US20120213997A1

US20120213997A1 - Fiber tow treatment apparatus and system

Info

Publication number: US20120213997A1
Application number: US13/031,360
Authority: US
Inventors: Chen-Shih Wang; Charles William Knakal; Jeffrey Scott Dahl; Bhavesh Suresh Shah
Original assignee: United States Council for Automotive Research LLC
Current assignee: United States Council for Automotive Research LLC
Priority date: 2011-02-21
Filing date: 2011-02-21
Publication date: 2012-08-23
Also published as: US10138579B2; US20190062956A1; US20160177475A1; DE102012101077A1

Abstract

In one embodiment, a fiber treatment system includes a rotatable nubbed roller including an axis of rotation, a surface, and a number of spaced apart nubs projecting away from the surface, the number of spaced apart nubs imparting a number of spaced apart openings in a fiber tow. In another embodiment, the fiber treatment system further includes an optionally rotatable spreader roller for flattening the fiber tow. In yet another embodiment, the loosened, but still continuous fiber tow is chopped by a downstream chopper to form short fibers with reduced tow sizes.

Description

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

The present invention was made with Government support under Department of Energy Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26-02OR22910. The Government has certain rights to the invention.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to fiber tow treatment apparatus and system, and particularly fiber tow treatment apparatus and system for making fiber reinforced polymer composites.
2. Background Art
Fiber reinforced polymer composites have been used to provide lightweight engineering structures. The use of existing fiber reinforced polymer composites may be limited due to prohibitive costs associated with the production of fibers suitable for forming the composites.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a fiber tow treatment system includes a rotatable nubbed roller including an axis of rotation, a base having a surface, and a number of spaced apart nubs projecting from the surface, the spaced apart nub imparting spaced apart openings in a fiber tow. In certain instances, at least a portion of the openings are discrete openings spaced apart from each other. In certain other instances, the spaced apart nubs may be arranged as a readily detachable piece relative to the base of the rotatable nubbed roller. In yet certain other instances, the spaced apart nubs and the surface of the base are of different metallic or non-metallic materials. In yet certain other instances, the spaced apart nubs include a polymeric material. In certain other instances, the spaced apart nubs are integral to the base. In certain other instances, the spaced apart nubs are non-uniformly positioned along the axis of rotation.
In another embodiment, the fiber treatment system further includes a spreader roller upstream of the rotatable nubbed roller for flattening the fiber tow. The spreader roller is optionally rotatable.
In yet another embodiment, the fiber treatment system further includes a second and/or third spreader roller upstream of the rotatable nubbed roller, the second and/or third spreader roller is optionally rotatable.
In yet another embodiment, the fiber treatment system further includes a second rotatable nubbed roller downstream of the spreader roller.
In yet another embodiment, the fiber treatment system further includes a chopping station downstream of the rotatable nubbed roller for chopping the loosened fibers tows to produce chopped fibers with reduced tow sizes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A1 depicts a cross-sectional view of a fiber treatment system according to one embodiment;

FIG. 1A2 depicts a perspective view of a non-limiting example of a rotatable nubbed roller employed in the fiber treatment system of FIG. 1A1;

FIG. 1B depicts a cross-sectional view of a fiber treatment system according to another embodiment;

FIG. 1C depicts a cross-sectional view of a fiber treatment system according to yet another embodiment;

FIG. 2A depicts an expanded top view of a nubbed roller in a fiber treatment system according to yet another embodiment;

FIG. 2B depicts an expanded top view of a nubbed roller in a fiber treatment system according to yet another embodiment;

FIGS. 3A to 3D depict variable forms and arrangements of the spaced apart nubs according to yet another embodiment;

FIG. 4 depicts tensile strength values as a function of fiber tow sizes according to one example described herein;

FIG. 5A depicts a fiber treatment system according to another example described herein;

FIG. 5B depicts a fiber treatment system according to yet another example described herein;

FIGS. 6A1 and 6A2 depict analysis values in relation to the fiber treatment system of FIG. 5A;

FIGS. 6B1 and 6B2 depict analysis values in relation to the fiber treatment system of FIG. 5B;

FIGS. 7A and 7B depict various analysis values according to yet another example described herein; and

FIGS. 8A and 8B depict non-limiting examples of the fiber treatment system according to yet another embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale; some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.
Except where expressly indicated, all numerical quantities in this description indicating amounts of material or conditions of reaction and/or use are to be understood as modified by the word “about” in describing the broadest scope of the present invention.
The description of a group or class of materials as suitable for a given purpose in connection with one or more embodiments of the present invention implies that mixtures of any two or more of the members of the group or class are suitable. Description of constituents in chemical terms refers to the constituents at the time of addition to any combination specified in the description, and does not necessarily preclude chemical interactions among constituents of the mixture once mixed. The first definition of an acronym or other abbreviation applies to all subsequent uses herein of the same abbreviation and applies mutatis mutandis to normal grammatical variations of the initially defined abbreviation. Unless expressly stated to the contrary, measurement of a property is determined by the same technique as previously or later referenced for the same property.
In one or more embodiments, a fiber treatment system is provided to effect the production of cost effective fiber tows with tow sizes suitable for forming fiber reinforced polymer composites having desired physical properties. In particular, the fiber treatment system produces loosened fiber tows ready to be chopped to form chopped, shorter fibers with reduced fiber tow sizes. Non-limiting examples of the fibers include carbon fibers, glass fibers, polymer fibers, natural fibers or combinations thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the term “fiber tow” may refer to a fiber bundle of fiber filaments, optionally adhered or connected to each other. The fiber filaments may be adhered or connected to each other via a polymer and/or resin coating. The term “fiber tow size” may refer to a cross-sectional dimension of the fiber tow measured in a total number of fiber filaments. A 50K fiber tow, for instance, refers to a fiber bundle of about 50,000 fiber filaments grouped together.
Fibers such as carbon fibers with smaller tow sizes may be significantly more expensive to produce due to relatively lower production throughput and higher energy consumption per equal weight of manufactured fiber. Attempts have been made to mechanically split or separate lower cost, large tow fibers and re-spool them into smaller tow products for downstream applications. The tow splitting process, however, requires specialized equipment and may be complicated by frequent occurrence of twisting of the long continuous fiber tows. Consequently, using chopped fibers derived from these mechanically split small tow fibers is cost inefficient in general and retards the effective use of resultant fiber-containing products such as fiber reinforced polymer composites.
In one or more embodiments, the fiber treatment system includes a rotatable nubbed roller having thereupon spaced apart protruding nubs. Fiber tows may be pressed against the spaced apart nubs to be penetrated and to create spaced apart openings within the fiber tows. As a result, the fiber tows are opened or loosened due to the formation of these spaced apart openings. The loosened fiber tows may be subsequently chopped and chopping allows fiber tows to naturally break apart to form chopped fibers with reduced tow sizes. The fiber tows are merely loosened without having to be carefully separated and organized into individual spools. The fiber treatment system, according to one or more embodiments, therefore provides a simple and cost effective way of producing fibers for certain fiber reinforced composite applications.
In one or more embodiments, the spaced apart nubs may be varied in pattern and/or shape to accommodate particular needs of a fiber treatment project. In certain instances, the spaced apart nubs are arranged non-uniformly and randomly. In certain instances, the fiber tows can be loosened or opened in a random fashion, which, when coupled with subsequent chopping, helps provide a population of chopped fibers with randomized cross-sectional sizes suitable for certain composite making processes requiring low viscosity of fiber-resin mixtures, enabling the production of desired high performance composites.
In one or more embodiments, the spaced apart nubs may be arranged as a detachable piece that is readily attachable to the base of the rotatable nubbed roller or any of the fiber rollers such as a spreader roller 104 described herein. Thus, a simpler and more versatile system and hence greater economic efficiency may be achieved.
In one embodiment, and as depicted in FIG. 1A1 and FIG. 1A2, a fiber treatment system generally shown at 100 includes a rotatable nubbed roller 102 including an axis of rotation A-A′ for loosening a fiber tow 110. The rotatable nubbed roller 102 includes a base 102 a having a surface 114 and a number of spaced apart nubs 102 b projecting from the surface 114. The spaced apart nubs 102 b impart spaced apart openings 116 in the fiber tow 110 to form loosened fiber tow 112. In certain instances, and as depicted in FIG. 1A2, the surface 114 has a generally cylindrical shape, and the rotatable nubbed roller 102 has a pair of opposing ends 120, 122 with the surface extending there between.
In another embodiment, and as depicted in FIG. 1B, the fiber treatment system 100 may further include a spreader roller 104 for flattening the fiber tow 110 prior to being loosened via the rotatable nubbed roller 102. The spreader roller 104 may be presented with a smooth surface. Without wanting to be limited to any particular theory, it is believed that the flattening step at 104 helps increase the surface contact between the fiber tow 110 and the spaced apart nubs 102 b of the rotatable nubbed roller 102. The increased surface contact, in turn, results in greater opening formation and better loosening of the fibers per unit weight of the fiber tow 110, and hence a population of more individualized fibers upon chopping.
Although one spreader roller 104 and one rotatable nubbed roller 102 are depicted in FIG. 1B, it is operable within the spirit of the present invention to employ two or more spreader rollers 104 in a serial relationship upstream of the nubbed roller 102, such as in a system illustrated in FIG. 1C, or to employ two or more rotatable nubbed rollers 102 downstream of the spreader roller 104. Alternatively, the spreader rollers 104 and the rotatable nubbed rollers 102 may mix and match in any suitable order as long as at least one spreader roller 104 is positioned upstream of at least one nubbed roller 102.
In yet another embodiment, and as depicted in FIG. 1C, three individual spreader rollers 104 a, 104 b, and 104 c are positioned upstream of the rotatable nubbed roller 102. At least one of the spreader rollers 104 a, 104 b, and 104 c are each optionally rotatable. In particular, spreader roller 104 b is positioned below the spreader roller 104 a to help effect a downward pulling and resultant flattening of the fiber tow. The spreader roller 104 c is positioned above the spreader roller 104 b to help effect an upward pulling and further flattening of the previously flattened fiber tow coming out of the spreader roller 104 b. This non-limiting spacing arrangement of the spreader rollers 104 a, 104 b, 104 c is believed to effectively assist with the fiber flattening and spreading as one or more of these spreader rollers may rotate about their respective shaft and do not necessarily provide much pulling on their own.
In yet another embodiment, the fiber treatment system 100 further includes a chopping station formed of a pulling roller 108, a pinching roller set 118 a and 118 b, and a chopper 120. In operation, the pulling roller 108 and the pinching roller set 118 a and 118 b together effect pulling of the loosened fiber tow 112 toward the chopper 120. The loosened fiber tow 112 is then chopped to certain pre-determined length via chopper 120. In particular instances, and as depicted in FIG. 1C, cutting blades may be positioned on the outer surface of the chopper 120 and effect fiber cutting via contact with the outer surface of the pulling roller 108. However, any other suitable chopping stations may be used to effect the chopping of the loosening fiber tow 112.
FIG. 2A depicts a non-limiting pattern of the spaced apart nubs 102 b in an expanded top view, wherein the fiber tow 110 is shown being rolled toward the spaced apart nubs 102 b in a rolling direction and being pressed against the spaced apart nubs 102 b to form a loosened fiber tow 112 including corresponding spaced apart openings 116. At least a portion of the openings 116 are discrete relative to each other to effect loosening of the surrounding fiber filaments while still keeping the entire fiber tow 112 together as one not-yet-separated entity. The loosened, but still continuous, fiber tow 112 then gets pulled into the chopper and chopped. The chopping motion naturally breaks up the fiber tow 112 into smaller tow sized chopped fibers. One benefit of this arrangement is that the resultant loosened fiber tow 112 gets chopped immediately after loosening instead of being collected as individual smaller fiber tow spools as an extra processing step. Accordingly, the present invention provides a cost effective way of forming chopped fibers and fiber composites using the same.
The spaced apart nubs 102 b may be formed integral of the base 102 a, for instance, as a natural structure extension from the base 102 a. In certain instances, the spaced apart nubs 102 b and the base 102 a may be formed from the same metallic and/or non-metallic material. Alternatively, the spaced apart nubs 102 b may be detachable relative to the base 102 a. In certain other instances, the spaced part portions 102 b and the base 102 a may be formed of different materials. In certain particular instances, the spaced apart nubs 102 b may include a polymeric material such as thermoplastic polymer or thermoset polymer, including rubber. In certain other particular instances, the spaced apart nubs 102 b together form a network of discrete piece of rubber material with protruding extensions. To further provide versatility and cost efficiency, the number of spaced apart nubs 102 b may be presented in the form of a discrete piece readily attachable and detachable to any one of the existing spreader rollers 102 a to perform opening and loosening of the fibers.
In certain instances, and as depicted in FIG. 2B, the spaced apart nubs generally shown at 102 b may be non-uniformly aligned along a rolling direction with arrow shown. For instance, a space distance “d1” between two adjacent protrusions at line L1 is different from a space distance “d2” between two adjacent protrusions at line L2. Space distances “d1” and “d2” may each independently differ from a space distance “dn” between two adjacent protrusions at line Ln. In certain other instances, similar non-uniform arrangement can also be independently applied to the spaced apart nubs 102 b along a direction different from the rolling direction, such as a direction traversal to the rolling direction.
Moreover, and to introduce additional non-uniformity or randomness in the arrangement of the spaced apart nubs 102 b, the nubs can be of different shapes, with non-limiting examples thereof including needles, triangles, or combinations thereof. For instance, and as depicted in FIG. 3A, the nubs 102 b may have a cross-sectional shape of a triangle 304 with a point 302 for imparting openings in the fiber tows. As depicted in FIG. 3B, the nubs 102 b may have a cross-sectional shape of a triangle 308 with a point 306 for imparting openings and a raised bottom 310. As depicted in FIG. 3C, the nubs 102 b may have a cross-sectional shape of two connected triangles 314 with points 312 for imparting openings and a raised bottom 316 for height adjustment. In these illustrated arrangements, the portions of the nubs 102 b which have a cross-sectional shape of a triangle 304, 308, 314 may be in three-dimension of the form of a cone or a pyramid as illustrated in FIG. 3D. In certain instances, one or more of the edges 318, 320, 322, 324, 326 are not parallel to a plane in line with and/or defined by any one of the opposing ends 120, 122 of the rotatable nubbed roller 102. In certain other instances, the two or more points 312 per nub 102 b are aligned in a direction not parallel to the rolling direction.
In certain instances, 90 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 4 to 10 millimeters. In certain other instances, 80 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 4 to 9 millimeters. In yet certain other instances, 70 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 4 to 8 millimeters. In yet certain other instances, 60 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 4 to 7 millimeters. In yet certain other instances, 40 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 4 to 6 millimeters. In yet certain other instances, 30 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 4 to 5 millimeters.
In yet certain other instances, 20 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 9 to 10 millimeters. In yet certain other instances, 30 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 8 to 10 millimeters. In yet certain other instances, 50 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 7 to 10 millimeters. In yet certain other instances, 60 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 6 to 10 millimeters. In yet certain other instances, 80 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow width in the range of 5 to 10 millimeters.
In certain instances, 90 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 15 to 65 milligrams per inch. In yet certain instances, 85 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 15 to 60 milligrams per inch. In certain instances, 80 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 15 to 55 milligrams per inch. In yet certain instances, 70 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 15 to 50 milligrams per inch. In yet certain instances, 55 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 15 to 45 milligrams per inch. In yet certain instances, 40 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 15 to 40 milligrams per inch. In yet certain instances, 35 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 15 to 35 milligrams per inch. In yet certain instances, 25 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 15 to 30 milligrams per inch. In yet certain instances, 20 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 15 to 25 milligrams per inch. In yet certain instances, 15 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 15 to 20 milligrams per inch.
In certain instances, 90 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 20 to 65 milligrams per inch. In certain other instances, 80 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 25 to 65 milligrams per inch. In yet certain other instances, 70 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 30 to 65 milligrams per inch. In yet certain other instances, 60 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 40 to 65 milligrams per inch. In yet certain other instances, 55 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 45 to 65 milligrams per inch. In yet certain other instances, 40 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 50 to 65 milligrams per inch. In yet certain other instances, 20 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 55 to 65 milligrams per inch. In yet certain other instances, 15 percent of the chopped fiber produced from the loosened fiber tow 112 has an average tow weight of 60 to 65 milligrams per inch.
Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.

Example

FIG. 4 illustrates fiber composite tensile strength as a function of fiber tow size (number of fiber filaments in a fiber tow). As depicted in FIG. 4, the tensile strength of fiber composites increases from 85 MPa to 270 MPa as the fiber tow size decreases from 12 K to 0.5 K. An improvement in strength reinforcement may be attributed to better wet-out and dispersion of the smaller tow fibers in the resin matrix. This example demonstrates that fibers at certain tow size such as a tow size larger than 12K provides very little reinforcement in tensile strength of the resin composites.
FIGS. 5A and 5B depict two comparative fiber treatment systems. According to the system of FIG. 5A, a fiber tow 510 is pulled via a pulling roller 508 and is cut via a chopper (not shown) to form 1-inch chopped fibers. The system of FIG. 5A does not involve the use of any spreader roller such as the spreader roller 104 of FIG. 1B or any nubbed roller such as the nubbed roller 102 of FIG. 1A. The system of FIG. 5B includes four smooth spreader rollers 504 a, 504 b, 504 c, 504 d placed upstream of a pulling roller 508. The spreader rollers 504 a, 504 b, 504 c, 504 d are to flatten a fiber tow 510, making it thinner and more flattened to become a treated fiber tow 510 that may be chopped via a downstream chopper (not shown). The system of FIG. 5B does not involve the use of any nubbed rollers such as the nubbed roller 102 in FIG. 1A. The fibers used for this comparative example are Panex 35 by Zoltek with a 50K original tow size. The 1-inch chopped fibers may be combined with resin paste to form composite products. It is preferable that the resin system couples well with the chopped fibers in order to achieve adequate fiber reinforcement for the desired properties.
Corresponding data is recorded in FIGS. 6A1 and 6A2 and 6B1 and 6B2. FIGS. 6A1 and 6A2 show, respectively, the distributions of width and weight of the 1-inch chopped fiber tow prepared by the system of FIG. 5A. FIGS. 6B1 and 6B2 show, respectively, distributions of width and weight of 1-inch chopped fiber tow prepared by the system of FIG. 5B. The results indicate that the rollers have flattened and spread the 50K fiber tows from the original mean width of 8.5 millimeters (mm) to the mean width of 15.8 mm. The roller processed fiber tows, however, remain intact with no apparent breaking-up in tow size. This is evidenced by the almost identical mean weight of approximately 92 milligrams (mg) and very similar weight distribution of the 1-inch chopped fibers with and without the roller processing. The 92 mg fiber weight corresponds to the total weight of 50,000 one inch fiber filaments in the Panex 35 carbon fiber tows.
In comparison to the system of FIG. 5A or the system of FIG. 5B, a fiber treatment system is prepared pursuant to and as a non-limiting example of FIG. 1C. In this example, to one of the spreader rollers is attached or covered with a nubbed rubber sheet that has protruding bumps mechanically penetrating and opening up the fiber tow to form loosened or opened fiber tow. The round nubs on the rubber sheet are approximately 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm high, arranged approximately 8 mm apart in both x- and y-directions. After being chopped subsequently at a chopper, resultant distributions of width and weight of the 1-inch chopped fiber tow are depicted in FIGS. 7A and 7B.
As depicted in FIG. 7A and 7B, the data indicate that the mean width of the chopped fibers is 7.3 mm, as compared to 8.5 mm for fibers processed with the system of FIG. 5A and 15.8 mm for those processed with the system of FIG. 5B. The mean fiber weight of the 1-inch chopped fiber tow is 43.7 mg as compared to the original 92 mg in relation to FIGS. 5A and 5B. The weight change indicates that the system of FIG. 1C, when coupled with a downstream chopper, has effectively caused tow reduction in the loosened, chopped fiber tow, say from the original 50K to two approximately 25K tow bundles. In certain instances, non-limiting examples of the fiber treatment system according to yet another embodiment are depicted in FIGS. 8A and 8B.
While the best mode for carrying out the invention has been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention as defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. An apparatus for treating fiber tow, comprising:

a rotatable nubbed roller including an axis of rotation, a surface, and a number of spaced apart nubs projecting away from the surface, the rotatable nubbed roller imparting a number of openings on a fiber tow via penetration of the fiber tow by the number of spaced apart nubs.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the number of spaced apart nubs are formed of a first material and the surface is formed of a second material different from the first material.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first material includes a polymeric material.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the number of spaced apart nubs are integral to the surface.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the number of spaced apart nubs are detachable from the surface.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the number of spaced apart nubs are uniformly positioned along the axis of rotation.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the number of spaced apart nubs are non-uniformly positioned along the axis of rotation.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the number of spaced apart nubs are uniformly positioned along a cross-sectional parameter perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein one or more of the number of spaced apart nubs include one or more edges.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one or more edges are not parallel to the axis of rotation.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein one or more of the number of spaced apart nubs include one or more points per nub for penetrating the fiber tow.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the one or more points are part of a generally cone or pyramid shaped portion of the corresponding nub.

13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the one or more of the number of spaced apart nubs include two or more points aligned in a direction not parallel to the axis of rotation.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the surface is generally cylindrical.

15. A fiber tow comprising:

a number of fiber filaments including spaced apart openings, at least a portion of the spaced apart openings being each bounded by two fiber filaments of the fiber tow.

16. The fiber tow of claim 15, at least a portion of the spaced apart openings have an average diameter of 1 to 20 millimeters.

17. The fiber tow of claim 15, wherein at least a portion of the spaced apart openings are non-uniformly positioned relative to each other.

18. A fiber tow composition comprising:

a first number of fiber tows having a first average tow width and tow weight; and

a second number of fiber tows having a second average tow width and tow weight, at least one of the tow width and tow weight is different between the first and second pluralities of fiber tows.

19. The fiber tow composition of claim 18, wherein the first average tow width is different from the second average tow width.

20. The fiber tow composition of claim 18, wherein the first average tow weight is different from the second average tow weight.