material. It may be woven or non-woven or a solid film or sheet.
- the filiforms are elongated objects, or fibers or blades attached to the substrate and protruding upward from the substrate.
- Synthetic grass fibers can be synthetic extruded fibers (monofilaments) or (slit-film) tapes.
- the fibers can be arranged in bundles, preferably in bundles of monofilaments. For example, one bundle may contain 4 to 20 fibers.
- the synthetic grass fibers can have a cross-section selected from, but not limited to, a rectangular, a diamond-shape, a round, an elliptical, a multilobal (Y, X), a C-shaped, a V-shaped, a W-shaped, a S-shaped or a ⁇ -shaped cross-section, and have dimensions of e.g. 50-500 micrometers thickness and 0.5-5.0 mm width.
- the synthetic grass fibers may further comprise a backbone, and/or a micro-textured surface to resemble grass blade nerves to further improve the resemblance to natural grass blades.
- the synthetic grass fibers are typically in a green color e.g. a uni-color or a mixed shade of green and other colors.
- the synthetic grass fibers can be tufted or woven through the backing.
- the fibers can be tufted through the backing substrate.
- the synthetic grass fibers can be formed in loop piles or cut piles.
- the filiforms can extend from the substrate for a length of from 20 or from 30 to 60 or to 50 mm.
- a backsheet on the backside of the substrate opposite the side from which the filiforms extend can also be used to help hold the fibers, yarn or filiforms in place.
- the artificial turf can also include small particles or granules, often called infill.
- the infill can be found on the substrate and between the fibers to help the fibers remain upright.
- the infill can have sizes of at least 1 mm up to about 5, up to 4, or up to 3 mm.
- the infill extends from the surface of the substrate for at least 5 or at least 10 mm to 30 or to 20 mm to support the filiform.
- the infill can be recycled rubber, elastomers, thermoplastics or combinations thereof.
- the turf filaments disclosed herein are made from a composition comprising a base polymer, acrylic polymeric particles, a compatibilizer, and optionally a colorant.
- the composition can further comprise one or more of the following additional optional ingredients: infrared reflectants, UV stabilizers, anti-oxidants, fire-retardants luminescent compounds (phosphorescent or fluorescent compounds), fillers (e.g. chalk, talc). If any of these optional components are used they are preferably used in amounts of no more than 10 or no more than 5 weight percent based on total weight of the filament. The total amount (i.e. combined amount) of the optional components, if any is no more than 10 weight percent for all the additives combined based on total weight of the filament.
- the base polymer is a polymer which can be formed into fibers or filaments. It can comprise a polyolefin, such as polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE); a polyester, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET); or a polyamide (PA) or combinations thereof.
- the base polymer can be a polyethylene (PE), such as high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE) or linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE); or a polypropylene.
- PE polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- LDPE low density polyethylene
- LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
- LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
- the base polymer can be a linear low density polyethylene resin with a density from 0.905 to 0.960 g/cc, preferably from 0.915 to 0.922 g/cc; and melt index measured at 190° C. from 0.5 to 10 g/10 min, preferably from 1.5 to 4.5 g/10 min.
- Commercial examples are DOWLEXTM 2107GC, DOWLEXTM 2607GC or ELITETM 5230GC all from The Dow Chemical Company.
- An LLDPE can be blended with one of the other base polymer materials.
- the base polymer can comprise LLDPE and one or more of HDPE, LDPE, PP, PET, or PA.
- the amount of such one or more additional polymers can be no more than 30, no more than 20, or no more than 10 weight % based on total weight of the base polymer.
- the base polymer can comprise 70 to 100 weight percent LLDPE, and 0 to 30 weight percent in total of one or more of such additional polymers.
- the filaments can comprise the base polymer in amounts of at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, or at least 85 weight percent based on total weight of the filament.
- the filaments can comprise the base polymer in amounts of no more than 99.8, no more than 99.5, no more than 99, no more than 95, or no more than 90 weight percent based on total weight of the filament.
- the core/shell polymeric particles are present in amounts of at least 0.1, at least 0.5, or at least 1 weight percent based on total weight of the filament.
- the core/shell polymeric particles are present in amounts of no more than 20, no more than 15, no more than 10, no more than 7, or no more than 5 weight percent based on total weight of the filament.
- the particles can have an average particle size of at least 0.5 or at least 1 micron and no more than 15, no more than 12, or no more than 10 microns.
- Particle size can be determined by using normally methods, e.g. use of a particle sizer such as Model BI-90 from Brookhaven Instrument. Particle size can be measured in powder state. Particle size can show the size of agglomerated core shell particles.
- Core-shell particles may be purchased with a nominal particle size as specified by the vendor.
- the core/shell particles can be formed from acrylic monomers such as butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and lauryl methacrylate.
- the core/shell polymeric particles can be characterized in that polymer in the core has a different refractive index from the refractive index of the polymer in the shell.
- the refractive index of the polymer in the core can differ from the refractive index of the polymer in the shell by at least 0.02 or at least 0.03.
- Refractive index can be measured for example using a refractometer and following ASTM D542.
- the core shell material can be pressed into a thin film by hot press to facilitate this measurement.
- the core/shell particles can have an elastomeric core with a thermoplastic shell.
- the particle can have a rubber particle core formed by a polymer comprising an elastomeric or rubbery polymer as a main ingredient, optionally an intermediate layer formed with a monomer having two or more double bonds and coated on the core layer, and a shell layer formed by a polymer graft polymerized on the core or on an intermediate layer.
- the shell layer partially or entirely covers the surface of the rubber particle core by graft polymerizing a monomer to the core.
- At least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50% or at least 60% up to 95, up to 90 up to 85 or up to 80% of the weight of the particle can be the core.
- T g w 1 ⁇ T g (1) +w 2 T g (2) .
- w 1 and w 2 refer to the weight fraction of the two comonomers
- T g(1) and T g(2) refer to the glass transition temperatures of the two corresponding homopolymers in Kelvin.
- additional terms are added (w n /T g(n) .
- the T g of a polymer phase can also be calculated by using the appropriate values for the glass transition temperatures of homopolymers, which may be found, for example, in “Polymer Handbook”, edited by J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Interscience Publishers.
- the polymer constituting the rubber particle core can be made from an elastomeric material comprising from 50 weight percent to 100 weight percent of at least one member selected from diene monomers (conjugated diene monomers) and (meth)acrylic acid ester monomers and 0 to 50 weight percent of other copolymerizable vinyl monomers, polysiloxane type elastomers or combinations thereof wherein the weight percents are based on total weight of the elastomeric material.
- diene monomers conjuggated diene monomers
- (meth)acrylic acid ester monomers and 0 to 50 weight percent of other copolymerizable vinyl monomers, polysiloxane type elastomers or combinations thereof wherein the weight percents are based on total weight of the elastomeric material.
- (meth)acryl is defined as acryl and/or methacryl.
- the diene monomer (conjugated diene monomer) used in making the elastomeric material can include but is not limited to, for example, butadiene, isoprene and chloroprene. Butadiene can be used.
- the (meth)acrylic ester monomer can include, for example, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and lauryl methacrylate can be used alone or in combination.
- the above-mentioned elastomeric materials of a diene monomer or (meth) acrylate ester monomer can also be a copolymer of a vinyl monomer copolymerizable therewith.
- the vinyl monomer copolymerizable with the diene monomer or (meth)acrylic ester monomers can include, for example, aromatic vinyl monomers and vinyl cyanate monomers. Examples of aromatic vinyl monomers that can be used include but are not limited to styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, and vinyl naphthalene, while examples of vinyl cyanate monomers that can be used include but are not limited to (meth)acrylonitrile and substituted acrylonitrile. The aromatic vinyl monomers and vinyl cyanate monomers can be used alone or in combination.
- the amount of the diene monomer or (meth)acrylic ester monomer used can be in the range of from 50 weight percent to 100 weight percent or from 60 weight percent to 100 weight percent based on the entire weight of the elastomeric material. If the amount of the diene monomer or (meth)acrylic ester monomer to be used for the entire rubber elastomer is less than 50 weight percent, the ability of the polymer particles to toughen a polymer network, such as a cured epoxy matrix, is decreased.
- the amount of the monomer copolymerizable therewith can be 50 weight percent or less or 40 weight percent or less based on the entire weight of the elastomeric material.
- a polyfunctional monomer can also be included for controlling the degree of crosslinking.
- the polyfunctional monomer can include, for example, divinylbenzene, butanediol di(meth)acrylate, triallyl (iso)cyanurate, allyl(meth)acrylic, diallyl itaconate, and diallyl phthalate.
- the polyfunctional monomer can be used in an amount in the range of from 0 weight percent to 10 weight percent, from 0 weight percent to 3 weight percent, or from 0 weight percent to 0.3 weight percent, based on the entire weight of the elastomeric material. In the case where the amount of the polyfunctional monomer exceeds 10 weight percent, the ability of the polymer particles to toughen a polymer network can be decreased.
- a chain transfer agent can be used for controlling the molecular weight or the crosslinking density of the polymer constituting the elastomeric material.
- the chain transfer agent can include, for example, an alkylmercaptan containing from 5 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent in the recipe can be in the range of from 0 weight percent to 5 weight percent, or from 0 weight percent to 3 weight percent based on the entire weight of the elastomeric material. In the case where the amount exceeds 5 weight percent, the amount of the non-crosslinked portion in the rubber particle core increases, which can result in undesired effects on the heat resistance, rigidity, etc. of the composition when it is incorporated into an epoxy resin composition.
- a polysiloxane type elastomer can be used in place of the elastomeric material described above as the rubber particle core or in combination therewith.
- a polysiloxane type elastomer constituted of dialkyl or diaryl substituted silyloxy unit, for example, dimethyl silyloxy, methylphenyl silyloxy, and diphenyl silyloxy can be used.
- a crosslinked structure can be introduced by using a polyfunctional alkoxy silane compound or with radial polymerization of silane compound having a vinylic reactive group.
- the polymer particles can be configured to have an intermediate layer between an elastic core layer and a shell layer.
- the intermediate layer is formed by using a monomer (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as a “monomer for intermediate layer formation”) having two or more polymerizable (radical polymerizable) double bonds in a single molecule.
- a monomer for intermediate layer formation having two or more polymerizable (radical polymerizable) double bonds in a single molecule.
- the monomer for intermediate layer formation is graft-polymerized with a polymer forming the elastic core layer to substantially chemically bond the intermediate layer and the shell layer and, at the same time, through the remaining double bond(s), can crosslink the surface of the elastic core layer or can bond to the shell layer. This can improve the grafting efficiency of the shell layer, since many double bonds are arranged in the elastic core layer.
- the intermediate layer is present in an amount of from 0 or from 0.2 weight percent to 7 weight percent of the polymer particles.
- the monomer having two or more double bonds and can be selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylate type polyfunctional monomers, isocyanuric acid derivatives, aromatic vinyl type polyfunctional monomers, and aromatic polycarboxylic acid esters. Radical polymerizable double bonds are more efficient to form a crosslinked layer that covers surface of the elastic core layer.
- the mass of the monomers forming the intermediate layer equals the mass of the intermediate layer, assuming all monomers added to the formulation participated in the reaction to form the intermediate layer.
- the shell layer can be graft polymerized with the polymer constituting the rubber particle core, substantially forming a chemical bond with the polymer constituting the core directly or via the intermediate layer. At least 70 weight percent, at least 80 weight percent, or at least 90 weight percent of the polymer constituting the shell layer can be bonded with the core.
- the polymer constituting the shell layer can be a polymer or copolymer obtained by polymerizing or copolymerizing one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic esters, aromatic vinyl compounds, vinyl cyanate compounds, unsaturated acid derivatives, (meth)acrylamide derivatives and maleimide derivatives.
- Examples of the (meth)acrylic esters that can be used include, but are not limited to alkyl(meth)acrylate esters such as methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, butyl(meth)acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl(meth)acrylate.
- Examples of the aromatic vinyl compounds include, but are not limited to styrene, a-methylstyrene, alkyl-substituted styrene, and halogen-substituted styrenes such as bromo styrene or chloro styrene.
- Examples of vinyl cyanate compounds include, but are not limited to (meth)acrylonitrile and substituted acrylonitrile.
- Examples of the monomers containing the reactive functional group include, but are not limited to 2-hydroxylethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-aminoethyl(meth)acrylate, glycidyl(meth)acrylate, and (meth)acrylate esters having a reactive side chain.
- Examples of the vinyl ether containing a reactive group include but are not limited to glycidyl vinyl ether and allyl vinyl ether.
- Examples of the unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives include but are not limited to (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, chrotonic acid and maleic acid anhydride.
- Examples of (meth)acrylamide derivatives include, but are not limited to (meth)acrylamide (including N-substituted products).
- maleimide derivatives include but are not limited to maleicacid imide (including N-substitution products).
- the shell polymer can comprise at least 5, at least 10, at least 15 or at least 20% up to 70, up to 60, or up to 50% by weight based on total weight of the particle.
- the weight ratio of the core layer to the shell layer of a preferred rubber particle can be in the range of from at least 30:70, at least 40:60, or at least 50:50 up to 95:5, up to 90:10, up to 85:15, or up to 80:20.
- the shell can have a Tg of at least 50, at least 70, or at least 100° C.
- the core/shell polymer particles can be produced by a well-known method, for example, emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization, or micro-suspension polymerization.
- a production process by the emulsion polymerization is suitable from the view point that it is easy to design composition of the core/shell polymer particles, and it is easy to produce the particles at an industrial scale and maintain quality of the rubbery polymer particles suitable to the process of this invention.
- the emulsifying or dispersing agent in an aqueous medium it is preferred to use those that maintain emulsifying or dispersion stability even in the case where pH of the aqueous latex is neutral.
- nonionic emulsifier or dispersant such as alkali metal salts or ammonium salts of various acids
- alkyl or aryl sulfonic acids typically represented by dioctyl sulfosuccinic acid or dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid
- alkyl or aryl sulfonic acid typically represented by dodecyl sulfonic acid
- alkyl or aryl ether sulfonic acid alkyl or aryl substituted phosphoric acid
- alkyl or aryl ether substituted phosphoric acid alkyl or aryl ether substituted phosphoric acid
- N-alkyl or aryl sarcosinic acid typically represented by dodecyl sarcosinic acid
- alkyl or aryl carboxylic acid typically represented by oleic acid or stearic acid
- alkyl or aryl ether carboxylic acids alkyl or aryl substitute
- the particle can have an alkylacrylate copolymer core surrounded by a methyl methacrylate copolymer shell.
- the particle can have a core with a T g of less than 0° C. and the shell has a Tg of at least 100° C.
- T g of less than 0° C.
- the shell has a Tg of at least 100° C.
- ParaloidTM EXL 5136 from The Dow Chemical Company.
- the optical modifier can comprise more than one (e.g. 2 or 3) types of polymeric particle as described above.
- the compatibilizer is a polymer characterized in that it has similar chemical structure to the base polymer and has pendant and/or end groups that have an affinity to the core/shell polymer particle.
- the compatibilizer can be the same class of polyolefin (e.g. if the base polymer is a polyethylene the compatibilizer advantageously can be a polyethylene functionalized with a group having affinity to the shell material).
- the compatibilizer can be a polyolefin/acrylate copolymer (e.g. polyethylene/acrylate such as ELVALOY ACTM from DuPont) or a polyolefin/acrylic acid copolymer (e.g.
- polyethylene/acrylic acid such as NUCRELTM from DuPont
- a polyolefin/carboxylic acid copolymer of a polyolefin/maleic anhydride ester copolymer can be grafted with one or more anhydride groups or acrylate groups or acrylic acid groups.
- the compatibilizer can be a polyethylene such as an LDPE or HDPE grafted with an anhydride group such as maleic anhydride.
- anhydride group such as maleic anhydride.
- FusabondTM E265 from The Dow Chemical Company.
- the amount of compatibilizer can be from 0.5 or from 1 weight percent up to 30, up to 20, up to 15, or up to 10 weight percent based on total weight of the filament.
- the amount of the compatibilizer may increase as the amount of acrylic polymer particle increases.
- the compatibilizer can be a mixture of polymers as described above as compatibilizers.
- the filament according can comprise a colorant.
- the colorant will generally be a pigment.
- the pigment may be provided neat or in a polymeric carrier or matrix material.
- the amount of colorant is from 0, from 0.5, or from 1 up to 10 or up to 5 weight percent based on total weight of the filament.
- the pigment may be provided in a carrier polymer such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
- the filaments may further include one or more additives.
- suitable additives include IR reflectants, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, UV absorbers, fire retardants, luminescent compounds, processing aids (such as fluoropolymers or fluoroelastomers including DynamarTM from 3M), fillers, antistatic agents, nucleating agents, slip agents, plasticizers, lubricants, viscosity control agents, tackifiers, anti-blocking agents, surfactants, extender oils, acid scavengers, and metal deactivators.
- an optional additive it can be present in amounts less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, less than 2, or less than 1% by weight and the total amount of all the additives is less than 10, less than 8 , less than 6, less than 4 or less than 2% by weight. They may be used in amount of at least 0.001, at least 0.01, or at least 0.1% by weight.
- the turf filaments can be monocomponent fibers where the above composition forms the entire fiber.
- the filaments could be bi-component fibers.
- the bicomponent fibers could have a core/sheath architecture wherein the above composition forms the sheath of the fiber.
- the core of the fiber could be other polymers such as other polyolefins, such as polypropylene or other polyethylenes (e.g., such as LDPE) polyesters, such as PET, or polyamides.
- the filaments can be made by normal fiber manufacturing methods such as for example, melt spinning and/or slit film extrusion. These processes may include stretching the extruded or spun filaments. Stretching may be in amounts of at least 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 times the original length up to 6 times the original length. Spin or extrusion temperatures may be in the range of at least 150 or 170 or 190° C. to 270 or 250° C. The processing may include annealing the filaments after stretching.
- composition refers to a mixture of materials which comprises the composition, as well as reaction products and decomposition products formed from the materials of the composition.
- Polymer means a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type.
- the generic term polymer thus embraces the term homopolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from only one type of monomer, with the understanding that trace amounts of impurities can be incorporated into the polymer structure), and the term interpolymer as defined hereinafter. Trace amounts of impurities (for example, catalyst residues) may be incorporated into and/or within the polymer.
- a polymer may be a single polymer, a polymer blend or a polymer mixture, including mixtures of polymers that are formed in situ during polymerization.
- interpolymer refers to polymers prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers.
- the generic term interpolymer thus includes copolymers (employed to refer to polymers prepared from two different types of monomers), and polymers prepared from more than two different types of monomers.
- olefin-based polymer or “polyolefin”, as used herein, refer to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, a majority amount of olefin monomer, for example ethylene or propylene (based on the weight of the polymer), and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
- ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymer refers to an interpolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, a majority amount (>50 mol %) of units derived from ethylene monomer, and the remaining units derived from one or more ⁇ -olefins.
- Typical ⁇ -olefins used in forming ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymers are C 3 -C 10 alkenes.
- ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin copolymer or “ethyelen/alpha-olefin” as used herein, refers to a copolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, a majority amount (>50 mol %) of ethylene monomer, and an ⁇ -olefin, as the only two monomer types.
- ⁇ -olefin refers to an alkene having a double bond at the primary or alpha ( ⁇ ) position.
- compositions discussed herein as comprising can be compositions consisting essentially of or consisting of the components listed.
- Polyethylene or “ethylene-based polymer” shall mean polymers comprising a majority amount (>50 mol %) of units which have been derived from ethylene monomer. This includes polyethylene homopolymers or copolymers (meaning units derived from two or more comonomers).
- Common forms of polyethylene known in the art include Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE); Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE); Ultra Low Density Polyethylene (ULDPE); Very Low Density Polyethylene (VLDPE); single-site catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene, including both linear and substantially linear low density resins (m-LLDPE); Medium Density Polyethylene (MDPE); and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). These polyethylene materials are generally known in the art; however, the following descriptions may be helpful in understanding the differences between some of these different polyethylene resins.
- LDPE may also be referred to as “high pressure ethylene polymer” or “highly branched polyethylene” and is defined to mean that the polymer is partly or entirely homo-polymerized or copolymerized in autoclave or tubular reactors at pressures above 14,500 psi (100 MPa) with the use of free-radical initiators, such as peroxides (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,392, which is hereby incorporated by reference).
- LDPE resins typically have a density in the range of 0.916 to 0.935 g/cm 3 .
- LLDPE includes both resin made using the traditional Ziegler-Natta catalyst systems and chromium-based catalyst systems as well as single-site catalysts, including, but not limited to, bis-metallocene catalysts (sometimes referred to as “m-LLDPE”) and constrained geometry catalysts, and includes linear, substantially linear or heterogeneous polyethylene copolymers or homopolymers.
- LLDPEs contain less long chain branching than LDPEs and includes the substantially linear ethylene polymers which are further defined in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,272,236, 5,278,272, 5,582,923 and 5,733,155; the homogeneously branched linear ethylene polymer compositions such as those in U.S. Pat. No.
- the LLDPEs can be made via gas-phase, solution-phase or slurry polymerization or any combination thereof, using any type of reactor or reactor configuration known in the art.
- HDPE refers to polyethylenes having densities greater than about 0.935 g/cm 3 and up to about 0.970 g/cm 3 , which are generally prepared with Ziegler-Natta catalysts, chrome catalysts or single-site catalysts including, but not limited to, bis-metallocene catalysts and constrained geometry catalysts.
- Blends mean a composition of two or more polymers. Such a blend may or may not be miscible. Such a blend may or may not be phase separated. Such a blend may or may not contain one or more domain configurations, as determined from transmission electron spectroscopy, light scattering, x-ray scattering, and any other method known in the art. Blends are not laminates, but one or more layers of a laminate may contain a blend. Such blends can be prepared as dry blends, formed in situ (e.g., in a reactor), melt blends, or using other techniques known to those of skill in the art.
- Polypropylene means polymers comprising greater than 50% by weight of units which have been derived from propylene monomer. This includes polypropylene homopolymers or copolymers (meaning units derived from two or more comonomers). Common forms of polypropylene known in the art include homopolymer polypropylene (hPP), random copolymer polypropylene (rcPP), impact copolymer polypropylene (hPP+at least one elastomeric impact modifier) (ICPP) or high impact polypropylene (HIPP), high melt strength polypropylene (HMS-PP), isotactic polypropylene (iPP), syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP), and combinations thereof.
- hPP homopolymer polypropylene
- rcPP random copolymer polypropylene
- ICPP impact copolymer polypropylene
- HIPP high melt strength polypropylene
- HMS-PP high melt strength polypropylene
- iPP iso
- ranges stated upper and lower limits can be combined to form ranges (e.g. “at least 1 or at least 2 weight percent” and “up to 10 or 5 weight percent” can be combined as the ranges “1 to 10 weight percent”, or “1 to 5 weight percent” or “2 to 10 weight percent” or “2 to 5 weight percent”).
- the terms “a” and “an” and “the” do not denote a limitation of quantity and are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.
- a turf filament comprising from 50 to 99.5 weight percent of a base polymer selected from polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters and combinations thereof, from 0.1 to 20 weight percent of polymer particles having a core and a shell structure where the core comprises a first polymeric material having a first refractive index and the shell comprises a second polymeric material having a second refractive index that is different from the first refractive index, from 0.5 to 30 weight percent of a compatibilizer and from 0 to 10 weight percent of a colorant based on total weight of the filaments.
- Aspect 2 The filament of claim 1 wherein the base polymer comprises a linear low density polyethylene.
- Aspect 3 The filament of aspect 1 or 2 wherein the first polymeric material of the core of the polymer particle is elastomeric and the second polymeric material of the shell of the polymer particle is a thermoplastic.
- Aspect 4 The filament of any one of the preceding aspects wherein the shell comprises an acrylic polymer.
- Aspect 5 The filament of any one of the preceding aspects wherein the compatibilizer is a polyolefin copolymer with acrylic acid functionality, a polyolefin copolymer with an acrylate functionality, a polyolefin copolymer with a maleic anhydride ester functionality or is a polyolefin grafted with one or more anhydride group, acrylate group or carboxylic acid group.
- the compatibilizer is a polyolefin copolymer with acrylic acid functionality, a polyolefin copolymer with an acrylate functionality, a polyolefin copolymer with a maleic anhydride ester functionality or is a polyolefin grafted with one or more anhydride group, acrylate group or carboxylic acid group.
- Aspect 6 The filament of any one of the preceding aspects wherein the particles have an average size in the range of 1 to 10 microns.
- Aspect 7 The filament of any one of the preceding aspects having 0.5 to 10 weight percent of the particles, 0.5 to 10 weight percent of the compatibilizer and 0.5 to 10 weight percent of the colorant based on total weight of the filament.
- Aspect 8 The filament of any one of the preceding aspects further comprising one or more of infrared reflectants, UV stabilizers, anti-oxidants, fire-retardants luminescent compounds, processing aids, and fillers.
- Aspect 9 The filament of any of the preceding aspects wherein the first and second refractive index differ by at least 0.02.
- Aspect 10 The filament of any of the preceding aspects comprising
- a synthetic turf comprising a substrate having a plurality of the turf filaments of any one of the preceding claims extending from the substrate.
- the synthetic turf of claim 11 further comprising infill particles on the substrate and around the filaments.
- Aspect 13 The synthetic turf of claim 11 or 12 further comprising a backing sheet to hold the filaments in place.
- the effect of the optical modifier on mechanical properties was evaluated with the tear strength test in the machine direction (MD) and the cross direction (CD).
- MD machine direction
- CD cross direction
- the inclusion of the ParaloidTM particles with the compatibilizer shows no significant effect on tear strength as compared to the LLDPE with and without colorant but without the other additives.
- the films of Ex. 1, Ex 3 and comparative ex. 3 were evaluated for the number of gels observed by visual inspection using a camera indicating the number of defects per square meter. Without the compatibilizer, a composition with the ParaloidTM particles show a high number of gels or defects. This could lead to yarn breakage during stretching and/or use.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP19382003.2 | 2019-01-03 | ||
EP19382003 | 2019-01-03 | ||
PCT/US2019/067362 WO2020142230A1 (en) | 2019-01-03 | 2019-12-19 | Artificial turf grass with natural appearance |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20220025587A1 true US20220025587A1 (en) | 2022-01-27 |
Family
ID=65200758
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US17/312,044 Pending US20220025587A1 (en) | 2019-01-03 | 2019-12-19 | Artificial turf grass with natural appearance |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20220025587A1 (es) |
EP (1) | EP3906331A1 (es) |
CN (1) | CN113260744A (es) |
AR (1) | AR117496A1 (es) |
WO (1) | WO2020142230A1 (es) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4286574A1 (en) | 2022-06-03 | 2023-12-06 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-GmbH | Artifical turf with anti-slip agent reservoir for soccer or rugby |
EP4286573A1 (en) | 2022-06-03 | 2023-12-06 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-GmbH | Artifical turf with anti-slip agent reservoir |
WO2023232992A1 (en) | 2022-06-03 | 2023-12-07 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-Gmbh | Artificial turf with anti-slip agent reservoir for soccer or rugby |
WO2023232999A1 (en) | 2022-06-03 | 2023-12-07 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-Gmbh | Artificial turf with anti-slip agent reservoir |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4000922A1 (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2022-05-25 | Dow Global Technologies LLC | Multilayer films having at least one matte surface |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5237004A (en) * | 1986-11-18 | 1993-08-17 | Rohm And Haas Company | Thermoplastic and thermoset polymer compositions |
WO2015144223A1 (en) * | 2014-03-27 | 2015-10-01 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-Gmbh | Artificial turf and production method |
US20200165785A1 (en) * | 2018-11-28 | 2020-05-28 | Apt Advanced Polymer Technology Corp. | Artificial turf with opaque face yarn and translucent thatch yarn fibers |
Family Cites Families (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
USB632416I5 (es) | 1956-03-01 | 1976-03-09 | ||
CA849081A (en) | 1967-03-02 | 1970-08-11 | Du Pont Of Canada Limited | PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE/.alpha.-OLEFIN COPOLYMERS OF IMPROVED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES |
US3914342A (en) | 1971-07-13 | 1975-10-21 | Dow Chemical Co | Ethylene polymer blend and polymerization process for preparation thereof |
US4599392A (en) | 1983-06-13 | 1986-07-08 | The Dow Chemical Company | Interpolymers of ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acids |
US5272236A (en) | 1991-10-15 | 1993-12-21 | The Dow Chemical Company | Elastic substantially linear olefin polymers |
US5582923A (en) | 1991-10-15 | 1996-12-10 | The Dow Chemical Company | Extrusion compositions having high drawdown and substantially reduced neck-in |
US5278272A (en) | 1991-10-15 | 1994-01-11 | The Dow Chemical Company | Elastic substantialy linear olefin polymers |
US5693488A (en) | 1994-05-12 | 1997-12-02 | The Rockefeller University | Transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase, nucleic acids encoding the same, and methods of use thereof |
JP3258534B2 (ja) | 1995-07-28 | 2002-02-18 | タイコエレクトロニクスアンプ株式会社 | 雌型コンタクト |
CN101187083B (zh) * | 2007-12-04 | 2010-06-09 | 华东理工大学 | 一种芳香人造草坪纤维及其制备方法 |
EP2714973B1 (de) | 2011-06-03 | 2016-01-13 | Oerlikon Textile GmbH & Co. KG | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von synthetischen grasfasern |
US20140193593A1 (en) | 2013-01-09 | 2014-07-10 | Daniel A. Daluise | Artificial turf |
EP2940212A1 (en) * | 2014-05-02 | 2015-11-04 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-GmbH | Artificial Turf production using a nucleating agent |
DK3143207T3 (da) | 2014-05-14 | 2024-07-08 | Shaw Ind Group Inc | Kunstgræs og metode til at fremstille samme |
NO3088575T3 (es) | 2015-04-27 | 2018-03-31 | ||
EP3235930A1 (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2017-10-25 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-GmbH | Artificial turf fiber with lldpe and ldpe |
PT3469142T (pt) | 2016-06-10 | 2020-11-04 | Beaulieu Int Group Nv | Relva artificial |
CN106084868B (zh) * | 2016-06-14 | 2019-05-07 | 江苏联创人造草坪股份有限公司 | 一种反光型人造草坪 |
-
2019
- 2019-12-19 EP EP19836776.5A patent/EP3906331A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2019-12-19 US US17/312,044 patent/US20220025587A1/en active Pending
- 2019-12-19 WO PCT/US2019/067362 patent/WO2020142230A1/en unknown
- 2019-12-19 CN CN201980087528.8A patent/CN113260744A/zh active Pending
- 2019-12-20 AR ARP190103836A patent/AR117496A1/es active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5237004A (en) * | 1986-11-18 | 1993-08-17 | Rohm And Haas Company | Thermoplastic and thermoset polymer compositions |
WO2015144223A1 (en) * | 2014-03-27 | 2015-10-01 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-Gmbh | Artificial turf and production method |
US20200165785A1 (en) * | 2018-11-28 | 2020-05-28 | Apt Advanced Polymer Technology Corp. | Artificial turf with opaque face yarn and translucent thatch yarn fibers |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4286574A1 (en) | 2022-06-03 | 2023-12-06 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-GmbH | Artifical turf with anti-slip agent reservoir for soccer or rugby |
EP4286573A1 (en) | 2022-06-03 | 2023-12-06 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-GmbH | Artifical turf with anti-slip agent reservoir |
WO2023232992A1 (en) | 2022-06-03 | 2023-12-07 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-Gmbh | Artificial turf with anti-slip agent reservoir for soccer or rugby |
WO2023232999A1 (en) | 2022-06-03 | 2023-12-07 | Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-Gmbh | Artificial turf with anti-slip agent reservoir |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AR117496A1 (es) | 2021-08-11 |
WO2020142230A1 (en) | 2020-07-09 |
CN113260744A (zh) | 2021-08-13 |
EP3906331A1 (en) | 2021-11-10 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20220025587A1 (en) | Artificial turf grass with natural appearance | |
CN1124205C (zh) | 多层结构 | |
EP3175034B1 (en) | Carpet tile with polyolefin secondary backing | |
US20080233336A1 (en) | Carpet Tiles and Methods Of Making Same | |
US9365711B2 (en) | Olefin-based polymer compositions and articles prepared therefrom | |
US20150204027A1 (en) | Artificial turf filaments, and articles made therefrom | |
WO2008083820A1 (en) | Production of soft yarns | |
US20150322279A9 (en) | Carpet coating compositions of vinyl acetate having improved wet and/or dry strength | |
US10752770B2 (en) | Adhesive formulations for fabric/POE adhesion | |
KR20020037752A (ko) | 중합체 조성물 | |
JP4253779B2 (ja) | ポリエステルブロック共重合体組成物およびその成形品 | |
EP0977807B1 (en) | Flexible thermoplastic polyolefin compositions | |
WO2020142232A1 (en) | Artificial turf having siloxane polymer containing turf infill and compositions for making such turf infill | |
JP3682713B2 (ja) | 難燃性ポリオレフィン系樹脂被覆シート及び、その製造方法 | |
CN104220515B (zh) | 高玻璃纤维含量的热塑性成型化合物的制备方法 | |
US6329464B1 (en) | Flexible thermoplastic polyolefin compositions | |
WO2015100073A1 (en) | Carpets and textile layers comprising a polymer blend and methods of making the same | |
JP3821586B2 (ja) | ポリオレフィン系樹脂組成物を用いた床材およびその製造方法 | |
US6437035B1 (en) | Flame retardant thermoplastic elastomer film composition | |
JP5855647B2 (ja) | 難燃性ポリ(トリメチレン)テレフタレート組成物およびそれから作製された物品 | |
CN1653222A (zh) | 纤维非织造布 | |
CN1090894A (zh) | 阻燃聚链烯纤维和织物 | |
EP4247635A1 (en) | Multilayer films having at least one matte surface | |
CN1863848A (zh) | 丙烯酸烷基酯共聚物改性的取向聚丙烯薄膜、带、纤维以及织造和非织造纺织品 | |
JP5159016B2 (ja) | 重合体組成物 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC, MICHIGAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DOW CHEMICAL IBERICA S.L.;REEL/FRAME:056482/0566 Effective date: 20191108 Owner name: DOW CHEMICAL IBERICA S.L., SPAIN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ALVAREZ, EDUARDO;LOPEZ, DAVID;REEL/FRAME:056482/0509 Effective date: 20191011 Owner name: DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC, MICHIGAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DOW EUROPE GMBH;REEL/FRAME:056482/0551 Effective date: 20191112 Owner name: DOW EUROPE GMBH, SWITZERLAND Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SANDKUEHLER, PETER HERMANN ROLAND;REEL/FRAME:056482/0479 Effective date: 20191031 |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: FINAL REJECTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE AFTER FINAL ACTION FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NOTICE OF ALLOWANCE MAILED -- APPLICATION RECEIVED IN OFFICE OF PUBLICATIONS |