US20150104370A1 - Method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon - Google Patents

Method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon Download PDF

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US20150104370A1
US20150104370A1 US14/408,006 US201314408006A US2015104370A1 US 20150104370 A1 US20150104370 A1 US 20150104370A1 US 201314408006 A US201314408006 A US 201314408006A US 2015104370 A1 US2015104370 A1 US 2015104370A1
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gas
porous carbon
silicon
rice hull
metal
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US9862612B2 (en
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Shinji Ishikawa
Toru Adachi
Taiichiro Yamashita
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Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B33/00Silicon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B33/02Silicon
    • C01B33/021Preparation
    • C01B33/027Preparation by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds other than silica or silica-containing material
    • C01B33/033Preparation by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds other than silica or silica-containing material by reduction of silicon halides or halosilanes with a metal or a metallic alloy as the only reducing agents
    • C01B31/02
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/05Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B33/00Silicon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B33/02Silicon
    • C01B33/021Preparation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon.
  • Patent Literature 1 a method for continuously producing silicon carbide and silicon nitride from carbide of rice hulls is described.
  • the carbide of rice hulls is heated while being transported in a heating zone under presence of an inert gas nonreactive with carbon.
  • Patent Literature 2 a method for producing a molded product of porous silicon carbide including composite structure of silicon carbide whiskers and silicon carbide fine particles made from carbide of rice hulls is described.
  • the surface of pulverized carbide of rice hulls is treated and the carbide is molded after surface treatment.
  • the molded product is then heat treated for removal of carbonized components.
  • Patent Literature 3 a method for producing silicon metal made from silicicolous plants such as rice hulls is described. In the method, silica ash obtained by firing silicicolous plants is reacted with a metal such as aluminum by heating in an inert gas atmosphere.
  • Patent Literature 4 a method for producing a silica raw material from rice hulls is described.
  • rice hull powder is treated with pressurized hot water to adjust the ratio of silica components to organic components in the rice hull powder.
  • Patent Literature 5 a method for producing high purity amorphous silica from rice hulls is described.
  • rice hulls are treated with acetic acid-containing solution to separate alkaline components from the rice hulls. After separation of alkaline components, the rice hulls are washed and dried. The dried rice hulls are carbonized to form rice hull charcoal. The rice hull charcoal is fired to produce high-purity silica.
  • Patent Literature 6 a method for producing active carbon is investigated focusing on carbon components of rice hulls.
  • a hydrogen absorption method is described, including the steps of: carbonizing carbon material; subjecting the carbonized carbon material obtained in the previous step to alkali activation, accommodating the porous carbon made in the alkali activation step in a vessel, and introducing hydrogen into the interior of the vessel so as to have a pressure of 0.5 to 6 MPa in equilibrium state, while keeping the temperature in the interior of the vessel in the range of 77 to 150 K.
  • the process has a problem that silica components are melted with an alkali salt and discarded.
  • Patent Literature 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. H05-43208;
  • Patent Literature 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. H08-26848;
  • Patent Literature 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2011-6316;
  • Patent Literature 4 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-265257;
  • Patent Literature 5 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2008-214158;
  • Patent Literature 6 Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-205255.
  • Patent Literature 1 a method for producing silicon carbide is described in Patent Literature 1 and 2, a method for producing silicon metal is described in Patent Literature 3.
  • Patent Literature 4 A method for producing a silica raw material is described in Patent Literature 4.
  • Patent Literature 5 A method for producing amorphous silica is described in Patent Literature 5.
  • Patent Literature 1 to 5 Even though rice hulls contain silicon and carbon, effective utilization of both silicon and carbon is not achieved by the production methods in Patent Literature 1 to 5, which use silicon as raw material for silicon carbide, silicon metal, and silica raw material. Accordingly, the methods described in Patent Literature 1 to 5 include a step for removing unutilized carbon. The removing step requires a treatment liquid such as an acid solution or an alkali solution for removal treatment or energy for heat treatment.
  • a treatment liquid such as an acid solution or an alkali solution for removal treatment or energy for heat treatment.
  • the method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon of the present invention includes: a first step of producing a rice hull charcoal containing silicon oxide and carbon by heat treatment of rice hulls; a second step of exposing the rice hull charcoal to at least any one of heated first inert gas or reducing gas to produce silicon carbide; a third step of exposing the silicon carbide to a heating atmosphere containing chlorine gas to produce silicon tetrachloride and porous carbon; a fourth step of reacting the silicon tetrachloride and zinc metal to produce silicon metal and zinc chloride; and a fifth step of electrolyzing the zinc chloride to produce zinc metal and chlorine gas, wherein the chlorine gas in the fifth step is used in the third step, and the zinc metal in the fifth step is used in the fourth step.
  • rice hull charcoal containing silicon oxide and carbon is produced from rice hulls, and silicon carbide is produced from the rice hull charcoal. Silicon carbide is then reacted with chlorine gas to produce porous carbon and silicon tetrachloride. Subsequently silicon tetrachloride is reacted with zinc to produce silicon metal and zinc chloride. Chlorine gas and zinc metal are produced by the electrolysis of zinc chloride. The chlorine gas, i.e. one product of the electrolysis, is used in production of the porous carbon. The zinc metal, i.e. another product of the electrolysis, is used in production of silicon metal. Consequently the production method allows for production of porous carbon and silicon metal from rice hulls.
  • the number of moles of carbon in the produced composition of the rice hull charcoal is triple or more the number of moles of SiO 2 .
  • the ratio of the number of moles of carbon to that of SiO 2 is less than triple, SiO 2 remains in the subsequent reaction, resulting in impurities in porous carbon. Accordingly, the ratio of the number of moles of carbon to that of SiO 2 that is triple or more allows for the formation of SiC having a high content of a carbon component, resulting in fewer impurities in the porous carbon as a final product.
  • the rice hull charcoal is treated with an acid solution prior to the second step. Impurities contained in the rice hull charcoal are removed by the treatment with an acid solution, and thus the purity of silicon oxide and carbon contained in the rice hull charcoal is increased. Consequently the amount of chlorine gas reacting with impurities in the third step is reduced, and thus the amount of chlorine gas required in the third step can be reduced.
  • the first inert gas contains at least one of Ar and He
  • the rice hull charcoal obtained in the first step is heated to a temperature of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower. In the temperature range of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower, the reaction between silicon oxide and carbon is accelerated, and thus silicon carbide can be efficiently produced.
  • the reducing gas contains at least one of H 2 and CO
  • the rice hull charcoal obtained in the first step is heated to a temperature of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower.
  • the reaction between silicon oxide and carbon is accelerated, and thus silicon carbide can be efficiently produced.
  • H 2 gas and CO gas accelerate the reaction between silicon oxide and carbon, and thus silicon carbide can be further efficiently produced.
  • the silicon carbide is produced under a pressure of less than 1 atm. Since the pressure in the treatment vessel is set to a pressure of less than the atmospheric pressure, impurities having low vapor pressure can be removed from rice hull charcoal.
  • the heating atmosphere contains a mixed gas of the chlorine gas and a second inert gas or the chlorine gas.
  • the atmosphere containing the chlorine gas is heated to a temperature of 1000° C. or higher and 1600° C. or lower.
  • a heating temperature of 1000° C. or higher the reaction between chlorine gas and silicon carbide can be accelerated.
  • a heating temperature of 1600° C. or lower the structure of porous carbon to be produced can be prevented from being graphitized, and reduction in the surface area of porous carbon can be suppressed.
  • the fourth step of the production method of the present invention includes the steps of: heating the silicon tetrachloride to a temperature of 600° C. or higher and 1100° C. or lower to generate gas of the silicon tetrachloride; reacting the gas of silicon tetrachloride with vapor of the zinc metal to produce the silicon metal and the zinc chloride; and cooling the zinc chloride to liquefy the zinc chloride.
  • the reaction between silicon tetrachloride and zinc metal can be thus accelerated.
  • the gas of silicon tetrachloride is discharged from the heating atmosphere to separate the silicon tetrachloride from the porous carbon.
  • the porous carbon and the silicon tetrachloride can be easily separated.
  • gas of the zinc chloride is discharged from the atmosphere containing the gas of silicon tetrachloride and vapor of the zinc metal to separate the zinc chloride from the silicon metal.
  • the silicon metal and the zinc chloride can be easily separated.
  • a method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon from rice hulls is provided.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing main processes of the method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon in an embodiment
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing main processes of the method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon in an embodiment
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a rice hull processing device for use in the production method in an embodiment
  • FIG. 4 ( a ) is an exemplary view of rice hulls
  • FIG. 4 ( b ) is an exemplary view of rice hull charcoal
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a processing device for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette, which is used in the production method in an embodiment
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a processing device for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette, which is used in the production method in an embodiment
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a processing device for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette, which is used in the production method in an embodiment
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a processing device for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette, which is used in the production method in an embodiment
  • FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram showing the constitution of a zinc reduction device
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a specific constitution of a zinc reduction device
  • FIG. 11A is a chart showing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) waveform of a product
  • FIG. 11B is a chart showing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) waveform of a product
  • FIG. 12 is a microscopic photograph of a product.
  • FIG. 13 is a chart showing an X-ray diffraction waveform of a porous carbon material.
  • FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are diagrams showing main processes of the method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon in an embodiment.
  • the production method of the present embodiment includes: a step S 1 of heat treating rice hulls; a step S 2 of treating rice hull charcoal with an acid solution; a step S 3 of pulverizing and molding the rice hull charcoal; a step S 4 of heat treating rice hull charcoal briquettes; a step S 5 of exposing the rice hull charcoal briquettes to a heating atmosphere including chlorine gas (Cl 2 gas); a step S 6 of taking out porous carbon (C); a step S 7 of reacting silicon tetrachloride (SiCl 4 ) with zinc metal (Zn); a step S 8 of taking out silicon metal (Si); and a step S 9 of electrolyzing zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ).
  • step S 1 of heat treating rice hulls silicon (Si) contained in rice hulls is oxidized to produce rice hull charcoal mainly composed of silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) and carbon (C).
  • the rice hull charcoal contains SiO 2 with a weight ratio of about 50% and C with a weight ratio of about 40%.
  • the rice hull charcoal contains a mixture of, for example, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sodium, manganese, iron, and zinc, other than SiO 2 and C.
  • the mixture is mainly composed of alkali metals such as potassium, calcium, and sodium,
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a rice hull processing device 10 for use in the steps S 1 to S 3 .
  • the rice hull processing device 10 includes a storage part 11 for storing rice hulls M 1 (refer to FIG. 4 ( a )), and a carbonization furnace 12 , a gas supply part 13 which supplies a processing gas G 1 to the carbonization furnace 12 , a water supply part 14 which supplies cooling water W 1 to the carbonization furnace 12 , a solution treatment part 15 for treating rice hull charcoal M 2 (refer to FIG. 4 ( b )), and a molding part 16 for processing the solution treated rice hull charcoal M 2 into a pellet form.
  • the carbonization furnace 12 includes a heat treatment part 12 a for accommodating the rice hulls M 1 , and a heater 12 b for heating the rice hulls M 1 in the heat treatment part 12 a. Also, the carbonization furnace 12 further includes a cooling part 12 c for halting the combustion of rice hulls M 1 treated in the heat treatment part 12 a . Cooling water W 1 is supplied to the cooling part 12 c from the water supply part 14 , and the rice hulls M 1 are cooled to a predetermined temperature in the cooling part 12 c.
  • the gas supply part 13 supplies a processing gas G 1 to the heat treatment part 12 a of the carbonization furnace 12 .
  • the processing gas G 1 is a gas having low reactivity with Si and C contained in the rice hulls M 1 .
  • the rice hulls M 1 are firstly supplied to the carbonization furnace 12 from the storage part 11 , and the rice hulls M 1 are accommodated in the heat treatment part 12 a of the carbonization furnace 12 . Subsequently, while the processing gas Gi is being supplied to the heat treatment part 12 a from the gas supply part 13 , the rice hulls M 1 are heated with the heater 12 b.
  • the processing gas G 1 is composed of an inert gas such as N 2 and atmospheric gas in an amount insufficient for complete combustion of the rice hulls M 1 , and the rice hulls M 1 are exposed to the heating atmosphere at 500° C. to 1000° C.
  • the rice hulls M 1 are heated in an atmosphere having insufficient oxygen for the complete combustion of the rice hulls M 1 , and thus incompletely combusted, or charred as it is called.
  • the heated rice hulls M 1 are transferred to the cooling part 12 c to be cooled to a predetermined temperature.
  • the heat treated and then cooled rice hulls M 1 make the rice hull charcoal M 2 , which is then transferred to the solution treatment part 15 .
  • the ratio of carbon to SiO 2 in the rice hull charcoal is an important parameter based on the stoichiometric relationship in the subsequent reaction. If the ratio of the number of moles of carbon to that of SiO 2 is less than triple, SiO 2 remains in the subsequent reaction, thereafter becoming impurities in porous carbon. Accordingly, the ratio of the number of moles of carbon to that of SiO 2 must be triple or more in light of the stoichiometric ratio of SiO 2 +3C ⁇ SiC+2CO. However, as an excessively high ratio of the number of moles prohibits the porous carbon from having a predetermined fine pore distribution, the ratio of the number of moles is preferably about quadruple at the most.
  • the step S 2 of treating the rice hull charcoal M 2 with an acid solution is performed.
  • the rice hull charcoal M 2 produced in the carbonization furnace 12 is treated in the solution treatment part 15 for removal of impurities such as alkali components and phosphorus contained in the rice hull charcoal M 2 .
  • the rice hull charcoal M 2 is treated with an acid solution such as hydrochloric acid (HCl).
  • silicon carbide is required to be used as abrasive and heat-resistant material, uniformity of particle size and densification of particles are demanded. Although a production method of silicon carbide for imparting a function such as porosity has been established, the produced silicon carbide has poor characteristics for industrial use. As a result, a high-pressure treatment to make a dense body and addition of additives are required.
  • the step S 3 of pulverizing and molding rice hull charcoal M 2 is performed.
  • the rice hull charcoal M 2 treated in the solution treatment part 15 is molded into a rice hull charcoal briquette M 3 having a predetermined shape in the molding part 16 .
  • the rice hull charcoal M 2 holding the shape of the rice hulls M 1 is firstly pulverized.
  • An average particle diameter of the pulverized rice hull charcoal M 2 is 0.1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the particle diameter of the rice hull charcoal M 2 is controlled to a constant value, and thus the treatment process in the subsequent step can he stabilized.
  • the pulverized rice hull charcoal M 2 is molded into, for example, a rice hull charcoal briquette M 3 in a pellet form.
  • the molding allows for easy transportation of the rice hull charcoal briquette M 3 .
  • the step S 3 may be performed on an as needed basis.
  • the rice hull charcoal M 2 may be utilized in a subsequent step without being molded into the rice hull charcoal briquette M 3 .
  • the rice hull charcoal briquette M 3 is described.
  • step S 4 of heat treating the rice hull charcoal briquette M 3 (a second step), SiO 2 and C contained in the rice hull charcoal briquette M 3 are reacted with each other to produce silicon carbide (SiC).
  • SiC silicon carbide
  • FIG. 2 the reaction formula (1) is shown to express the reaction in the step S 4 .
  • the reaction expressed by the reaction formula (1) may be accelerated by using a reducing gas as processing gas G 2 , in the heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1700° C. or lower.
  • a reducing gas i.e. the processing gas G 2 including H 2 , CO or the like, accelerates the reaction for producing SiC.
  • the processing gas G 2 is not required to be a reducing gas.
  • FIG. 11A is a chart showing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) waveform of a product from rice hull charcoal having a ratio of the number of moles of SiO 2 to that of carbon in raw material of 1:3.1 (i.e the number of moles of carbon is 3.1 times the number of moles of SiO 2 ), treated in an atmospheric gas of He under normal pressure at 1550° C.
  • XRD X-ray diffraction
  • the abscissa represents diffraction angle, and the ordinate represents diffraction intensity (unit: CPS (count number)).
  • the main product is ⁇ -type silicon carbide, and a small amount of graphite is formed.
  • FIG. 11B for the same raw material as in FIG. 11A in an atmospheric gas of N 2 , the formation of Si 3 N 4 is observed other than the formation of SiC.
  • FIG. 12 is a microscopic photograph of the product shown in the XRD waveform in FIG. 11A , from which remained rice hull structure can be identified.
  • the reaction is further accelerated by reducing the pressure in a reacting furnace 21 . Furthermore, by reducing the pressure in the reaction furnace 21 , alkali and phosphorus impurities such as alkali metals (Na and K) and phosphorus compounds (P 2 O 5 and P 4 ) having a low vapor pressure are removed.
  • alkali and phosphorus impurities such as alkali metals (Na and K) and phosphorus compounds (P 2 O 5 and P 4 ) having a low vapor pressure are removed.
  • FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 are schematic diagrams showing the constitution of a processing device 20 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M 3 , which is used in the step S 4 .
  • the processing device 20 includes the reacting furnace 21 which extends vertically, a heater 22 embedded in the side wall of the reacting furnace 21 , and a shelf 23 disposed in the reacting furnace 21 .
  • the shelf 23 a plurality of rice hull charcoal briquettes M 3 are placed on each stage.
  • the shelf 23 is suspended from above and supported by a supporting rod 23 a.
  • the reacting furnace 21 is provided with an inlet port 21 a at the bottom, through which the processing gas G 2 , i.e. a first inert gas or a reducing gas, is introduced.
  • a gas including at least one of H 2 , N 2 , Ar, He, and CO can be used as the processing gas G 2
  • H 2 gas may be used as the processing gas G 2 .
  • SiO silicon monoxide
  • the processing gas G 2 moves upward in the reacting furnace 21 , then being discharged from a discharge port 21 b disposed at the top of the reacting furnace 21 .
  • the heater 22 is disposed to surround the periphery of the shelf 23 , and heats the rice hull charcoal briquettes M 3 placed in the shelf 23 .
  • the rice hull charcoal briquettes M 3 are firstly placed in the shelf 23 . Subsequently, the processing gas G 2 is heated with the heater 22 , while being supplied into the reacting furnace 21 from the inlet port 21 a.
  • the processing gas G 2 is H 2 gas
  • the rice hull charcoal briquettes M 3 are exposed to the heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower for 2 to 10 hours.
  • the pressure in the reacting furnace 21 is set to a pressure of, for example, less than 1 atm.
  • the heating causes the reaction of the reaction formula (1), and the rice hull charcoal briquette M 4 is produced from the rice hull charcoal briquette M 3 (refer to FIG. 6 ).
  • the rice hull charcoal briquette M 4 contains SiC. Carbon monoxide (CO) produced concurrently with the SiC is discharged from the discharge port 21 b disposed at the top of the reacting furnace 21 together with the processing gas G 2 . After completion of heating, the rice hull charcoal briquettes M 4 are taken out from the shelf 23 .
  • CO Carbon monoxide
  • step S 5 (a third step) of exposing the rice hull charcoal briquettes M 4 to the heating atmosphere including chlorine gas (Cl 2 ) is performed.
  • SiC i.e. a compound of Si and C, and Cl 2 gas are contacted with each other in heat treatment, producing porous carbon P 1 from the rice hull charcoal briquettes M 4 .
  • a reaction formula (2) is shown to express the reaction in the step S 5 .
  • step S 5 Si of SiC reacts with Cl 2 gas to produce SiCl 4 , with Si escaping from SiC.
  • Si escapes from the rice hull charcoal briquette M 4 , and porous carbon P 1 having porous carbon structure is produced.
  • SiCl 4 is produced together with porous carbon P 1 The SiCl 4 is collected when cooled to about room temperature by, for example, a cooling device.
  • FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 are schematic diagrams showing the constitution of a processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M 4 , which is used in the step S 5 .
  • a processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M 4 for example, a dehydration sintering furnace for use in dehydration of a porous preform of optical fiber may be used.
  • the processing device 30 includes a reacting furnace 31 , a cooling trap 32 , and a reservoir tank 33 .
  • the reacting furnace 31 is provided with a shelf 31 a .
  • a plurality of rice hull charcoal briquettes M 4 are placed on each stage in the shelf 31 a .
  • the shelf 31 a is suspended from above and supported by a supporting rod 31 b .
  • the reacting furnace 31 is provided with a gas inlet port 31 c at a part lower than the shelf 31 a.
  • a processing gas G 3 is supplied to the reacting furnace 31 through the gas inlet port 31 c .
  • the processing gas G 3 in the present embodiment is a mixed gas of Cl 2 gas and a second inert gas, or substantially 100% Cl 2 gas.
  • nitrogen (N 2 ), argon (Ar), helium (He), and the like may be used as the second inert gas.
  • a heater 31 d is disposed to surround the shelf 31 a.
  • the atmosphere containing Cl 2 gas around the rice hull charcoal briquettes M 4 is heated to, for example, a temperature of 1000° C. or higher and 1600° C. or lower by the heater 31 d.
  • a gas discharge port 31 e is disposed at the top of the reacting furnace 31 .
  • the gas discharge port 31 e is connected to the cooling trap 32 .
  • the exhaust gas from the reacting furnace 31 is cooled at, for example, minus 10° C. or lower with a cooling medium 32 a circulating in the cooling trap 32 . Since Cl 2 gas has a boiling point of minus 34° C., being easily separated from SiCl 4 .
  • the rice hull charcoal briquettes M 4 are firstly placed in the shelf 31 a. Subsequently the processing gas G 3 is heated with the heater 31 d , while being supplied into the reacting furnace 31 from the gas inlet port 31 c.
  • the processing gas G 3 is Cl 2 gas, and the rice hull charcoal briquettes M 4 are exposed to the heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1000° C. or higher and 1600° C. or lower, or 1100° C. or higher and 1300° C. or lower, for 60 to 600 minutes.
  • the reaction of the reaction formula (2) shown in FIG. 8 , is caused, Si escapes from SiC, and porous carbon P 1 is produced in the shelf 31 a.
  • the porous carbon P 1 is taken out from the shelf 31 a (the step S 6 ).
  • the SiCl 4 produced from the reaction of the reaction formula (2) and the processing gas G 3 are discharged from the gas discharge port 31 e to the cooling trap 32 outside the reacting furnace 31 .
  • the SiCl 4 liquefied in the cooling trap 32 is reserved in the reservoir tank 33 , and then transferred to a reduction device 40 (refer to FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 ) (reference symbol B 1 in FIG. 8 ).
  • the processing gas G 3 passing through the cooling trap 32 is exhausted outside the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M 4 or transferred again to the gas inlet port 31 c of the reacting furnace 31 , via a three way valve 34 .
  • the reaction of the reaction formula (2) proceeds well at a temperature of 1000° C. or higher.
  • the specific surface area of the produced porous carbon P 1 has temperature dependency, and porous carbon P 1 having a large specific surface area can be effectively used as active carbon.
  • the specific surface area reaches the maximum value of 1500 m 2 /g to 1700 m 2 /g for processing at 1150° C. to 1250° C.
  • the processing at 1400° C. or higher allows for conversion of the structure of active carbon from amorphous to graphite, resulting in reduction in the surface area to 800 to 1000 m 2 /g.
  • the product is, however, effective for use as active carbon requiring graphite structure.
  • FIG. 13 is a chart showing an X-ray diffraction waveform of a porous carbon material obtained by processing at 1100° C. in Cl 2 gas atmosphere.
  • the abscissa represents diffraction angle
  • the ordinate represents diffraction intensity (unit: CPS (count number)).
  • CPS count number
  • step S 7 for reacting SiCl 4 with Zn high-purity silicon metal P 2 (Si) is extracted from SiCl 4 by a so-called zinc reduction method. More specifically, Cl 2 and Zn contained in SiCl 4 produced in the step S 5 are reacted with each other, and thereby SiCl 4 is reduced to produce silicon metal P 2 (Si). Zn in combination with SiCl 4 produces no solid solution with Si, and zinc chloride has a relatively low melting point and high vapor pressure, which are the reasons for choosing Zn as material.
  • step S 7 SiCl 4 and Zn are reacted in the gas phase.
  • Zn has a boiling point of 907° C., which is relatively low among metals, with sufficient vapor pressure required for the supply by vaporization even at about 800° C.
  • a boiling point of ZnCl 2 produced by the gas phase reaction is 756° C., and thus the reaction with SiCl 4 can be performed at a temperature of 800° C. or higher, causing no deposition of ZnCl 2 .
  • step S 9 (a fifth step), ZnCl 2 is electrolyzed.
  • Zn and Cl 2 gas are produced from ZnCl 2 .
  • FIG. 2 the reaction formula (4) is shown to express the reaction in the step S 9 .
  • step S 9 for example, ZnCl 2 in a molten state at high temperature is electrolyzed to produce Zn and Cl 2 gas.
  • the Cl 2 gas produced in the step S 9 is reused in the above-described step S 5 (refer to FIG. 2 ).
  • Zn produced in the step S 9 is reused in the above-described step S 7 (refer to FIG. 2 ).
  • FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 are schematic diagrams showing the constitution of the reduction device 40 for use in the steps S 7 , S 8 , and S 9 .
  • FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram showing the constitution of the reduction device 40 .
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a specific constitution of the reduction device 40 .
  • the reduction device 40 includes vaporizers 41 and 42 , a reacting furnace 43 , and an electrolytic tank 44 .
  • the above-mentioned SiCl 4 (reference symbol B 1 ) stored in the reservoir tank 33 of the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M 4 is transferred to the vaporizer 41 to be vaporized.
  • Zn is vaporized at the vaporizer 42 .
  • the vaporized SiCl 4 and Zn are transferred to the reacting furnace 43 .
  • SiCl 4 and Zn are reacted at high temperature.
  • the above-mentioned reaction of reaction formula (3) is caused, and the silicon metal P 2 and the ZnCl 2 are produced.
  • the ZnCl 2 is trapped at a temperature of melting point (280° C.) or higher and lower than boiling point, and transferred to the electrolytic tank 44 .
  • the ZnCl 2 is then electrolyzed by direct current, causing the reaction of reaction formula (4) to separate ZnCl 2 into Zn and Cl 2 gas.
  • the produced Cl 2 gas is transferred as processing gas G 3 to the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M 4 (G 3 in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 ), and Zn is transferred to the vaporizer 42 (reference symbol B 2 in FIG. 9 ).
  • the vaporizer 42 of the reduction device 40 includes a vaporizer 42 a for feeding into the system, a vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation, and a collecting pipe 42 c.
  • the vaporizer 42 a for feeding into the system has a gate valve 42 d, capable of feeding Zn from outside the reduction device 40 .
  • Zn is accommodated in a vaporization chamber 42 e of the vaporizer 42 a for feeding into the system to be vaporized.
  • the vaporization chamber 42 e and the collecting pipe 42 c are connected to each other through a piping 42 f .
  • the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation accommodates Zn taken out from the electrolytic tank 44 , having a zinc vaporization part 42 g for vaporizing Zn.
  • the zinc vaporization part 42 g and the collecting pipe 42 c are connected to each other through a piping 42 h.
  • the piping 42 h of the vaporizer 42 a for feeding into the system and the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation is made of, for example, ceramics (e.g. alumina).
  • the zinc vaporization part 42 g of the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation and the collecting pipe 42 c are made of, for example, carbon.
  • the vaporizer 42 a for feeding into the system, the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation, and the collecting pipe 42 c are heated to a high temperature of 800° C. or higher, for example, 900° C. to 1000° C., for efficient generation of the vapor of zinc metal.
  • the reacting furnace 43 is made of, for example, quartz.
  • the upper part of the reacting furnace 43 is connected to the collecting pipe 42 c of the vaporizer 42 through a piping 43 a made of quartz, and vaporized Zn is transferred to the reacting furnace 43 through the piping 43 a.
  • SiCl 4 (reference symbol B 1 ) flows into the upper part of the reacting furnace 43 , through a piping 43 b made of quartz.
  • the reacting furnace 43 is heated to a high temperature of 1200° C. to 1400° C., and Zn and SiCl 4 react with each other in the interior of the reacting furnace 43 .
  • the produced silicon metal P 2 is accommodated in an unheated vessel 43 c disposed in the interior of the reacting furnace 43 .
  • the fine particle trap 45 is made of, for example, quartz, and heated to a high temperature of 900° C. to 1000° C.,
  • the purity of the produced silicon metal P 2 is 99.9995%, which is an extremely high value, usable as material for solar cells.
  • Zn and O 2 are identified as impurities in the silicon metal P 2 .
  • the electrolytic tank 44 includes a body part 46 and an electrode structure 47 .
  • the body part 46 includes an electrolytic tank 46 a for accommodating molten ZnCl 2 to be electrolyzed and a heater 46 f which is a heat source for heating the interior of the electrolytic tank 46 a.
  • a space 46 b is provided above the electrolytic tank 46 a.
  • a piping 46 c connected to the fine particle trap 45 is disposed at one end of the space 46 b in the horizontal direction, and a piping 46 d (demister) is disposed at another end.
  • ZnCl 2 introduced from the piping 46 c is conducted to the electrolytic tank 46 a,
  • the Cl 2 gas generated in the electrolytic tank 46 a is discharged from the piping 46 d through the space 46 b to be supplied as the processing gas G 3 to the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M 4 .
  • a filter 48 made of Teflon (R) is arranged at the tip end of the piping 46 d.
  • a piping 46 e is connected to the bottom of the electrolytic tank 46 a, and the high purity Zn deposited on the bottom of the electrolytic tank 46 a is transferred to the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation through the piping 46 e.
  • the electrode structure 47 includes a plurality of electrode plates 47 a.
  • the plurality of electrode plates 47 a are arranged with intervals in the plate thickness direction, i.e. horizontal direction, in the electrolytic tank 46 a.
  • the plurality of electrode plates 47 a is made of, for example, high-purity carbon material which is a conductive material having high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance to chlorine, through which one or a plurality of bar-like members 47 b extending in the horizontal direction penetrate, and the mutual positional relationship is kept.
  • a predetermined positive voltage is applied to the electrode plate 47 a located at one end in the horizontal direction among the plurality of electrode plates 47 a through a conductive member 47 c electrically connected to the electrode plate 47 a, and the electrode plate 47 a functions as positive electrode.
  • a predetermined negative voltage is applied to the electrode plate 47 a located at another end in the horizontal direction through a conductive member 47 d electrically connected to the electrode plate 47 a, and the electrode plate 47 a functions as negative electrode.
  • a potential gradient between the positive voltage and the negative voltage is imparted to the electrode plates 47 a arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode through the conductive members, and each of these electrode plates 47 a functions as an intermediate electrode.
  • the ZnCl 2 introduced from the piping 46 c is taken in the electrolytic tank 46 a. Since the interior of the electrolytic tank 46 a is kept at a temperature higher than the melting point of Zn, for example, at 500° C. to 700° C. with a heater, ZnCl 2 is kept in a molten state.
  • a plurality of electrode plates 47 a are disposed in the interior of the electrolytic tank 46 a, and the plurality of electrode plates 47 a are immersed in the molten ZnCl 2 .
  • a predetermined potential difference is applied to each of the electrode plates 47 a, current flows in ZnCl 2 through the opposing surfaces (electrolytic surfaces) of neighboring electrode plates 47 a, and ZnCl 2 is electrolyzed into Cl 2 and Zn.
  • the thus produced Zn has a larger specific gravity than the melt of ZnCl 2 , being deposited on the bottom of the electrolytic tank 46 a and transferred to the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation through the piping 46 e.
  • the produced Cl 2 becomes Cl 2 gas, which moves upward above the electrolytic tank 46 a, and is transferred to the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M 4 through the piping 46 d.
  • rice hull charcoal M 2 containing SiO 2 and C is produced from rice hulls M 1
  • SiC is produced from the rice hull charcoal M 2
  • SiC and Cl 2 gas are reacted to produce porous carbon P 1 and SiCl 4
  • the SiCl 4 and Zn are reacted to produce silicon metal P 2 and ZnCl 2
  • the Cl 2 gas generated by electrolysis is used for production of porous carbon P 1
  • Zn generated by electrolysis is used for production of silicon metal P 2 .
  • the porous carbon P 1 and the silicon metal P 2 can be produced from rice hulls M 1 .
  • the rice hull charcoal M 2 Prior to the second step S 4 , the rice hull charcoal M 2 is treated with an acid solution. According to the step S 4 , impurities contained in the rich hull charcoal M 2 are removed by the treatment with an acid solution, and thus the purity of SiO 2 and C contained in the rice hull charcoal M 2 is increased. Accordingly, since the amount of Cl 2 gas reacting with impurities is reduced in the third step S 5 , the amount of Cl 2 gas required in the third step S 5 can be reduced.
  • the processing gas includes H 2 , being heated to a temperature of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower. In the temperature range of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower, the reaction between SiO 2 and C is accelerated, and thus SiC can be efficiently produced. In addition, H 2 gas accelerates the reaction between SiO 2 and C, and thus SiC can be further efficiently produced.
  • SiC is produced under a pressure of less than 1 atm. Under a pressure in a processing vessel set to less than atmospheric pressure, impurities having low vapor pressure can be removed from the rice hull charcoal M 2 .
  • the heating atmosphere includes a mixed gas of Cl 2 gas and a second inert gas or a substantially 100% Cl 2 gas. Such a heating atmosphere can accelerate the proper reaction.
  • the atmosphere including Cl 2 gas is heated to a temperature of 1000° C. or higher and 1600° C. or lower.
  • the heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1000° C. or higher can accelerate the reaction between Cl 2 gas and SiC.
  • the heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1600° C. or lower can prevent the structure of produced porous carbon P 1 from being graphitized and suppress the reduction in specific surface area of the porous carbon P 1 .
  • the fourth step S 7 includes the steps of heating SiCl 4 to a temperature of 600° C. or higher and 1100° C. or lower to generate SiCl 4 gas, reacting the SiCl 4 gas and Zn vapor to produce silicon metal P 2 and ZnCl 2 , and cooling ZnCl 2 to liquefy ZnCl 2 .
  • the reaction between SiCl 4 and Zn can be accelerated.
  • the SiCl 4 gas is discharged from the heating atmosphere to separate SiCl 4 from the porous carbon P 1 .
  • the porous carbon P 1 and the SiCl 4 can be easily separated.
  • the ZnCl 2 gas is discharged from the heating atmosphere to separate the ZnCl 2 from the silicon metal P 1 .
  • the silicon metal P 1 can be easily separated from the ZnCl 2 .
  • SiC is produced from SiO 2 .
  • the process for producing SiC via rice hull charcoal M 2 containing SiO 2 allows for addition of the step S 2 for removing impurities when the rice hull charcoal M 2 is produced. Accordingly, the rice hull charcoal briquettes M 4 containing SiC can be produced without use of a complicated device for processing a large amount of organic decomposition product gas such as methane and carbon monoxide generated during processing of the rice hulls M 1 .
  • the first step S 1 for producing the rice hull charcoal M 2 containing SiO 2 and the second step 54 for producing SiC from SiO 2 can be combined to simplify the constitution of the device,
  • the similar processing may be applied to a material derived from silicic acid-containing plant other than rice hulls.
  • Examples of the material derived from silicic acid-containing plant other than rice hulls include rice straws and diatoms.
  • the present invention is applicable to a method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon, providing a method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon from rice hulls.

Abstract

The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon from rice hulls is provided. The method comprises a first step S1 of producing a rice hull charcoal M2 containing SiO2 and C by heat treatment of rice hulls M1; a second step S4 of exposing the rice hull charcoal M4 to at least any one of heated first inert gas G2 or reducing gas to produce SiC; a third step S5 of exposing SiC to a heating atmosphere containing Cl2 gas to produce SiCl4 and porous carbon P1; a fourth step S7 of reacting SiCl4 and Zn to produce silicon metal P2 and ZnCl2; and a fifth step S9 of electrolyzing ZnCl2 to produce Zn and Cl2 gas. The Cl2 gas in the fifth step S9 is used in the third step S5, and Zn in the fifth step S9 is used in the fourth step S7.

Description

    TECHNICAL FIELD
  • The present invention relates to a method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon.
  • BACKGROUND ART
  • Methods for producing silicon carbide, amorphous silica, or silicon metal from rice hulls or carbide of rice hulls are conventionally known.
  • In Patent Literature 1, a method for continuously producing silicon carbide and silicon nitride from carbide of rice hulls is described. In the method, the carbide of rice hulls is heated while being transported in a heating zone under presence of an inert gas nonreactive with carbon.
  • In Patent Literature 2, a method for producing a molded product of porous silicon carbide including composite structure of silicon carbide whiskers and silicon carbide fine particles made from carbide of rice hulls is described. In the method, the surface of pulverized carbide of rice hulls is treated and the carbide is molded after surface treatment. The molded product is then heat treated for removal of carbonized components.
  • In Patent Literature 3, a method for producing silicon metal made from silicicolous plants such as rice hulls is described. In the method, silica ash obtained by firing silicicolous plants is reacted with a metal such as aluminum by heating in an inert gas atmosphere.
  • In Patent Literature 4, a method for producing a silica raw material from rice hulls is described. In the method, rice hull powder is treated with pressurized hot water to adjust the ratio of silica components to organic components in the rice hull powder.
  • In Patent Literature 5, a method for producing high purity amorphous silica from rice hulls is described. In the method, rice hulls are treated with acetic acid-containing solution to separate alkaline components from the rice hulls. After separation of alkaline components, the rice hulls are washed and dried. The dried rice hulls are carbonized to form rice hull charcoal. The rice hull charcoal is fired to produce high-purity silica.
  • In Patent Literature 6, a method for producing active carbon is investigated focusing on carbon components of rice hulls. A hydrogen absorption method is described, including the steps of: carbonizing carbon material; subjecting the carbonized carbon material obtained in the previous step to alkali activation, accommodating the porous carbon made in the alkali activation step in a vessel, and introducing hydrogen into the interior of the vessel so as to have a pressure of 0.5 to 6 MPa in equilibrium state, while keeping the temperature in the interior of the vessel in the range of 77 to 150 K. The process has a problem that silica components are melted with an alkali salt and discarded.
  • CITATION LIST Patent Literature
  • Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. H05-43208;
  • Patent Literature 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. H08-26848;
  • Patent Literature 3: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2011-6316;
  • Patent Literature 4: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-265257;
  • Patent Literature 5: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2008-214158; and
  • Patent Literature 6: Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-205255.
  • SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem
  • As described above, a method for producing silicon carbide is described in Patent Literature 1 and 2, a method for producing silicon metal is described in Patent Literature 3. A method for producing a silica raw material is described in Patent Literature 4. A method for producing amorphous silica is described in Patent Literature 5.
  • Even though rice hulls contain silicon and carbon, effective utilization of both silicon and carbon is not achieved by the production methods in Patent Literature 1 to 5, which use silicon as raw material for silicon carbide, silicon metal, and silica raw material. Accordingly, the methods described in Patent Literature 1 to 5 include a step for removing unutilized carbon. The removing step requires a treatment liquid such as an acid solution or an alkali solution for removal treatment or energy for heat treatment.
  • It is an object of the present invention, in view of these circumstances, to provide a method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon from rice hulls.
  • Solution to Problem
  • The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon of the present invention includes: a first step of producing a rice hull charcoal containing silicon oxide and carbon by heat treatment of rice hulls; a second step of exposing the rice hull charcoal to at least any one of heated first inert gas or reducing gas to produce silicon carbide; a third step of exposing the silicon carbide to a heating atmosphere containing chlorine gas to produce silicon tetrachloride and porous carbon; a fourth step of reacting the silicon tetrachloride and zinc metal to produce silicon metal and zinc chloride; and a fifth step of electrolyzing the zinc chloride to produce zinc metal and chlorine gas, wherein the chlorine gas in the fifth step is used in the third step, and the zinc metal in the fifth step is used in the fourth step.
  • In the production method, rice hull charcoal containing silicon oxide and carbon is produced from rice hulls, and silicon carbide is produced from the rice hull charcoal. Silicon carbide is then reacted with chlorine gas to produce porous carbon and silicon tetrachloride. Subsequently silicon tetrachloride is reacted with zinc to produce silicon metal and zinc chloride. Chlorine gas and zinc metal are produced by the electrolysis of zinc chloride. The chlorine gas, i.e. one product of the electrolysis, is used in production of the porous carbon. The zinc metal, i.e. another product of the electrolysis, is used in production of silicon metal. Consequently the production method allows for production of porous carbon and silicon metal from rice hulls.
  • In the first step of the production method of the present invention, the number of moles of carbon in the produced composition of the rice hull charcoal is triple or more the number of moles of SiO2. When the ratio of the number of moles of carbon to that of SiO2 is less than triple, SiO2 remains in the subsequent reaction, resulting in impurities in porous carbon. Accordingly, the ratio of the number of moles of carbon to that of SiO2 that is triple or more allows for the formation of SiC having a high content of a carbon component, resulting in fewer impurities in the porous carbon as a final product.
  • In the production method of the present invention, the rice hull charcoal is treated with an acid solution prior to the second step. Impurities contained in the rice hull charcoal are removed by the treatment with an acid solution, and thus the purity of silicon oxide and carbon contained in the rice hull charcoal is increased. Consequently the amount of chlorine gas reacting with impurities in the third step is reduced, and thus the amount of chlorine gas required in the third step can be reduced.
  • In the second step of the production method of the present invention, the first inert gas contains at least one of Ar and He, and the rice hull charcoal obtained in the first step is heated to a temperature of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower. In the temperature range of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower, the reaction between silicon oxide and carbon is accelerated, and thus silicon carbide can be efficiently produced.
  • Also, in the second step of the production method of the present invention, the reducing gas contains at least one of H2 and CO, and the rice hull charcoal obtained in the first step is heated to a temperature of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower. In the temperature range of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower, the reaction between silicon oxide and carbon is accelerated, and thus silicon carbide can be efficiently produced. In addition, H2 gas and CO gas accelerate the reaction between silicon oxide and carbon, and thus silicon carbide can be further efficiently produced.
  • Also, in the second step of the production method of the present invention, the silicon carbide is produced under a pressure of less than 1 atm. Since the pressure in the treatment vessel is set to a pressure of less than the atmospheric pressure, impurities having low vapor pressure can be removed from rice hull charcoal.
  • In the third step of the production method of the present invention, the heating atmosphere contains a mixed gas of the chlorine gas and a second inert gas or the chlorine gas.
  • Also, in the third step of the production method of the present invention, the atmosphere containing the chlorine gas is heated to a temperature of 1000° C. or higher and 1600° C. or lower. With a heating temperature of 1000° C. or higher, the reaction between chlorine gas and silicon carbide can be accelerated. With a heating temperature of 1600° C. or lower, the structure of porous carbon to be produced can be prevented from being graphitized, and reduction in the surface area of porous carbon can be suppressed.
  • The fourth step of the production method of the present invention includes the steps of: heating the silicon tetrachloride to a temperature of 600° C. or higher and 1100° C. or lower to generate gas of the silicon tetrachloride; reacting the gas of silicon tetrachloride with vapor of the zinc metal to produce the silicon metal and the zinc chloride; and cooling the zinc chloride to liquefy the zinc chloride. The reaction between silicon tetrachloride and zinc metal can be thus accelerated.
  • Also, in the third step of the production method of the present invention, the gas of silicon tetrachloride is discharged from the heating atmosphere to separate the silicon tetrachloride from the porous carbon. The porous carbon and the silicon tetrachloride can be easily separated.
  • Also, in the fourth step of the production method of the present invention, gas of the zinc chloride is discharged from the atmosphere containing the gas of silicon tetrachloride and vapor of the zinc metal to separate the zinc chloride from the silicon metal. The silicon metal and the zinc chloride can be easily separated.
  • Advantageous Effects of Invention
  • According to the present invention, a method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon from rice hulls is provided.
  • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing main processes of the method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon in an embodiment;
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing main processes of the method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon in an embodiment;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a rice hull processing device for use in the production method in an embodiment;
  • FIG. 4 (a) is an exemplary view of rice hulls, and FIG. 4 (b) is an exemplary view of rice hull charcoal;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a processing device for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette, which is used in the production method in an embodiment;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a processing device for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette, which is used in the production method in an embodiment;
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a processing device for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette, which is used in the production method in an embodiment;
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a processing device for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette, which is used in the production method in an embodiment;
  • FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram showing the constitution of a zinc reduction device;
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a specific constitution of a zinc reduction device;
  • FIG. 11A is a chart showing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) waveform of a product;
  • FIG. 11B is a chart showing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) waveform of a product;
  • FIG. 12 is a microscopic photograph of a product; and
  • FIG. 13 is a chart showing an X-ray diffraction waveform of a porous carbon material.
  • DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
  • With reference to the accompanying drawings, embodiments of the method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon of the present invention is described in detail in the following. The same reference symbols are used to denote the same elements, and redundant description is omitted in the description of the drawings.
  • In the method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon of the present embodiment, silicon metal and porous carbon are produced from rice hulls. FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are diagrams showing main processes of the method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon in an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 1, the production method of the present embodiment includes: a step S1 of heat treating rice hulls; a step S2 of treating rice hull charcoal with an acid solution; a step S3 of pulverizing and molding the rice hull charcoal; a step S4 of heat treating rice hull charcoal briquettes; a step S5 of exposing the rice hull charcoal briquettes to a heating atmosphere including chlorine gas (Cl2 gas); a step S6 of taking out porous carbon (C); a step S7 of reacting silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) with zinc metal (Zn); a step S8 of taking out silicon metal (Si); and a step S9 of electrolyzing zinc chloride (ZnCl2). These steps S1 to S9 are repeated to continuously produce porous carbon and silicon metal.
  • In the step S1 of heat treating rice hulls (a first step), silicon (Si) contained in rice hulls is oxidized to produce rice hull charcoal mainly composed of silicon oxide (SiO2) and carbon (C). The rice hull charcoal contains SiO2 with a weight ratio of about 50% and C with a weight ratio of about 40%. The rice hull charcoal contains a mixture of, for example, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sodium, manganese, iron, and zinc, other than SiO2 and C. The mixture is mainly composed of alkali metals such as potassium, calcium, and sodium,
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the constitution of a rice hull processing device 10 for use in the steps S1 to S3. The rice hull processing device 10 includes a storage part 11 for storing rice hulls M1 (refer to FIG. 4 (a)), and a carbonization furnace 12, a gas supply part 13 which supplies a processing gas G1 to the carbonization furnace 12, a water supply part 14 which supplies cooling water W1 to the carbonization furnace 12, a solution treatment part 15 for treating rice hull charcoal M2 (refer to FIG. 4 (b)), and a molding part 16 for processing the solution treated rice hull charcoal M2 into a pellet form.
  • The carbonization furnace 12 includes a heat treatment part 12 a for accommodating the rice hulls M1, and a heater 12 b for heating the rice hulls M1 in the heat treatment part 12 a. Also, the carbonization furnace 12 further includes a cooling part 12 c for halting the combustion of rice hulls M1 treated in the heat treatment part 12 a. Cooling water W1 is supplied to the cooling part 12 c from the water supply part 14, and the rice hulls M1 are cooled to a predetermined temperature in the cooling part 12 c. The gas supply part 13 supplies a processing gas G1 to the heat treatment part 12 a of the carbonization furnace 12. The processing gas G1 is a gas having low reactivity with Si and C contained in the rice hulls M1.
  • In the step Si, the rice hulls M1 are firstly supplied to the carbonization furnace 12 from the storage part 11, and the rice hulls M1 are accommodated in the heat treatment part 12 a of the carbonization furnace 12. Subsequently, while the processing gas Gi is being supplied to the heat treatment part 12 a from the gas supply part 13, the rice hulls M1 are heated with the heater 12 b. In the present embodiment, the processing gas G1 is composed of an inert gas such as N2 and atmospheric gas in an amount insufficient for complete combustion of the rice hulls M1, and the rice hulls M1 are exposed to the heating atmosphere at 500° C. to 1000° C. The rice hulls M1 are heated in an atmosphere having insufficient oxygen for the complete combustion of the rice hulls M1, and thus incompletely combusted, or charred as it is called. The heated rice hulls M1 are transferred to the cooling part 12 c to be cooled to a predetermined temperature. The heat treated and then cooled rice hulls M1 make the rice hull charcoal M2, which is then transferred to the solution treatment part 15.
  • The ratio of carbon to SiO2 in the rice hull charcoal is an important parameter based on the stoichiometric relationship in the subsequent reaction. If the ratio of the number of moles of carbon to that of SiO2 is less than triple, SiO2 remains in the subsequent reaction, thereafter becoming impurities in porous carbon. Accordingly, the ratio of the number of moles of carbon to that of SiO2 must be triple or more in light of the stoichiometric ratio of SiO2+3C→SiC+2CO. However, as an excessively high ratio of the number of moles prohibits the porous carbon from having a predetermined fine pore distribution, the ratio of the number of moles is preferably about quadruple at the most.
  • The step S2 of treating the rice hull charcoal M2 with an acid solution is performed. In the step S2, the rice hull charcoal M2 produced in the carbonization furnace 12 is treated in the solution treatment part 15 for removal of impurities such as alkali components and phosphorus contained in the rice hull charcoal M2. In the present embodiment, the rice hull charcoal M2 is treated with an acid solution such as hydrochloric acid (HCl).
  • Since silicon carbide is required to be used as abrasive and heat-resistant material, uniformity of particle size and densification of particles are demanded. Although a production method of silicon carbide for imparting a function such as porosity has been established, the produced silicon carbide has poor characteristics for industrial use. As a result, a high-pressure treatment to make a dense body and addition of additives are required.
  • In the present embodiment, the step S3 of pulverizing and molding rice hull charcoal M2 is performed. The rice hull charcoal M2 treated in the solution treatment part 15 is molded into a rice hull charcoal briquette M3 having a predetermined shape in the molding part 16. In the molding part 16, the rice hull charcoal M2 holding the shape of the rice hulls M1 is firstly pulverized. An average particle diameter of the pulverized rice hull charcoal M2 is 0.1 μm to 10 μm. In the pulverization, the particle diameter of the rice hull charcoal M2 is controlled to a constant value, and thus the treatment process in the subsequent step can he stabilized. The pulverized rice hull charcoal M2 is molded into, for example, a rice hull charcoal briquette M3 in a pellet form. The molding allows for easy transportation of the rice hull charcoal briquette M3. The step S3 may be performed on an as needed basis. Alternatively, the rice hull charcoal M2 may be utilized in a subsequent step without being molded into the rice hull charcoal briquette M3. In the following description, the rice hull charcoal briquette M3 is described.
  • In the step S4 of heat treating the rice hull charcoal briquette M3 (a second step), SiO2 and C contained in the rice hull charcoal briquette M3 are reacted with each other to produce silicon carbide (SiC). In FIG. 2, the reaction formula (1) is shown to express the reaction in the step S4. The free energy in the reaction is expressed: ΔG=−77 kJ.

  • SiO2+3C→SiC+2CO  (1)
  • The reaction expressed by the reaction formula (1) may be accelerated by using a reducing gas as processing gas G2, in the heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1700° C. or lower. Although the reaction expressed by the reaction formula (1) hardly proceeds at 1700° C. or lower due to the positive standard free energy of the formation, a reducing gas, i.e. the processing gas G2 including H2, CO or the like, accelerates the reaction for producing SiC. On the other hand, in the heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1700° C. or higher, the processing gas G2 is not required to be a reducing gas.
  • In the case of using N2 as the processing atmospheric gas, SiO vapor may react with N2 to produce nitrides such as Si3N4, SiON2, and the like, in some cases. In order to suppress the reactions, it is required to reduce the supply amount of N2 or to use a rare gas such as Ar and He having no reactivity as the atmospheric gas. FIG. 11A is a chart showing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) waveform of a product from rice hull charcoal having a ratio of the number of moles of SiO2 to that of carbon in raw material of 1:3.1 (i.e the number of moles of carbon is 3.1 times the number of moles of SiO2), treated in an atmospheric gas of He under normal pressure at 1550° C. The abscissa represents diffraction angle, and the ordinate represents diffraction intensity (unit: CPS (count number)). The main product is β-type silicon carbide, and a small amount of graphite is formed. In FIG. 11B for the same raw material as in FIG. 11A in an atmospheric gas of N2, the formation of Si3N4 is observed other than the formation of SiC. FIG. 12 is a microscopic photograph of the product shown in the XRD waveform in FIG. 11A, from which remained rice hull structure can be identified.
  • Since CO gas is generated in the reaction of the reaction formula (1), the reaction is further accelerated by reducing the pressure in a reacting furnace 21. Furthermore, by reducing the pressure in the reaction furnace 21, alkali and phosphorus impurities such as alkali metals (Na and K) and phosphorus compounds (P2O5 and P4) having a low vapor pressure are removed.
  • FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 are schematic diagrams showing the constitution of a processing device 20 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M3, which is used in the step S4. With reference to FIG. 5, the processing device 20 includes the reacting furnace 21 which extends vertically, a heater 22 embedded in the side wall of the reacting furnace 21, and a shelf 23 disposed in the reacting furnace 21. In the shelf 23, a plurality of rice hull charcoal briquettes M3 are placed on each stage. In the present embodiment, the shelf 23 is suspended from above and supported by a supporting rod 23 a.
  • The reacting furnace 21 is provided with an inlet port 21 a at the bottom, through which the processing gas G2, i.e. a first inert gas or a reducing gas, is introduced. A gas including at least one of H2, N2, Ar, He, and CO can be used as the processing gas G2, H2 gas may be used as the processing gas G2. With use of H2 gas, silicon monoxide (SiO) produced by the reaction of SiO2 with H2 can accelerate the reaction represented by the reaction formula (1). The processing gas G2 moves upward in the reacting furnace 21, then being discharged from a discharge port 21 b disposed at the top of the reacting furnace 21. The heater 22 is disposed to surround the periphery of the shelf 23, and heats the rice hull charcoal briquettes M3 placed in the shelf 23.
  • In the step S4, the rice hull charcoal briquettes M3 are firstly placed in the shelf 23. Subsequently, the processing gas G2 is heated with the heater 22, while being supplied into the reacting furnace 21 from the inlet port 21 a. In the present embodiment, the processing gas G2 is H2 gas, and the rice hull charcoal briquettes M3 are exposed to the heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower for 2 to 10 hours. The pressure in the reacting furnace 21 is set to a pressure of, for example, less than 1 atm. The heating causes the reaction of the reaction formula (1), and the rice hull charcoal briquette M4 is produced from the rice hull charcoal briquette M3 (refer to FIG. 6). The rice hull charcoal briquette M4 contains SiC. Carbon monoxide (CO) produced concurrently with the SiC is discharged from the discharge port 21 b disposed at the top of the reacting furnace 21 together with the processing gas G2. After completion of heating, the rice hull charcoal briquettes M4 are taken out from the shelf 23.
  • Subsequently, the step S5 (a third step) of exposing the rice hull charcoal briquettes M4 to the heating atmosphere including chlorine gas (Cl2) is performed. In the step S5, SiC, i.e. a compound of Si and C, and Cl2 gas are contacted with each other in heat treatment, producing porous carbon P1 from the rice hull charcoal briquettes M4. In FIG. 2, a reaction formula (2) is shown to express the reaction in the step S5. The free energy in the reaction is expressed: ΔG=−430 kJ.

  • SiC+2Cl2→SiCl4+C  (2)
  • In the step S5, Si of SiC reacts with Cl2 gas to produce SiCl4, with Si escaping from SiC. In the reaction, Si escapes from the rice hull charcoal briquette M4, and porous carbon P1 having porous carbon structure is produced. Also, in the step S5, SiCl4 is produced together with porous carbon P1 The SiCl4 is collected when cooled to about room temperature by, for example, a cooling device.
  • FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 are schematic diagrams showing the constitution of a processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M4, which is used in the step S5. As the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M4, for example, a dehydration sintering furnace for use in dehydration of a porous preform of optical fiber may be used. With reference to FIG. 7, the processing device 30 includes a reacting furnace 31, a cooling trap 32, and a reservoir tank 33.
  • The reacting furnace 31 is provided with a shelf 31 a. A plurality of rice hull charcoal briquettes M4 are placed on each stage in the shelf 31 a. The shelf 31 a is suspended from above and supported by a supporting rod 31 b. The reacting furnace 31 is provided with a gas inlet port 31 c at a part lower than the shelf 31 a. A processing gas G3 is supplied to the reacting furnace 31 through the gas inlet port 31 c. The processing gas G3 in the present embodiment is a mixed gas of Cl2 gas and a second inert gas, or substantially 100% Cl2 gas. In the present embodiment, nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar), helium (He), and the like may be used as the second inert gas.
  • On the outside of the reacting furnace 31, a heater 31 d is disposed to surround the shelf 31 a. The atmosphere containing Cl2 gas around the rice hull charcoal briquettes M4 is heated to, for example, a temperature of 1000° C. or higher and 1600° C. or lower by the heater 31 d. A gas discharge port 31 e is disposed at the top of the reacting furnace 31. The gas discharge port 31 e is connected to the cooling trap 32. The exhaust gas from the reacting furnace 31 is cooled at, for example, minus 10° C. or lower with a cooling medium 32 a circulating in the cooling trap 32. Since Cl2 gas has a boiling point of minus 34° C., being easily separated from SiCl4.
  • In the step S5, the rice hull charcoal briquettes M4 are firstly placed in the shelf 31 a. Subsequently the processing gas G3 is heated with the heater 31 d, while being supplied into the reacting furnace 31 from the gas inlet port 31 c. In the present embodiment, the processing gas G3 is Cl2 gas, and the rice hull charcoal briquettes M4 are exposed to the heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1000° C. or higher and 1600° C. or lower, or 1100° C. or higher and 1300° C. or lower, for 60 to 600 minutes. By the heating, the reaction of the reaction formula (2), shown in FIG. 8, is caused, Si escapes from SiC, and porous carbon P1 is produced in the shelf 31 a. After the step S5, the porous carbon P1 is taken out from the shelf 31 a (the step S6).
  • The SiCl4 produced from the reaction of the reaction formula (2) and the processing gas G3 are discharged from the gas discharge port 31 e to the cooling trap 32 outside the reacting furnace 31. The SiCl4 liquefied in the cooling trap 32 is reserved in the reservoir tank 33, and then transferred to a reduction device 40 (refer to FIG. 9 and FIG. 10) (reference symbol B1 in FIG. 8). The processing gas G3 passing through the cooling trap 32 is exhausted outside the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M4 or transferred again to the gas inlet port 31 c of the reacting furnace 31, via a three way valve 34.
  • By the reaction between SiC and Cl2, Si escapes from SiC, and pores are formed in the void region. The reaction of the reaction formula (2) proceeds well at a temperature of 1000° C. or higher. The specific surface area of the produced porous carbon P1 has temperature dependency, and porous carbon P1 having a large specific surface area can be effectively used as active carbon. The specific surface area reaches the maximum value of 1500 m2/g to 1700 m2/g for processing at 1150° C. to 1250° C. The processing at 1400° C. or higher allows for conversion of the structure of active carbon from amorphous to graphite, resulting in reduction in the surface area to 800 to 1000 m2/g. The product is, however, effective for use as active carbon requiring graphite structure.
  • FIG. 13 is a chart showing an X-ray diffraction waveform of a porous carbon material obtained by processing at 1100° C. in Cl2 gas atmosphere. The abscissa represents diffraction angle, and the ordinate represents diffraction intensity (unit: CPS (count number)). As main products, the small angle scattering at less than 15° and a broad diffraction at about 20° which are specific to treated SiC, and a diffraction at about 43° caused by 01 plane of graphite are confirmed. Also, the formation of a small amount of graphite can be confirmed by the diffraction line at 26°.
  • Even when a small amount of metal impurities exist in the rice hull charcoal briquette M4, the contamination with metal impurities during condensation of SiCl4 can be neglected in the processing of the step S5 due to the sufficiently high vapor pressure of SiCl4 compared with other metal chlorides.
  • In the step S7 for reacting SiCl4 with Zn (a fourth step), high-purity silicon metal P2 (Si) is extracted from SiCl4 by a so-called zinc reduction method. More specifically, Cl2 and Zn contained in SiCl4 produced in the step S5 are reacted with each other, and thereby SiCl4 is reduced to produce silicon metal P2 (Si). Zn in combination with SiCl4 produces no solid solution with Si, and zinc chloride has a relatively low melting point and high vapor pressure, which are the reasons for choosing Zn as material. In FIG. 2, the reaction formula (3) is shown to express the reaction in the step S7. The free energy in the reaction is expressed: ΔG=−64 kJ.

  • SiCl4+2Zn→2ZnCl2+Si  (3)
  • Also, in the step S7, SiCl4 and Zn are reacted in the gas phase. Zn has a boiling point of 907° C., which is relatively low among metals, with sufficient vapor pressure required for the supply by vaporization even at about 800° C. A boiling point of ZnCl2 produced by the gas phase reaction is 756° C., and thus the reaction with SiCl4 can be performed at a temperature of 800° C. or higher, causing no deposition of ZnCl2.
  • In the step S9 (a fifth step), ZnCl2 is electrolyzed. In the electrolysis, Zn and Cl2 gas are produced from ZnCl2. In FIG. 2, the reaction formula (4) is shown to express the reaction in the step S9. The free energy in the reaction is expressed: ΔG=+323 kJ.

  • ZnCl2→Zn+Cl2  (4)
  • In the step S9, for example, ZnCl2 in a molten state at high temperature is electrolyzed to produce Zn and Cl2 gas. The Cl2 gas produced in the step S9 is reused in the above-described step S5 (refer to FIG. 2). Furthermore, Zn produced in the step S9 is reused in the above-described step S7 (refer to FIG. 2).
  • FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 are schematic diagrams showing the constitution of the reduction device 40 for use in the steps S7, S8, and S9. FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram showing the constitution of the reduction device 40. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a specific constitution of the reduction device 40.
  • With reference to FIG. 9, the reduction device 40 includes vaporizers 41 and 42, a reacting furnace 43, and an electrolytic tank 44. The above-mentioned SiCl4 (reference symbol B1) stored in the reservoir tank 33 of the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M4 is transferred to the vaporizer 41 to be vaporized. On the other hand, Zn is vaporized at the vaporizer 42. The vaporized SiCl4 and Zn are transferred to the reacting furnace 43. In the reacting furnace 43, SiCl4 and Zn are reacted at high temperature. By the reaction, the above-mentioned reaction of reaction formula (3) is caused, and the silicon metal P2 and the ZnCl2 are produced.
  • The ZnCl2 is trapped at a temperature of melting point (280° C.) or higher and lower than boiling point, and transferred to the electrolytic tank 44. The ZnCl2 is then electrolyzed by direct current, causing the reaction of reaction formula (4) to separate ZnCl2 into Zn and Cl2 gas. The produced Cl2 gas is transferred as processing gas G3 to the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M4 (G3 in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9), and Zn is transferred to the vaporizer 42 (reference symbol B2 in FIG. 9).
  • With reference to FIG. 10, the reduction device 40 is described specifically. The vaporizer 42 of the reduction device 40 includes a vaporizer 42 a for feeding into the system, a vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation, and a collecting pipe 42 c. The vaporizer 42 a for feeding into the system has a gate valve 42 d, capable of feeding Zn from outside the reduction device 40. Zn is accommodated in a vaporization chamber 42 e of the vaporizer 42 a for feeding into the system to be vaporized. The vaporization chamber 42 e and the collecting pipe 42 c are connected to each other through a piping 42 f. The vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation accommodates Zn taken out from the electrolytic tank 44, having a zinc vaporization part 42 g for vaporizing Zn. The zinc vaporization part 42 g and the collecting pipe 42 c are connected to each other through a piping 42 h.
  • The piping 42 h of the vaporizer 42 a for feeding into the system and the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation is made of, for example, ceramics (e.g. alumina). The zinc vaporization part 42 g of the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation and the collecting pipe 42 c are made of, for example, carbon. The vaporizer 42 a for feeding into the system, the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation, and the collecting pipe 42 c are heated to a high temperature of 800° C. or higher, for example, 900° C. to 1000° C., for efficient generation of the vapor of zinc metal.
  • The reacting furnace 43 is made of, for example, quartz. The upper part of the reacting furnace 43 is connected to the collecting pipe 42 c of the vaporizer 42 through a piping 43 a made of quartz, and vaporized Zn is transferred to the reacting furnace 43 through the piping 43 a. SiCl4 (reference symbol B1) flows into the upper part of the reacting furnace 43, through a piping 43 b made of quartz. The reacting furnace 43 is heated to a high temperature of 1200° C. to 1400° C., and Zn and SiCl4 react with each other in the interior of the reacting furnace 43. The produced silicon metal P2 is accommodated in an unheated vessel 43 c disposed in the interior of the reacting furnace 43. ZnCl2 passing through a fine particle trap 45 for removing fine particles of silicon metal P2 is transferred to the electrolytic tank 44. The fine particle trap 45 is made of, for example, quartz, and heated to a high temperature of 900° C. to 1000° C.,
  • The purity of the produced silicon metal P2 is 99.9995%, which is an extremely high value, usable as material for solar cells. Zn and O2 are identified as impurities in the silicon metal P2.
  • The electrolytic tank 44 includes a body part 46 and an electrode structure 47. The body part 46 includes an electrolytic tank 46 a for accommodating molten ZnCl2 to be electrolyzed and a heater 46 f which is a heat source for heating the interior of the electrolytic tank 46 a. A space 46 b is provided above the electrolytic tank 46 a. A piping 46 c connected to the fine particle trap 45 is disposed at one end of the space 46 b in the horizontal direction, and a piping 46 d (demister) is disposed at another end. ZnCl2 introduced from the piping 46 c is conducted to the electrolytic tank 46 a, The Cl2 gas generated in the electrolytic tank 46 a is discharged from the piping 46 d through the space 46 b to be supplied as the processing gas G3 to the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M4. A filter 48 made of Teflon (R) is arranged at the tip end of the piping 46 d. A piping 46 e is connected to the bottom of the electrolytic tank 46 a, and the high purity Zn deposited on the bottom of the electrolytic tank 46 a is transferred to the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation through the piping 46 e.
  • The electrode structure 47 includes a plurality of electrode plates 47 a. The plurality of electrode plates 47 a are arranged with intervals in the plate thickness direction, i.e. horizontal direction, in the electrolytic tank 46 a. The plurality of electrode plates 47 a is made of, for example, high-purity carbon material which is a conductive material having high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance to chlorine, through which one or a plurality of bar-like members 47 b extending in the horizontal direction penetrate, and the mutual positional relationship is kept.
  • A predetermined positive voltage is applied to the electrode plate 47 a located at one end in the horizontal direction among the plurality of electrode plates 47 a through a conductive member 47 c electrically connected to the electrode plate 47 a, and the electrode plate 47 a functions as positive electrode. A predetermined negative voltage is applied to the electrode plate 47 a located at another end in the horizontal direction through a conductive member 47 d electrically connected to the electrode plate 47 a, and the electrode plate 47 a functions as negative electrode. A potential gradient between the positive voltage and the negative voltage is imparted to the electrode plates 47 a arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode through the conductive members, and each of these electrode plates 47 a functions as an intermediate electrode.
  • The ZnCl2 introduced from the piping 46 c is taken in the electrolytic tank 46 a. Since the interior of the electrolytic tank 46 a is kept at a temperature higher than the melting point of Zn, for example, at 500° C. to 700° C. with a heater, ZnCl2 is kept in a molten state.
  • A plurality of electrode plates 47 a are disposed in the interior of the electrolytic tank 46 a, and the plurality of electrode plates 47 a are immersed in the molten ZnCl2. When a predetermined potential difference is applied to each of the electrode plates 47 a, current flows in ZnCl2 through the opposing surfaces (electrolytic surfaces) of neighboring electrode plates 47 a, and ZnCl2 is electrolyzed into Cl2 and Zn. The thus produced Zn has a larger specific gravity than the melt of ZnCl2, being deposited on the bottom of the electrolytic tank 46 a and transferred to the vaporizer 42 b for continuous operation through the piping 46 e. The produced Cl2 becomes Cl2 gas, which moves upward above the electrolytic tank 46 a, and is transferred to the processing device 30 for processing the rice hull charcoal briquette M4 through the piping 46 d.
  • In this production method, rice hull charcoal M2 containing SiO2 and C is produced from rice hulls M1, and SiC is produced from the rice hull charcoal M2. Subsequently, SiC and Cl2 gas are reacted to produce porous carbon P1 and SiCl4. Subsequently, the SiCl4 and Zn are reacted to produce silicon metal P2 and ZnCl2. The Cl2 gas generated by electrolysis is used for production of porous carbon P1, and Zn generated by electrolysis is used for production of silicon metal P2. According to the production method, the porous carbon P1 and the silicon metal P2 can be produced from rice hulls M1.
  • Prior to the second step S4, the rice hull charcoal M2 is treated with an acid solution. According to the step S4, impurities contained in the rich hull charcoal M2 are removed by the treatment with an acid solution, and thus the purity of SiO2 and C contained in the rice hull charcoal M2 is increased. Accordingly, since the amount of Cl2 gas reacting with impurities is reduced in the third step S5, the amount of Cl2 gas required in the third step S5 can be reduced.
  • In the second step S4, the processing gas includes H2, being heated to a temperature of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower. In the temperature range of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower, the reaction between SiO2 and C is accelerated, and thus SiC can be efficiently produced. In addition, H2 gas accelerates the reaction between SiO2 and C, and thus SiC can be further efficiently produced.
  • In the second step S4, SiC is produced under a pressure of less than 1 atm. Under a pressure in a processing vessel set to less than atmospheric pressure, impurities having low vapor pressure can be removed from the rice hull charcoal M2.
  • In the third step S5, the heating atmosphere includes a mixed gas of Cl2 gas and a second inert gas or a substantially 100% Cl2 gas. Such a heating atmosphere can accelerate the proper reaction.
  • In the third step S5, the atmosphere including Cl2 gas is heated to a temperature of 1000° C. or higher and 1600° C. or lower. The heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1000° C. or higher can accelerate the reaction between Cl2 gas and SiC. The heating atmosphere at a temperature of 1600° C. or lower can prevent the structure of produced porous carbon P1 from being graphitized and suppress the reduction in specific surface area of the porous carbon P1.
  • The fourth step S7 includes the steps of heating SiCl4 to a temperature of 600° C. or higher and 1100° C. or lower to generate SiCl4 gas, reacting the SiCl4 gas and Zn vapor to produce silicon metal P2 and ZnCl2, and cooling ZnCl2 to liquefy ZnCl2. The reaction between SiCl4 and Zn can be accelerated.
  • In the third step S5, the SiCl4 gas is discharged from the heating atmosphere to separate SiCl4 from the porous carbon P1. The porous carbon P1 and the SiCl4 can be easily separated.
  • In the fourth step S7, the ZnCl2 gas is discharged from the heating atmosphere to separate the ZnCl2 from the silicon metal P1. The silicon metal P1 can be easily separated from the ZnCl2.
  • In the present embodiment, after producing the rice hull charcoal M2 containing SiO2 from rice hulls M1, SiC is produced from SiO2. The process for producing SiC via rice hull charcoal M2 containing SiO2 allows for addition of the step S2 for removing impurities when the rice hull charcoal M2 is produced. Accordingly, the rice hull charcoal briquettes M4 containing SiC can be produced without use of a complicated device for processing a large amount of organic decomposition product gas such as methane and carbon monoxide generated during processing of the rice hulls M1. Furthermore, the first step S1 for producing the rice hull charcoal M2 containing SiO2 and the second step 54 for producing SiC from SiO2 can be combined to simplify the constitution of the device,
  • Although the above description is limited to the case of rice hull raw material, the similar processing may be applied to a material derived from silicic acid-containing plant other than rice hulls. Examples of the material derived from silicic acid-containing plant other than rice hulls include rice straws and diatoms.
  • INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
  • The present invention is applicable to a method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon, providing a method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon from rice hulls.
  • REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
  • 10 . . . rice hull processing device; 20, 30 . . . processing device for processing rice hull charcoal; 40 . . . reduction device; S1 . . . first step; S4 . . . second step; S5 . . . third step; S7 . . . fourth step; S9 . . . fifth step; G2 . . . processing gas (first inert gas, reducing gas); M1 . . . rice hull; M2 . . . rice hull charcoal; M3, M4 . . . rice hull charcoal briquette; P1 . . . , porous carbon; P2 . . . silicon metal.

Claims (11)

1. A method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon comprising:
a first step of producing a rice hull charcoal containing silicon oxide and carbon by heat treatment of rice hulls;
a second step of exposing the rice hull charcoal to at least any one of heated first inert gas or reducing gas to produce silicon carbide;
a third step of exposing the silicon carbide to a heating atmosphere containing chlorine gas to produce silicon chloride and porous carbon;
a fourth step of reacting the silicon chloride and zinc metal to produce silicon metal and zinc chloride; and
a fifth step of electrolyzing the zinc chloride to produce zinc metal and chlorine gas;
wherein the chlorine gas in the fifth step is used in the third step, and the zinc metal in the fifth step is used in the fourth step.
2. The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon according to claim 1,
wherein, in the first step, a number of moles of carbon is triple or more a number of moles of SiO2 in the composition of the rice hull charcoal produced.
3. The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon according to claim 1, wherein the rice hull charcoal is treated with an acid solution prior to the second step.
4. The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon according to claim 1,
wherein, in the second step, the first inert gas contains at least one of Ar and He, and the rice hull charcoal produced in the first step is heated to a temperature of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower.
5. The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon according to claim 1,
wherein, in the second step, the reducing gas contains one of H2 and CO, and the rice hull charcoal produced in the first step is heated to a temperature of 1200° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower.
6. The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon according to claim 1,
wherein, in the second step, the silicon carbide is produced under a pressure of less than 1 atm.
7. The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon according to claim 1,
wherein, in the third step, the heating atmosphere contains a mixed gas of the chlorine gas and a second inert gas or the chlorine gas.
8. The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon according to claim 1,
wherein, in the third step, the atmosphere containing chlorine gas is heated to a temperature of 1000° C. or higher and 1600° C. or lower.
9. The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon according to claim 1,
wherein the fourth step comprises:
a step of heating the silicon chloride to a temperature of 600° C. or higher and 1100° C. or lower to generate gas of the silicon chloride;
a step of reacting the gas of silicon chloride with vapor of the zinc metal to produce the silicon metal and the zinc chloride; and
a step of cooling the zinc chloride to liquefy the zinc chloride.
10. The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon according to claim 1,
wherein, in the third step, the gas of silicon chloride is discharged from the heating atmosphere to separate the silicon chloride from the porous carbon.
11. The method for producing silicon metal and porous carbon according to claim 1,
wherein, in the fourth step, gas of the zinc chloride is discharged from the atmosphere containing the gas of silicon chloride and vapor of the zinc metal to separate the zinc chloride from the silicon metal.
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