US20110047722A1 - Hoop Truss Bridge - Google Patents
Hoop Truss Bridge Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20110047722A1 US20110047722A1 US12/553,256 US55325609A US2011047722A1 US 20110047722 A1 US20110047722 A1 US 20110047722A1 US 55325609 A US55325609 A US 55325609A US 2011047722 A1 US2011047722 A1 US 2011047722A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- members
- hoop
- hoop shaped
- bridge structure
- interconnected
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D6/00—Truss-type bridges
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D11/00—Suspension or cable-stayed bridges
- E01D11/04—Cable-stayed bridges
Definitions
- Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges.
- the traditional truss bridge comprises a framed structure of connected elements which may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. Typically the structural members are straight.
- the bridge of the present invention constitutes a tubular beam that is defined by a plurality of hoop shaped web members that are disposed diagonally and are antipodally interconnected in the general form of the web members of a Warren truss.
- the central axis of the hoop truss web members may be a straight line or a horizontally or vertically curved line.
- the beam-forming web member hoops are additionally interconnected with beam flanges which may be in the form of stringers that are attached to the hoop web members and run parallel to the central axis of the hoops.
- the beam flanges can also be in the form of a top and bottom skin that overlies and is attached to the hoop members.
- the flange members can be either or both stringers and skin.
- a road bed is disposed along the length of the tube in the position of a chord of the hoop shaped web members.
- the tube may be self supporting and for longer spans overhead support cables may be employed to supplement the self support of the tubular beam.
- FIG. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of the hoop truss bridge of the present invention where the skin is broken away to reveal the interior structure and where the center line of the bridge is a straight line.
- FIG. 2 is a lateral cross-sectional diagram of the bridge shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is a fragmentary side elevation of the bridge shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 4 is a fragmentary plan view of the bridge shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic plan view of an alternate embodiment of the bridge where the center line is a curve
- FIG. 6 is a front view of an exemplary hoop where the hoop is constructed of a plurality of chords of a circle.
- FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic side view of the hoop truss bridge where the truss has a vertical camber and the center line is a curve.
- FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of a long span version of the truss bridge showing overhead support cables.
- FIG. 9 is a plan view of the long span version of the bridge shown in FIG. 8 .
- FIGS. 1-4 illustrate the basic construction of a bridge 2 of the present invention.
- the tubular structure of the bridge is illustrated in FIG. 1 where each of a plurality of hoops 4 acts as a former for the tube 14 .
- the word “tubular” includes cylindrical and tubes of ellipitacal cross section.
- the hoops forming the tube may be elliptical toroidal, true toroidal, elliptical, or circular in their shape.
- each of these shapes may be constructed as a unitary element or constructed from a series of interconnected chords 5 of a circle, as shown in FIG. 6 .
- the hoops have a common central axis. which may be a straight or curved line. In all cases, adjacent hoops are angularly disposed with respect to each other and with respect to a vertical cross section of the tube 14 shown in FIG. 2 . In the embodiment of the tubular bridge where the common central axis is a straight line, every other one of the hoops is mutually parallel. In the straight line version of the bridge, the angles 20 and 22 between adjacent hoops are equal.
- Every other hoop is interconnected at its antipodal points with the antipodal points on the intervening hoop.
- the configuration of the web member hoops is similar to that of the diagonal members of a typical Warren type of truss where longitudinal flange members are joined only by angled cross web members, forming alternately inverted triangle-shaped spaces along the length of the truss, ensuring that no individual strut, beam, or tie is subject to bending or torsional straining forces, but only to tension or compression.
- the hoop shaped members 4 that comprise the web of the truss beam and define the tube 14 are also interconnected with flange forming longitudinal stringers 6 that are disposed parallel to the central axis 16 of the hoops and are connected to spaced apart points around the inside or outside perimeter of the hoops 4 .
- upper and lower flange-forming skins 10 and 12 may be attached to the hoop web members and applied to portions of the outside perimeter of the tubular bridge structure.
- the bridge includes one or more load carrying decks 8 that run the longitudinal length of the tube 14 and are positioned as one or more chords of the truss hoops as best seen in FIG. 2 .
- the upper skin 10 serves as a protective roof over the traffic deck 8 .
- Each of the web member hoops 4 has a major axis, or, in the particular case of a circular hoop, a diameter 7 .
- Antipodal nodes 15 exist at the intersections of the major axis with the top and with the bottom of the perimeter of each of the hoops 4 .
- the hoops abut and are joined at their antipodal nodes 15 .
- the central axis 16 is curved horizontally.
- the web member hoops 4 abut and are interconnected at antipodes 13 , which are angularly off set from the nodes 15 .
- the degree of angular off set depends on the curvature desired.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a third embodiment of the bridge where the central axis 16 is cambered vertically.
- the camber is obtained in varying degrees depending on the departure from equality of the angles between adjoining hoops.
- the angle 22 is less than the angles 20 .
- the tubular configuration of the bridge may take a combination of horizontal curves and vertical camber.
- FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate a long span version of the tubular bridge 2 .
- Diagonally disposed vertical supports 25 anchor one or more supporting cables 27 which attach at their distal ends to the truss hoops or other structural features of the bridge which may be available to support the structure.
Abstract
A tubular truss bridge structure comprising a plurality of interconnected angularly interrelated hoop shaped cross members having a common longitudinal central axis and forming alternately inverted triangular spaces along the length of the tubular truss and having a plurality of spaced apart longitudinal stringer members that interconnect the hoop shaped cross members.
Description
- Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The traditional truss bridge comprises a framed structure of connected elements which may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. Typically the structural members are straight. However, it is the object of the present invention to depart from the traditional structural triangles and rectangles that are common elements of the many types of trusses that comprise bridge designs and employ for bridge construction a type of structure that is more akin to a semimonocoque type of aircraft fuselage without or with only partial skin.
- The bridge of the present invention constitutes a tubular beam that is defined by a plurality of hoop shaped web members that are disposed diagonally and are antipodally interconnected in the general form of the web members of a Warren truss. The central axis of the hoop truss web members may be a straight line or a horizontally or vertically curved line. The beam-forming web member hoops are additionally interconnected with beam flanges which may be in the form of stringers that are attached to the hoop web members and run parallel to the central axis of the hoops. The beam flanges can also be in the form of a top and bottom skin that overlies and is attached to the hoop members. Depending on the required strength of the tubular truss beam, the flange members can be either or both stringers and skin. A road bed is disposed along the length of the tube in the position of a chord of the hoop shaped web members. For short spans the tube may be self supporting and for longer spans overhead support cables may be employed to supplement the self support of the tubular beam.
-
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of the hoop truss bridge of the present invention where the skin is broken away to reveal the interior structure and where the center line of the bridge is a straight line. -
FIG. 2 is a lateral cross-sectional diagram of the bridge shown inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary side elevation of the bridge shown inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary plan view of the bridge shown inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic plan view of an alternate embodiment of the bridge where the center line is a curve -
FIG. 6 is a front view of an exemplary hoop where the hoop is constructed of a plurality of chords of a circle. -
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic side view of the hoop truss bridge where the truss has a vertical camber and the center line is a curve. -
FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of a long span version of the truss bridge showing overhead support cables. -
FIG. 9 is a plan view of the long span version of the bridge shown inFIG. 8 . -
FIGS. 1-4 illustrate the basic construction of abridge 2 of the present invention. The tubular structure of the bridge is illustrated inFIG. 1 where each of a plurality ofhoops 4 acts as a former for thetube 14. In this specification and the accompanying claims the word “tubular” includes cylindrical and tubes of ellipitacal cross section. Accordingly, the hoops forming the tube may be elliptical toroidal, true toroidal, elliptical, or circular in their shape. Furthermore, each of these shapes may be constructed as a unitary element or constructed from a series of interconnectedchords 5 of a circle, as shown inFIG. 6 . As a further lexicographer's note, although the drawings presented in connection with this specification show theformers 4 as circular in their shape, the generically descriptive words “hoop” or “hoop shaped” in the explanation of the invention and the subsequent claims should be interpreted as including, in the alternative, each of the foregoing closed plane curve structures as comprising the truss web members. The hoops may be constructed of metal or other material appropriate to the stresses and loads being imposed on the hoop truss web members. - One of the novel aspects of this invention is that the hoops have a common central axis. which may be a straight or curved line. In all cases, adjacent hoops are angularly disposed with respect to each other and with respect to a vertical cross section of the
tube 14 shown inFIG. 2 . In the embodiment of the tubular bridge where the common central axis is a straight line, every other one of the hoops is mutually parallel. In the straight line version of the bridge, theangles - Every other hoop is interconnected at its antipodal points with the antipodal points on the intervening hoop. The configuration of the web member hoops is similar to that of the diagonal members of a typical Warren type of truss where longitudinal flange members are joined only by angled cross web members, forming alternately inverted triangle-shaped spaces along the length of the truss, ensuring that no individual strut, beam, or tie is subject to bending or torsional straining forces, but only to tension or compression.
- To complete the total truss structure of the
bridge 2, the hoop shapedmembers 4 that comprise the web of the truss beam and define thetube 14 are also interconnected with flange forminglongitudinal stringers 6 that are disposed parallel to thecentral axis 16 of the hoops and are connected to spaced apart points around the inside or outside perimeter of thehoops 4. - In addition to or alternative to the foregoing described structure of flange forming stringer members, upper and lower flange-forming
skins - The bridge includes one or more
load carrying decks 8 that run the longitudinal length of thetube 14 and are positioned as one or more chords of the truss hoops as best seen inFIG. 2 . In addition to carrying out the structural function of one of the tubular beam's flanges, theupper skin 10 serves as a protective roof over thetraffic deck 8. - Each of the
web member hoops 4 has a major axis, or, in the particular case of a circular hoop, a diameter 7.Antipodal nodes 15 exist at the intersections of the major axis with the top and with the bottom of the perimeter of each of thehoops 4. In the embodiment of the bridge where the central axis is a straight line, as shown inFIGS. 1-4 , the hoops abut and are joined at theirantipodal nodes 15. - In an alternate embodiment of the bridge as shown in
FIG. 5 , thecentral axis 16 is curved horizontally. In such a configuration the web member hoops 4 abut and are interconnected atantipodes 13, which are angularly off set from thenodes 15. The degree of angular off set depends on the curvature desired. -
FIG. 7 illustrates a third embodiment of the bridge where thecentral axis 16 is cambered vertically. The camber is obtained in varying degrees depending on the departure from equality of the angles between adjoining hoops. In the anticline embodiment shown inFIG. 7 theangle 22 is less than theangles 20. - The tubular configuration of the bridge may take a combination of horizontal curves and vertical camber.
-
FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate a long span version of thetubular bridge 2. Diagonally disposedvertical supports 25 anchor one or more supportingcables 27 which attach at their distal ends to the truss hoops or other structural features of the bridge which may be available to support the structure. - The foregoing description is only illustrative of the invention. Various alternatives, modifications, and variances can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the present invention embraces all such alternatives, modifications, and variances that fall within the scope of the described invention.
Claims (14)
1. (canceled)
2. The bridge structure of claim 9 and further comprising,
at least one deck disposed as a chord of the hoop shaped web forming members and extending lengthwise of the tubular truss.
3. The bridge structure of claim 9 where the beam flange means comprises a plurality of stringers disposed parallel to the common central axis and connected to the hoop shaped web forming members.
4. The bridge structure of claim 9 where the beam flange means comprises skin members attached to the hoop shaped web forming members.
5-6. (canceled)
7. The bridge structure of claim 9 where the common central axis is cambered vertically and the angular relation between adjacent hoops is unequal.
8. The bridge structure of claim 9 and further including,
overhead support means attached to the hoop shaped web members.
9. A tubular truss beam bridge structure comprising,
a plurality of interconnected angularly interrelated hoop shaped web forming members having a common central axis wherein each web forming member has a perimeter and a major axis, said web forming members defining alternately inverted triangular spaces along the length of the tubular truss beam.
10. The bridge structure of claim 9 and further including beam flange means for interconnecting the hoop shaped web members.
11. The bridge structure of claim 9 where the common central axis is a straight line and where the hoop shaped web members are interconnected at nodal points that are defined by the intersections of the major axis of each hoop with the perimeter of the hoop and where the angular relations between adjacent hoops are equal.
12. The bridge structure of claim 9 where the common central axis is a curved line and where the hoop shaped web members are interconnected at points angularly offset from nodal points that are defined by the intersections of the major axis of each hoop with the perimeter of the hoop and where the angular relations between adjacent hoops are unequal.
13. A tubular truss beam bridge structure comprising,
a plurality of adjacently positioned hoop shaped members having a common central axis, each having a perimeter and where adjacent hoop shaped members are interconnected at a single point on their respective perimeters.
14. The truss beam bridge of claim 13 where each hoop shaped member has a major axis and where the intersections of the major axis and the perimeter of each hoop shaped member define first and second nodal points and where adjacently positioned hoop shaped members are interconnected on their perimeters alternately at their first and second nodal points and where alternating hoop shaped members comprise a pair of members that are mutually parallel.
15. The truss beam bridge of claim 13 where each hoop shaped member has a major axis and where the intersections of the major axis and the perimeter of each hoop shaped member constitute first and second nodal points and where adjacently positioned hoop shaped members are interconnected on their perimeters alternately at points spaced from the first and second nodal points.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/553,256 US20110047722A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 | 2009-09-03 | Hoop Truss Bridge |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/553,256 US20110047722A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 | 2009-09-03 | Hoop Truss Bridge |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20110047722A1 true US20110047722A1 (en) | 2011-03-03 |
Family
ID=43622669
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/553,256 Abandoned US20110047722A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 | 2009-09-03 | Hoop Truss Bridge |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20110047722A1 (en) |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100139016A1 (en) * | 2006-06-20 | 2010-06-10 | Ensio Johannes Miettinen | Bridge and method for manufacturing the bridge |
US20100299851A1 (en) * | 2007-09-21 | 2010-12-02 | Ensio Miettinen | Enclosed bridge |
KR101635523B1 (en) * | 2015-12-17 | 2016-07-04 | 표옥근 | Truss bridge supported by cylindrical girder |
KR101815869B1 (en) * | 2017-08-19 | 2018-01-08 | 한울로드주식회사 | Deck of wood bridge |
KR101823883B1 (en) * | 2017-08-19 | 2018-01-31 | 한울로드주식회사 | Deck of wood bridge |
KR200486788Y1 (en) * | 2018-01-05 | 2018-06-28 | 문진기 | Deck of wood bridge |
CN110258345A (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2019-09-20 | 贵州黔大建筑设备有限公司 | A kind of packaged type bridges strutting system |
GB2575240A (en) * | 2018-05-14 | 2020-01-08 | Nature Walks Pty Ltd | Walkway apparatus |
GB2575239A (en) * | 2018-05-14 | 2020-01-08 | Nature Walks Pty Ltd | Walkway apparatus |
KR20200070491A (en) | 2018-12-07 | 2020-06-18 | 한국철도기술연구원 | Highlevel Structure having Hybrid Closed Section |
KR20200070490A (en) | 2018-12-07 | 2020-06-18 | 한국철도기술연구원 | Highlevel Structure having Nanocell Type Closed Section |
Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2347A (en) * | 1841-11-10 | peters | ||
US108663A (en) * | 1870-10-25 | Improvement in tubular bridges | ||
US1632014A (en) * | 1924-04-26 | 1927-06-14 | William M Turner | Truss for bridges and the like |
US3495286A (en) * | 1968-01-24 | 1970-02-17 | Charles H Harper | Tunnel-like structures |
US3859682A (en) * | 1972-05-03 | 1975-01-14 | Km Insinooritoimisto Oy Km Ing | Tubular transportation element |
US4454620A (en) * | 1982-01-06 | 1984-06-19 | Barkdull Jr Howard L | Span construction |
US4475323A (en) * | 1982-04-30 | 1984-10-09 | Martin Marietta Corporation | Box truss hoop |
US4704754A (en) * | 1982-04-28 | 1987-11-10 | Bonasso S G | Tension arch structure |
US5097646A (en) * | 1991-01-16 | 1992-03-24 | Stewart Lamle | Compound building member |
US6012191A (en) * | 1997-06-30 | 2000-01-11 | Caldwell; H.L. Jack | Suspension bridge having a central observation pod and high rise multi-use commercial buildings sandwiched between the bridge support pylons |
US6028570A (en) * | 1998-05-18 | 2000-02-22 | Trw Inc. | Folding perimeter truss reflector |
US6313811B1 (en) * | 1999-06-11 | 2001-11-06 | Harris Corporation | Lightweight, compactly deployable support structure |
US6708623B2 (en) * | 2001-08-16 | 2004-03-23 | Judith Marie Cummins | Support structure |
-
2009
- 2009-09-03 US US12/553,256 patent/US20110047722A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US108663A (en) * | 1870-10-25 | Improvement in tubular bridges | ||
US2347A (en) * | 1841-11-10 | peters | ||
US1632014A (en) * | 1924-04-26 | 1927-06-14 | William M Turner | Truss for bridges and the like |
US3495286A (en) * | 1968-01-24 | 1970-02-17 | Charles H Harper | Tunnel-like structures |
US3859682A (en) * | 1972-05-03 | 1975-01-14 | Km Insinooritoimisto Oy Km Ing | Tubular transportation element |
US4454620A (en) * | 1982-01-06 | 1984-06-19 | Barkdull Jr Howard L | Span construction |
US4704754A (en) * | 1982-04-28 | 1987-11-10 | Bonasso S G | Tension arch structure |
US4475323A (en) * | 1982-04-30 | 1984-10-09 | Martin Marietta Corporation | Box truss hoop |
US5097646A (en) * | 1991-01-16 | 1992-03-24 | Stewart Lamle | Compound building member |
US6012191A (en) * | 1997-06-30 | 2000-01-11 | Caldwell; H.L. Jack | Suspension bridge having a central observation pod and high rise multi-use commercial buildings sandwiched between the bridge support pylons |
US6028570A (en) * | 1998-05-18 | 2000-02-22 | Trw Inc. | Folding perimeter truss reflector |
US6313811B1 (en) * | 1999-06-11 | 2001-11-06 | Harris Corporation | Lightweight, compactly deployable support structure |
US6708623B2 (en) * | 2001-08-16 | 2004-03-23 | Judith Marie Cummins | Support structure |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100139016A1 (en) * | 2006-06-20 | 2010-06-10 | Ensio Johannes Miettinen | Bridge and method for manufacturing the bridge |
US8214957B2 (en) * | 2006-06-20 | 2012-07-10 | Ensio Johannes Miettinen | Bridge and method for manufacturing the bridge |
US20100299851A1 (en) * | 2007-09-21 | 2010-12-02 | Ensio Miettinen | Enclosed bridge |
US8214955B2 (en) * | 2007-09-21 | 2012-07-10 | Miettinen E | Enclosed bridge |
KR101635523B1 (en) * | 2015-12-17 | 2016-07-04 | 표옥근 | Truss bridge supported by cylindrical girder |
KR101823883B1 (en) * | 2017-08-19 | 2018-01-31 | 한울로드주식회사 | Deck of wood bridge |
KR101815869B1 (en) * | 2017-08-19 | 2018-01-08 | 한울로드주식회사 | Deck of wood bridge |
KR200486788Y1 (en) * | 2018-01-05 | 2018-06-28 | 문진기 | Deck of wood bridge |
GB2575240A (en) * | 2018-05-14 | 2020-01-08 | Nature Walks Pty Ltd | Walkway apparatus |
GB2575239A (en) * | 2018-05-14 | 2020-01-08 | Nature Walks Pty Ltd | Walkway apparatus |
KR20200070491A (en) | 2018-12-07 | 2020-06-18 | 한국철도기술연구원 | Highlevel Structure having Hybrid Closed Section |
KR20200070490A (en) | 2018-12-07 | 2020-06-18 | 한국철도기술연구원 | Highlevel Structure having Nanocell Type Closed Section |
CN110258345A (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2019-09-20 | 贵州黔大建筑设备有限公司 | A kind of packaged type bridges strutting system |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20110047722A1 (en) | Hoop Truss Bridge | |
EP2715008B1 (en) | Nodes in a truss work or a truss work like structure | |
CN109113181B (en) | Large-span upper-layer-connected square inner ring saddle-shaped double-layer cable rod tensioning structure | |
US20100281632A1 (en) | Tunable Load Sharing Arch Bridge | |
JP6280230B2 (en) | Track system for amusement vehicles, especially roller coasters or suspended railways | |
US6892502B1 (en) | Space frame support structure employing weld-free, single-cast structural connectors for highway signs | |
KR101364922B1 (en) | Buckling-Restrained Braces | |
KR100964067B1 (en) | Steel girder for bridge and manufacturing method thereof | |
JPH01502921A (en) | Bridges consisting of a deck and elements supporting the deck, especially long span cable-stayed bridges, and methods of construction thereof | |
CN103061243A (en) | Prestressed steel tube concrete combination trussed beam and construction method thereof | |
EP0555396A1 (en) | Triangulated roof structure | |
US5003748A (en) | Metal frame structure | |
DK2780517T3 (en) | STEEL STRENGTH STRUCTURE FOR CONCRETE | |
RU2347049C1 (en) | Long load-bearing structure transmission line support post (versions) | |
RU176462U1 (en) | Multi-span carrier beam | |
US4947599A (en) | Trussed girder with pre-tension member therein | |
US3195274A (en) | Umbrella type frame structures | |
CN209873541U (en) | Light-duty assembled perplexian bridge of walking | |
CN109281435B (en) | Large-span concave fish belly type double-slope roof truss and installation method thereof | |
CN203200904U (en) | Radiation type prestress stay cable purlin hanging structure | |
EA031238B1 (en) | Space stay-cable truss | |
US10006201B2 (en) | Structural support beam | |
US3495286A (en) | Tunnel-like structures | |
EP3147430B1 (en) | Fastening system comprising an elongated composite member fastened to a column | |
CN110130199B (en) | Bridge girder |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |