US20150354139A1 - Wet laid non-woven substrate containing polymeric nanofibers - Google Patents
Wet laid non-woven substrate containing polymeric nanofibers Download PDFInfo
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- US20150354139A1 US20150354139A1 US14/762,758 US201414762758A US2015354139A1 US 20150354139 A1 US20150354139 A1 US 20150354139A1 US 201414762758 A US201414762758 A US 201414762758A US 2015354139 A1 US2015354139 A1 US 2015354139A1
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H13/00—Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material
- D21H13/02—Synthetic cellulose fibres
- D21H13/06—Cellulose esters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/16—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
- B01D39/1607—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
- B01D39/1623—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4374—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece using different kinds of webs, e.g. by layering webs
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H13/00—Other non-woven fabrics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D2239/02—Types of fibres, filaments or particles, self-supporting or supported materials
- B01D2239/025—Types of fibres, filaments or particles, self-supporting or supported materials comprising nanofibres
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
- B01D2239/065—More than one layer present in the filtering material
- B01D2239/0654—Support layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2201/00—Cellulose-based fibres, e.g. vegetable fibres
- D10B2201/20—Cellulose-derived artificial fibres
- D10B2201/28—Cellulose esters or ethers, e.g. cellulose acetate
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
- D10B2331/04—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyesters, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate [PET]
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2501/00—Wearing apparel
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2505/00—Industrial
- D10B2505/02—Reinforcing materials; Prepregs
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2505/00—Industrial
- D10B2505/04—Filters
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2509/00—Medical; Hygiene
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to forming wet laid substrates that contain polymeric nanofibers. More specifically, the invention relates to forming a substrate with wet laid staple polymeric nanofibers of short lengths.
- the polymeric nanofibers can be surface coated on a non-woven or woven substrates, wet laid with other fiber types to create a nonwoven substrate or wet laid onto themselves to form a nanofiber-only mat.
- Fibers form, in part or in whole, a large variety of both consumer and industrial materials such as, for example, clothing and other textile materials, medical prostheses, construction materials and reinforcement materials, and barrier, filtration and absorbent materials.
- materials such as, for example, clothing and other textile materials, medical prostheses, construction materials and reinforcement materials, and barrier, filtration and absorbent materials.
- Wet lay technology is essentially a paper machine process to form nonwoven substrates.
- fibers are suspended in liquids and specialized paper machines are used to separate the water from the fibers to form a uniform sheet of material, which is then bonded and dried.
- Nanofibers are increasingly being investigated for use in various applications. Nanofibers may attain a high surface area comparable with the finest nanoparticle powders, yet are fairly flexible, and retain one macroscopic dimension which makes them easy to handle, orient and organize
- the present invention comprises a fabric substrate of cotton, synthetic or blend fibers containing wet laid polymeric, staple nanofibers of short cut lengths ( FIG. 1 ).
- the staple polymeric nanofibers can be wet laid onto a fabric substrate of natural, synthetic or blend fibers or the nanofibers can be wet laid with other fibers to form a nonwoven mat or the nanofibers can be wet laid onto themselves to form a nonwoven containing only nanofibers.
- fabric substrates of natural, synthetic or blend fibers may be utilized as starting materials, examples of which are given below.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic of nanofibers and microfibers wet-laid into a composite substrate.
- FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the cross-section of a wet-laid substrate consisting of 70% by weight PET microfibers ( ⁇ 10 micron diameter) and 30% cellulose acetate nanofibers ( ⁇ 500 nm diameter).
- FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a PET microfiber substrate coated on the top with cellulose acetate nanofibers.
- FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of the cross-section of a PET microfiber substrate coated on the top with cellulose acetate nanofibers.
- the term nanofiber refers generally to an elongated fiber structure having an average diameter ranging from less than 50 nm-2 ⁇ m.
- the “average” diameter may take into account not only that the diameters of individual nanofibers making up a plurality of nanofibers formed by implementing the presently disclosed method may vary somewhat, but also that the diameter of an individual nanofiber may not be perfectly uniform over its length in some implementations of the method.
- the average length of the nanofibers may range from 10 micros or greater. In other examples, the average length may range from 110 microns to over 25 centimeters.
- the aspect ratio (length/diameter) of the nanofibers may range from 10:1 or greater.
- nanofibers according to the invention have aspect ratios of at least 10,000:1.
- the diameter of the nanofiber may be on the order of two microns or less, for convenience the term “nanofiber” as used herein encompasses both nano-scale fibers and extremely small micro-scale fibers (microfibers).
- fibril refers generally to a fine, filamentous non-uniform structure in animals or plants having an average diameter ranging from about 1 nm-1,000 nm in some examples, in other examples ranging from about 1 nm-500 nm, and in other examples ranging from about 25 nm-250 nm.
- fibrils are formed by phase separation from nanofibers.
- a fibril may be composed of an inorganic precursor or an inorganic compound.
- the term “fibrils” distinguishes these structures from the polymer nanofibers utilized to form the inorganic fibrils.
- the length of the fibrils may be about same as the polymer nanofibers or may be shorter.
- Polymers encompassed by the present disclosure generally may be any naturally-occurring or synthetic polymers capable of being fabricated into nanofibers.
- examples of polymers include many high molecular weight (MW) solution-processable polymers such as polyethylene (more generally, various polyolefins), polystyrene, cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), conjugated organic semiconducting and conducting polymers, biopolymers such as polynucleotides (DNA) and polypeptides, etc.
- MW high molecular weight
- solution-processable polymers such as polyethylene (more generally, various polyolefins), polystyrene, cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), conjugated organic semiconducting and conducting polymers, bio
- suitable polymers to form nanofibers include vinyl polymers such as, but not limited to, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly( ⁇ -methylstyrene), poly(acrylic acid), poly(isobutylene), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(1-pentene), poly(1,3-butadiene), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(2-vinyl pyridine), 1,4-polyisoprene, and 3,4-polychloroprene.
- vinyl polymers such as, but not limited to, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly( ⁇ -methylstyrene), poly(
- nonvinyl polymers such as, but not limited to, poly(ethylene oxide), polyformaldehyde, polyacetaldehyde, poly(3-propionate), poly(10-decanoate), poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycaprolactam, poly(11-undecanoamide), poly(hexamethylene sebacamide), poly(m-phenylene terephthalate), poly(tetramethylene-m-benzenesulfonamide).
- nonvinyl polymers such as, but not limited to, poly(ethylene oxide), polyformaldehyde, polyacetaldehyde, poly(3-propionate), poly(10-decanoate), poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycaprolactam, poly(11-undecanoamide), poly(hexamethylene sebacamide), poly(m-phenylene terephthalate), poly(tetramethylene-m-benzenesulfonamide).
- Additional polymers include those falling within one of the following polymer classes: polyolefin, polyether (including all epoxy resins, polyacetal, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, and poly(phenylene oxide)), polyamide (including polyureas), polyamideimide, polyarylate, polybenzimidazole, polyester (including polycarbonates), polyurethane, polyimide, polyhydrazide, phenolic resins, polysilane, polysiloxane, polycarbodiimide, polyimine, azo polymers, polysulfide, and polysulfone.
- polyolefin polyether (including all epoxy resins, polyacetal, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, and poly(phenylene oxide))
- polyamide including polyureas
- polyamideimide polyarylate
- polybenzimidazole polyester (including polycarbonates)
- polyester including polycarbonates
- polyurethane polyimide
- polyhydrazide phenolic resins
- the polymer used to form nanofibers can be synthetic or naturally-occurring.
- natural polymers include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof such as cellulosic polymers (e.g., cellulose and derivatives thereof as well as cellulose production byproducts such as lignin) and starch polymers (as well as other branched or non-linear polymers, either naturally occurring or synthetic).
- exemplary derivatives of starch and cellulose include various esters, ethers, and graft copolymers.
- the polymer may be crosslinkable in the presence of a multifunctional crosslinking agent or crosslinkable upon exposure to actinic radiation or other type of radiation.
- the polymer may be homopolymers of any of the foregoing polymers, random copolymers, block copolymers, alternating copolymers, random tripolymers, block tripolymers, alternating tripolymers, derivatives thereof (e.g., graft copolymers, esters, or ethers thereof), and the like.
- web is meant a fibrous material capable of being wound into a roll.
- nonwoven web is meant a web of individual fibers or filaments which are interlaid and positioned in a random manner to form a planar material without identifiable pattern, as opposed to a knitted or woven fabric.
- Nonwoven webs have been in the past formed by a variety of processes known to those skilled in the art such as, for example, meltblown, spunbound, wet-laid, dry-laid, and bonded carded web processes.
- a nonwoven or woven fabric substrate or web can be made from natural or synthetic fabrics and may be composed of fibers of cotton, cellulose, Lyocell, acetate, cellulose acetate, rayon, silk, wool, hemp, spandex (including LYCRA), polyolefins (polypropylene, polyethylene, etc.), polyamide (nylon 6, nylon 6-6, etc.), aramids (e.g. Kevlar®, Twaron®, Nomex, etc.), acrylic, or polyester (polyethylene teraphthalate, trimethylene terephthalate), polyurethane, glass microfibers, fiberglass, etc.
- fabric blends is meant fabrics of two or more types of fibers. Typically these blends are a combination of a natural fiber and a synthetic fiber, but can also include a blend of two natural fibers or two synthetic fibers.
- Nanofibers can be wet laid deposited onto a non-woven or woven substrate, which is placed on a filter mesh of 27-200 microns pore size as per the following example:
- Nanofibers can also be deposited onto themselves without a substrate with basis weights ranging from 4 to 800 GSM or higher. In this case the length is important as longer length fibers provide mat integrity and strength.
- Polymeric nanofibers can also be wet laid together with other nano- or microfibers to form a nonwoven substrate containing many types of fibers.
- nanofibers are typically produced as long (>20 cm) dry fibers by electrospinning and meltblowing technologies.
- the nanofibers used here are produced by the XanoShear process. This method allows production of polymeric nanofibers in a liquid based process.
Abstract
Substrates with wet laid staple polymeric nanofibers of short lengths are disclosed. The polymeric nanofibers can be surface coated on a non-woven or woven substrates, wet laid with other fiber types to create a nonwoven substrate or wet laid onto themselves to form a nanofiber-only mat.
Description
- The present invention relates generally to forming wet laid substrates that contain polymeric nanofibers. More specifically, the invention relates to forming a substrate with wet laid staple polymeric nanofibers of short lengths. The polymeric nanofibers can be surface coated on a non-woven or woven substrates, wet laid with other fiber types to create a nonwoven substrate or wet laid onto themselves to form a nanofiber-only mat.
- Fibers form, in part or in whole, a large variety of both consumer and industrial materials such as, for example, clothing and other textile materials, medical prostheses, construction materials and reinforcement materials, and barrier, filtration and absorbent materials. There are two main structural classes of fiber materials: woven and non-woven. An advantage of non-woven fiber materials is their lower production cost.
- Wet lay technology is essentially a paper machine process to form nonwoven substrates. In this process fibers are suspended in liquids and specialized paper machines are used to separate the water from the fibers to form a uniform sheet of material, which is then bonded and dried.
- Polymeric nanofibers are increasingly being investigated for use in various applications. Nanofibers may attain a high surface area comparable with the finest nanoparticle powders, yet are fairly flexible, and retain one macroscopic dimension which makes them easy to handle, orient and organize
- Accordingly, an ongoing need remains for developing wet laid substrates containing polymeric nanofibers or nanofiber-only substrates.
- The present invention comprises a fabric substrate of cotton, synthetic or blend fibers containing wet laid polymeric, staple nanofibers of short cut lengths (
FIG. 1 ). The staple polymeric nanofibers can be wet laid onto a fabric substrate of natural, synthetic or blend fibers or the nanofibers can be wet laid with other fibers to form a nonwoven mat or the nanofibers can be wet laid onto themselves to form a nonwoven containing only nanofibers. - A wide variety of polymers or biopolymers may be utilized as starting materials, examples of which are given below.
- A wide variety of fabric substrates of natural, synthetic or blend fibers may be utilized as starting materials, examples of which are given below.
- Other devices, apparatus, systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.
- The invention can be better understood by referring to the following figures. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.
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FIG. 1 is a schematic of nanofibers and microfibers wet-laid into a composite substrate. -
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the cross-section of a wet-laid substrate consisting of 70% by weight PET microfibers (˜10 micron diameter) and 30% cellulose acetate nanofibers (˜500 nm diameter). -
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a PET microfiber substrate coated on the top with cellulose acetate nanofibers. -
FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of the cross-section of a PET microfiber substrate coated on the top with cellulose acetate nanofibers. - As used herein, the term nanofiber refers generally to an elongated fiber structure having an average diameter ranging from less than 50 nm-2 μm. The “average” diameter may take into account not only that the diameters of individual nanofibers making up a plurality of nanofibers formed by implementing the presently disclosed method may vary somewhat, but also that the diameter of an individual nanofiber may not be perfectly uniform over its length in some implementations of the method. In some examples, the average length of the nanofibers may range from 10 micros or greater. In other examples, the average length may range from 110 microns to over 25 centimeters. In some examples, the aspect ratio (length/diameter) of the nanofibers may range from 10:1 or greater. In some specific examples, nanofibers according to the invention have aspect ratios of at least 10,000:1. Insofar as the diameter of the nanofiber may be on the order of two microns or less, for convenience the term “nanofiber” as used herein encompasses both nano-scale fibers and extremely small micro-scale fibers (microfibers).
- As used herein, the term fibril refers generally to a fine, filamentous non-uniform structure in animals or plants having an average diameter ranging from about 1 nm-1,000 nm in some examples, in other examples ranging from about 1 nm-500 nm, and in other examples ranging from about 25 nm-250 nm. According to certain methods described below, fibrils are formed by phase separation from nanofibers. In these methods, a fibril may be composed of an inorganic precursor or an inorganic compound. In the present disclosure, the term “fibrils” distinguishes these structures from the polymer nanofibers utilized to form the inorganic fibrils. The length of the fibrils may be about same as the polymer nanofibers or may be shorter.
- Polymers encompassed by the present disclosure generally may be any naturally-occurring or synthetic polymers capable of being fabricated into nanofibers. Examples of polymers include many high molecular weight (MW) solution-processable polymers such as polyethylene (more generally, various polyolefins), polystyrene, cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), conjugated organic semiconducting and conducting polymers, biopolymers such as polynucleotides (DNA) and polypeptides, etc.
- Other examples of suitable polymers to form nanofibers include vinyl polymers such as, but not limited to, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(α-methylstyrene), poly(acrylic acid), poly(isobutylene), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(1-pentene), poly(1,3-butadiene), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(2-vinyl pyridine), 1,4-polyisoprene, and 3,4-polychloroprene. Additional examples include nonvinyl polymers such as, but not limited to, poly(ethylene oxide), polyformaldehyde, polyacetaldehyde, poly(3-propionate), poly(10-decanoate), poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycaprolactam, poly(11-undecanoamide), poly(hexamethylene sebacamide), poly(m-phenylene terephthalate), poly(tetramethylene-m-benzenesulfonamide). Additional polymers include those falling within one of the following polymer classes: polyolefin, polyether (including all epoxy resins, polyacetal, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, and poly(phenylene oxide)), polyamide (including polyureas), polyamideimide, polyarylate, polybenzimidazole, polyester (including polycarbonates), polyurethane, polyimide, polyhydrazide, phenolic resins, polysilane, polysiloxane, polycarbodiimide, polyimine, azo polymers, polysulfide, and polysulfone.
- As noted above, the polymer used to form nanofibers can be synthetic or naturally-occurring. Examples of natural polymers include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof such as cellulosic polymers (e.g., cellulose and derivatives thereof as well as cellulose production byproducts such as lignin) and starch polymers (as well as other branched or non-linear polymers, either naturally occurring or synthetic). Exemplary derivatives of starch and cellulose include various esters, ethers, and graft copolymers. The polymer may be crosslinkable in the presence of a multifunctional crosslinking agent or crosslinkable upon exposure to actinic radiation or other type of radiation. The polymer may be homopolymers of any of the foregoing polymers, random copolymers, block copolymers, alternating copolymers, random tripolymers, block tripolymers, alternating tripolymers, derivatives thereof (e.g., graft copolymers, esters, or ethers thereof), and the like.
- By “web” is meant a fibrous material capable of being wound into a roll.
- By “nonwoven web” is meant a web of individual fibers or filaments which are interlaid and positioned in a random manner to form a planar material without identifiable pattern, as opposed to a knitted or woven fabric. Nonwoven webs have been in the past formed by a variety of processes known to those skilled in the art such as, for example, meltblown, spunbound, wet-laid, dry-laid, and bonded carded web processes.
- A nonwoven or woven fabric substrate or web can be made from natural or synthetic fabrics and may be composed of fibers of cotton, cellulose, Lyocell, acetate, cellulose acetate, rayon, silk, wool, hemp, spandex (including LYCRA), polyolefins (polypropylene, polyethylene, etc.), polyamide (nylon 6, nylon 6-6, etc.), aramids (e.g. Kevlar®, Twaron®, Nomex, etc.), acrylic, or polyester (polyethylene teraphthalate, trimethylene terephthalate), polyurethane, glass microfibers, fiberglass, etc. By “fabric blends” is meant fabrics of two or more types of fibers. Typically these blends are a combination of a natural fiber and a synthetic fiber, but can also include a blend of two natural fibers or two synthetic fibers.
- Nanofibers can be wet laid deposited onto a non-woven or woven substrate, which is placed on a filter mesh of 27-200 microns pore size as per the following example:
- Wet laying process: Cellulose acetate (Eastman CA-398-10) nanofibers (average diameter of 400 nm and lengths of ˜200-700 μm or 2-10 mm) were first wet-laid (1 to 2 grams per square meter (GSM) of substrate) onto a fabric substrate of polyester. The back side of the fabric substrate was cellulose material. A dilute solution containing glycerol and water with suspended Cellulose acetate nanofibers (˜0.1% solids) was poured onto the polyester fabric substrate placed on top of a plastic filter mesh (80 mesh size). A wet-dry shop vacuum (Shop-Vac 6-Gallon 3 Peak HP) was used to pull vacuum to drain the liquid through the filter fabric and lay the nanofibers down on top of the polyester fabric substrate. The sample was then washed and then heat pressed or oven baked.
- Nanofibers can also be deposited onto themselves without a substrate with basis weights ranging from 4 to 800 GSM or higher. In this case the length is important as longer length fibers provide mat integrity and strength.
- Polymeric nanofibers can also be wet laid together with other nano- or microfibers to form a nonwoven substrate containing many types of fibers.
- Adding polymeric nanofibers to a substrate by wet laying techniques is novel and has not been achieved in the prior art as nanofibers are typically produced as long (>20 cm) dry fibers by electrospinning and meltblowing technologies. The nanofibers used here are produced by the XanoShear process. This method allows production of polymeric nanofibers in a liquid based process.
Claims (13)
1. A porous, fabric substrate comprising a wet laid polymeric nanofiber coating coated onto a surface of a nonwoven web or woven fabric substrate.
2. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the fabric substrate may be composed of fibers of cotton, cellulose, acetate, rayon, silk, wool, hemp, polyester, spandex (including LYCRA), polyolefins (polypropylene, polyethylene, etc.), polyamide (nylon, etc.), aramids (e.g. Kevlar®, Twaron®, Nomex, etc.), acrylic, glass microfibers, fiberglass, or poly (trimethylene terephthalate).
3. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the nanofiber coating has a thickness from 0.0001 to 5 mm or higher.
4. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the nanofiber coating has a basis weight ranging from 0.001 to 1000 grams per square meter (GSM) or higher.
5. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric nanofibers have an average diameter ranging from 1 nm to 5 μm.
6. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric nanofibers have a length to diameter aspect ratio of 20 to 2000 or greater.
7. A porous nonwoven substrate, comprising only wet-laid nanofibers in the form of a mat.
8. The substrate of claim 9 , having a thickness ranging from 0.0001 to 30 mm or higher.
9. The substrate of claim 9 , having a basis weight of 0.001 to 5000 GSM or higher.
10. A porous, fabric substrate containing wet laid staple, polymeric nanofibers of short cut lengths, wherein the polymeric nanofibers are wet laid throughout the loft of a nonwoven web or woven fabric substrate.
11. The substrate of claim 10 , wherein polymeric nanofibers are wet laid together with other microfibers or nanofibers comprised of natural, cellulose, acetate, rayon, silk, wool, hemp, polyester, spandex (including LYCRA), polyolefins (polypropylene, polyethylene, etc.), polyamide (nylon, etc.), aramids (e.g. Kevlar®, Twaron®, Nomex, etc.), acrylic, glass microfibers, fiberglass, or poly (trimethylene terephthalate).
12. The substrate of claim 10 , wherein the thickness of the polymeric nanofiber-containing substrate can range from 0.0001 to 5 mm or higher or have a basis weight ranging from 0.001 to 1000 grams per square meter (GSM) or higher.
13. A method of manufacturing a porous, fabric substrate, comprising wet laying polymeric nanofibers onto a nonwoven web or woven fabric substrate.
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US14/762,758 US20150354139A1 (en) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-24 | Wet laid non-woven substrate containing polymeric nanofibers |
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US201361756949P | 2013-01-25 | 2013-01-25 | |
PCT/US2014/012946 WO2014116946A1 (en) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-24 | Wet laid non-woven substrate containing polymeric nanofibers |
US14/762,758 US20150354139A1 (en) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-24 | Wet laid non-woven substrate containing polymeric nanofibers |
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US11492756B2 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2022-11-08 | Eastman Chemical Company | Paper press process with high hydrolic pressure |
US11492755B2 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2022-11-08 | Eastman Chemical Company | Waste recycle composition |
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US11512433B2 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2022-11-29 | Eastman Chemical Company | Composition of matter feed to a head box |
US11519132B2 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2022-12-06 | Eastman Chemical Company | Composition of matter in stock preparation zone of wet laid process |
US11525215B2 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2022-12-13 | Eastman Chemical Company | Cellulose and cellulose ester film |
US11530516B2 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2022-12-20 | Eastman Chemical Company | Composition of matter in a pre-refiner blend zone |
US11639579B2 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2023-05-02 | Eastman Chemical Company | Recycle pulp comprising cellulose acetate |
US11286619B2 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2022-03-29 | Eastman Chemical Company | Bale of virgin cellulose and cellulose ester |
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