US20130204141A1 - Physiological sensor - Google Patents
Physiological sensor Download PDFInfo
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- US20130204141A1 US20130204141A1 US13/755,432 US201313755432A US2013204141A1 US 20130204141 A1 US20130204141 A1 US 20130204141A1 US 201313755432 A US201313755432 A US 201313755432A US 2013204141 A1 US2013204141 A1 US 2013204141A1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
- A61B5/14551—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases
- A61B5/14553—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases specially adapted for cerebral tissue
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
- A61B5/024—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse rate or heart rate
- A61B5/02416—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse rate or heart rate using photoplethysmograph signals, e.g. generated by infrared radiation
- A61B5/02427—Details of sensor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
- A61B5/6813—Specially adapted to be attached to a specific body part
- A61B5/6814—Head
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
- A61B2562/02—Details of sensors specially adapted for in-vivo measurements
- A61B2562/0233—Special features of optical sensors or probes classified in A61B5/00
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
- A61B2562/02—Details of sensors specially adapted for in-vivo measurements
- A61B2562/0233—Special features of optical sensors or probes classified in A61B5/00
- A61B2562/0242—Special features of optical sensors or probes classified in A61B5/00 for varying or adjusting the optical path length in the tissue
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
- A61B2562/04—Arrangements of multiple sensors of the same type
- A61B2562/046—Arrangements of multiple sensors of the same type in a matrix array
Definitions
- Physiological sensor systems such as pulse, tissue and cerebral oximeters, are used to measure a variety of physiological characteristics in body tissues using two wavelengths of light.
- the system generally includes a monitoring system connected to a sensor pad that adheres to the portion of the body being tested.
- the sensor pad includes a plurality of light sources in optical communication with at least one light detector.
- the light sources are activated by applying an excitation current source to an electrical wire connected to each light source. When activated, the light sources transmit light at specific wavelengths through the body tissue to the optical detector. The amount of light received by the light detector after attenuation by the body tissue is indicative of the physiological characteristic being tested.
- monitoring systems are generally configured to work with sensor pads having a fixed number of wires. For example, if a monitoring system is configured to work with sensor pads having a three wire configuration, a sensor pad using additional light sources and having any more than three wires may not be compatible with the existing monitoring system.
- One known method used to minimize the number of wires in a sensor pad when increasing the number of light sources includes having multiple light sources connected in a matrix of rows and columns of wires.
- the light sources in this configuration are activated by sequentially addressing the row and column of each light source with an excitation path.
- four wires provide connection and activation of four light sources. If pairs of light sources are connected in parallel, the same configuration of four wires can be used to connect and activate up to eight light sources.
- This configuration requires a minimum of four wires and is limited to a maximum of eight light sources.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary physiological sensor according to an embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a bottom view of a pad of the physiological sensor, according to an embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a bottom view of the physiological sensor according to another embodiment with multiple light source locations
- FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the physiological sensor according to third embodiment with multiple light source locations
- FIG. 5 is a bottom view of a physiological sensor having a plurality of sensing pads
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary control scheme, according to an embodiment
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary control circuit and light assembly, according to an embodiment
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating another exemplary control circuit and light assembly, according to an embodiment
- FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating another exemplary control circuit and light assembly, according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the exemplary control circuit and light assembly as set forth in FIG. 9 having multiple current sources.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating another exemplary control circuit and light assembly, according to an embodiment.
- the physiological sensor can use four or six light sources in a three-wire configuration, or alternatively, up to twelve light sources in a four-wire configuration.
- the physiological sensor includes one or more light source assemblies electrically connected to a monitoring system and in optical communication with at least one light detector. Each light source assembly includes at least one light source.
- the arrangement of the light sources allows the physiological sensor to measure physiological characteristics of body tissue such as oxygen saturation or other various hemoglobin species with increased accuracy and without a significant increase in size or cost.
- the arrangement of the light sources may also measure concentrations of additional chromospheres in tissue besides hemoglobin.
- the spatial relationship of the light sources relative to the light detector may enhance spatial resolution and provide values at different depths, which may help in organ oxygen delivery monitoring.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary physiological sensor system 10 that includes a monitoring system 12 connected to a sensor pad 14 through a cable 16 .
- the sensor pad 14 includes a plurality of light sources 18 in optical communication with first and second light detectors 20 , 22 . It is to be appreciated that multiple light sources 18 may be disposed in multiple openings of the sensor pad 14 .
- the plurality of light sources 18 may include any light source known in the art, including but not limited to, light emitting diodes, laser diodes or any combination thereof. Typically, the frequency of the light excitation and wavelength of the light source is dependent upon the application.
- the light sources 18 may have a wavelength in the visible and/or infrared spectrum.
- the light sources 18 may have a wavelength between 600 nm and 1000 nm, including, but not limited to, a wavelength of 660 nm, 724 nm, 750 nm, 770 nm, 812 nm, 850 nm, 905 nm, or any combination thereof. It is to be understood that the light sources 18 may have other wavelengths to measure other physiological characteristics.
- the plurality of light sources 18 may be mounted in two or more different physical locations on the sensor pad 14 or in openings in the pad 14 .
- the monitoring system 12 can obtain additional absorption spectra at additional wavelengths.
- the additional absorption spectra can help to better define the extinction curves for various blood and tissue chromophores, allowing more accurate determination of their relative concentrations.
- each light source 18 is illuminated sequentially and independently, allowing measurement of light absorption at specific wavelengths by one or more of the light detectors 20 , 22 .
- two or more light sources 18 may be illuminated simultaneously to provide additional light output and an improved signal-to-noise ratio at specific wavelengths. This may be necessary because certain wavelengths of light do not penetrate as deeply into tissue as other wavelengths do. As will be discussed in greater detail below, illuminating several light sources 18 simultaneously may include multiple current sources. Alternatively, certain light sources may not have the same light output as others. Simultaneously illuminating two or more of these lower output light sources can increase the effective light output, improving signal-to-noise ratio and stability.
- the physiological sensor system 10 may be used for fractional oximetry to measure fractional oxygen saturation and additional hemoglobin species in deep tissue of the brain, other organs, skin, or in skeletal muscle tissue.
- additional fractional concentrations of other hemoglobin species such as carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin can be determined.
- Most noninvasive oximeters measure functional hemoglobin oxygen saturation, which is defined as the ratio of oxyhemoglobin to the unbound hemoglobin that is available for oxygen binding. As such, it does not measure or take into effect the proportion of hemoglobin that is bound to other compounds such as carbon monoxide (carboxyhemoglobin) or hydrogen sulfide (sulfhemoglobin).
- hemoglobin such as methemoglobin, where the ferrous iron has been oxidized to ferric iron, are not measured either.
- additional chromophores with unique extinction curves can be measured, enabling estimation of the fraction of each hemoglobin compound, or fractional saturation.
- some of the plurality of light sources 18 may be used for cerebral or tissue oximetry and others of the plurality of light sources 18 may be used for pulse oximetry to measure arterial blood hemoglobin oxygen saturation.
- a first light source assembly 44 may use selected wavelengths of light and be located a sufficient distance from one of the detectors 20 , 22 to measure cerebral oxygen saturation while a second light source assembly 46 may use wavelengths suited for measurement of arterial oxygen saturation using reflectance pulse oximetry and would therefore be located close to another of the light detectors 20 , 22 .
- the first light detector 20 may be used to measure arterial oxygen saturation based on the spatial relationship of the plurality of light sources 18 . This embodiment also allows arterial saturation of deeper tissues to be measured because the depth of penetration of photons is proportional to the separation distance between the light source 18 and the light detector 20 , 22 .
- the plurality of light sources 18 can be spatially arranged to increase the accuracy of the measurements.
- the first light source assembly 44 can have different wavelengths that penetrate less deeply into the body tissue than other light source assemblies. For instance, as shown in FIG. 3 , placing the first light source assembly 44 closer to the light detector 20 and slightly offset from the first light source assembly 46 allows the first light source assembly 44 to penetrate into the body tissue shallower than the second light source assembly 46 . Likewise, placing the second light source 46 further away from the light detector 20 and slightly offset from the first light source assembly 44 causes light generated by the second light source assembly 46 to penetrate deeper into the body tissue. Alternatively, as shown in FIG.
- the first light source assembly 44 may be spaced away from the second light source assembly 46 and more offset from the second light source assembly 46 to achieve a similar result.
- the ratios of the signals from each of the light detectors 20 , 22 can be computed using both light source assemblies 44 , 46 .
- the physiological sensor system 10 may contain a plurality of sensor pads 14 and each sensor pad 14 may contain at least one light source assembly 44 and one light detector 20 .
- This arrangement of the physiological sensor system 10 may be used to measure two physiological parameters including, but not limited to, cerebral blood saturation and arterial blood saturation.
- the cerebral measurement may require a low skin perfusion site on the forehead to reduce interference from extra-cranial signals.
- arterial blood oxygen saturation may require high skin perfusion.
- the sensor pad 14 may be placed on the forehead directly below the hair line.
- the sensor pad 14 may be placed on the forehead directly above the eyes.
- a single sensor pad 14 may be inconvenient to use at least for an adult patient. Therefore, two sensor pads 14 may be used.
- the physiological sensor system 10 includes a first sensor pad 14 A and a second sensor pad 14 B.
- the first sensor pad 14 A may be used, for instance, for tissue oximetry
- the second sensor pad 14 B may be used, for instance, for pulse oximetry.
- the first sensor pad 14 A may include the light source assemblies 44 , 46 , in optical communication with the first and second light detectors 20 , 22 . It is to be appreciated that the first sensor pad 14 A may include any number of light source assemblies 44 , 46 and any number of light detectors 20 , 22 .
- the second sensor pad 14 B may include the light source assemblies 44 , 46 , in optical communication with the first and second light detectors 20 , 22 . It is to be appreciated that the second sensor pad 14 B may include any number of light source assemblies 44 , 46 and any number of light detectors 20 , 22 .
- the physiological sensor system 10 may include at least two sensor pads 14 , each having at least two light detectors 20 , 22 and at least two light source assemblies 42 , 46 .
- the light source assemblies 42 , 46 may be connected as described above and excited sequentially in time.
- monitoring system 12 includes a control circuit 24 and a processor 26 in communication with the plurality of light sources 18 and light detectors 20 , 22 .
- the processor 26 is configured to receive signals from light detectors 20 , 22 and converts the signals into data that indicates the physiological characteristics of the body tissue. Furthermore, the processor 26 controls the control circuit 24 as will be discussed in greater detail below. It is to be understood that the control circuit 24 may alternatively be controlled by a dedicated processor (not shown) other than the processor 26 shown in FIG. 6 .
- the monitoring system 12 may output the data to a display 27 as shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary control circuit 24 , which includes at least one high switch 28 and at least one low switch 30 .
- the high switch 28 connects the light sources 18 to a higher potential than the low switch 30 .
- the high switch 28 and the low switch 30 may be any switch known in the art, and even the same type of switch.
- the high switch 28 and the low switch 30 may be transistors.
- the high switch 28 may be a PMOS type transistor and the low switch 30 may be an NMOS type transistor.
- the high switch 28 and the low switch 30 may be connected in an H-Bridge configuration.
- the at least one high switch 28 and the at least one low switch 30 are controlled by the processor 26 in the monitoring system 12 .
- the processor 26 opens and closes the at least one high switch 28 and the at least one low switch 30 of the control circuit 24 to activate a select combination of the plurality of light sources 18 .
- the monitoring system 12 includes a voltage source 32 electrically connected to the control circuit 24 for providing voltage to the control circuit 24 and the plurality of light sources 18 .
- the monitoring system 12 may further include a current source 34 that causes current to flow from the voltage source 32 to ground 36 .
- the low switches 30 connect each of the plurality of light sources 18 to the current source 34 .
- the current source 34 is connected to the ground 36 at a ground potential. It is to be understood that the low switches 30 may connect to the plurality of light sources 18 directly to the ground potential. Otherwise, in at least one embodiment, there is no structural or functional difference between the high switches 28 and the low switches 30 .
- the control circuit 24 may include any number of high switches 28 or low switches 30 .
- the control circuit 24 includes a first high switch HI 1 in series with a first low switch L 1 , the combination of which defines a first switch pair 38 .
- the control circuit 24 includes a second high switch HI 2 in series with a second low switch L 2 , the combination of which defines a second switch pair 40 .
- the control circuit 24 may include any number of high switches 28 and low switches 30 to define any number of switch pairs.
- the control circuit 24 may include a third high switch HI 3 and a third low switch L 3 in series with the third high switch 1413 to define a third switch pair 42 .
- the first switch pair 38 is in parallel with the second switch pair 40 and the third switch pair 42 .
- Each high switch 28 and each low switch 30 have an anode and a cathode.
- the anode of the high switch 28 directly or indirectly connects to the voltage source 32 and the cathode of the low switch 30 directly or indirectly connects to a lower potential (i.e., a ground potential 36 or the current source 34 ).
- the control circuit 24 includes multiple high switches 28 , the anodes of each of the high switches 28 are electrically connected to one another.
- the anode of the first high switch HI 1 may be electrically connected to the anode of the second high switch HI 2 .
- the cathodes of each of the low switches 30 may be electrically connected.
- the cathode of the first low switch L 1 is electrically connected to the cathode of the second low switch L 2 .
- the processor 26 closes one of the high switches 28 and one of the low switches 30 to activate one of the plurality of light sources 18 .
- each light source is connected to two switch pairs. The light source is powered by the voltage source 32 when the high switch 28 in one of the switch pairs is closed and the low switch 30 in another switch pair is closed, completing an electrical circuit. It is to be understood that multiple light sources may be illuminated by closing more than one high switch 28 and/or more than one low switch 30 . However, closing the high switch 28 and the low switch 30 in the same switch pair will cause an electrical short, and the light source will not illuminate. In other words, the light source does not operate when the high switch 28 and the low switch 30 from the same switch pair are both closed.
- the processor 26 opens the low switch 30 in the switch pair when the high switch 28 in the switch pair is closed. Therefore, the light source is electrically connected to the high switch 28 in one switch pair and the low switch 30 in another switch pair. It is to be understood that both the high switch 28 and the low switch 30 may be open at the same time.
- the physiological sensor 10 includes a first light source assembly 44 that is defined by at least one of the plurality of light sources 18 and electrically connected to the control circuit 24 .
- the first light source assembly 44 includes a first light source LS 1 in parallel with a second light source LS 2 .
- the first light source LS 1 and the second light source LS 2 may be light emitting diodes or laser diodes.
- Each of the first light source LS 1 and the second light source LS 2 have an anode and a cathode. The anode of the first light source LS 1 is electrically connected to the cathode of the second light source LS 2 .
- the cathode of the first light source LS 1 is electrically connected to the anode of the second light source LS 2 . Therefore, although disposed in parallel with the second light source LS 2 , the first light source LS 1 has an opposite polarity to the second light source LS 2 .
- the first light source LS 1 and the second light source LS 2 are each electrically connected to at least two switch pairs. Specifically, the first light source LS 1 is electrically connected to the first high switch HI 1 and the second low switch L 2 , and the second light source LS 2 is electrically connected to the second high switch HI 2 and the first low switch L 1 .
- the first high switch HI 1 is in series with the second low switch L 2 when the first high switch HI 1 and the second low switch L 2 are closed.
- the second high switch HI 2 is in series with the first low switch L 1 when the second high switch HI 2 and the first low switch L 1 are closed.
- only one of the plurality of light sources 28 may be illuminated at any time since only one of the first high switch HI 1 and the second high switch HI 2 may be closed because closing both the first high switch HI 1 and the first low switch L 1 or the second high switch HI 2 and the second low switch L 2 would cause an electrical short. Therefore, the processor 26 opens the first low switch L 1 when the first high switch RH is closed. Likewise, the processor 26 opens the second low switch L 2 when the second high switch HI 2 is closed.
- the physiological sensor system 10 may include any number of light source assemblies.
- the system 10 further includes a second light source assembly 46 defined by at least one of the plurality of light sources 18 and electrically connected to the monitoring system 12 .
- the second light source assembly 46 includes a third light source LS 3 in parallel with a fourth light source LS 4 .
- the third light source LS 3 has an opposite polarity than the fourth light source LS 4 .
- Each of the third light source LS 3 and the fourth light source LS 4 have an anode and a cathode.
- the anode of the third light source LS 3 is electrically connected to the cathode of the fourth light source LS 4 .
- the cathode of the third light source LS 3 is electrically connected to the anode of the fourth light source LS 4 .
- the anode of the third light source LS 3 is also electrically connected to the anode of the first light source LS 1 and the cathode of the second light source LS 2 .
- the first light source LS 1 is electrically connected to the first high switch HI 1 and the second low switch L 2 and the second light source LS 2 is electrically connected to the second high switch HI 2 and the first low switch L 1 .
- the third light source LS 3 is electrically connected to the first high switch HI 1 and the third low switch L 3 .
- the fourth light source LS 4 is electrically connected to the third high switch HI 3 and the first high switch HIL Again, the third high switch HI 3 is in series with the third low switch L 3 to make up the third switch pair 42 .
- the processor 26 may illuminate more than one of the plurality of light sources 18 simultaneously. For instance, the processor 26 may close the first high switch HU and the second low switch L 2 to illuminate the first light source LS 1 . The processor 26 may then close the third low switch L 3 to illuminate the third light source LS 3 since both the first light source LS 1 and the third light source LS 3 receive power from the voltage source 32 when the first high switch HI 1 is closed.
- the processor 26 may close the third low switch L 3 at the same time as closing the second low switch L 2 to illuminate the third light source LS 3 simultaneously with the first light source LS 1 , or the processor 26 may close the third low switch L 3 after closing the second low switch L 2 to illuminate the third light source LS 3 sequentially with the first light source LS 1 .
- the processor 26 may close the second high switch HI 2 and the first low switch L 1 to illuminate the second light source LS 2 , and by closing the third high switch HI 3 while the second high switch HI 2 and the first low switch L 1 are closed, the processor 26 additionally illuminates the fourth light source LS 4 . Therefore, in this embodiment, the processor 26 may illuminate two of the plurality of light sources 18 .
- the physiological sensor system 10 further includes a third light source assembly 48 that includes a fifth light source LS 5 in parallel with a sixth light source LS 6 .
- the fifth light source LS 5 has an opposite polarity than the sixth light source LS 6 .
- Each of the fifth light source LS 5 and the sixth light source LS 6 have an anode and a cathode.
- the anode of the fifth light source LS 5 is electrically connected to the cathode of the first light source LS 1 , the anode of the second light source LS 2 , and the cathode of the sixth light source LS 6 .
- the cathode of the fifth light source LS 5 is electrically connected to the cathode of the third light source LS 3 , the anode of the fourth light source LS 4 , and the anode of the sixth light source LS 6 .
- the anode of the sixth light source LS 6 is electrically connected to the cathode of the third light source LS 3 and the anode of the fourth light source LS 4 .
- the cathode of the sixth light source LS 6 is electrically connected to the cathode of the first light source LS 1 and the anode of the second light source LS 2 .
- the processor 26 may illuminate more than one of the plurality of light sources 18 simultaneously.
- the processor 26 may close the first high switch HI 1 and the second low switch L 2 to illuminate the first light source LS 1 .
- the processor 26 may close the third low switch L 3 to illuminate the third light source LS 3 . Therefore, the processor 26 may illuminate more than one of the plurality of light sources 18 simultaneously.
- the physiological sensor system 10 may include more than one current sources 34 .
- the physiological sensor 10 includes a first current source 34 A electrically connected to the first low switch L 1 , a second current source 34 B electrically connected to the second low switch L 2 , and a third current source 34 C electrically connected to the third low switch L 3 .
- the current sources 34 A, 34 B, and 34 C help to ensure that the light sources 18 maintain a minimum amount of brightness when the light sources 18 are simultaneously illuminated.
- the physiological sensor system 10 may include any number of light source assemblies.
- the physiological sensor system 10 further includes a fourth light source assembly 50 , a fifth light source assembly 54 , and a sixth light source assembly 56 .
- the control circuit 24 includes a fourth switch pair 52 having a fourth high switch HI 4 in series with a fourth low switch L 4 .
- the fourth light source assembly 50 includes a seventh light source LS 7 in parallel with an eighth light source LS 8 .
- the seventh light source LS 7 and the eighth light source LS 8 each have an anode and a cathode.
- the anode of the seventh light source LS 7 is electrically connected to the fourth high switch HI 4 and the cathode of the seventh light source LS 7 is electrically connected to the third ground 36 source.
- the anode of the eighth light source LS 8 is electrically connected to the third high switch HI 3 and the cathode of the eighth light source LS 8 is electrically connected to the fourth low switch L 4 .
- the fifth light source assembly 54 includes a ninth light source LS 9 in parallel with a tenth light source LS 10 .
- the ninth light source LS 9 and the tenth light source LS 10 each have an anode and a cathode.
- the anode of the ninth light source LS 9 is electrically connected to the fourth high switch HI 4 and the cathode of the ninth light source LS 9 is electrically connected to the second low switch L 2 .
- the anode of the tenth light source LS 10 is electrically connected to the second high switch HI 2 and the cathode of the tenth light source LS 10 is electrically connected to the fourth low switch L 4 .
- the sixth light source assembly 56 includes an eleventh light source LS 11 in parallel with a twelfth light source LS 12 .
- the eleventh light source LS 11 and the twelfth light source LS 12 each have an anode and a cathode.
- the anode of the eleventh light source LS 11 is electrically connected to the fourth high switch HI 4 and the cathode of the eleventh light source LS 11 electrically connected to the first low switch L 1 .
- the anode of the twelfth light source LS 12 is electrically connected to the first high switch HI 1 and the cathode of the twelfth light source LS 12 is electrically connected to the fourth low switch L 4 .
- the processor 26 may illuminate one or more of the plurality of light sources 18 .
- the processor 26 may close the first high switch HIL the second low switch L 2 , and the fourth low switch L 4 to illuminate the first light source LS 1 , the third light source LS 3 , and the twelfth light source LS 12 .
- the processor 26 may close the first high switch HIL the third high switch HI 3 , the fourth high switch HI 4 , and the second low switch L 2 to illuminate the first light source LS 1 , the sixth light source LS 6 , and the ninth light source LS 9 .
- the physiological sensor system 10 may include any number of light source assemblies, each including any number of light sources 18 .
- the processor 26 may close different combinations of the high switches 28 and the low switches 30 to illuminate alternative combinations of the plurality of light sources 18 .
Abstract
A sensor used to measure physiological characteristics of body tissues is provided. The physiological sensor includes a first light source assembly having a first light source in parallel with a second light source. Each of the first light source and the second light source have an anode and a cathode. A second light source assembly includes a third light source in parallel with a fourth light source. Each of the third light source and the fourth light source have an anode and a cathode. The anode of the first light source is electrically connected to the cathode of the second light source, the anode of said third light source, and the cathode of said fourth light source. The anode of the third light source is electrically connected to the cathode of the fourth light source.
Description
- Physiological sensor systems, such as pulse, tissue and cerebral oximeters, are used to measure a variety of physiological characteristics in body tissues using two wavelengths of light. The system generally includes a monitoring system connected to a sensor pad that adheres to the portion of the body being tested. The sensor pad includes a plurality of light sources in optical communication with at least one light detector. The light sources are activated by applying an excitation current source to an electrical wire connected to each light source. When activated, the light sources transmit light at specific wavelengths through the body tissue to the optical detector. The amount of light received by the light detector after attenuation by the body tissue is indicative of the physiological characteristic being tested.
- To improve the accuracy of the measurement, or to enable the measurement of additional physiological characteristics, additional wavelengths of light can be used. This generally necessitates the addition of light sources requiring additional wires to carry the excitation potentials. Unfortunately, the addition of wires adds to the cost and complexity of the system. Moreover, monitoring systems are generally configured to work with sensor pads having a fixed number of wires. For example, if a monitoring system is configured to work with sensor pads having a three wire configuration, a sensor pad using additional light sources and having any more than three wires may not be compatible with the existing monitoring system.
- One known method used to minimize the number of wires in a sensor pad when increasing the number of light sources includes having multiple light sources connected in a matrix of rows and columns of wires. The light sources in this configuration are activated by sequentially addressing the row and column of each light source with an excitation path. In this way, four wires provide connection and activation of four light sources. If pairs of light sources are connected in parallel, the same configuration of four wires can be used to connect and activate up to eight light sources. This configuration, however, requires a minimum of four wires and is limited to a maximum of eight light sources.
- Accordingly, the embodiments described hereinafter were developed in light of these and other drawbacks associated with increasing the number of light sources in a physiological sensor without increasing the number of wires.
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FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary physiological sensor according to an embodiment; -
FIG. 2 is a bottom view of a pad of the physiological sensor, according to an embodiment; -
FIG. 3 is a bottom view of the physiological sensor according to another embodiment with multiple light source locations; -
FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the physiological sensor according to third embodiment with multiple light source locations; -
FIG. 5 is a bottom view of a physiological sensor having a plurality of sensing pads; -
FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary control scheme, according to an embodiment; -
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary control circuit and light assembly, according to an embodiment; -
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating another exemplary control circuit and light assembly, according to an embodiment; -
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating another exemplary control circuit and light assembly, according to an embodiment; -
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the exemplary control circuit and light assembly as set forth inFIG. 9 having multiple current sources; and -
FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating another exemplary control circuit and light assembly, according to an embodiment. - A physiological sensor that allows for an increased number of light sources without an increase in the number of wires is provided. Specifically, the physiological sensor can use four or six light sources in a three-wire configuration, or alternatively, up to twelve light sources in a four-wire configuration. In either embodiment, the physiological sensor includes one or more light source assemblies electrically connected to a monitoring system and in optical communication with at least one light detector. Each light source assembly includes at least one light source.
- The arrangement of the light sources allows the physiological sensor to measure physiological characteristics of body tissue such as oxygen saturation or other various hemoglobin species with increased accuracy and without a significant increase in size or cost. The arrangement of the light sources may also measure concentrations of additional chromospheres in tissue besides hemoglobin. The spatial relationship of the light sources relative to the light detector may enhance spatial resolution and provide values at different depths, which may help in organ oxygen delivery monitoring.
- Moreover, because the physiological sensor maintains a three or four wire configuration, the physiological sensor may be used with pre-existing monitoring systems, thus making the physiological sensor described herein backwards compatible. It is to be understood that the physiological sensor may be configured to work with any number of wires since the number of light assemblies (each having two light sources) is related to the number of wires. Specifically, the number of light source assemblies can be calculated by the equation: NLSA=NW*(NW−1)/2, wherein NLSA is the number of light source assemblies and NW is the number of wires.
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FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplaryphysiological sensor system 10 that includes amonitoring system 12 connected to asensor pad 14 through acable 16. As best shown inFIG. 2 , thesensor pad 14 includes a plurality oflight sources 18 in optical communication with first andsecond light detectors multiple light sources 18 may be disposed in multiple openings of thesensor pad 14. The plurality oflight sources 18 may include any light source known in the art, including but not limited to, light emitting diodes, laser diodes or any combination thereof. Typically, the frequency of the light excitation and wavelength of the light source is dependent upon the application. For instance, in cerebral oximetry, pulse oximetry, or tissue oximetry applications, thelight sources 18 may have a wavelength in the visible and/or infrared spectrum. For instance, thelight sources 18 may have a wavelength between 600 nm and 1000 nm, including, but not limited to, a wavelength of 660 nm, 724 nm, 750 nm, 770 nm, 812 nm, 850 nm, 905 nm, or any combination thereof. It is to be understood that thelight sources 18 may have other wavelengths to measure other physiological characteristics. - As shown in
FIGS. 3 and 4 , the plurality oflight sources 18 may be mounted in two or more different physical locations on thesensor pad 14 or in openings in thepad 14. By adding additional light source assemblies when thephysiological sensor system 10 is used as a cerebral oximeter sensor, themonitoring system 12 can obtain additional absorption spectra at additional wavelengths. The additional absorption spectra can help to better define the extinction curves for various blood and tissue chromophores, allowing more accurate determination of their relative concentrations. In one embodiment, eachlight source 18 is illuminated sequentially and independently, allowing measurement of light absorption at specific wavelengths by one or more of thelight detectors more light sources 18 may be illuminated simultaneously to provide additional light output and an improved signal-to-noise ratio at specific wavelengths. This may be necessary because certain wavelengths of light do not penetrate as deeply into tissue as other wavelengths do. As will be discussed in greater detail below, illuminatingseveral light sources 18 simultaneously may include multiple current sources. Alternatively, certain light sources may not have the same light output as others. Simultaneously illuminating two or more of these lower output light sources can increase the effective light output, improving signal-to-noise ratio and stability. - In another embodiment, the
physiological sensor system 10 may be used for fractional oximetry to measure fractional oxygen saturation and additional hemoglobin species in deep tissue of the brain, other organs, skin, or in skeletal muscle tissue. By selecting wavelengths of light appropriately, additional fractional concentrations of other hemoglobin species such as carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin can be determined. Most noninvasive oximeters measure functional hemoglobin oxygen saturation, which is defined as the ratio of oxyhemoglobin to the unbound hemoglobin that is available for oxygen binding. As such, it does not measure or take into effect the proportion of hemoglobin that is bound to other compounds such as carbon monoxide (carboxyhemoglobin) or hydrogen sulfide (sulfhemoglobin). Additional species of hemoglobin such as methemoglobin, where the ferrous iron has been oxidized to ferric iron, are not measured either. By incorporating additional wavelengths of light, the effect of additional chromophores with unique extinction curves can be measured, enabling estimation of the fraction of each hemoglobin compound, or fractional saturation. - In yet another embodiment, some of the plurality of
light sources 18 may be used for cerebral or tissue oximetry and others of the plurality oflight sources 18 may be used for pulse oximetry to measure arterial blood hemoglobin oxygen saturation. This allows thephysiological sensor system 10 to measure various physiological characteristics with thesame sensor pad 14. In this embodiment, a firstlight source assembly 44 may use selected wavelengths of light and be located a sufficient distance from one of thedetectors light source assembly 46 may use wavelengths suited for measurement of arterial oxygen saturation using reflectance pulse oximetry and would therefore be located close to another of thelight detectors first light detector 20 may be used to measure arterial oxygen saturation based on the spatial relationship of the plurality oflight sources 18. This embodiment also allows arterial saturation of deeper tissues to be measured because the depth of penetration of photons is proportional to the separation distance between thelight source 18 and thelight detector - In yet another embodiment, the plurality of
light sources 18 can be spatially arranged to increase the accuracy of the measurements. For instance, the firstlight source assembly 44 can have different wavelengths that penetrate less deeply into the body tissue than other light source assemblies. For instance, as shown inFIG. 3 , placing the firstlight source assembly 44 closer to thelight detector 20 and slightly offset from the firstlight source assembly 46 allows the firstlight source assembly 44 to penetrate into the body tissue shallower than the secondlight source assembly 46. Likewise, placing the secondlight source 46 further away from thelight detector 20 and slightly offset from the firstlight source assembly 44 causes light generated by the secondlight source assembly 46 to penetrate deeper into the body tissue. Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 4 , the firstlight source assembly 44 may be spaced away from the secondlight source assembly 46 and more offset from the secondlight source assembly 46 to achieve a similar result. In this embodiment, the ratios of the signals from each of thelight detectors light source assemblies - In yet another embodiment, the
physiological sensor system 10 may contain a plurality ofsensor pads 14 and eachsensor pad 14 may contain at least onelight source assembly 44 and onelight detector 20. This arrangement of thephysiological sensor system 10 may be used to measure two physiological parameters including, but not limited to, cerebral blood saturation and arterial blood saturation. The cerebral measurement may require a low skin perfusion site on the forehead to reduce interference from extra-cranial signals. However, arterial blood oxygen saturation may require high skin perfusion. Thus, in one embodiment, for cerebral oximetry, thesensor pad 14 may be placed on the forehead directly below the hair line. On the other hand, for pulse oximetry, thesensor pad 14 may be placed on the forehead directly above the eyes. In this embodiment, asingle sensor pad 14 may be inconvenient to use at least for an adult patient. Therefore, twosensor pads 14 may be used. - Referring now to
FIG. 5 , in one exemplary approach, thephysiological sensor system 10 includes a first sensor pad 14A and a second sensor pad 14B. The first sensor pad 14A may be used, for instance, for tissue oximetry, and the second sensor pad 14B may be used, for instance, for pulse oximetry. The first sensor pad 14A may include thelight source assemblies light detectors light source assemblies light detectors light source assemblies light detectors light source assemblies light detectors - Other cases where two or
more sensor pads 14 may be used include measuring cerebral oxygenation from at least two sites of the brain, or measuring cerebral and tissue oxygenation simultaneously in infants. In this embodiment, thephysiological sensor system 10 may include at least twosensor pads 14, each having at least twolight detectors light source assemblies light source assemblies - As shown in
FIG. 6 ,monitoring system 12 includes acontrol circuit 24 and aprocessor 26 in communication with the plurality oflight sources 18 andlight detectors processor 26 is configured to receive signals fromlight detectors processor 26 controls thecontrol circuit 24 as will be discussed in greater detail below. It is to be understood that thecontrol circuit 24 may alternatively be controlled by a dedicated processor (not shown) other than theprocessor 26 shown inFIG. 6 . Themonitoring system 12 may output the data to adisplay 27 as shown inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 7 illustrates anexemplary control circuit 24, which includes at least onehigh switch 28 and at least onelow switch 30. As discussed in greater detail below, it is to be understood that thehigh switch 28 connects thelight sources 18 to a higher potential than thelow switch 30. Thehigh switch 28 and thelow switch 30 may be any switch known in the art, and even the same type of switch. For instance, thehigh switch 28 and thelow switch 30 may be transistors. In one embodiment, thehigh switch 28 may be a PMOS type transistor and thelow switch 30 may be an NMOS type transistor. Thehigh switch 28 and thelow switch 30 may be connected in an H-Bridge configuration. - The at least one
high switch 28 and the at least onelow switch 30 are controlled by theprocessor 26 in themonitoring system 12. In other words, theprocessor 26 opens and closes the at least onehigh switch 28 and the at least onelow switch 30 of thecontrol circuit 24 to activate a select combination of the plurality oflight sources 18. Themonitoring system 12 includes avoltage source 32 electrically connected to thecontrol circuit 24 for providing voltage to thecontrol circuit 24 and the plurality oflight sources 18. In addition, themonitoring system 12 may further include acurrent source 34 that causes current to flow from thevoltage source 32 toground 36. The low switches 30 connect each of the plurality oflight sources 18 to thecurrent source 34. Thecurrent source 34 is connected to theground 36 at a ground potential. It is to be understood that thelow switches 30 may connect to the plurality oflight sources 18 directly to the ground potential. Otherwise, in at least one embodiment, there is no structural or functional difference between thehigh switches 28 and the low switches 30. - The
control circuit 24 may include any number ofhigh switches 28 orlow switches 30. For instance, as shown inFIG. 7 , thecontrol circuit 24 includes a first high switch HI1 in series with a first low switch L1, the combination of which defines afirst switch pair 38. Likewise, thecontrol circuit 24 includes a second high switch HI2 in series with a second low switch L2, the combination of which defines asecond switch pair 40. It is to be understood that thecontrol circuit 24 may include any number ofhigh switches 28 andlow switches 30 to define any number of switch pairs. For instance, referring toFIG. 8 , thecontrol circuit 24 may include a third high switch HI3 and a third low switch L3 in series with the third high switch 1413 to define athird switch pair 42. As shown inFIG. 8 , thefirst switch pair 38 is in parallel with thesecond switch pair 40 and thethird switch pair 42. - Each
high switch 28 and eachlow switch 30 have an anode and a cathode. The anode of thehigh switch 28 directly or indirectly connects to thevoltage source 32 and the cathode of thelow switch 30 directly or indirectly connects to a lower potential (i.e., a ground potential 36 or the current source 34). When thecontrol circuit 24 includes multiplehigh switches 28, the anodes of each of thehigh switches 28 are electrically connected to one another. For example, referring toFIG. 7 , the anode of the first high switch HI1 may be electrically connected to the anode of the second high switch HI2. Similarly, when thecontrol circuit 24 includes multiplelow switches 30, the cathodes of each of thelow switches 30 may be electrically connected. Again referring toFIG. 7 , the cathode of the first low switch L1 is electrically connected to the cathode of the second low switch L2. - In operation, the
processor 26 closes one of thehigh switches 28 and one of thelow switches 30 to activate one of the plurality oflight sources 18. In one embodiment, each light source is connected to two switch pairs. The light source is powered by thevoltage source 32 when thehigh switch 28 in one of the switch pairs is closed and thelow switch 30 in another switch pair is closed, completing an electrical circuit. It is to be understood that multiple light sources may be illuminated by closing more than onehigh switch 28 and/or more than onelow switch 30. However, closing thehigh switch 28 and thelow switch 30 in the same switch pair will cause an electrical short, and the light source will not illuminate. In other words, the light source does not operate when thehigh switch 28 and thelow switch 30 from the same switch pair are both closed. To prevent an electrical short, theprocessor 26 opens thelow switch 30 in the switch pair when thehigh switch 28 in the switch pair is closed. Therefore, the light source is electrically connected to thehigh switch 28 in one switch pair and thelow switch 30 in another switch pair. It is to be understood that both thehigh switch 28 and thelow switch 30 may be open at the same time. - As shown in
FIG. 7 , thephysiological sensor 10 includes a firstlight source assembly 44 that is defined by at least one of the plurality oflight sources 18 and electrically connected to thecontrol circuit 24. As shown, the firstlight source assembly 44 includes a first light source LS1 in parallel with a second light source LS2. As previously discussed, the first light source LS1 and the second light source LS2 may be light emitting diodes or laser diodes. Each of the first light source LS1 and the second light source LS2 have an anode and a cathode. The anode of the firstlight source LS 1 is electrically connected to the cathode of the second light source LS2. In addition, the cathode of the first light source LS1 is electrically connected to the anode of the second light source LS2. Therefore, although disposed in parallel with the second light source LS2, the first light source LS1 has an opposite polarity to the second light source LS2. The first light source LS1 and the second light source LS2 are each electrically connected to at least two switch pairs. Specifically, the first light source LS1 is electrically connected to the first high switch HI1 and the second low switch L2, and the second light source LS2 is electrically connected to the second high switch HI2 and the first low switch L1. The first high switch HI1 is in series with the second low switch L2 when the first high switch HI1 and the second low switch L2 are closed. - Likewise, the second high switch HI2 is in series with the first low switch L1 when the second high switch HI2 and the first low switch L1 are closed. In this embodiment, only one of the plurality of
light sources 28 may be illuminated at any time since only one of the first high switch HI1 and the second high switch HI2 may be closed because closing both the first high switch HI1 and the first low switch L1 or the second high switch HI2 and the second low switch L2 would cause an electrical short. Therefore, theprocessor 26 opens the first low switch L1 when the first high switch RH is closed. Likewise, theprocessor 26 opens the second low switch L2 when the second high switch HI2 is closed. - It is to be understood that the
physiological sensor system 10 may include any number of light source assemblies. For instance, referring toFIG. 8 , thesystem 10 further includes a secondlight source assembly 46 defined by at least one of the plurality oflight sources 18 and electrically connected to themonitoring system 12. The secondlight source assembly 46 includes a third light source LS3 in parallel with a fourth light source LS4. Although disposed in parallel with the fourth light source LS4, the third light source LS3 has an opposite polarity than the fourth light source LS4. Each of the third light source LS3 and the fourth light source LS4 have an anode and a cathode. The anode of the third light source LS3 is electrically connected to the cathode of the fourth light source LS4. The cathode of the third light source LS3 is electrically connected to the anode of the fourth light source LS4. In one embodiment, as shown inFIG. 8 , the anode of the third light source LS3 is also electrically connected to the anode of the first light source LS1 and the cathode of the second light source LS2. As in the previous embodiment, the first light source LS1 is electrically connected to the first high switch HI1 and the second low switch L2 and the second light source LS2 is electrically connected to the second high switch HI2 and the first low switch L1. In this embodiment, the third light source LS3 is electrically connected to the first high switch HI1 and the third low switch L3. The fourth light source LS4 is electrically connected to the third high switch HI3 and the first high switch HIL Again, the third high switch HI3 is in series with the third low switch L3 to make up thethird switch pair 42. - In this embodiment, it is possible for the
processor 26 to illuminate more than one of the plurality oflight sources 18 simultaneously. For instance, theprocessor 26 may close the first high switch HU and the second low switch L2 to illuminate the firstlight source LS 1. Theprocessor 26 may then close the third low switch L3 to illuminate the third light source LS3 since both the first light source LS1 and the third light source LS3 receive power from thevoltage source 32 when the first high switch HI1 is closed. It is to be appreciated that theprocessor 26 may close the third low switch L3 at the same time as closing the second low switch L2 to illuminate the third light source LS3 simultaneously with the first light source LS1, or theprocessor 26 may close the third low switch L3 after closing the second low switch L2 to illuminate the third light source LS3 sequentially with the firstlight source LS 1. Alternatively, theprocessor 26 may close the second high switch HI2 and the first low switch L1 to illuminate the second light source LS2, and by closing the third high switch HI3 while the second high switch HI2 and the first low switch L1 are closed, theprocessor 26 additionally illuminates the fourth light source LS4. Therefore, in this embodiment, theprocessor 26 may illuminate two of the plurality oflight sources 18. - Referring now to
FIG. 9 , thephysiological sensor system 10 further includes a thirdlight source assembly 48 that includes a fifth light source LS5 in parallel with a sixth light source LS6. Although disposed in parallel with the sixth light source LS6, the fifth light source LS5 has an opposite polarity than the sixth light source LS6. Each of the fifth light source LS5 and the sixth light source LS6 have an anode and a cathode. The anode of the fifth light source LS5 is electrically connected to the cathode of the first light source LS1, the anode of the second light source LS2, and the cathode of the sixth light source LS6. The cathode of the fifth light source LS5 is electrically connected to the cathode of the third light source LS3, the anode of the fourth light source LS4, and the anode of the sixth light source LS6. The anode of the sixth light source LS6 is electrically connected to the cathode of the third light source LS3 and the anode of the fourth light source LS4. The cathode of the sixth light source LS6 is electrically connected to the cathode of the first light source LS1 and the anode of the second light source LS2. As in the previous embodiment, theprocessor 26 may illuminate more than one of the plurality oflight sources 18 simultaneously. For instance, theprocessor 26 may close the first high switch HI1 and the second low switch L2 to illuminate the first light source LS1. At the same time, theprocessor 26 may close the third low switch L3 to illuminate the third light source LS3. Therefore, theprocessor 26 may illuminate more than one of the plurality oflight sources 18 simultaneously. - In one exemplary embodiment, to illuminate more than one of the plurality of
light sources 18 simultaneously, thephysiological sensor system 10 may include more than onecurrent sources 34. Referring now toFIG. 10 , thephysiological sensor 10 includes a first current source 34A electrically connected to the first low switch L1, a second current source 34B electrically connected to the second low switch L2, and a third current source 34C electrically connected to the third low switch L3. The current sources 34A, 34B, and 34C help to ensure that thelight sources 18 maintain a minimum amount of brightness when thelight sources 18 are simultaneously illuminated. - Again, it is to be understood that the
physiological sensor system 10 may include any number of light source assemblies. For instance, referring toFIG. 11 , thephysiological sensor system 10 further includes a fourthlight source assembly 50, a fifthlight source assembly 54, and a sixth light source assembly 56. In addition, thecontrol circuit 24 includes afourth switch pair 52 having a fourth high switch HI4 in series with a fourth low switch L4. The fourthlight source assembly 50 includes a seventh light source LS7 in parallel with an eighth light source LS8. The seventh light source LS7 and the eighth light source LS8 each have an anode and a cathode. The anode of the seventh light source LS7 is electrically connected to the fourth high switch HI4 and the cathode of the seventh light source LS7 is electrically connected to thethird ground 36 source. The anode of the eighth light source LS8 is electrically connected to the third high switch HI3 and the cathode of the eighth light source LS8 is electrically connected to the fourth low switch L4. The fifthlight source assembly 54 includes a ninth light source LS9 in parallel with a tenth light source LS10. The ninth light source LS9 and the tenth light source LS10 each have an anode and a cathode. The anode of the ninth light source LS9 is electrically connected to the fourth high switch HI4 and the cathode of the ninth light source LS9 is electrically connected to the second low switch L2. The anode of the tenth light source LS10 is electrically connected to the second high switch HI2 and the cathode of the tenthlight source LS 10 is electrically connected to the fourth low switch L4. The sixth light source assembly 56 includes an eleventh light source LS11 in parallel with a twelfth light source LS12. The eleventh light source LS11 and the twelfth light source LS12 each have an anode and a cathode. The anode of the eleventh light source LS11 is electrically connected to the fourth high switch HI4 and the cathode of the eleventh light source LS11 electrically connected to the first low switch L1. The anode of the twelfth light source LS12 is electrically connected to the first high switch HI1 and the cathode of the twelfth light source LS12 is electrically connected to the fourth low switch L4. As in the previous embodiments, theprocessor 26 may illuminate one or more of the plurality oflight sources 18. For instance, theprocessor 26 may close the first high switch HIL the second low switch L2, and the fourth low switch L4 to illuminate the first light source LS1, the third light source LS3, and the twelfth light source LS12. Alternatively, theprocessor 26 may close the first high switch HIL the third high switch HI3, the fourth high switch HI4, and the second low switch L2 to illuminate the first light source LS1, the sixth light source LS6, and the ninth light source LS9. - It is to be understood that the
physiological sensor system 10 may include any number of light source assemblies, each including any number oflight sources 18. Also, theprocessor 26 may close different combinations of thehigh switches 28 and thelow switches 30 to illuminate alternative combinations of the plurality oflight sources 18. - It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many alternative approaches or applications other than the examples provided would be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading the above description. The scope of the invention should be determined, not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is anticipated and intended that future developments will occur in the arts discussed herein, and that the disclosed systems and methods will be incorporated into such future examples. In sum, it should be understood that the invention is capable of modification and variation and is limited only by the following claims.
- The present embodiments have been particularly shown and described, which are merely illustrative of the best modes. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various alternatives to the embodiments described herein may be employed in practicing the claims without departing from the spirit and scope as defined in the following claims. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that the method and apparatus within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. This description should be understood to include all novel and non-obvious combinations of elements described herein, and claims may be presented in this or a later application to any novel and non-obvious combination of these elements. Moreover, the foregoing embodiments are illustrative, and no single feature or element is essential to all possible combinations that may be claimed in this or a later application.
- All terms used in the claims are intended to be given their broadest reasonable constructions and their ordinary meanings as understood by those skilled in the art unless an explicit indication to the contrary is made herein. In particular, use of the singular articles such as “a,” “the,” “said,” etc. should be read to recite one or more of the indicated elements unless a claim recites an explicit limitation to the contrary.
Claims (21)
1-13. (canceled)
14. A sensor comprising:
a first light source assembly including a first light source and a second light source, each of said first light source and said second light source having an anode and a cathode;
a second light source assembly including a third light source and a fourth light source, each of said third light source and said fourth light source having an anode and a cathode; and
wherein said anode of said first light source is electrically connected to each of said cathode of said second light source, said anode of said third light source, and said cathode of said fourth light source and wherein said anode of said third light source is electrically connected to said cathode of said fourth light source.
15. The sensor of claim 16 , wherein said cathode of said first light source is electrically connected to said anode of said second light source and said cathode of said second light source is electrically connected to said cathode of said fourth light source.
16. The sensor of claim 14 , further comprising a third light source assembly including a fifth light source and a sixth light source and each of said fifth light source and said sixth light source having an anode and a cathode, and wherein said anode of said fifth light source is electrically connected to said cathode of said first light source, said anode of said second light source, and said cathode of said sixth light source.
17. The sensor of claim 16 , wherein said cathode of said fifth light source is electrically connected to said cathode of said third light source, said anode of said fourth light source, and said anode of said sixth light source.
18. The sensor of claim 16 , wherein said anode of said sixth light source is electrically connected to said cathode of said third light source and said anode of said fourth light source, and said cathode of said sixth light source is electrically connected to said cathode of said first light source and said anode of said second light source.
19. The sensor of claim 14 , further comprising a light detector in optical communication with said first light source assembly and said second light source assembly.
20. The sensor of claim 14 , further comprising a pad defining at least one opening and wherein at least one of said first light source assembly and said second light source assembly is disposed in said at least one opening.
21. The sensor of claim 14 , wherein at least one of said first light source assembly and said second light source assembly includes at least one of a light emitting diode and a laser diode.
22. A sensor comprising:
a first light source assembly having two light sources arranged in a first anti-parallel pair; and
a second light source assembly having two light sources arranged in a second anti-parallel pair;
wherein one light source from the first light source assembly is arranged in parallel with one light source from the second light source assembly.
23. The sensor of claim 22 , further comprising a third light source assembly having two light sources arranged in a third anti-parallel pair, wherein one light source from the first light source assembly and one light source from the second light source assembly are arranged in parallel with one light source from the third light source assembly.
24. The sensor of claim 22 , further comprising a light detector in optical communication with the first light source assembly and the second light source assembly.
25. The sensor of claim 22 , further comprising a pad defining at least one opening and wherein at least one of the first light source assembly and the second light source assembly is disposed in the at least one opening.
26. The sensor of claim 22 , wherein at least one of the first light source assembly and the second light source assembly includes at least one of a light emitting diode and a laser diode.
27. The sensor of claim 22 , wherein the first light source assembly and the second light source assembly are electrically connected to a monitoring device, wherein a number of wires connecting the first and second light source assemblies to the monitoring device is less than a total number of light sources in the first and second light source assemblies.
28. A physiological sensor system comprising:
a sensor having a first light source assembly having two light sources arranged in a first anti-parallel pair and a second light source assembly having two light sources arranged in a second anti-parallel pair, wherein one light source from the first light source assembly is arranged in parallel with one light source from the second light source assembly; and
a monitoring device electrically connected to the sensor, wherein a number of wires connecting the sensor to the monitoring device is less than a total number of light sources in the first and second light source assemblies.
29. The physiological sensor system of claim 28 , wherein a maximum number of light source assemblies disposed on the sensor is defined by the following equation: NLSA=NW*(NW−1)/2, wherein NLSA is the number of light source assemblies and Nw is the number of wires connecting the sensor to the monitoring device.
30. The physiological sensor system of claim 28 , wherein the monitoring device includes plurality of switches arranged in pairs and wherein no more than one switch in each pair is enabled at any time.
31. The physiological sensor system of claim 30 , wherein enabling select combinations of the plurality of switches activates more one light source from each of the first and second light source assemblies.
32. The physiological sensor system of claim 30 , wherein enabling each of the plurality of switches in a predetermined sequence activates each of the light sources in the first and second light source assemblies according to the predetermined sequence.
33. The physiological sensor system of claim 28 , wherein the sensor includes a light detector in optical communication with the first light source assembly and the second light source assembly.
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US14/688,618 US20150216461A1 (en) | 2007-12-21 | 2015-04-16 | Physiological sensor |
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US11/963,174 US8380272B2 (en) | 2007-12-21 | 2007-12-21 | Physiological sensor |
US13/755,432 US20130204141A1 (en) | 2007-12-21 | 2013-01-31 | Physiological sensor |
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US11/963,174 Continuation US8380272B2 (en) | 2007-12-21 | 2007-12-21 | Physiological sensor |
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Also Published As
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US20150216461A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
US8380272B2 (en) | 2013-02-19 |
US20090163775A1 (en) | 2009-06-25 |
WO2009085822A1 (en) | 2009-07-09 |
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