US20110156891A1 - Judgment line calculations for a vehicle safety system - Google Patents
Judgment line calculations for a vehicle safety system Download PDFInfo
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- US20110156891A1 US20110156891A1 US13/032,694 US201113032694A US2011156891A1 US 20110156891 A1 US20110156891 A1 US 20110156891A1 US 201113032694 A US201113032694 A US 201113032694A US 2011156891 A1 US2011156891 A1 US 2011156891A1
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- 230000005236 sound signal Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D15/00—Steering not otherwise provided for
- B62D15/02—Steering position indicators ; Steering position determination; Steering aids
- B62D15/029—Steering assistants using warnings or proposing actions to the driver without influencing the steering system
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
- B60T8/17—Using electrical or electronic regulation means to control braking
- B60T8/1755—Brake regulation specially adapted to control the stability of the vehicle, e.g. taking into account yaw rate or transverse acceleration in a curve
- B60T8/17558—Brake regulation specially adapted to control the stability of the vehicle, e.g. taking into account yaw rate or transverse acceleration in a curve specially adapted for collision avoidance or collision mitigation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T2201/00—Particular use of vehicle brake systems; Special systems using also the brakes; Special software modules within the brake system controller
- B60T2201/02—Active or adaptive cruise control system; Distance control
- B60T2201/022—Collision avoidance systems
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T2260/00—Interaction of vehicle brake system with other systems
- B60T2260/02—Active Steering, Steer-by-Wire
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2520/00—Input parameters relating to overall vehicle dynamics
- B60W2520/10—Longitudinal speed
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2520/00—Input parameters relating to overall vehicle dynamics
- B60W2520/10—Longitudinal speed
- B60W2520/105—Longitudinal acceleration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2554/00—Input parameters relating to objects
- B60W2554/40—Dynamic objects, e.g. animals, windblown objects
- B60W2554/404—Characteristics
- B60W2554/4041—Position
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2554/00—Input parameters relating to objects
- B60W2554/40—Dynamic objects, e.g. animals, windblown objects
- B60W2554/404—Characteristics
- B60W2554/4042—Longitudinal speed
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2554/00—Input parameters relating to objects
- B60W2554/80—Spatial relation or speed relative to objects
- B60W2554/804—Relative longitudinal speed
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W30/00—Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
- B60W30/08—Active safety systems predicting or avoiding probable or impending collision or attempting to minimise its consequences
- B60W30/09—Taking automatic action to avoid collision, e.g. braking and steering
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to a vehicle safety system for automobiles, and more specifically to braking and steering determinations by a vehicle safety system.
- Adaptive cruise control systems detect moving objects in the vehicle path, such as preceding vehicles, and provide throttle and brake control, as necessary, to maintain a trailing distance from the preceding vehicle.
- these systems do not take into account acceleration or deceleration of the host vehicle or the detected object. Due to the variety of situations which arise when accounting for changes in acceleration, prior vehicle safety systems cannot perform the calculations for all situations without null values occurring. Accordingly, these safety systems are programmed to maintain a trailing distance utilizing current vehicle velocity. These safety systems utilize velocity of the vehicle and performs the calculations frequently to take into account any changes in the velocity.
- a vehicle safety system which determines a time until braking or steering must begin in order to avoid contact with an object, including accounting for the acceleration of the vehicle and the detected object, is desired.
- a vehicle has a safety system including at least one object sensor to detect a distance from an object in a path of the vehicle and the speed and acceleration of the object. Additionally, at least one vehicle sensor determines a speed and acceleration of the vehicle. The sensor data is input into a control to determine a time until the vehicle must begin braking to avoid contact with the object (i.e. a “braking judgment line”) and another time until the vehicle must begin steering to avoid contact with the object (i.e., a “steering judgment line”) based upon the sensor information.
- braking judgment line a time until the vehicle must begin braking to avoid contact with the object
- a “steering judgment line” another time until the vehicle must begin steering to avoid contact with the object
- a method for determining a warning for the vehicle safety system includes initiating the safety system with at least one input from the sensors. The safety system then compares the vehicle acceleration and the object acceleration to determine a safety system scenario. Based upon the equations selected for the determined scenario the safety system calculates a judgment line between the object and the vehicle. The judgment line is then used to determine a warning distance and warn a vehicle operator.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view illustrating a vehicle having a vehicle safety system and a target vehicle
- FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for determining a braking judgment line and a steering judgment line for the vehicle safety system of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an exemplary motor vehicle, identified generally as 10 , having a vehicle safety system 12 .
- a preceding or target vehicle 14 is located on a roadway a distance ahead of the host vehicle 10 .
- a control 16 manages the vehicle safety system 12 .
- the control 16 is connected to an object sensor 18 for detecting the distance between the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14 , and the speed and change in speed of the target vehicle 14 .
- the sensor 18 may be any type of sensor that provides the required information or may incorporate multiple sensors each providing one type of information.
- the embodiment illustrates a detected object as the target vehicle 14 . Any object that would be located on the roadway with the host vehicle 10 would also be detected and subject to the vehicle safety system 12 .
- the host vehicle 10 includes a speedometer 20 for measuring the speed of the host vehicle 10 .
- Information from the speedometer 20 is sent to the control 16 for operation of the vehicle safety system 12 .
- a judgment line (JL) of the host vehicle 10 determines the latest possible time at which the host vehicle 10 should brake or steer to avoid contact with the target vehicle 14 (or an object).
- the control 16 for the vehicle safety system 12 calculates the judgment line (JL) for the host vehicle 10 in order to provide a vehicle operator with sufficient warning to avoid contact between the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14 .
- the determination of the judgment line (JL) includes the determination of two times: a braking judgment line (JLB) determines the last possible moment when the host vehicle 10 should brake to avoid contact with the object/target vehicle 14 , and a steering judgment line (JLS) determines the last possible moment when the host vehicle 10 should steer to avoid contact with the object/target vehicle 14 .
- a braking judgment line JLB
- JLS steering judgment line
- the braking judgment line (JLB) is expressed as:
- TTC time to contact
- t′ time to brake
- the time to brake (t′) is the time by which the host vehicle 10 must begin braking to reach the target velocity (Vt) with the target minimum gap (TMG) between the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14 .
- the target minimum gap (TMG) is the minimum distance desired between the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14 .
- a typical target minimum gap (TMG) is approximately 0.25 m.
- the target minimum gap (TMG) distance may be selected according to the host vehicle 10 configuration and driver standards. One skilled in the art would be able to select an appropriate target minimum gap (TMG).
- TTC time to contact
- TTC ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ A ) ⁇ ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V ) 2 - 2 ⁇ X * ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ A ) ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ A ) 2 ,
- X is the distance between the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14
- AA is the difference in acceleration between the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14 .
- the difference in acceleration ( ⁇ A) is calculated by:
- At is the acceleration/deceleration of the target vehicle 14 and Ah is the acceleration/deceleration of the host vehicle 10 .
- ⁇ V is the difference in velocity between the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14 .
- the difference in velocity ( ⁇ V) can be calculated by
- Vh is the velocity of the host vehicle 10 and Vt is velocity of the target vehicle 14 .
- TTC time to contact
- TTC X ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V .
- the distance to brake (Bd) is the distance covered during the time to brake (t′), i.e. the distance covered prior to the last possible moment at which braking must occur.
- the distance to brake (Bd) can be calculated by:
- T brake is the time taken by the host vehicle 10 to attain the velocity of the target vehicle (Vt). That is, the time period after braking begins. T brake begins after time to brake (t′) and distance to brake (Bd) have been reached. After the braking time (T brake ) is concluded, the target minimum gap (TMG) will remain between the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14 .
- the braking time (T brake ) can be calculated by:
- T brake - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V - ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ A ) * t ′ At - A ⁇ ⁇ max .
- distance to brake (Bd) can also be calculated using the following equation:
- the time to brake (t′) can be found. Because of the complexity of the equations and to avoid null values (e.g. values causing the calculations to become impossible for the control 16 to solve), the equations for time to brake (t′) are simplified according to several operating scenarios.
- t ′ X ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V + ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V 2 * A ⁇ ⁇ max - TMG ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V .
- JLB TMG ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V 2 * A ⁇ ⁇ max .
- the fourth scenario is when the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14 both have changing velocity (i.e. for Ah ⁇ 0 and At ⁇ 0), and the equations for time to brake (t′) and braking judgment line (JLB) become:
- a warning distance (Dwarn) can be calculated by:
- WTM is the warn time margin.
- TMG target minimum gap
- T brake braking time
- WTM takes into account the amount of time it will take the operator and the host vehicle 10 to respond to the warning.
- An approximate warning time margin (WTM) is 0.8 sec. Adding the warn time margin (WTM) and the JLB time together gives the warning time (Twarn) or the amount of time prior to collision at which the driver should be warned.
- the steering judgment line (JLS) can be calculated by:
- St′ is the time after which the host vehicle 10 must begin steering, or turn, to avoid contact with the target vehicle 14 .
- the time to contact (TTC) is calculated in the same manner as described above, using the time to steer (St′) in the equations rather than the time to brake (t′).
- the time to steer (St′) for determining the time to contact (TTC) and the steering judgment line (JLS) is calculated by:
- St ′ X - Sd ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V .
- X is the distance between the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14 .
- Sd is the distance traveled until the time to steer (St′). That is, the distance that will be traveled until steering must begin.
- the distance to steer (Sd) can be calculated by determining how much forward distance will be required for the host vehicle 10 to turn and taking into account the distance the target vehicle 14 will travel in the same amount of time.
- the distance to steer (Sd) can be calculated by:
- Xh is the distance, forward, the host vehicle 10 has traveled after they begin turning.
- Xt is the distance the target vehicle 14 has traveled after the host vehicle 10 began turning.
- the host vehicle 10 forward travel distance (Xh) can be calculated by:
- L is the wheelbase of the host vehicle 10 .
- Rf is the radius from the outer edge of the side mirror 22 of the host vehicle 10 to the center 24 of the turn, shown in FIG. 1 .
- ⁇ is the angle formed between the host vehicle 10 and the target vehicle 14 at the center 24 of the turn, illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- the angle to furthest tire ( ⁇ ) is calculated using the outer edge of the furthest tire. That is, the rear wheel 26 of the host vehicle 10 to the center 24 of the turn and a rear corner 28 of the target vehicle 14 to the center 24 of the turn. Incidentally, the distance from the rear corner 28 of the target vehicle 14 to the center 24 of the turn for the host vehicle 10 is the same distance as the distance from the outer edge of the side mirror 22 of the host vehicle 10 to the center 24 of the turn, Rf.
- the angle to furthest tire ( ⁇ ) is calculated by:
- Ravg is the average radius from the host vehicle 10 to the center 24 of the turn.
- the average radius from the host vehicle 10 (Ravg) can be expressed by:
- the radius to side mirror (Rf) can be calculated by:
- Rf L sin ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ f .
- ⁇ f is the slip angle for the tires of the host vehicle 10 .
- Slip angle ( ⁇ f) is calculated by:
- ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ f sin - 1 ⁇ 1 ( R 2 - b 2 + w 2 ) 2 L 2 + 1 ;
- R is the radius from the center of gravity 30 to the turn center 24 , illustrated in FIG. 1 and represented by the equation:
- Rf ( ( R 2 - b 2 ) 1 / 2 + w 2 ) 2 + L 2 .
- Tturn is the time required to turn the host vehicle 10 .
- TMG target minimum gap
- Tturn Rf * ⁇ ′ Vh .
- ⁇ ′ is the angle formed from the outer edge of the side mirror 22 of the host vehicle 10 to the center 24 of the turn and from the target vehicle 14 and the center 24 of the turn, illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- the angle from the side mirror ( ⁇ ′) can be calculated by:
- B is the angle formed from the outer edge of the side mirror 22 of the host vehicle 10 to the center 24 of the turn and the rear wheel 26 of the host vehicle 10 to the center 24 of the turn, illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- St ′ X - Rf ⁇ ⁇ sin ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ - L - Vt ⁇ ( Rf * ⁇ ′ Vh ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V .
- FIG. 2 illustrates a summary of the process 34 used by the control 16 .
- the control 16 receives input from the sensors 18 , such as an indication that an object is detected in the path of the host vehicle 10 , and input from the speedometer 20 , in step 36 .
- the control 16 then begins either the braking judgment line (JLB) determination or the steering judgment line (JLS) determination. Additionally, the control 16 may have the capability of performing both determinations simultaneously.
- the control 16 compares the acceleration of the host vehicle (Ah) and target vehicle acceleration (Ah) to determine which equations to use, step 42 . Then, using the appropriate equations the control 16 calculates the time to contact (TTC) and time to brake (t′), step 44 .
- TTC time to contact
- t′ time to brake
- the calculated time to contact (TTC) and time to brake (t′) are used to calculate the braking judgment line (JLB), step 46 .
- the control 16 uses the determined braking judgment line (JLB) the control 16 calculates a warning distance, step 48 .
- the control 16 at the appropriate time initiates a warning signal to the operator of the host vehicle 10 , step 50 .
- the warning signal may be, but is not limited to, an audio signal, visual signal, or any combination of these.
- the control 16 begins the steering judgment line (JLS) determination, by comparing the host vehicle acceleration (Ah) and target vehicle acceleration (Ah) to determine which equations to use, step 52 . Then, using the appropriate equations the control 16 calculates the time to contact (TTC) and time to steer (St′), step 54 . The calculated time to contact (TTC) and time to steer (St′) are used to calculate the steering judgment line (JLS), step 56 . Using the determined steering judgment line (JLS) the control 16 determines a warning distance, step 58 . The control at the appropriate time initiates a warning signal to the operator of the host vehicle 10 , step 50 .
- JLS steering judgment line
- the control 16 may warn the vehicle operator of both the brake warning distance (Dwarn) and the steering warning distance (SDwarn).
- the step 50 of warning the vehicle operator can also include a comparison of the brake warning distance (Dwarn) with the steering warning distance (SDwarn).
- the control 16 can then warn the vehicle operator based upon the warning distance (Dwarn or SDwarn) that is the furthest point. That is, the last possible distance at which the vehicle can brake or steer. In this instance, the safety system 12 must distinguish between the brake warning and the steer warning such that the vehicle operator will know the appropriate action required (i.e., the warnings must be distinguishable to the vehicle operator).
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Abstract
A vehicle has a safety system including at least one object sensor to detect a distance from an object in a path of the vehicle and the speed and acceleration of the object. The sensor data is input into a control to determine a desired braking judgment line and a steering judgment line between the vehicle and the object. The safety system then compares the vehicle and object acceleration. Following, the safety system calculates a judgment line between the object and the vehicle based upon equations for the determined scenario. The judgment line is then used to determine a warning distance and warn a vehicle operator.
Description
- This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/145,638, filed Jun. 25, 2008, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- The present invention relates generally to a vehicle safety system for automobiles, and more specifically to braking and steering determinations by a vehicle safety system.
- Conventional vehicle safety systems regulate vehicle speed according to a speed setting that a vehicle operator may set and adjust while driving. Adaptive cruise control systems detect moving objects in the vehicle path, such as preceding vehicles, and provide throttle and brake control, as necessary, to maintain a trailing distance from the preceding vehicle.
- However, these systems do not take into account acceleration or deceleration of the host vehicle or the detected object. Due to the variety of situations which arise when accounting for changes in acceleration, prior vehicle safety systems cannot perform the calculations for all situations without null values occurring. Accordingly, these safety systems are programmed to maintain a trailing distance utilizing current vehicle velocity. These safety systems utilize velocity of the vehicle and performs the calculations frequently to take into account any changes in the velocity.
- A vehicle safety system which determines a time until braking or steering must begin in order to avoid contact with an object, including accounting for the acceleration of the vehicle and the detected object, is desired.
- A vehicle has a safety system including at least one object sensor to detect a distance from an object in a path of the vehicle and the speed and acceleration of the object. Additionally, at least one vehicle sensor determines a speed and acceleration of the vehicle. The sensor data is input into a control to determine a time until the vehicle must begin braking to avoid contact with the object (i.e. a “braking judgment line”) and another time until the vehicle must begin steering to avoid contact with the object (i.e., a “steering judgment line”) based upon the sensor information.
- A method for determining a warning for the vehicle safety system includes initiating the safety system with at least one input from the sensors. The safety system then compares the vehicle acceleration and the object acceleration to determine a safety system scenario. Based upon the equations selected for the determined scenario the safety system calculates a judgment line between the object and the vehicle. The judgment line is then used to determine a warning distance and warn a vehicle operator.
- The above features and advantages, and other features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and best modes for carrying out the present invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view illustrating a vehicle having a vehicle safety system and a target vehicle; and -
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for determining a braking judgment line and a steering judgment line for the vehicle safety system ofFIG. 1 . - Referring to the Figures, wherein like reference numbers refer to the same or similar components throughout the several views,
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an exemplary motor vehicle, identified generally as 10, having avehicle safety system 12. A preceding ortarget vehicle 14 is located on a roadway a distance ahead of thehost vehicle 10. - A
control 16 manages thevehicle safety system 12. Thecontrol 16 is connected to anobject sensor 18 for detecting the distance between thehost vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14, and the speed and change in speed of thetarget vehicle 14. Thesensor 18 may be any type of sensor that provides the required information or may incorporate multiple sensors each providing one type of information. For the purposes of simplification the embodiment illustrates a detected object as thetarget vehicle 14. Any object that would be located on the roadway with thehost vehicle 10 would also be detected and subject to thevehicle safety system 12. - Additionally, the
host vehicle 10 includes aspeedometer 20 for measuring the speed of thehost vehicle 10. Information from thespeedometer 20 is sent to thecontrol 16 for operation of thevehicle safety system 12. - A judgment line (JL) of the
host vehicle 10 determines the latest possible time at which thehost vehicle 10 should brake or steer to avoid contact with the target vehicle 14 (or an object). Thecontrol 16 for thevehicle safety system 12 calculates the judgment line (JL) for thehost vehicle 10 in order to provide a vehicle operator with sufficient warning to avoid contact between thehost vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14. - The determination of the judgment line (JL) includes the determination of two times: a braking judgment line (JLB) determines the last possible moment when the
host vehicle 10 should brake to avoid contact with the object/target vehicle 14, and a steering judgment line (JLS) determines the last possible moment when thehost vehicle 10 should steer to avoid contact with the object/target vehicle 14. Both the JLB and JLS take into account vehicle characteristics such as, weight, center of gravity, turn radius of the vehicle, tires, braking system, etc. - The braking judgment line (JLB) is expressed as:
-
JLB=TTC−t′, - where TTC is the time to contact and t′ is the time to brake. In other words, the time to brake (t′) is the time by which the
host vehicle 10 must begin braking to reach the target velocity (Vt) with the target minimum gap (TMG) between thehost vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14. The target minimum gap (TMG) is the minimum distance desired between thehost vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14. A typical target minimum gap (TMG) is approximately 0.25 m. The target minimum gap (TMG) distance may be selected according to thehost vehicle 10 configuration and driver standards. One skilled in the art would be able to select an appropriate target minimum gap (TMG). - When either of the vehicles are accelerating or decelerating, the time to contact (TTC) can be calculated by:
-
- where X is the distance between the
host vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14, and AA is the difference in acceleration between thehost vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14. The difference in acceleration (ΔA) is calculated by: -
ΔA=At−Ah, - where At is the acceleration/deceleration of the
target vehicle 14 and Ah is the acceleration/deceleration of thehost vehicle 10. ΔV is the difference in velocity between thehost vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14. The difference in velocity (ΔV) can be calculated by -
ΔV=Vh+Ah*t′−(Vt+At*t′), - where Vh is the velocity of the
host vehicle 10 and Vt is velocity of thetarget vehicle 14. - Thus, when the host vehicle velocity (Vh) and the target vehicle velocity (Vt) have no difference in acceleration. (i.e. velocity of each vehicle is constant) the time to contact (TTC) can be simplified to:
-
- To calculate the time to brake (t′) for determining the difference in velocity (ΔV) when at least one of the
host vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14 is accelerating and for determining the braking judgment line (JLB), the distance to brake (Bd) must first be calculated. The distance to brake (Bd) is the distance covered during the time to brake (t′), i.e. the distance covered prior to the last possible moment at which braking must occur. When the distance to brake (Bd) has been reached, thehost vehicle 10 must begin braking to avoid contact with thetarget vehicle 14. The distance to brake (Bd) can be calculated by: -
- where Amax is the maximum rate at which the
host vehicle 10 can decelerate, and ΔV is taken at t′ (see above equation for ΔV). Further, Tbrake is the time taken by thehost vehicle 10 to attain the velocity of the target vehicle (Vt). That is, the time period after braking begins. Tbrake begins after time to brake (t′) and distance to brake (Bd) have been reached. After the braking time (Tbrake) is concluded, the target minimum gap (TMG) will remain between thehost vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14. - The braking time (Tbrake) can be calculated by:
-
- Substituting the above equation for the time to brake (Tbrake) into the above equation for the distance to brake (Bd) the equation for the distance to brake (Bd) becomes:
-
- Additionally, distance to brake (Bd) can also be calculated using the following equation:
-
- By combining the previous equations for distance to brake (Bd), the time to brake (t′) can be found. Because of the complexity of the equations and to avoid null values (e.g. values causing the calculations to become impossible for the
control 16 to solve), the equations for time to brake (t′) are simplified according to several operating scenarios. - The first scenario is when the
host vehicle 10 has constant velocity and thetarget vehicle 14 has a constant velocity (i.e. for Ah=0, At =0), and the equation for time to brake (t′) is: -
- Substituting this into the above equation for braking judgment line (JLB) determination, the equation below is reached:
-
- The second scenario is when the
host vehicle 10 has constant velocity and thetarget vehicle 14 has a changing velocity (i.e. for Ah=0, At≠0), and the equations for time to brake (t′) and braking judgment line (JLB) become: -
- The third scenario is when the
host vehicle 10 has changing velocity and thetarget vehicle 14 has constant velocity (i.e. for Ah≠0 and At=0), and the equations for time to brake (t′) and braking judgment line (JLB) become: -
- Finally, the fourth scenario is when the
host vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14 both have changing velocity (i.e. for Ah≠0 and At≠0), and the equations for time to brake (t′) and braking judgment line (JLB) become: -
- Using the calculated JLB and working in a time delay based upon the time taken to reach maximum deceleration (Amax) a warning distance (Dwarn) can be calculated by:
-
Dwarn=X−ΔV*(TTC−JLB−WTM) - where WTM is the warn time margin. In other words, the amount of time after which the operator of the
host vehicle 10 must be warned in order to allow the target minimum gap (TMG) after the braking time (Tbrake) is complete. The warn time margin (WTM) takes into account the amount of time it will take the operator and thehost vehicle 10 to respond to the warning. An approximate warning time margin (WTM) is 0.8 sec. Adding the warn time margin (WTM) and the JLB time together gives the warning time (Twarn) or the amount of time prior to collision at which the driver should be warned. - Similar calculations can be completed for the steering judgment line (JLS). For example, the steering judgment line (JLS) can be calculated by:
-
JLS=TTC−St′, - where St′ is the time after which the
host vehicle 10 must begin steering, or turn, to avoid contact with thetarget vehicle 14. The time to contact (TTC) is calculated in the same manner as described above, using the time to steer (St′) in the equations rather than the time to brake (t′). The time to steer (St′) for determining the time to contact (TTC) and the steering judgment line (JLS) is calculated by: -
- As above, X is the distance between the
host vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14. Sd is the distance traveled until the time to steer (St′). That is, the distance that will be traveled until steering must begin. When the distance to steer (Sd) has been reached thehost vehicle 10 must begin steering (i.e. turning to avoid the target vehicle 14). The distance to steer (Sd) can be calculated by determining how much forward distance will be required for thehost vehicle 10 to turn and taking into account the distance thetarget vehicle 14 will travel in the same amount of time. Thus, the distance to steer (Sd) can be calculated by: -
Sd=Xh−Xt, - where Xh is the distance, forward, the
host vehicle 10 has traveled after they begin turning. Xt is the distance thetarget vehicle 14 has traveled after thehost vehicle 10 began turning. Thehost vehicle 10 forward travel distance (Xh) can be calculated by: -
Xh=Rf sin Θ−L, - where L is the wheelbase of the
host vehicle 10. Rf is the radius from the outer edge of theside mirror 22 of thehost vehicle 10 to thecenter 24 of the turn, shown inFIG. 1 . Θ is the angle formed between thehost vehicle 10 and thetarget vehicle 14 at thecenter 24 of the turn, illustrated inFIG. 1 . - The angle to furthest tire (Θ) is calculated using the outer edge of the furthest tire. That is, the
rear wheel 26 of thehost vehicle 10 to thecenter 24 of the turn and arear corner 28 of thetarget vehicle 14 to thecenter 24 of the turn. Incidentally, the distance from therear corner 28 of thetarget vehicle 14 to thecenter 24 of the turn for thehost vehicle 10 is the same distance as the distance from the outer edge of theside mirror 22 of thehost vehicle 10 to thecenter 24 of the turn, Rf. - The angle to furthest tire (Θ) is calculated by:
-
Rf cos Θ=Ravg; - where Ravg is the average radius from the
host vehicle 10 to thecenter 24 of the turn. The average radius from the host vehicle 10 (Ravg) can be expressed by: -
Ravg=√{square root over ((Rf)2 −L 2)}. - Substituting this into the above equation and solving for the angle to furthest tire (Θ) we get:
-
- The radius to side mirror (Rf) can be calculated by:
-
- δf is the slip angle for the tires of the
host vehicle 10. Slip angle (δf) is calculated by: -
- where b is the distance between the center of
gravity 30 and therear axle 32 of thehost vehicle 10 and w is the track width of thehost vehicle 10. R is the radius from the center ofgravity 30 to theturn center 24, illustrated inFIG. 1 and represented by the equation: -
- where G is the center of
gravity 30 of thehost vehicle 10. By substituting the equations for slip angle (δf) and radius to center of gravity (R) back into the equation above for the radius to side mirror (Rf), the following equation results: -
- By adding this to the equation for the angle to furthest tire (Θ) we get:
-
- Going back to the equation for distance to steer (Sd), we must still determine distance the target vehicle has traveled (Xt). The distance the target vehicle has traveled (Xt) can be calculated by:
-
Xt=Vt*Tturn - where Tturn is the time required to turn the
host vehicle 10. In other words the time from when thehost vehicle 10 begins turning until thehost vehicle 10 has reached the target minimum gap (TMG). The time to turn (Tturn) can be calculated by: -
- Where Θ′ is the angle formed from the outer edge of the
side mirror 22 of thehost vehicle 10 to thecenter 24 of the turn and from thetarget vehicle 14 and thecenter 24 of the turn, illustrated inFIG. 1 . The angle from the side mirror (Θ′) can be calculated by: -
Θ′=Θ−B; - where B is the angle formed from the outer edge of the
side mirror 22 of thehost vehicle 10 to thecenter 24 of the turn and therear wheel 26 of thehost vehicle 10 to thecenter 24 of the turn, illustrated inFIG. 1 . We know that: -
Rf sin B=L. - Thus, knowing the wheelbase (L) and the radius (Rf) from the
rear tire 26 to theturn center 24 we can substitute these values and solve for difference in angles (B) the equation becomes: -
- Knowing the difference in angles (B) and the previously calculated value angle to furthest tire (Θ) we can now calculate the target vehicle forward travel (Xt). Thus, by combining these equations we can solve for distance to steer (Sd):
-
- Using the above equation of distance to steer (Sd) the time to steer (St′) can be found:
-
- This can be plugged into the above equation (JLS=TTC−St′) for determining steering judgment line (JLS). Again the calculations for time to contact (TTC), time to steer (St′) and steering judgment line (JLS) can be simplified for each of the scenarios above, relating to acceleration of the
host vehicle 10 andtarget vehicle 14, for input into thecontrol 16. By separating and simplifying the above equations for each scenario any null inputs for thecontrol 16 may be avoided. -
FIG. 2 illustrates a summary of theprocess 34 used by thecontrol 16. Thecontrol 16 receives input from thesensors 18, such as an indication that an object is detected in the path of thehost vehicle 10, and input from thespeedometer 20, instep 36. Thecontrol 16 then begins either the braking judgment line (JLB) determination or the steering judgment line (JLS) determination. Additionally, thecontrol 16 may have the capability of performing both determinations simultaneously. For the braking judgment line (JLB) determination, thecontrol 16 compares the acceleration of the host vehicle (Ah) and target vehicle acceleration (Ah) to determine which equations to use,step 42. Then, using the appropriate equations thecontrol 16 calculates the time to contact (TTC) and time to brake (t′),step 44. The calculated time to contact (TTC) and time to brake (t′) are used to calculate the braking judgment line (JLB), step 46. Using the determined braking judgment line (JLB) thecontrol 16 calculates a warning distance,step 48. Thecontrol 16 at the appropriate time initiates a warning signal to the operator of thehost vehicle 10,step 50. The warning signal may be, but is not limited to, an audio signal, visual signal, or any combination of these. - Alternately, or in addition to, the
control 16 begins the steering judgment line (JLS) determination, by comparing the host vehicle acceleration (Ah) and target vehicle acceleration (Ah) to determine which equations to use,step 52. Then, using the appropriate equations thecontrol 16 calculates the time to contact (TTC) and time to steer (St′),step 54. The calculated time to contact (TTC) and time to steer (St′) are used to calculate the steering judgment line (JLS),step 56. Using the determined steering judgment line (JLS) thecontrol 16 determines a warning distance,step 58. The control at the appropriate time initiates a warning signal to the operator of thehost vehicle 10,step 50. - The
control 16 may warn the vehicle operator of both the brake warning distance (Dwarn) and the steering warning distance (SDwarn). Alternately, thestep 50 of warning the vehicle operator can also include a comparison of the brake warning distance (Dwarn) with the steering warning distance (SDwarn). Thecontrol 16 can then warn the vehicle operator based upon the warning distance (Dwarn or SDwarn) that is the furthest point. That is, the last possible distance at which the vehicle can brake or steer. In this instance, thesafety system 12 must distinguish between the brake warning and the steer warning such that the vehicle operator will know the appropriate action required (i.e., the warnings must be distinguishable to the vehicle operator). - While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A safety system for a vehicle comprising:
at least one object sensor configured to detect a distance from an object in a path of the vehicle and the speed and acceleration of the object;
at least one vehicle sensor configured to determine a speed and acceleration of the vehicle; and
a control to determine a first amount of time until the vehicle must begin braking to avoid contact with the object and a second amount of time until the vehicle must begin steering to avoid contact with the object, wherein the first amount of time and the second amount of time are based on the detected distance, the speed and acceleration of the object and the speed and acceleration of the vehicle.
2. The safety system of claim 1 , wherein said at least one vehicle sensor is a speedometer.
3. The safety system of claim 1 , wherein the first amount of time and the second amount of time are based upon a predetermined distance between the vehicle and the object when the braking and the steering are complete.
4. The safety system of claim 3 , wherein the first amount of time is based on a braking judgment line and the second amount of time is based on a steering judgment line.
5. The safety system of claim 1 , wherein the first amount of time and the second amount of time are each based on the vehicle speed and acceleration and the object speed and acceleration.
6. The safety system of claim 1 , at least one device configured to emit a warning signal for at least one of the first amount of time and the second amount of time.
7. The safety system of claim 6 , wherein the warning signal for the first amount of time is a different than the warning signal for the second amount of time.
8. The safety system of claim 6 , wherein the warning signal is one of a visual signal, an audio signal, and a combination thereof.
Priority Applications (1)
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US13/032,694 US20110156891A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-02-23 | Judgment line calculations for a vehicle safety system |
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US12/145,638 US7916006B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2008-06-25 | Judgment line calculations for a vehicle safety system |
US13/032,694 US20110156891A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-02-23 | Judgment line calculations for a vehicle safety system |
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US12/145,638 Division US7916006B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2008-06-25 | Judgment line calculations for a vehicle safety system |
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US20110156891A1 true US20110156891A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
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US13/032,694 Abandoned US20110156891A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-02-23 | Judgment line calculations for a vehicle safety system |
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Also Published As
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US7916006B2 (en) | 2011-03-29 |
CN101612938B (en) | 2014-02-19 |
US20090322500A1 (en) | 2009-12-31 |
CN101612938A (en) | 2009-12-30 |
DE102009029847A1 (en) | 2010-02-18 |
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