US20170363288A1 - Fired heater with heat pipe preheater - Google Patents

Fired heater with heat pipe preheater Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20170363288A1
US20170363288A1 US15/606,038 US201715606038A US2017363288A1 US 20170363288 A1 US20170363288 A1 US 20170363288A1 US 201715606038 A US201715606038 A US 201715606038A US 2017363288 A1 US2017363288 A1 US 2017363288A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
fired heater
heat pipe
heat
exhaust gases
heated exhaust
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US15/606,038
Inventor
Hyungsik Lee
Larry M. Saddler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Co
Original Assignee
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co filed Critical ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co
Priority to US15/606,038 priority Critical patent/US20170363288A1/en
Assigned to EXXONMOBIL RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY reassignment EXXONMOBIL RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SADDLER, LARRY M., LEE, HYUNGSIK
Publication of US20170363288A1 publication Critical patent/US20170363288A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L15/00—Heating of air supplied for combustion
    • F23L15/04—Arrangements of recuperators
    • F23L15/045—Arrangements of recuperators using intermediate heat-transfer fluids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/005—Coking (in order to produce liquid products mainly)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/14—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils in pipes or coils with or without auxiliary means, e.g. digesters, soaking drums, expansion means
    • C10G9/18—Apparatus
    • C10G9/20—Tube furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L15/00—Heating of air supplied for combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
    • F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
    • F28D15/0275—Arrangements for coupling heat-pipes together or with other structures, e.g. with base blocks; Heat pipe cores
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D21/0001—Recuperative heat exchangers
    • F28D21/0003—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases
    • F28D21/001—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases for thermal power plants or industrial processes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/08—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

Definitions

  • This invention concerns a fired heater with a heat pipe preheater.
  • Air preheaters are used to improve the thermal efficiency of fired heaters.
  • a heat exchanger is used to transfer heat from the flue gas exiting a fired heater to its incoming combustion air.
  • Such installations typically require significant ducting to route flue gas to the location of the heat exchanger and then to a flue gas stack and additional ducting to route incoming combustion air from the heat exchanger to the burners of the fired heater.
  • forced draft fans are generally needed to drive the incoming combustion air through the restrictive heat exchanger and induced draft fans are generally needed to pull flue gas through the heat exchanger and out the flue gas stack.
  • the fired heater may include at least one burner for combusting a fuel stream and an air stream and producing heated exhaust gases; a hot gas flow path and at least one conduit containing a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and an air preheater comprising at least one heat pipe having a first section exposed to the heated exhaust gases and a second section exposed to the air stream, wherein the heat pipe is positioned and arranged to transfer heat from the heated exhaust gases to the air stream, wherein the at least one heat pipe contains a working fluid sealed within the heat pipe, wherein said working fluid transfers heat from the heated exhaust gas to the air stream to be preheated.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustrating a fired heater including a heat pipe preheater according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a detail view illustrating the heat pipe preheater of the fired heater of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is a detail view illustrating a heat pipe preheater for a fired heater according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • the term “fired heater” refers to a direct-fired heat exchangers that use heat of combustion to raise the temperature of a material flowing through one or more coils throughout the heater.
  • the material flowing through the one or more coils can be any type of material to be heated, such as a process fluid.
  • the material can be a feed material for another process, such as feed for a cracking unit.
  • the fired heater may be a furnace for a delayed coker unit and the process fluid may be a residual oil from a vacuum distillation unit.
  • the improved fired heaters can avoid one or more of the disadvantages associated with traditional air preheater heat exchangers.
  • the air preheater may be contiguous with the convection or radiant section of the fired heater, thereby avoiding or limiting the ducting required to direct the heated exhaust gases to the heat exchanger.
  • the improved fire heater can utilize one or more heat pipes that are positioned and arranged to limit the restriction of flow of the heated exhaust gases or combustion air through the air preheater. By limiting the pressure drop across the air preheater, it is possible to provide air preheating without the assistance of an induced draft fan (e.g., on the heated exhaust gas side of the preheater). Accordingly, in some embodiments, exhaust gases can flow unaided by draft fans and entirely by natural draft using the thermo siphon effect created by combustion of fuel gas at the burners of the fired heater.
  • the improved fired heater can include at least one burner for combusting a fuel stream and an air stream and producing heated exhaust gases; a hot gas flow path; at least one conduit containing a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and an air preheater comprising at least one heat pipe having a first section exposed to the heated exhaust gases and a second section exposed to the air stream.
  • the heat pipe is positioned and arranged to transfer heat from the heated exhaust gases to the air stream.
  • the heat pipe contains a working fluid sealed within the heat pipe, and the working fluid transfers heat from the heated exhaust gas to the air stream to be preheated.
  • the air preheater can include a plurality of heat pipes, each having an evaporator section extending into the hot gas flow path, which passes through a passageway in the air preheater.
  • the passageway may be contiguous with a convection section of the fired heater (or the radiant section if the fired heater does not include a convection section).
  • Each heat pipe also may include a condensing section extending into a passageway for receiving a flow of combustion air for the fired heater.
  • the condensing section of the heat pipe may be elevated relative to the evaporator section of the heat pipe.
  • the heat pipe may have a center axis extending through the evaporator section and condenser section and the center axis may form an angle of at least 10 degrees with respect to the horizon.
  • the number, size, and arrangement of the heat pipes in the passageway may be configured to provide a pressure drop of less than 0.8 inch w.c. (inch water column), more preferably less than 0.7 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.6 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.5 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.4 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.3 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.2 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.1 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.05 inch w.c. for a flow velocity of 11 ft/sec at the flue gas side inlet of the air preheater.
  • heated flue gas may move through the convection section and air preheater solely by natural draft.
  • the air stream for combustion may be fed through the air preheater solely by natural draft.
  • induced draft fans might also be employed, though it is expected that their demand would be substantially reduced in comparison to the case where a conventional heat exchanger is employed for the air preheater.
  • an induced draft fan providing a motive pressure of less than 0.8 inch w.c., such as less than 0.5 inch w.c., or less than 0.1 inch w.c., can be employed between the air preheater and flue gas stack.
  • the heated exhaust gas stream may be cooled in a tubular air preheater before it contacts the heat pipes of the air preheater.
  • operating velocity for the flue gas through the inlet of flue gas side of the preheater may be 0.1 to 25 ft/sec, but is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 15 ft/sec, and even more preferably between 0.1 to 11 ft/sec, or 1 to 11 ft/sec, or 2 to 11 ft/sec, or 3 to 11 ft/sec. or 4 to 11 ft/sec, or 5 to 11 ft/sec.
  • the improved fired heater may further include an exhaust stack positioned downstream of the convection section.
  • the exhaust stack may be in substantial vertical alignment with the convection and/or radiant sections of the fired heater as well as the passageway of the air preheater containing the evaporator sections of the heat pipes.
  • the evaporator sections of the heat pipe may be positioned at a same level or above the conduit containing the process fluid of the convection section and below or inside the exhaust stack.
  • Fired heater 10 includes air preheater 12 , having a plurality of heat pipes 28 , which preheats ambient combustion air before it passes through ducting 14 to burners 16 where the combustion air and a fuel are ignited. Heat produced from the combustion of the air and fuel heats radiant coil 20 , and the process fluid passing therethrough, in radiant section 18 . The heated exhaust gases pass through convection section 22 where the gases heat convection coil 24 and the fluid passing therethrough. The fluid heated in convection coil 24 may be the same or different fluid than the process fluid heated in radiant coil 20 .
  • the heated exhaust gases then pass through passageway 26 of the air preheater 12 where sections of the heat pipes 28 extending into passageway 26 are heated. This heat is then transferred to other sections of the heat pipes 28 which heat the combustion air passing through air preheater 12 .
  • the heated exhaust gases then pass through stack 30 before they are released into the atmosphere.
  • air preheater 12 may be contiguous to the convection section 22 of the fired heater (or it may be contiguous with the radiant section 18 in cases where the fired heater does not include a separate convection section). This avoids the need for additional ducting of the exhaust gas to a heat exchanger placed in a different location on the ground plot.
  • the heat pipe air preheater 12 may be sufficiently small and lightweight to be secured directly to the fired heater 10 between the fired heater 10 and the stack 30 (i.e., the heat pipes may be disposed in a heated exhaust gas passageway 26 that is in substantial vertical alignment with the convection section 22 or radiant section 18 and also in substantial vertical alignment with stack 30 ).
  • the air preheater 12 of FIG. 1 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2 .
  • the air preheater 12 generally includes a plurality of heat pipes 28 that have first sections that extend into heated exhaust gas passageway 26 and second sections that extend into combustion air passageway 32 .
  • Each heat pipe 28 is partly filled with a working fluid, such as water or a hydrocarbon, and is sealed.
  • the heated exhaust gas passing through passageway 26 transfer heat to the evaporator sections of the heat pipes 28 to evaporate the working fluid and the heated vapor flows to the other, condenser end, where it gives up heat to the incoming combustion air flowing over the condenser sections of the heat pipes 28 .
  • the condenser ends are elevated related to the evaporator ends so that condensed working fluid flows back under gravity to the evaporator ends.
  • the condenser ends are preferably elevated by 10 degrees or more than the condenser ends (i.e., the heat pipe has a center axis extending through the first section and second section and the center axis forms an angle of at least 10 degrees with respect to the horizon).
  • Each heat pipe 28 generally includes an outer container and a working fluid contained therein.
  • the outer container isolates the working fluid from the heated exhaust gases and the combustion air.
  • the container preferably may be made of carbon steel.
  • Passageway 26 and passageway 32 are also separated by a divider (tube sheet) or other structure to maintain physical separation between the flue gases and the combustion air.
  • the working fluid within the heat pipe 28 is selected to have a vapor temperature range appropriate to the intended operations.
  • the vapor pressure over the operating temperature range should be sufficiently great to avoid high vapor velocities, which can cause flow instabilities.
  • the fluid should exhibit good thermal stability, a vapor pressure not too high or low over the temperature range, a high latent heat, high thermal conductivity, low liquid and vapor viscosities, and acceptable freezing or pour point.
  • the selection should also be based on thermodynamic considerations which are concerned with the various limitations to heat flow occurring within the heat pipe such as viscous, sonic, capillary, entrainment and nucleate boiling levels. While a wicking material is not required with pipe positions that are disclosed herein, it is not excluded.
  • Exemplary working fluids include acetone and other ethers, alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, propanol, and butanol, hydrocarbons, such as toluene, perhalocarbons, naphthalene, DowthermTM heat transfer fluids and water.
  • Alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, propanol, and butanol
  • hydrocarbons such as toluene, perhalocarbons, naphthalene, DowthermTM heat transfer fluids and water.
  • Mercury may be suitable, but may be unpreferred for environmental reasons.
  • Liquid metals such as sodium, lithium and sodium/potassium alloy may be useful in high temperature applications but are not usually required in the present applications.
  • the air preheater may include additional features to improve performance of the preheater.
  • the air preheater may include a tubular heat exchanger upstream of the heat tubes, which may be helpful in some cases to further cool the heated exhaust gases before they are exposed to the heat tubes.
  • combustion air may be fed through the interior of tubular heat exchanger 42 via manifold 40 . Heat from the heated exhaust gases is transferred to the air through the heat exchanger 42 so that the heated exhaust gases passing through passageway 48 is cooled prior to transferring heat to heat pipes 46 . The combustion air enters into passageway 44 where it is then further heated by heat pipes 46 .
  • the heat pipes can include various features to improve heat transfer to or from the heat pipes, such as fins or other heat-transferring elements.
  • a fired heater comprising: at least one burner for combusting a fuel stream and an air stream and producing heated exhaust gases; a hot gas flow path and at least one conduit containing a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and an air preheater comprising at least one heat pipe having a first section exposed to the heated exhaust gases and a second section exposed to the air stream, wherein the heat pipe is positioned and arranged to transfer heat from the heated exhaust gases to the air stream, wherein the at least one heat pipe contains a working fluid sealed within the heat pipe, wherein said working fluid transfers heat from the heated exhaust gas to the air stream to be preheated.
  • the air preheater comprises a plurality of heat pipes.
  • the air preheater includes a passageway for passage of the heated exhaust gases therethrough.
  • the passageway is contiguous with a convection section of the fired heater, the convection section including the at least one conduit containing the process fluid, and wherein the passageway is fluidly connected to the hot gas flow path.
  • the fired heater or method of any other Embodiment further comprising an exhaust stack positioned downstream of the convection section, wherein the first section of the heat pipe is positioned at a same level or above the conduit of the convection section and below or inside the exhaust stack.
  • the fired heater or method of any other Embodiment wherein the heat pipe has a center axis extending through the first section and second section and the center axis forms an angle of at least 10 degrees with respect to the horizon.
  • the fired heater or method of any other Embodiment wherein the heated exhaust gas stream is cooled in a tubular air preheater before it passes by the first section of the heat pipe.
  • a method for operating a fired heater comprising: (a) combusting a fuel stream and an air stream to produce heated exhaust gases; (b) exposing the heated exhaust gases to a conduit transporting a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and (c) exposing the heated exhaust gases to at least one heat pipe downstream of the conduit; (d) transferring heat from the heated exhaust gases to a working fluid in the at least one heat pipe; and (e) transferring heat from the working fluid to the air stream to preheat the air stream.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Air Supply (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Abstract

An improved fired heater with air preheating provided by one or more heat pipes. The fired heater may include at least one burner for combusting a fuel stream and an air stream and producing heated exhaust gases; a hot gas flow path and at least one conduit containing a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and an air preheater comprising at least one heat pipe having a first section exposed to the heated exhaust gases and a second section exposed to the air stream, wherein the heat pipe is positioned and arranged to transfer heat from the heated exhaust gases to the air stream, wherein the at least one heat pipe contains a working fluid sealed within the heat pipe, wherein said working fluid transfers heat from the heated exhaust gas to the air stream to be preheated.

Description

    CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application relates and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/352,099, filed on Jun. 20, 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein specifically by reference in its entirety.
    • FIELD
  • This invention concerns a fired heater with a heat pipe preheater.
    • BACKGROUND
  • Air preheaters are used to improve the thermal efficiency of fired heaters. In a common application, a heat exchanger is used to transfer heat from the flue gas exiting a fired heater to its incoming combustion air. Such installations typically require significant ducting to route flue gas to the location of the heat exchanger and then to a flue gas stack and additional ducting to route incoming combustion air from the heat exchanger to the burners of the fired heater. In addition, forced draft fans are generally needed to drive the incoming combustion air through the restrictive heat exchanger and induced draft fans are generally needed to pull flue gas through the heat exchanger and out the flue gas stack.
  • It would therefore be desirable to provide new air preheating systems for fired heaters that avoid some of the drawbacks of existing systems.
    • SUMMARY
  • We have now developed an improved fired heater with air preheating provided by one or more heat pipes. The fired heater may include at least one burner for combusting a fuel stream and an air stream and producing heated exhaust gases; a hot gas flow path and at least one conduit containing a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and an air preheater comprising at least one heat pipe having a first section exposed to the heated exhaust gases and a second section exposed to the air stream, wherein the heat pipe is positioned and arranged to transfer heat from the heated exhaust gases to the air stream, wherein the at least one heat pipe contains a working fluid sealed within the heat pipe, wherein said working fluid transfers heat from the heated exhaust gas to the air stream to be preheated.
  • A method is also provided for operating a fired heater. The method includes combusting a fuel stream and an air stream to produce heated exhaust gases; exposing the heated exhaust gases to a conduit transporting a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and exposing the heated exhaust gases to at least one heat pipe downstream of the conduit; transferring heat from the heated exhaust gases to a working fluid in the at least one heat pipe; and transferring heat from the working fluid to the air stream to preheat the air stream.
    • DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustrating a fired heater including a heat pipe preheater according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a detail view illustrating the heat pipe preheater of the fired heater of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a detail view illustrating a heat pipe preheater for a fired heater according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • Improved fired heaters are provided which incorporate heat pipe air preheaters for preheating combustion air. As used herein, the term “fired heater” refers to a direct-fired heat exchangers that use heat of combustion to raise the temperature of a material flowing through one or more coils throughout the heater. The material flowing through the one or more coils can be any type of material to be heated, such as a process fluid. For example, the material can be a feed material for another process, such as feed for a cracking unit. In some embodiments, the fired heater may be a furnace for a delayed coker unit and the process fluid may be a residual oil from a vacuum distillation unit.
  • In some embodiments, the improved fired heaters can avoid one or more of the disadvantages associated with traditional air preheater heat exchangers. For example, in some embodiments the air preheater may be contiguous with the convection or radiant section of the fired heater, thereby avoiding or limiting the ducting required to direct the heated exhaust gases to the heat exchanger. In addition, the improved fire heater can utilize one or more heat pipes that are positioned and arranged to limit the restriction of flow of the heated exhaust gases or combustion air through the air preheater. By limiting the pressure drop across the air preheater, it is possible to provide air preheating without the assistance of an induced draft fan (e.g., on the heated exhaust gas side of the preheater). Accordingly, in some embodiments, exhaust gases can flow unaided by draft fans and entirely by natural draft using the thermo siphon effect created by combustion of fuel gas at the burners of the fired heater.
  • The improved fired heater can include at least one burner for combusting a fuel stream and an air stream and producing heated exhaust gases; a hot gas flow path; at least one conduit containing a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and an air preheater comprising at least one heat pipe having a first section exposed to the heated exhaust gases and a second section exposed to the air stream. The heat pipe is positioned and arranged to transfer heat from the heated exhaust gases to the air stream. The heat pipe contains a working fluid sealed within the heat pipe, and the working fluid transfers heat from the heated exhaust gas to the air stream to be preheated.
  • In any embodiment, the air preheater can include a plurality of heat pipes, each having an evaporator section extending into the hot gas flow path, which passes through a passageway in the air preheater. The passageway may be contiguous with a convection section of the fired heater (or the radiant section if the fired heater does not include a convection section). Each heat pipe also may include a condensing section extending into a passageway for receiving a flow of combustion air for the fired heater. The condensing section of the heat pipe may be elevated relative to the evaporator section of the heat pipe. For example, the heat pipe may have a center axis extending through the evaporator section and condenser section and the center axis may form an angle of at least 10 degrees with respect to the horizon.
  • Preferably, the number, size, and arrangement of the heat pipes in the passageway may be configured to provide a pressure drop of less than 0.8 inch w.c. (inch water column), more preferably less than 0.7 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.6 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.5 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.4 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.3 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.2 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.1 inch w.c., more preferably less than 0.05 inch w.c. for a flow velocity of 11 ft/sec at the flue gas side inlet of the air preheater.
  • Because such little resistance to flow is provided by the air preheater, heated flue gas may move through the convection section and air preheater solely by natural draft. Similarly, the air stream for combustion may be fed through the air preheater solely by natural draft. In other embodiments, induced draft fans might also be employed, though it is expected that their demand would be substantially reduced in comparison to the case where a conventional heat exchanger is employed for the air preheater. For example, in any embodiment an induced draft fan, providing a motive pressure of less than 0.8 inch w.c., such as less than 0.5 inch w.c., or less than 0.1 inch w.c., can be employed between the air preheater and flue gas stack. Further, in some embodiments, the heated exhaust gas stream may be cooled in a tubular air preheater before it contacts the heat pipes of the air preheater.
  • In any embodiment, operating velocity for the flue gas through the inlet of flue gas side of the preheater may be 0.1 to 25 ft/sec, but is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 15 ft/sec, and even more preferably between 0.1 to 11 ft/sec, or 1 to 11 ft/sec, or 2 to 11 ft/sec, or 3 to 11 ft/sec. or 4 to 11 ft/sec, or 5 to 11 ft/sec.
  • The improved fired heater may further include an exhaust stack positioned downstream of the convection section. In some embodiments, the exhaust stack may be in substantial vertical alignment with the convection and/or radiant sections of the fired heater as well as the passageway of the air preheater containing the evaporator sections of the heat pipes. The evaporator sections of the heat pipe may be positioned at a same level or above the conduit containing the process fluid of the convection section and below or inside the exhaust stack.
  • An exemplary embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 1. Fired heater 10 includes air preheater 12, having a plurality of heat pipes 28, which preheats ambient combustion air before it passes through ducting 14 to burners 16 where the combustion air and a fuel are ignited. Heat produced from the combustion of the air and fuel heats radiant coil 20, and the process fluid passing therethrough, in radiant section 18. The heated exhaust gases pass through convection section 22 where the gases heat convection coil 24 and the fluid passing therethrough. The fluid heated in convection coil 24 may be the same or different fluid than the process fluid heated in radiant coil 20.
  • The heated exhaust gases then pass through passageway 26 of the air preheater 12 where sections of the heat pipes 28 extending into passageway 26 are heated. This heat is then transferred to other sections of the heat pipes 28 which heat the combustion air passing through air preheater 12. The heated exhaust gases then pass through stack 30 before they are released into the atmosphere.
  • As illustrated in FIG. 1, air preheater 12 may be contiguous to the convection section 22 of the fired heater (or it may be contiguous with the radiant section 18 in cases where the fired heater does not include a separate convection section). This avoids the need for additional ducting of the exhaust gas to a heat exchanger placed in a different location on the ground plot. The heat pipe air preheater 12 may be sufficiently small and lightweight to be secured directly to the fired heater 10 between the fired heater 10 and the stack 30 (i.e., the heat pipes may be disposed in a heated exhaust gas passageway 26 that is in substantial vertical alignment with the convection section 22 or radiant section 18 and also in substantial vertical alignment with stack 30).
  • The air preheater 12 of FIG. 1 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2. The air preheater 12 generally includes a plurality of heat pipes 28 that have first sections that extend into heated exhaust gas passageway 26 and second sections that extend into combustion air passageway 32. Each heat pipe 28 is partly filled with a working fluid, such as water or a hydrocarbon, and is sealed. The heated exhaust gas passing through passageway 26 transfer heat to the evaporator sections of the heat pipes 28 to evaporate the working fluid and the heated vapor flows to the other, condenser end, where it gives up heat to the incoming combustion air flowing over the condenser sections of the heat pipes 28. The condenser ends are elevated related to the evaporator ends so that condensed working fluid flows back under gravity to the evaporator ends. The condenser ends are preferably elevated by 10 degrees or more than the condenser ends (i.e., the heat pipe has a center axis extending through the first section and second section and the center axis forms an angle of at least 10 degrees with respect to the horizon).
  • Each heat pipe 28 generally includes an outer container and a working fluid contained therein. The outer container isolates the working fluid from the heated exhaust gases and the combustion air. The container preferably may be made of carbon steel. Passageway 26 and passageway 32 are also separated by a divider (tube sheet) or other structure to maintain physical separation between the flue gases and the combustion air.
  • The working fluid within the heat pipe 28 is selected to have a vapor temperature range appropriate to the intended operations. The vapor pressure over the operating temperature range should be sufficiently great to avoid high vapor velocities, which can cause flow instabilities. The fluid should exhibit good thermal stability, a vapor pressure not too high or low over the temperature range, a high latent heat, high thermal conductivity, low liquid and vapor viscosities, and acceptable freezing or pour point. The selection should also be based on thermodynamic considerations which are concerned with the various limitations to heat flow occurring within the heat pipe such as viscous, sonic, capillary, entrainment and nucleate boiling levels. While a wicking material is not required with pipe positions that are disclosed herein, it is not excluded.
  • Exemplary working fluids include acetone and other ethers, alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, propanol, and butanol, hydrocarbons, such as toluene, perhalocarbons, naphthalene, Dowtherm™ heat transfer fluids and water. Mercury may be suitable, but may be unpreferred for environmental reasons. Liquid metals such as sodium, lithium and sodium/potassium alloy may be useful in high temperature applications but are not usually required in the present applications.
  • In any embodiment the air preheater may include additional features to improve performance of the preheater. For example, the air preheater may include a tubular heat exchanger upstream of the heat tubes, which may be helpful in some cases to further cool the heated exhaust gases before they are exposed to the heat tubes. As illustrated in FIG. 3, combustion air may be fed through the interior of tubular heat exchanger 42 via manifold 40. Heat from the heated exhaust gases is transferred to the air through the heat exchanger 42 so that the heated exhaust gases passing through passageway 48 is cooled prior to transferring heat to heat pipes 46. The combustion air enters into passageway 44 where it is then further heated by heat pipes 46. Such a configuration may be particularly useful in cases where the temperature of the heated exhaust gases would cause the heat pipes 46 to exceed the critical temperature of the working fluid or would otherwise cause the heat pipes 46 to operate outside of their ideal range. The heat pipes can include various features to improve heat transfer to or from the heat pipes, such as fins or other heat-transferring elements.
  • The following embodiments are also provided:
    • Embodiment 1
  • A fired heater comprising: at least one burner for combusting a fuel stream and an air stream and producing heated exhaust gases; a hot gas flow path and at least one conduit containing a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and an air preheater comprising at least one heat pipe having a first section exposed to the heated exhaust gases and a second section exposed to the air stream, wherein the heat pipe is positioned and arranged to transfer heat from the heated exhaust gases to the air stream, wherein the at least one heat pipe contains a working fluid sealed within the heat pipe, wherein said working fluid transfers heat from the heated exhaust gas to the air stream to be preheated.
    • Embodiment 2
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the air preheater comprises a plurality of heat pipes.
    • Embodiment 3
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the first section of the heat pipe extends into the hot gas flow path.
    • Embodiment 4
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the air preheater includes a passageway for passage of the heated exhaust gases therethrough.
    • Embodiment 5
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the passageway is contiguous with a convection section of the fired heater, the convection section including the at least one conduit containing the process fluid, and wherein the passageway is fluidly connected to the hot gas flow path.
    • Embodiment 6
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the air preheater provides a pressure drop of less than 0.8 inch w.c. for a flow velocity of 11 ft/sec through an inlet of the passageway.
    • Embodiment 7
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, further comprising an exhaust stack positioned downstream of the convection section, wherein the first section of the heat pipe is positioned at a same level or above the conduit of the convection section and below or inside the exhaust stack.
    • Embodiment 8
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the second section of the heat pipe is elevated relative to the first section of the heat pipe.
    • Embodiment 9
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the heat pipe has a center axis extending through the first section and second section and the center axis forms an angle of at least 10 degrees with respect to the horizon.
    • Embodiment 10
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the heated flue gas moves through the convection section and air preheater solely by natural draft.
    • Embodiment 11
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the air stream is fed through the air preheater and to the at least one burner solely by a forced draft fan.
    • Embodiment 12
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the air stream is fed through the air preheater and to the at least one burner solely by a forced draft fan.
    • Embodiment 13
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the fired heater is a delayed coker.
    • Embodiment 14
  • The fired heater or method of any other Embodiment, wherein the heated exhaust gas stream is cooled in a tubular air preheater before it passes by the first section of the heat pipe.
    • Embodiment 15
  • A method for operating a fired heater comprising: (a) combusting a fuel stream and an air stream to produce heated exhaust gases; (b) exposing the heated exhaust gases to a conduit transporting a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and (c) exposing the heated exhaust gases to at least one heat pipe downstream of the conduit; (d) transferring heat from the heated exhaust gases to a working fluid in the at least one heat pipe; and (e) transferring heat from the working fluid to the air stream to preheat the air stream.
    • Embodiment 16
  • The method of Embodiment 15, wherein steps (a)-(e) are performed without the assistance of an induced draft fan.

Claims (16)

1. A fired heater comprising:
at least one burner for combusting a fuel stream and an air stream and producing heated exhaust gases;
a hot gas flow path and at least one conduit containing a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and
an air preheater comprising at least one heat pipe having a first section exposed to the heated exhaust gases and a second section exposed to the air stream, wherein the heat pipe is positioned and arranged to transfer heat from the heated exhaust gases to the air stream, wherein the at least one heat pipe contains a working fluid sealed within the heat pipe, wherein said working fluid transfers heat from the heated exhaust gas to the air stream to be preheated.
2. The fired heater of claim 1, wherein the air preheater comprises a plurality of heat pipes.
3. The fired heater of claim 1, wherein the first section of the heat pipe extends into the hot gas flow path.
4. The fired heater of claim 1, wherein the air preheater includes a passageway for passage of the heated exhaust gases therethrough.
5. The fired heater of claim 4, wherein the passageway is contiguous with a convection section of the fired heater, the convection section including the at least one conduit containing the process fluid, and wherein the passageway is fluidly connected to the hot gas flow path.
6. The fired heater of claim 4, wherein the air preheater provides a pressure drop of less than 0.8 inch w.c. for a flow velocity of 11 ft/sec through an inlet of the passageway.
7. The fired heater of claim 1, further comprising an exhaust stack positioned downstream of the convection section, wherein the first section of the heat pipe is positioned at a same level or above the conduit of the convection section and below or inside the exhaust stack.
8. The fired heater of claim 1, wherein the second section of the heat pipe is elevated relative to the first section of the heat pipe.
9. The fired heater of claim 8, wherein the heat pipe has a center axis extending through the first section and second section and the center axis forms an angle of at least 10 degrees with respect to the horizon.
10. The fired heater of claim 1, wherein the heated flue gas moves through the convection section and air preheater solely by natural draft.
11. The fired heater of claim 1, wherein the air stream is fed through the air preheater and to the at least one burner solely by a forced draft fan.
12. The fired heater of claim 10, wherein the air stream is fed through the air preheater and to the at least one burner solely by a forced draft fan.
13. The fired heater of claim 1, wherein the fired heater is a delayed coker.
14. The fired heater of claim 1, wherein the heated exhaust gas stream is cooled in a tubular air preheater before it passes by the first section of the heat pipe.
15. A method for operating a fired heater comprising:
(a) combusting a fuel stream and an air stream to produce heated exhaust gases;
(b) exposing the heated exhaust gases to a conduit transporting a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases;
(c) exposing the heated exhaust gases to at least one heat pipe downstream of the conduit;
(d) transferring heat from the heated exhaust gases to a working fluid in the at least one heat pipe; and
(e) transferring heat from the working fluid to the air stream to preheat the air stream.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein steps (a)-(e) are performed without the assistance of an induced draft fan.
US15/606,038 2016-06-20 2017-05-26 Fired heater with heat pipe preheater Abandoned US20170363288A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US15/606,038 US20170363288A1 (en) 2016-06-20 2017-05-26 Fired heater with heat pipe preheater

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201662352099P 2016-06-20 2016-06-20
US15/606,038 US20170363288A1 (en) 2016-06-20 2017-05-26 Fired heater with heat pipe preheater

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20170363288A1 true US20170363288A1 (en) 2017-12-21

Family

ID=59054220

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US15/606,038 Abandoned US20170363288A1 (en) 2016-06-20 2017-05-26 Fired heater with heat pipe preheater

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20170363288A1 (en)
EP (1) EP3472269A1 (en)
CN (1) CN109312236A (en)
CA (1) CA3028372A1 (en)
SG (1) SG11201810304UA (en)
WO (1) WO2017222744A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR102718685B1 (en) * 2019-07-10 2024-10-18 주식회사 엘지화학 Apparatus for decomposition of hydrocarbon

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4416325A (en) * 1980-03-31 1983-11-22 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Heat exchanger
US5131457A (en) * 1991-10-07 1992-07-21 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Protection system for heat pipe airheaters
US20110272617A1 (en) * 2009-07-31 2011-11-10 Lah Ruben F Seat and Valve Systems for Use in Delayed Coker System
US20120160142A1 (en) * 2011-03-04 2012-06-28 Foster Wheeler North America Corp. Method of and Apparatus for Selective Catalytic NOx Reduction in a Power Boiler

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3426733A (en) * 1967-09-19 1969-02-11 Peter Von Wiesenthal Furnace and related process involving combustion air preheating
US4044820A (en) * 1976-05-24 1977-08-30 Econo-Therm Energy Systems Corporation Method and apparatus for preheating combustion air while cooling a hot process gas
US5607011A (en) * 1991-01-25 1997-03-04 Abdelmalek; Fawzy T. Reverse heat exchanging system for boiler flue gas condensing and combustion air preheating
US5937652A (en) * 1992-11-16 1999-08-17 Abdelmalek; Fawzy T. Process for coal or biomass fuel gasification by carbon dioxide extracted from a boiler flue gas stream
EP2326873B1 (en) * 2008-09-10 2016-08-03 Fives Stein Recuperator for a radiating tube burner
US20140131010A1 (en) * 2012-11-12 2014-05-15 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Condensing air preheater with heat pipes

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4416325A (en) * 1980-03-31 1983-11-22 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Heat exchanger
US5131457A (en) * 1991-10-07 1992-07-21 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Protection system for heat pipe airheaters
US20110272617A1 (en) * 2009-07-31 2011-11-10 Lah Ruben F Seat and Valve Systems for Use in Delayed Coker System
US20120160142A1 (en) * 2011-03-04 2012-06-28 Foster Wheeler North America Corp. Method of and Apparatus for Selective Catalytic NOx Reduction in a Power Boiler

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2017222744A1 (en) 2017-12-28
SG11201810304UA (en) 2019-01-30
CA3028372A1 (en) 2017-12-28
EP3472269A1 (en) 2019-04-24
CN109312236A (en) 2019-02-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US9134041B2 (en) Vapor vacuum condensing boiler designs
US4502626A (en) Combustion product condensing water heater
CA1144149A (en) Heat exchanger
CN102822607B (en) Hot fluid production plant comprising a condensing heat exchanger
US4403572A (en) Combustion product condensing water heater
US11828461B2 (en) Corrosion resistant air preheater with lined tubes
CN104390495B (en) A kind of Overcold condensing heat exchanger and heat-exchange method thereof
US1833130A (en) Air preheater
CN106796050B (en) Heat exchanger
US10690378B2 (en) Furnace cabinet with three baffles
EP2035531B1 (en) Advanced fired heater unit for use in refinery and petrochemical applications
CN104735988B (en) Hot-blast baker
US20170363288A1 (en) Fired heater with heat pipe preheater
CN102635842B (en) Separated fin plate steam generator
US10048016B2 (en) Dual-chamber heat exchanger
US20160216004A1 (en) High efficiency, high turndown furnace system
EP3988199A1 (en) Gradual cooling and simultaneous cleaning of flue gases
US20190154359A1 (en) Combustion heating apparatus
TW201529961A (en) Heat exchanging system and method for a heat recovery steam generator
EP4033146A1 (en) Heat recovery device
US20210071864A1 (en) Preheating Combustion Air With Gasification Furnace Flue Gas
JP2023024701A (en) Heat exchanger, boiler equipped with the same, and heat exchange method
RU2721496C2 (en) Water heater, gas combustion gases discharge pipe for water heater and method of fluid medium heating
CN111828951A (en) A kind of method and boiler structure to avoid low temperature corrosion of heating surface of boiler tail
JPH11230687A (en) Heat exchanger

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: EXXONMOBIL RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY, NEW J

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LEE, HYUNGSIK;SADDLER, LARRY M.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20170803 TO 20170804;REEL/FRAME:043284/0426

STPP Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general

Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED

STPP Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general

Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER

STPP Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general

Free format text: FINAL REJECTION MAILED

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION