US20120055168A1 - System and method for producing hydrogen rich fuel - Google Patents

System and method for producing hydrogen rich fuel Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120055168A1
US20120055168A1 US12/877,363 US87736310A US2012055168A1 US 20120055168 A1 US20120055168 A1 US 20120055168A1 US 87736310 A US87736310 A US 87736310A US 2012055168 A1 US2012055168 A1 US 2012055168A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
fuel
compressor
turbine
working fluid
compressed working
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Abandoned
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US12/877,363
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English (en)
Inventor
Jonathan Dwight Berry
Michael John Hughes
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US12/877,363 priority Critical patent/US20120055168A1/en
Assigned to GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY reassignment GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BERRY, JONATHAN DWIGHT, HUGHES, MICHAEL JOHN
Priority to DE201110052931 priority patent/DE102011052931A1/de
Priority to JP2011188074A priority patent/JP5923261B2/ja
Priority to CH01435/11A priority patent/CH703761B1/de
Priority to CN201110283589.7A priority patent/CN102400787B/zh
Publication of US20120055168A1 publication Critical patent/US20120055168A1/en
Priority to US13/660,287 priority patent/US8904748B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
    • F02C3/20—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
    • F02C3/26—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products the fuel or oxidant being solid or pulverulent, e.g. in slurry or suspension
    • F02C3/28—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products the fuel or oxidant being solid or pulverulent, e.g. in slurry or suspension using a separate gas producer for gasifying the fuel before combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
    • F02C3/34—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid with recycling of part of the working fluid, i.e. semi-closed cycles with combustion products in the closed part of the cycle

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to an integrated gas turbine system that produces hydrogen rich fuel for subsequent combustion or distribution.
  • Gas turbines are widely used in industrial and power generation operations.
  • a typical gas turbine includes an axial compressor at the front, one or more combustors around the middle, and a turbine at the rear.
  • Ambient air enters the compressor, and rotating blades and stationary vanes in the compressor progressively impart kinetic energy to the working fluid (air) to produce a compressed working fluid at a highly energized state.
  • the compressed working fluid exits the compressor and flows to the combustors where it mixes with fuel and ignites to generate combustion gases having a high temperature, pressure, and velocity.
  • the combustion gases expand in the turbine to produce work. For example, expansion of the combustion gases in the turbine may rotate a shaft connected to a generator to produce electricity.
  • a leaner fuel-air mixture reduces the nitrous oxides produced from combustion.
  • a leaner fuel-air mixture introduces flame instability in the combustor, increasing the chance of a lean blow out (LBO) event that might interrupt service provided by the gas turbine.
  • LBO lean blow out
  • the addition of hydrogen to the fuel can reduce the occurrence of lean blow out, improve emissions, and enhance the overall operation of most combustors, such as Dry Low NOx (DLN) combustors.
  • DLN Dry Low NOx
  • an on-site production capability for the amount of hydrogen needed to supplement the fuel would be desirable.
  • Various methods are known in the art for producing hydrogen on-site.
  • autothermal reformers ATR
  • steam methane reformers SMR
  • ATR autothermal reformers
  • SMR steam methane reformers
  • these reformers expose a catalyst, such as nickel, to a fuel, such as natural gas, in a high temperature and pressure environment to produce pure hydrogen, and the exothermic catalytic reaction produces a very high temperature exhaust that can present a problem for valves, seals, and other system components.
  • SMR reformers typically require an external source of steam which may not be readily available.
  • the pressure of the hydrogen enriched exhaust stream is generally lower than the pressure in the gas turbine combustor. As a result, a separate compressor is needed to increase the pressure of the hydrogen enriched exhaust stream so it can be injected into the combustor of the gas turbine. Therefore, an integrated gas turbine system that can produce hydrogen enriched fuel on-site would be useful.
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a system for providing hydrogen enriched fuel.
  • the system includes a first gas turbine and a second gas turbine.
  • the first gas turbine includes a first compressor that produces a first compressed working fluid, a combustor downstream of the first compressor, and a first turbine downstream of the combustor.
  • the second gas turbine includes a second compressor in fluid communication with the first compressor.
  • the second compressor receives a portion of the first compressed working fluid from the first compressor and produces a second compressed working fluid having a higher pressure than the first compressed working fluid.
  • a reformer downstream of the second compressor receives the second compressed working fluid and produces a reformed fuel.
  • a second turbine downstream of the reformer receives the reformed fuel and produces a cooled reformed fuel.
  • a shaft connecting the second turbine to the second compressor provides a driving engagement between the second turbine and the second compressor.
  • a fuel skid in fluid communication with the second turbine and the combustor provides a flow path for the cooled reformed fuel from the second turbine to the combustor.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a system for providing hydrogen enriched fuel that includes a low pressure compressor, a combustor downstream of the low pressure compressor, and a low pressure turbine downstream of the combustor.
  • the low pressure compressor produces a first compressed working fluid.
  • a high pressure compressor in fluid communication with the low pressure compressor receives a portion of the first compressed working fluid and produces a second compressed working fluid having a higher pressure than the first compressed working fluid.
  • a reformer downstream of the high pressure compressor receives the second compressed working fluid and produces a reformed fuel.
  • a high pressure turbine downstream of the reformer receives the reformed fuel and produces a cooled reformed fuel.
  • a first shaft connects the high pressure turbine to the high pressure compressor and provides a driving engagement between the high pressure turbine and the high pressure compressor.
  • a fuel skid in fluid communication with the high pressure turbine and the combustor provides a flow path for the cooled reformed fuel from the high pressure turbine to the combustor.
  • the present invention also includes a method for providing hydrogen enriched fuel.
  • the method includes diverting a portion of a first compressed working fluid from a first compressor to a second compressor and providing a second compressed working fluid from the second compressor.
  • the method further includes mixing a fuel with the second compressed working fluid in a reformer to produce a reformed fuel, flowing the reformed fuel through a second turbine to cool the reformed fuel, and connecting the second turbine to the second compressor so that the second turbine drives the second compressor.
  • FIG. 1 provides a simplified block diagram of a system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 provides a simplified block diagram of a system according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
  • thermodynamic cycle to enhance the overall efficiency of a gas turbine.
  • the integrated thermodynamic cycle produces a reformed fuel from catalytic oxidation and recycles energy generated during the catalytic oxidation, thus improving the overall efficiency of the integrated gas turbine system.
  • FIG. 1 shows a system 10 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the system 10 generally includes a first or primary gas turbine 12 integrated with a second or micro-gas turbine 14 .
  • the first or primary gas turbine 12 may include any commercially available machine for combusting fuel to generate power.
  • the second or micro-gas turbine 14 is generally an order of magnitude smaller than the first or primary gas turbine 12 and principally functions to reform or partially combust a fuel stream to produce a reformed fuel having enriched levels of hydrogen.
  • a fuel supply 16 may supply a fuel 18 to a fuel skid 20 .
  • Possible fuels supplied to the fuel skid 20 include, for example, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, natural gas, vaporized liquefied natural gas (LNG), and propane.
  • the fuel skid 20 provides fluid communication for the fuel 18 to flow between the first and second gas turbines 12 , 14 , and/or multiple other gas turbines, as will be described.
  • the first gas turbine 12 generally includes a compressor 22 , one or more combustors 24 downstream of the compressor 22 , and a turbine 26 downstream of the combustors 24 , as is known in the art.
  • Ambient air 28 enters the compressor 22 , and rotating blades and stationary vanes in the compressor 22 progressively impart kinetic energy to the working fluid (air) to produce a first compressed working fluid, designated 30 , at a highly energized state.
  • the majority of the first compressed working fluid 30 exits the compressor 22 and flows to the combustors 24 where it mixes with fuel and ignites to generate combustion gases, designated 32 , having a high temperature, pressure, and velocity.
  • the combustion gases 32 flow to the turbine 26 and expand in the turbine 26 to produce work.
  • a portion of the first compressed working fluid, designated 34 is diverted from the compressor 22 and/or combustors 24 to the second gas turbine 14 .
  • the diverted portion of the first compressed working fluid 34 flows to a second compressor 36 in the second gas turbine 14 .
  • Rotating blades and stationary vanes in the second compressor 36 progressively impart kinetic energy to the diverted portion of the first compressed working fluid 34 to produce a second compressed working fluid, designated 38 .
  • the second compressed working fluid 38 naturally has a higher pressure than the diverted portion of the first compressed working fluid 34 .
  • the second compressed working fluid 38 exits the second compressor 36 and flows to a reformer 40 downstream of the second compressor 36 .
  • the reformer 40 may comprise a catalyst, combustor, or other similar device known to one of ordinary skill in the art for oxidizing fuel to produce a reformed fuel, designated 42 , having increased levels of hydrogen.
  • the reformer 40 may comprise a catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) converter that uses one or more precious metals as the catalyst.
  • the reformer 40 may comprise a combustor.
  • the fuel supply 16 provides the fuel 18 to the reformer 40 , either directly or through the fuel skid 16 as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the reformer 40 mixes the fuel 18 with the second compressed working fluid 38 and/or catalyst so that the fuel-to-second compressed working fluid (air) has an equivalence ratio ( ⁇ ) greater than 1, and preferably greater than approximately 2, such as between approximately 2.5 and 6, to ensure a suitable hydrogen content in the reformed fuel 42 .
  • the equivalence ratio ( ⁇ ) is defined as the ratio of the fuel-to-air ratio and the stoichiometric fuel-to-air ratio. Mathematically, the equivalence ratio may be calculated as follows:
  • the reformer 40 causes the fuel 18 to react with the second compressed working fluid 38 to consume or scavenge all available oxygen and produce the reformed fuel 42 having a high temperature and pressure.
  • the temperature of the reformed fuel 42 exiting the reformer 40 may be between approximately 1400° F. and 1700° F.
  • the pressure of the reformed fuel 42 exiting the reformer 40 may be between approximately 300 pounds and 400 pounds, although the present invention is not limited to any particular temperature range or pressure range for the reformed fuel 42 unless specifically recited in the claims.
  • the hydrogen content in the reformed fuel 42 may be greater than approximately 5%, 10%, or 15% by volume, depending on the particular embodiment and operational needs.
  • the reformed fuel 42 flows to a second turbine 44 downstream of the reformer 40 .
  • the reformed fuel 42 expands and cools in the second turbine 44 to produce work.
  • a second shaft 46 may connect the second turbine 44 to the second compressor 36 to provide a driving engagement between the second turbine 44 and the second compressor 36 .
  • the work generated by the expansion of the reformed fuel 42 in the second turbine 44 may be used to power, turn, or otherwise operate the second compressor 36 , thereby enhancing the efficiency of the integrated system 10 .
  • the reformed fuel 42 exits the second turbine 44 as a cooled reformed fuel 48 .
  • the temperature of the cooled reformed fuel 48 exiting the second turbine 44 may be between approximately 1000° F.
  • the pressure of the cooled reformed fuel 48 exiting the second turbine 44 may be between approximately 200 pounds and 300 pounds, although the present invention is not limited to any particular temperature range or pressure range for the cooled reformed fuel 48 unless specifically recited in the claims.
  • the cooled reformed fuel 48 does not require additional cooling or pressure increase before introduction to the combustors 24 .
  • the hydrogen content in the cooled reformed fuel 48 may be greater than approximately 5%, 10%, or 15% by volume, depending on the particular embodiment and operational needs.
  • the fuel skid 20 provides fluid communication between the second turbine 44 and the combustors 24 .
  • the cooled reformed fuel 48 may flow from the second turbine 44 through the fuel skid 16 to the combustors 24 .
  • the fuel skid 16 may provide the cooled reformed fuel 48 to the combustors 24 without any further adjustment or mixing. Alternately, or in addition, depending on the operational needs, the fuel skid 16 may mix the cooled reformed fuel 48 with fuel 18 from the fuel supply 16 . In this manner, the fuel skid 20 may provide fuel 18 , cooled reformed fuel 48 , and/or a mixture of the two to the combustors 24 .
  • the combustors 24 ignite the various fuels provided by the fuel skid 20 to generate combustion gases 32 which expand in the turbine 26 to produce work, as previously described.
  • the fuel skid 20 may also provide fluid communication between the second turbine 44 and another gas turbine 49 other than the first gas turbine 12 . This allows the system 10 to produce and supply hydrogen enriched fuel to more than one gas turbine at a site.
  • FIG. 2 shows a system 50 according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
  • the system 50 generally includes a multi-spooled gas turbine 52 having a low pressure compressor 54 , a high pressure compressor 56 , one or more combustors 58 , a high pressure turbine 60 , and a low pressure turbine 62 .
  • a first shaft 64 may connect the high pressure turbine 60 to the high pressure compressor 56
  • a second shaft 66 may connect the low pressure turbine 62 to the low pressure compressor 54 .
  • the first shaft 64 may be substantially concentric with the second shaft 66 .
  • a fuel supply 68 may supply fuel 70 to a fuel skid 72 .
  • the fuel skid 72 provides fluid communication between the high pressure turbine 60 , the combustors 58 , and/or multiple other gas turbines, as will be described.
  • Ambient air 74 enters the low pressure compressor 54 , and rotating blades and stationary vanes in the low pressure compressor 54 progressively impart kinetic energy to the working fluid (air) to produce a first compressed working fluid, designated 76 , at a highly energized state.
  • the majority of the first compressed working fluid 76 exits the low pressure compressor 54 and flows to the combustors 58 where it mixes with fuel and ignites to generate combustion gases, designated 78 , having a high temperature, pressure, and velocity.
  • the combustion gases 78 flow to the low pressure turbine 62 and expand in the low pressure turbine 62 to produce work.
  • a portion of the first compressed working fluid, designated 80 is diverted from the low pressure compressor 54 and/or combustors 58 to the high pressure compressor 56 downstream of the low pressure compressor 54 .
  • Rotating blades and stationary vanes in the high pressure compressor 56 progressively impart kinetic energy to the diverted portion of the first compressed working fluid 80 to produce a second compressed working fluid, designated 82 .
  • the second compressed working fluid 82 naturally has a higher pressure than the diverted portion of the first compressed working fluid 80 .
  • the second compressed working fluid 82 exits the high pressure compressor 56 and flows to a reformer 84 downstream of the high pressure compressor 56 .
  • the reformer 84 may comprise a catalyst, combustor, or other similar device known to one of ordinary skill in the art for oxidizing fuel to produce a reformed fuel, designated 86 , having increased levels of hydrogen.
  • the reformer 84 may comprise a catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) converter that uses one or more precious metals as the catalyst.
  • the reformer 84 may comprise a combustor.
  • the fuel supply 68 provides fuel 70 to the reformer 84 , either directly or through the fuel skid 72 .
  • the reformer 84 mixes the fuel 70 with the second compressed working fluid 82 and/or catalyst so that the fuel-to-second compressed working fluid (air) has an equivalence ratio ( ⁇ ) greater than 1, and preferably greater than approximately 2, such as between approximately 2.5 and 6, to ensure a suitable hydrogen content in the reformed fuel 86 .
  • the reformer 84 causes the fuel 70 to react with the second compressed working fluid 82 to consume or scavenge all available oxygen and produce the reformed fuel 86 having a high temperature and pressure.
  • the temperature of the reformed fuel 86 exiting the reformer 84 may be between approximately 1400° F. and 1700° F.
  • the pressure of the reformed fuel 86 exiting the reformer 84 may be between approximately 300 pounds and 400 pounds, although the present invention is not limited to any particular temperature range or pressure range for the reformed fuel 86 unless specifically recited in the claims.
  • the hydrogen content in the reformed fuel 86 may be greater than approximately 5%, 10%, or 15% by volume, depending on the particular embodiment and operational needs.
  • the reformed fuel 86 flows to the high pressure turbine 60 downstream of the reformer 84 .
  • the reformed fuel 86 expands and cools in the high pressure turbine 60 to produce work.
  • the first shaft 64 connecting the high pressure turbine 60 to the high pressure compressor 56 may provide a driving engagement between the high pressure turbine 60 and the high pressure compressor 56 .
  • the work generated by the expansion of the reformed fuel 86 in the high pressure turbine 60 may be used to power, turn, or otherwise operate the high pressure compressor 56 , thereby enhancing the efficiency of the integrated system 50 .
  • the reformed fuel 86 exits the high pressure turbine 60 as a cooled reformed fuel 88 .
  • the temperature of the cooled reformed fuel 88 exiting the high pressure turbine 60 may be between approximately 1000° F. and 1400° F., and the pressure of the cooled reformed fuel 88 exiting the high pressure turbine 60 may be between approximately 200 pounds and 300 pounds, although the present invention is not limited to any particular temperature range or pressure range for the cooled reformed fuel 88 unless specifically recited in the claims. As a result, the cooled reformed fuel 88 does not require additional cooling or pressure increase before introduction to the combustors 58 .
  • the hydrogen content in the reformed fuel 88 may be greater than approximately 5%, 10%, or 15% by volume, depending on the particular embodiment and operational needs.
  • the fuel skid 72 provides fluid communication between the high pressure turbine 60 and the combustors 58 .
  • the cooled reformed fuel 88 may flow from the high pressure turbine 60 through the fuel skid 72 to the combustors 58 .
  • the fuel skid 72 may provide the cooled reformed fuel 88 to the combustors 58 without any further adjustment or mixing.
  • the fuel skid 72 may mix the cooled reformed fuel 88 with fuel 70 from the fuel supply 68 . In this manner, the fuel skid 72 may provide fuel 70 , cooled reformed fuel 88 , and/or a mixture of the two to the combustors 58 .
  • the combustors 58 ignite the various fuels provided by the fuel skid 72 to generate combustion gases 78 which expand in the low pressure turbine 62 to produce work, as previously described.
  • the fuel skid 72 may also provide fluid communication to another gas turbine 90 other than the multi-spooled gas turbine 52 . This allows the system 50 to produce and supply hydrogen enriched fuel to more than one gas turbine at a site.
  • the systems described and illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 provide a method for providing hydrogen enriched fuel.
  • the method may include compressing ambient air to create a first compressed working fluid and diverting at least a portion of the first compressed working fluid for additional compression into a second compressed working fluid.
  • the second compressed working fluid may then be mixed with a fuel in a reformer to produce a reformed fuel.
  • the equivalence ratio between the fuel and the second compressed working fluid may be greater than 2.
  • the reformed fuel may flow through a turbine to cool the reformed fuel, and work performed by expansion of the reformed fuel flowing through the turbine may be used to produce the second compressed working fluid.
  • the cooled reformed fuel may then flow to a combustor for combustion. Alternately, or in addition, the cooled reformed fuel may be mixed with the fuel prior to combustion.
  • the systems and methods described in the present invention may provide several commercial advantages over existing technology. For example, integrating the reformer and reforming process into a conventional gas turbine system should increase the overall efficiency of the gas turbine system by allowing work performed by the reforming process to be captured or recycled. The recycling or capturing of the work from the reforming process allows for the reformed fuel to be cooled, reducing the difficulty and cost associated with transporting or transferring the reformed fuel.
  • a single reforming process integrated into a gas turbine system they provide sufficient hydrogen enriched fuel for multiple gas turbines at a site.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
US12/877,363 2010-09-08 2010-09-08 System and method for producing hydrogen rich fuel Abandoned US20120055168A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/877,363 US20120055168A1 (en) 2010-09-08 2010-09-08 System and method for producing hydrogen rich fuel
DE201110052931 DE102011052931A1 (de) 2010-09-08 2011-08-23 System und Verfahren zum Produzieren wasserstoffreichen Brennstoffes
JP2011188074A JP5923261B2 (ja) 2010-09-08 2011-08-31 水素リッチ燃料を生成するためのシステム及び方法
CH01435/11A CH703761B1 (de) 2010-09-08 2011-09-01 System und Verfahren zum Produzieren wasserstoffreichen Brennstoffes.
CN201110283589.7A CN102400787B (zh) 2010-09-08 2011-09-08 用于生产富氢燃料的系统和方法
US13/660,287 US8904748B2 (en) 2010-09-08 2012-10-25 System and method for producing hydrogen rich fuel

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US12/877,363 US20120055168A1 (en) 2010-09-08 2010-09-08 System and method for producing hydrogen rich fuel

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US13/660,287 Expired - Fee Related US8904748B2 (en) 2010-09-08 2012-10-25 System and method for producing hydrogen rich fuel

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CN (1) CN102400787B (de)
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CH703761B1 (de) 2015-11-30
JP5923261B2 (ja) 2016-05-24
CN102400787B (zh) 2016-01-27
JP2012057613A (ja) 2012-03-22
CN102400787A (zh) 2012-04-04
CH703761A2 (de) 2012-03-15

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