US20100081154A1 - IDENTIFICATION AND USE OF BACTERIAL [2Fe-2S] DIHYDROXY-ACID DEHYDRATASES - Google Patents

IDENTIFICATION AND USE OF BACTERIAL [2Fe-2S] DIHYDROXY-ACID DEHYDRATASES Download PDF

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US20100081154A1
US20100081154A1 US12/569,636 US56963609A US2010081154A1 US 20100081154 A1 US20100081154 A1 US 20100081154A1 US 56963609 A US56963609 A US 56963609A US 2010081154 A1 US2010081154 A1 US 2010081154A1
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dhad
sequences
sequence
bacterial
cell
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Dennis Flint
Steven Cary Rothman
Wonchul Suh
Jean-Francois Tomb
Rick W. Ye
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Butamax Advanced Biofuels LLC
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Publication of US20100081154A1 publication Critical patent/US20100081154A1/en
Assigned to BUTAMAX ADVANCED BIOFUELS LLC reassignment BUTAMAX ADVANCED BIOFUELS LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY
Priority to US13/838,570 priority patent/US20140051137A1/en
Priority to US13/838,508 priority patent/US8951937B2/en
Priority to US15/016,759 priority patent/US20160222370A1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/74—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/80—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for fungi
    • C12N15/81—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for fungi for yeasts
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/88—Lyases (4.)
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    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
    • C12P13/06—Alanine; Leucine; Isoleucine; Serine; Homoserine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
    • C12P13/08—Lysine; Diaminopimelic acid; Threonine; Valine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
    • C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
    • C12P7/16—Butanols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y402/00—Carbon-oxygen lyases (4.2)
    • C12Y402/01—Hydro-lyases (4.2.1)
    • C12Y402/01009—Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (4.2.1.9), i.e. acetohydroxyacid dehydratase
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B30/00—ICT specially adapted for sequence analysis involving nucleotides or amino acids
    • G16B30/10—Sequence alignment; Homology search
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of industrial microbiology and the expression of dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity. More specifically, bacterial dihydroxy-acid dehydratases with a [2Fe-2S] cluster are identified and expressed as heterologous proteins in bacterial and yeast hosts.
  • DHAD Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase
  • acetohydroxy acid dehydratase catalyzes the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to ⁇ -ketoisovalerate and of 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to ⁇ -ketomethylvalerate.
  • the DHAD enzyme classified as E.C. 4.2.1.9, is part of naturally occurring biosynthetic pathways producing valine, isoleucine, leucine and pantothenic acid (vitamin B5). Increased expression of DHAD activity is desired for enhanced microbial production of branched chain amino acids or of pantothenic acid.
  • DHAD catalyzed conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to ⁇ -ketoisovalerate is also a common step in the multiple isobutanol biosynthetic pathways that are disclosed in commonly owned and co-pending US Patent Application Publication US 20070092957 A1.
  • Disclosed therein is engineering of recombinant microorganisms for production of isobutanol. Isobutanol is useful as a fuel additive, whose availability may reduce the demand for petrochemical fuels.
  • a heterologous enzyme that provides this enzymatic activity in the production host of interest.
  • Obtaining high functional expression of dihydroxy-acid dehydratases in a heterologous host is complicated by the enzyme's requirement for an Fe—S cluster, which involves availability and proper loading of the cluster into the DHAD apo-protein.
  • Fe—S cluster requiring DHAD enzymes are known in the art and are found either in the [4Fe-4S] or [2Fe-2S] form.
  • Some bacterial enzymes are known, the best characterized of which is from E. coli (Flint, D H, et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:14732-14742). However these bacterial enzymes are all in the [4Fe-4S] form.
  • the only [2Fe-2S] form reported to date is a spinach enzyme (Flint and Emptage (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:3558-3564).
  • step (a) analyzing the first subset of sequences that correspond to one or more DHAD related proteins of step (a) for the presence of three conserved cysteines that correspond to positions 56, 129, and 201 in the Streptococcus mutans dihydroxy-acid dehydratase amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 168) whereby a second subset of sequences encoding [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes are identified; and
  • step (b) analyzing said second subset of sequences of step (b) for the presence of signature conserved amino acids at positions corresponding to positions in the Streptococcus mutans DHAD amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 168) that are aspartic acid at position 88, arginine or asparagine at position 142, asparagine at position 208, and leucine at position 454 whereby a third subset of sequences encoding [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes are further identified.
  • the above method further comprises:
  • the method above further comprises:
  • the method above further comprises selecting one or more sequences corresponding to bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme sequences identified in any one or all of steps a), b), and c). Said selected sequences may be expressed in a cell; and the DHAD activity in the cell may be confirmed. Said selected sequences may be further purified such that a purified protein is obtained and the [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme activity of said purified protein may be confirmed by UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy.
  • Another aspect of the invention is directed to a microbial host cell comprising at least one heterologous [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme identifiable by the methods described herein.
  • Said cell maybe a bacterial cell or a yeast cell.
  • the cell may also be a recombinant cell that produces isobutanol.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for the production of isobutanol comprising:
  • step (b) growing the host cell of step (a) under conditions wherein isobutanol is produced.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to ⁇ -ketoisovalerate comprising:
  • FIG. 1 shows the conserved cysteine regions, with C for cysteine in bold, in representative bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs and a [4Fe-4S] DHAD. Single letter amino acid abbreviations are used.
  • FIG. 2 shows a phylogenetic tree of DHAD related proteins. Branches for [4Fe-4S] and [2Fe-2S] DHADs as well as EDDs, aldonic acid dehydratases and an undefined group (Und) are marked. Select individual DHADs are labeled.
  • FIG. 3 shows biosynthetic pathways for isobutanol production.
  • FIG. 4 shows graphs of stability of activity in air of A) S. mutans DHAD, and B) E. coli DHAD.
  • FIG. 5 shows a plot of the UV-visible spectrum of S. mutans DHAD.
  • FIG. 6 shows a plot of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of S. mutans DHAD at different temperatures between 20° K. and 90° K.
  • EPR electron paramagnetic resonance
  • FIG. 7 shows HPLC analysis of an extract of yeast cells that express acetolactate synthase, KARI, and S. mutans DHAD genes, with an isobutanol peak at 47.533 minutes.
  • FIG. 8 shows a graph of stability of L. lactis DHAD in air.
  • FIG. 9 shows a plot of the UV-visible spectrum of the purified L. lactis DHAD.
  • Table 1 is a table of the Profile HMM for dihydroxy-acid dehydratases based on enzymes with assayed function prepared as described in Example 1. Table 1 is submitted herewith electronically and is incorporated herein by reference.
  • ORS278 55 56 Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 57 58 Fulvimarina pelagi HTCC2506 59 60 Aurantimonas sp. SI85-9A1 61 62 Hoeflea phototrophica DFL-43 63 64 Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 65 66 Mesorhizobium sp. BNC1 67 68 Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1 69 70 Loktanella vestfoldensis SKA53 71 72 Roseobacter sp.
  • NAP1 107
  • Comamonas testosterone KF-1 109
  • Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 111
  • Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 113
  • Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN
  • PsJN 115
  • Bordetella petrii DSM 12804 117
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica RB50 120 Bradyrhizobium sp.
  • ORS278 121 122 Bradyrhizobium sp.
  • MED134 203 Kordia algicida OT-1 205 206 Flavobacteriales bacterium ALC-1 207 208 Psychroflexus torquis ATCC 700755 209 210 Flavobacteriales bacterium HTCC2170 211 212 unidentified eubacterium SCB49 213 214 Gramella forsetii KT0803 215 216 Robiginitalea biformata HTCC2501 217 218 Tenacibaculum sp. MED152 219 220 Polaribacter irgensii 23-P 221 222 Pedobacter sp.
  • EbN1 331 332 Burkholderia phymatum STM815 333 334 Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 335 336 Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616 337 338 Burkholderia cenocepacia PC184 339 340 Burkholderia mallei GB8 horse 4 341 342 Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 343 344 Ralstonia metallidurans CH34 345 346 Ralstonia solanacearum UW551 347 348 Ralstonia pickettii 12J 349 350 Limnobacter sp.
  • MED105 351 352 Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans 353 354 Bordetella parapertussis 355 356 Bordetella petrii DSM 12804 357 358 Polaromonas sp.
  • JS666 359 360 Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2 361 362 Rhodoferax ferrireducens T118 363 364 Verminephrobacter eiseniae EF01-2 365 366 Acidovorax sp.
  • BTAi1 445 446 Delftia acidovorans SPH-1 447 448 Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843 449 450 uncultured marine microorganism 451 452 HF4000_APKG8C21 Burkholderia ubonensis Bu 453 454 Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM 2246 455 456 Mycobacterium abscessus 457 458 Synechococcus sp.
  • PCC 7002 459 460 Burkholderia graminis C4D1M 461 462 Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831 463 464 Leptothrix cholodnii SP-6 465 466 Verrucomicrobium spinosum DSM 4136 467 468 Cyanothece sp.
  • SEQ ID NOs: 395-409, 412-421, 424, and 431-436 are primers for PCR, cloning or sequencing analysis used a described in the Examples herein.
  • SEQ ID NO: 410 is the nucleotide sequence of the pDM1 vector.
  • SEQ ID NO: 411 is the nucleotide sequence of the pLH532 vector.
  • SEQ ID NO: 425 is the S. cerevisiae FBA promoter.
  • SEQ ID NO: 430 is the nucleotide sequence of the pRS423 FBA ilvD(Strep) vector.
  • SEQ ID NO: 437 is the nucleotide sequence of the pNY13 vector
  • SEQ ID NO: 438 is the alsS coding region from B. subtilis .
  • SEQ ID NO: 439 is the S. cerevisiae GPD promoter.
  • SEQ ID NO: 440 is the S. cerevisiae CYC1 terminator.
  • SEQ ID NO: 442 is the S. cerevisiae ILV5 gene.
  • the present invention relates to recombinant yeast or bacterial cells engineered to provide heterologous expression of dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) having a [2Fe-2S] cluster.
  • DHAD dihydroxy-acid dehydratase
  • the expressed DHAD functions as a component of a biosynthetic pathway for production of a compound such as valine, isoleucine, leucine, pantothenic acid, or isobutanol.
  • These amino acids and pantothenic acid may be used as nutritional supplements, and isobutanol may be used as a fuel additive to reduce demand for petrochemicals.
  • the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
  • a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus.
  • “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
  • invention or “present invention” as used herein is a non-limiting term and is not intended to refer to any single embodiment of the particular invention but encompasses all possible embodiments as described in the specification and the claims.
  • the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredient or reactant of the invention employed refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or use solutions in the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients employed to make the compositions or carry out the methods; and the like.
  • the term “about” also encompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term “about”, the claims include equivalents to the quantities.
  • the term “about” means within 10% of the reported numerical value, preferably within 5% of the reported numerical value
  • [2Fe-2S] DHAD refers to DHAD enzymes having a bound [2Fe-2S] cluster.
  • [4Fe-4S] DHAD refers to DHAD enzymes having a bound [4Fe-4S] cluster.
  • DHAD dihydroxy-acid dehydratase
  • isobutanol biosynthetic pathway refers to an enzyme pathway to produce isobutanol from pyruvate.
  • a facultative anaerobe refers to a microorganism that can grow in both aerobic and anaerobic environments.
  • carbon substrate or “fermentable carbon substrate” refers to a carbon source capable of being metabolized by host organisms of the present invention and particularly carbon sources selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and one-carbon substrates or mixtures thereof. Carbon substrates may include C6 and C5 sugars and mixtures thereof.
  • gene refers to a nucleic acid fragment that is capable of being expressed as a specific protein, optionally including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence.
  • “Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences.
  • “Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature.
  • Endogenous gene refers to a native gene in its natural location in the genome of an organism.
  • a “foreign gene” or “heterologous gene” refers to a gene not normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer.
  • Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric genes.
  • a “transgene” is a gene that has been introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure.
  • coding region refers to a DNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid sequence.
  • Suitable regulatory sequences refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNA processing site, effector binding site and stem-loop structure.
  • promoter refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA.
  • a coding sequence is located 3′ to a promoter sequence. Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental or physiological conditions. Promoters which cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of different lengths may have identical promoter activity.
  • operably linked refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is affected by the other.
  • a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of effecting the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter).
  • Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in sense or antisense orientation.
  • expression refers to the transcription and stable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense RNA derived from the nucleic acid fragment of the invention. Expression may also refer to translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.
  • transformation refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into a host organism, resulting in genetically stable inheritance.
  • Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” or “recombinant” or “transformed” organisms.
  • Plasmid and “vector” as used herein, refer to an extra chromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of the central metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA molecules.
  • Such elements may be autonomously replicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotide sequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequence into a cell.
  • cognate degeneracy refers to the nature in the genetic code permitting variation of the nucleotide sequence without effecting the amino acid sequence of an encoded polypeptide.
  • the skilled artisan is well aware of the “codon-bias” exhibited by a specific host cell in usage of nucleotide codons to specify a given amino acid. Therefore, when synthesizing a gene for improved expression in a host cell, it is desirable to design the gene such that its frequency of codon usage approaches the frequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell.
  • codon-optimized refers to genes or coding regions of nucleic acid molecules for transformation of various hosts, refers to the alteration of codons in the gene or coding regions of the nucleic acid molecules to reflect the typical codon usage of the host organism without altering the polypeptide encoded by the DNA.
  • an “isolated nucleic acid fragment” or “isolated nucleic acid molecule” will be used interchangeably and will mean a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases.
  • An isolated nucleic acid fragment in the form of a polymer of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA or synthetic DNA.
  • a nucleic acid fragment is “hybridizable” to another nucleic acid fragment, such as a cDNA, genomic DNA, or RNA molecule, when a single-stranded form of the nucleic acid fragment can anneal to the other nucleic acid fragment under the appropriate conditions of temperature and solution ionic strength.
  • Hybridization and washing conditions are well known and exemplified in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2 nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), particularly Chapter 11 and Table 11.1 therein (entirely incorporated herein by reference).
  • Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments (such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms), to highly similar fragments (such as genes that duplicate functional enzymes from closely related organisms).
  • Post-hybridization washes determine stringency conditions.
  • One set of preferred conditions uses a series of washes starting with 6 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature for 15 min, then repeated with 2 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS at 45° C. for 30 min, and then repeated twice with 0.2 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C. for 30 min.
  • a more preferred set of stringent conditions uses higher temperatures in which the washes are identical to those above except for the temperature of the final two 30 min washes in 0.2 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS was increased to 60° C.
  • Another preferred set of highly stringent conditions uses two final washes in 0.1 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.
  • An additional set of stringent conditions include hybridization at 0.1 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C. and washes with 2 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS followed by 0.1 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS, for example.
  • Hybridization requires that the two nucleic acids contain complementary sequences, although depending on the stringency of the hybridization, mismatches between bases are possible.
  • the appropriate stringency for hybridizing nucleic acids depends on the length of the nucleic acids and the degree of complementation, variables well known in the art. The greater the degree of similarity or homology between two nucleotide sequences, the greater the value of Tm for hybrids of nucleic acids having those sequences.
  • the relative stability (corresponding to higher Tm) of nucleic acid hybridizations decreases in the following order: RNA:RNA, DNA:RNA, DNA:DNA.
  • the length for a hybridizable nucleic acid is at least about 10 nucleotides.
  • a minimum length for a hybridizable nucleic acid is at least about 15 nucleotides; more preferably at least about 20 nucleotides; and most preferably the length is at least about 30 nucleotides.
  • the temperature and wash solution salt concentration may be adjusted as necessary according to factors such as length of the probe.
  • a “substantial portion” of an amino acid or nucleotide sequence is that portion comprising enough of the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or the nucleotide sequence of a gene to putatively identify that polypeptide or gene, either by manual evaluation of the sequence by one skilled in the art, or by computer-automated sequence comparison and identification using algorithms such as BLAST (Altschul, S. F., et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215:403-410 (1993)). In general, a sequence of ten or more contiguous amino acids or thirty or more nucleotides is necessary in order to putatively identify a polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence as homologous to a known protein or gene.
  • gene specific oligonucleotide probes comprising 20-30 contiguous nucleotides may be used in sequence-dependent methods of gene identification (e.g., Southern hybridization) and isolation (e.g., in situ hybridization of bacterial colonies or bacteriophage plaques).
  • short oligonucleotides of 12-15 bases may be used as amplification primers in PCR in order to obtain a particular nucleic acid fragment comprising the primers.
  • a “substantial portion” of a nucleotide sequence comprises enough of the sequence to specifically identify and/or isolate a nucleic acid fragment comprising the sequence.
  • adenosine is complementary to thymine and cytosine is complementary to guanine.
  • identity is a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences.
  • identity or “sequence identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. “Identity” and “similarity” can be readily calculated by known methods, including but not limited to those described in:
  • Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the best match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in publicly available computer programs. Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations may be performed using the MegAlignTM program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences is performed using the “Clustal method of alignment” which encompasses several varieties of the algorithm including the “Clustal V method of alignment” corresponding to the alignment method labeled Clustal V (described by Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153 (1989); Higgins, D. G. et al., Comput. Appl.
  • Clustal W method of alignment is available and corresponds to the alignment method labeled Clustal W (described by Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153 (1989); Higgins, D. G. et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 8:189-191 (1992) Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., and Gibson T. J. (1994) Nuc. Acid Res.
  • percent identities include, but are not limited to: 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, or any integer percentage from 55% to 100% may be useful in describing the present invention, such as 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.
  • Suitable nucleic acid fragments not only have the above homologies but typically encode a polypeptide having at least 50 amino acids, preferably at least 100 amino acids, more preferably at least 150 amino acids, still more preferably at least 200 amino acids, and most preferably at least 250 amino acids.
  • sequence analysis software refers to any computer algorithm or software program that is useful for the analysis of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. “Sequence analysis software” may be commercially available or independently developed. Typical sequence analysis software will include, but is not limited to: 1.) the GCG suite of programs (Wisconsin Package Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis.); 2.) BLASTP, BLASTN, BLASTX (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215:403-410 (1990)); 3.) DNASTAR (DNASTAR, Inc.
  • DHAD proteins are known to contain a bound iron-sulfur (Fe—S) cluster that is required for enzyme activity.
  • Fe—S iron-sulfur
  • the only DHAD with a [2Fe-2S] cluster reported to date is a spinach enzyme (Flint and Emptage (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:3558-3564).
  • Some bacterial enzymes are also known, the best characterized of which is from E. coli (Flint, D H, et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:14732-14742), which has a [4Fe-4S] cluster.
  • Applicants have now determined that there is a class of bacterial DHADs that contain a [2Fe-2S] cluster ([2Fe-2S] DHADs).
  • [2Fe-2S] DHADs may be distinguished from a group of [4Fe-45] DHADs by the presence of three conserved cysteine residues in the protein.
  • the three conserved cysteines are similar to three essential cysteines reported in the Azospirillum brasiliense arabonate (an aldonic acid) dehydratase (Watanabe, S et al. J. Biol. Chem . (2006) 281:33521-33536) that was reported to contain a [4Fe-4S] cluster.
  • cysteines located at amino acid positions 56, 124, and 197 were determined to be essential for enzyme activity and likely involved in coordination with the Fe—S cluster.
  • three conserved cysteines, which are in corresponding positions to the three essential cysteines of the Azospirillum brasiliense arabonate dehydratase are characteristic of DHADs containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster.
  • the E. coli DHAD, that contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster has two of the conserved cysteines, but not the third conserved cysteine. Shown in FIG.
  • Example 1 is a comparison of the sequence regions of the conserved cysteines for the E. coli [ 4Fe-4S] cluster-containing DHADs and for representatives of a phylogenetic group of [2Fe-2S] cluster DHADs that was identified herein in Example 1 and is described below.
  • bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs which may be identified by this method, may be used for heterologous expression in bacteria.
  • HMM Profile Hidden Markov Model
  • PCC6803 (DNA SEQ ID:297; Protein SEQ ID NO:298), Streptococcus mutans (DNA SEQ ID NO:167; Protein SEQ ID NO:168), Streptococcus thermophilus (DNA SEQ ID NO:163; SEQ ID No:164), Ralstonia metallidurans (DNA SEQ ID NO:345; Protein SEQ ID NO:346), Ralstonia eutropha (DNA SEQ ID NO:343; Protein SEQ ID NO:344), and Lactococcus lactis (DNA SEQ ID NO:231; Protein SEQ ID NO:232).
  • DHAD from Flavobacterium johnsoniae (DNA SEQ ID NO:229; Protein SEQ ID NO:230) was found to have dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity when expressed in E. coli and was used in making the Profile.
  • This Profile HMM for DHADs may be used to identify DHAD related proteins. Any protein that matches the Profile HMM with an E value of ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 is a DHAD related protein, which includes [4Fe-4S] DHADs, [2Fe-2S] DHADs, aldonic acid dehydratases, and phosphogluconate dehydratases. A phylogenetic tree of sequences matching this Profile HMM is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • Sequences matching the Profile HMM given herein are then analyzed for the presence of the three conserved cysteines described above.
  • the three conserved cysteines are located at amino acid positions 56, 129, and 201 in the Streptococcus mutans DHAD (SEQ ID NO: 168), and at amino acid positions 61, 135, and 207 in the Lactococcus lactis DHAD (SEQ ID NO: 232).
  • the exact positions of the three conserved cysteines in other protein sequences correspond to these positions in the S. mutans or the L. lactis amino acid sequence.
  • One skilled in the art will readily be able to identify the presence or absence of each of the three conserved cysteines in the amino acid sequence of a DHAD protein using pairwise or multiple sequence alignments.
  • other methods may be used to determine the presence of the three conserved cysteines, such as analysis by eye.
  • the DHAD Profile HMM matching proteins that have two but not the third (position 56) conserved cysteine include [4Fe-4S] DHADs and phosphogluconate dehydratases (EDDs). Proteins having the three conserved cysteines include arabonate dehydratases and [2Fe-2S] DHADs, and are members of a [2Fe-2S] DHAD/aldonic acid dehydratase group.
  • the [2Fe-2S] DHADs may be distinguished from the aldonic acid dehydratases by analyzing for signature conserved amino acids found to be present in the [2Fe-2S] DHADs or in the aldonic acid dehydratases at positions corresponding to the following positions in the Streptococcus mutans DHAD amino acid sequence.
  • signature amino acids are in [2Fe-2S] DHADs or in aldonic acid dehydratases, respectively, at the following positions (with greater than 90% occurrence): 88 asparagine vs glutamic acid; 113 not conserved vs glutamic acid; 142 arginine or asparagine vs not conserved; 165: not conserved vs glycine; 208 asparagine vs not conserved; 454 leucine vs not conserved; 477 phenylalanine or tyrosine vs not conserved; and 487 glycine vs not conserved.
  • sequence databases are queried with a Profile HMM as described herein.
  • Suitable sequence databases are known to those skilled in the art and include but are not limited to the Genbank non-redundant protein database, the SwissProt database, or UniProt database or other available databases such as GQPat (GenomeQuest, Westboro, Mass.) and BRENDA (Biobase, Beverly, Mass.).
  • bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs may readily be identifiable by the natural source organism being a type of bacteria. Any bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD identifiable by this method may be suitable for heterologous expression in a microbial host cell. It will also be appreciated that any bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD expressly disclosed herein by sequence may be suitable for heterologous expression in bacterial cells. Preferred bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes can be expressed in a host cell and provide DHAD activity.
  • Example 11 A subsequent analysis described in Example 11 returned 268 different bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs. Amino acid and coding sequences that were not identical to any of the 193 bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs provided by the initial identification are included in the sequence listing, with SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2b.
  • Any [2Fe-2S] DHAD protein matching a sequence identifiable through the methods disclosed herein or a sequence expressly disclosed herein with an identity of at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% is a [2Fe-2S] DHAD that may be used for heterologous expression in bacterial cells as disclosed herein.
  • bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs expressly disclosed herein there is 100% conservation of the signature amino acids at positions: 88 aspartic acid, 142 arginine or asparagine, 208 asparagine, and 454 leucine.
  • bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs that may be used in the present invention are identifiable by their position in the [2Fe-2S] DHAD branch of a phylogenetic tree of DHAD related proteins such as that shown in FIG. 2 and described in Example 1.
  • bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs that may be used are identifiable using sequence comparisons with any of the 281 bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs whose sequences are provided herein, where sequence identity may be at least about 80%-85%, 85%-90%, 90%-95% or 95%-99%.
  • sequences of [2Fe-2S] DHADs may be used to identify other homologs in nature.
  • each of the DHAD encoding nucleic acid fragments described herein may be used to isolate genes encoding homologous proteins. Isolation of homologous genes using sequence-dependent protocols is well known in the art. Examples of sequence-dependent protocols include, but are not limited to: 1.) methods of nucleic acid hybridization; 2.) methods of DNA and RNA amplification, as exemplified by various uses of nucleic acid amplification technologies [e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; ligase chain reaction (LCR), Tabor, S.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • LCR ligase chain reaction
  • genes encoding similar proteins or polypeptides to the [2Fe-2S] DHAD encoding genes provided herein could be isolated directly by using all or a portion of the instant nucleic acid fragments as DNA hybridization probes to screen libraries from any desired organism using methodology well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Specific oligonucleotide probes based upon the disclosed nucleic acid sequences can be designed and synthesized by methods known in the art (Maniatis, supra).
  • the entire sequences can be used directly to synthesize DNA probes by methods known to the skilled artisan (e.g., random primers DNA labeling, nick translation or end-labeling techniques), or RNA probes using available in vitro transcription systems.
  • primers can be designed and used to amplify a part of (or full-length of) the instant sequences.
  • the resulting amplification products can be labeled directly during amplification reactions or labeled after amplification reactions, and used as probes to isolate full-length DNA fragments by hybridization under conditions of appropriate stringency.
  • the primers typically have different sequences and are not complementary to each other.
  • the sequences of the primers should be designed to provide for both efficient and faithful replication of the target nucleic acid.
  • polymerase chain reaction protocols to amplify longer nucleic acid fragments encoding homologous genes from DNA or RNA.
  • the polymerase chain reaction may also be performed on a library of cloned nucleic acid fragments wherein the sequence of one primer is derived from the described nucleic acid fragments, and the sequence of the other primer takes advantage of the presence of the polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor encoding microbial genes.
  • the second primer sequence may be based upon sequences derived from the cloning vector.
  • the skilled artisan can follow the RACE protocol (Frohman et al., PNAS USA 85:8998 (1988)) to generate cDNAs by using PCR to amplify copies of the region between a single point in the transcript and the 3′ or 5′ end. Primers oriented in the 3′ and 5′ directions can be designed from the instant sequences.
  • 3′ RACE or 5′ RACE systems e.g., BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.
  • specific 3′ or 5′ cDNA fragments can be isolated (Ohara et al., PNAS USA 86:5673 (1989); Loh et al., Science 243:217 (1989)).
  • the provided [2Fe-2S] DHAD encoding sequences may be employed as hybridization reagents for the identification of homologs.
  • the basic components of a nucleic acid hybridization test include a probe, a sample suspected of containing the gene or gene fragment of interest, and a specific hybridization method. Probes are typically single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that are complementary to the nucleic acid sequences to be detected. Probes are “hybridizable” to the nucleic acid sequence to be detected.
  • the probe length can vary from 5 bases to tens of thousands of bases, and will depend upon the specific test to be done. Typically a probe length of about 15 bases to about 30 bases is suitable.
  • probe molecule Only part of the probe molecule need be complementary to the nucleic acid sequence to be detected. In addition, the complementarity between the probe and the target sequence need not be perfect. Hybridization does occur between imperfectly complementary molecules with the result that a certain fraction of the bases in the hybridized region are not paired with the proper complementary base.
  • Hybridization methods are well defined.
  • the probe and sample must be mixed under conditions that will permit nucleic acid hybridization. This involves contacting the probe and sample in the presence of an inorganic or organic salt under the proper concentration and temperature conditions.
  • the probe and sample nucleic acids must be in contact for a long enough time that any possible hybridization between the probe and sample nucleic acid may occur.
  • the concentration of probe or target in the mixture will determine the time necessary for hybridization to occur. The higher the probe or target concentration, the shorter the hybridization incubation time needed.
  • a chaotropic agent may be added. The chaotropic agent stabilizes nucleic acids by inhibiting nuclease activity.
  • chaotropic agent allows sensitive and stringent hybridization of short oligonucleotide probes at room temperature (Van Ness and Chen, Nucl. Acids Res. 19:5143-5151 (1991)).
  • Suitable chaotropic agents include guanidinium chloride, guanidinium thiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, lithium tetrachloroacetate, sodium perchlorate, rubidium tetrachloroacetate, potassium iodide and cesium trifluoroacetate, among others.
  • the chaotropic agent will be present at a final concentration of about 3 M. If desired, one can add formamide to the hybridization mixture, typically 30-50% (v/v).
  • hybridization solutions can be employed. Typically, these comprise from about 20 to 60% volume, preferably 30%, of a polar organic solvent.
  • a common hybridization solution employs about 30-50% v/v formamide, about 0.15 to 1 M sodium chloride, about 0.05 to 0.1 M buffers (e.g., sodium citrate, Tris-HCl, PIPES or HEPES (pH range about 6-9)), about 0.05 to 0.2% detergent (e.g., sodium dodecylsulfate), or between 0.5-20 mM EDTA, FICOLL (Pharmacia Inc.) (about 300-500 kdal), polyvinylpyrrolidone (about 250-500 kdal) and serum albumin.
  • buffers e.g., sodium citrate, Tris-HCl, PIPES or HEPES (pH range about 6-9)
  • detergent e.g., sodium dodecylsulfate
  • FICOLL Fracia Inc.
  • unlabeled carrier nucleic acids from about 0.1 to 5 mg/mL, fragmented nucleic DNA (e.g., calf thymus or salmon sperm DNA, or yeast RNA), and optionally from about 0.5 to 2% wt/vol glycine.
  • Other additives may also be included, such as volume exclusion agents that include a variety of polar water-soluble or swellable agents (e.g., polyethylene glycol), anionic polymers (e.g., polyacrylate or polymethylacrylate) and anionic saccharidic polymers (e.g., dextran sulfate).
  • Nucleic acid hybridization is adaptable to a variety of assay formats. One of the most suitable is the sandwich assay format. The sandwich assay is particularly adaptable to hybridization under non-denaturing conditions.
  • a primary component of a sandwich-type assay is a solid support. The solid support has adsorbed to it or covalently coupled to it immobilized nucleic acid probe that is unlabeled and complementary to one portion of the sequence.
  • a heterologous [2Fe-2S] DHAD provides DHAD activity when expressed in a microbial cell.
  • Any [2Fe-2S] DHAD which may be identified as described herein, may be expressed in a heterologous microbial cell. Expression of any of these proteins provides DHAD activity for a biosynthetic pathway that includes conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to ⁇ -ketoisovalerate or 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to ⁇ -ketomethylvalerate.
  • Expression of a [2Fe-2S] DHAD as opposed to a 4Fe-4D DHAD, lowers the requirement for Fe and S in clusters to obtain enzyme activity. In addition, the S.
  • mutans [ 2Fe-2S] DHAD was shown herein to have higher stability in air as compared to the sensitivity in air of the E. coli [ 4Fe-4S] DHAD, which is desirable for obtaining better activity in a heterologous host cell.
  • Bacterial cells that may be hosts for expression of a heterologous bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD include, but are not limited to, Clostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium , and Brevibacterium, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus , and Streptococcus .
  • Engineering expression of a heterologous bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD may increase DHAD activity in a host bacterial cell that naturally expresses a [2Fe-2S] DHAD or a [4Fe-4S] DHAD.
  • host cells may include, for example, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis .
  • engineering expression of a heterologous bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD provides DHAD activity in a host bacterial cell that has no endogenous DHAD activity.
  • Such host cells may include, for example, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc.
  • Specific hosts include: Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Bacillus licheniformis, Paenibacillus macerans, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Pseudomonas putida, Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarium, Enterococcus faecalis , and Bacillus subtilis.
  • a host bacterial cell may be engineered to express a heterologous bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD by methods well known to one skilled in the art.
  • the coding region for the DHAD to be expressed may be codon optimized for the target host cell, as well known to one skilled in the art.
  • Vectors useful for the transformation of a variety of host cells are common and commercially available from companies such as EPICENTRE® (Madison, Wis.), Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, Calif.), Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.), and New England Biolabs, Inc. (Beverly, Mass.).
  • the vector contains a selectable marker and sequences allowing autonomous replication or chromosomal integration in the desired host.
  • suitable vectors comprise a promoter region which harbors transcriptional initiation controls and a transcriptional termination control region, between which a coding region DNA fragment may be inserted, to provide expression of the inserted coding region.
  • Both control regions may be derived from genes homologous to the transformed host cell, although it is to be understood that such control regions may also be derived from genes that are not native to the specific species chosen as a production host.
  • Initiation control regions or promoters which are useful to drive expression of bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD coding regions in the desired bacterial host cell are numerous and familiar to those skilled in the art.
  • Virtually any promoter capable of driving these genetic elements is suitable for the present invention including, but not limited to, lac, ara, tet, trp, IP L , IP R , T7, tac, and trc promoters (useful for expression in Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes , and Pseudomonas ); the amy, apr, and npr promoters, and various phage promoters useful for expression in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis , and Paenibacillus macerans ; nisA (useful for expression Gram-positive bacteria, Eichenbaum et al.
  • Termination control regions may also be derived from various genes native to the preferred hosts. Optionally, a termination site may be unnecessary; however, it is most preferred if included.
  • Certain vectors are capable of replicating in a broad range of host bacteria and can be transferred by conjugation.
  • the complete and annotated sequence of pRK404 and three related vectors: pRK437, pRK442, and pRK442(H), are available. These derivatives have proven to be valuable tools for genetic manipulation in Gram-negative bacteria (Scott et al., Plasmid 50(1):74-79 (2003)).
  • Several plasmid derivatives of broad-host-range Inc P4 plasmid RSF1010 are also available with promoters that can function in a range of Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Plasmid pAYC36 and pAYC37 have active promoters along with multiple cloning sites to allow for heterologous gene expression in Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Some vectors that are useful for transformation of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus include pAM ⁇ 1 and derivatives thereof (Renault et al., Gene 183:175-182 (1996); and O′Sullivan et al., Gene 137:227-231 (1993)); pMBB1 and pHW800, a derivative of pMBB1 (Wyckoff et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1481-1486 (1996)); pMG1, a conjugative plasmid (Tanimoto et al., J.
  • thermosensitive variant of the broad-host-range replicon pWV101 has been modified to construct a plasmid pVE6002 which can be used to effect gene replacement in a range of Gram-positive bacteria (Maguin et al., J. Bacteriol. 174(17):5633-5638 (1992)).
  • in vitro transposomes are available from commercial sources such as EPICENTRE® to create random mutations in a variety of genomes.
  • Yeast cells that may be hosts for expression of a heterologous bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD are any yeast cells that are amenable to genetic manipulation and include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Hansenula, Candida, Kluyveromyces, Yarrowia and Pichia .
  • Suitable strains include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces thermotolerans, Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Pichia stipitis and Yarrowia lipolytica . Most suitable is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Expression is achieved by transforming with a gene comprising a sequence encoding any of these [2Fe-2S] DHADs.
  • the coding region for the DHAD to be expressed may be codon optimized for the target host cell, as well known to one skilled in the art.
  • Methods for gene expression in yeast are known in the art (see for example Methods in Enzymology , Volume 194 , Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cell Biology (Part A, 2004, Christine Guthrie and Gerald R. Fink (Eds.), Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.). Expression of genes in yeast typically requires a promoter, operably linked to a coding region of interest, and a transcriptional terminator.
  • yeast promoters can be used in constructing expression cassettes for genes in yeast, including, but not limited to promoters derived from the following genes: CYC1, HIS3, GAL1, GAL10, ADH1, PGK, PHO5, GAPDH, ADC1, TRP1, URA3, LEU2, ENO, TPI, CUP1, FBA, GPD, GPM, and AOX1.
  • Suitable transcriptional terminators include, but are not limited to FBAt, GPDt, GPMt, ERG10t, GAL1t, CYC1, and ADH1.
  • Suitable promoters, transcriptional terminators, and [2Fe-2S] DHAD coding regions may be cloned into E. coli -yeast shuttle vectors, and transformed into yeast cells. These vectors allow strain propagation in both E. coli and yeast strains. Typically the vector used contains a selectable marker and sequences allowing autonomous replication or chromosomal integration in the desired host. Typically used plasmids in yeast are shuttle vectors pRS423, pRS424, pRS425, and pRS426 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.), which contain an E. coli replication origin (e.g., pMB1), a yeast 2 ⁇ origin of replication, and a marker for nutritional selection.
  • E. coli replication origin e.g., pMB1
  • yeast 2 ⁇ origin of replication e.g., a yeast 2 ⁇ origin of replication
  • the selection markers for these four vectors are His3 (vector pRS423), Trp1 (vector pRS424), Leu2 (vector pRS425) and Ura3 (vector pRS426).
  • Construction of expression vectors with a chimeric gene encoding the described DHADs may be performed by either standard molecular cloning techniques in E. coli or by the gap repair recombination method in yeast.
  • the gap repair cloning approach takes advantage of the highly efficient homologous recombination in yeast.
  • a yeast vector DNA is digested (e.g., in its multiple cloning site) to create a “gap” in its sequence.
  • a number of insert DNAs of interest are generated that contain a 21 by sequence at both the 5′ and the 3′ ends that sequentially overlap with each other, and with the 5′ and 3′ terminus of the vector DNA.
  • a yeast promoter and a yeast terminator are selected for the expression cassette.
  • the promoter and terminator are amplified from the yeast genomic DNA, and Gene X is either PCR amplified from its source organism or obtained from a cloning vector comprising Gene X sequence. There is at least a 21 by overlapping sequence between the 5′ end of the linearized vector and the promoter sequence, between the promoter and Gene X, between Gene X and the terminator sequence, and between the terminator and the 3′ end of the linearized vector.
  • the “gapped” vector and the insert DNAs are then co-transformed into a yeast strain and plated on the medium containing the appropriate compound mixtures that allow complementation of the nutritional selection markers on the plasmids.
  • the presence of correct insert combinations can be confirmed by PCR mapping using plasmid DNA prepared from the selected cells.
  • the plasmid DNA isolated from yeast (usually low in concentration) can then be transformed into an E. coli strain, e.g. TOP10, followed by mini preps and restriction mapping to further verify the plasmid construct. Finally the construct can be verified
  • a cassette containing a coding region plus control elements (promoter and terminator) and auxotrophic marker is PCR-amplified with a high-fidelity DNA polymerase using primers that hybridize to the cassette and contain 40-70 base pairs of sequence homology to the regions 5′ and 3′ of the genomic area where insertion is desired.
  • the PCR product is then transformed into yeast and plated on medium containing the appropriate compound mixtures that allow selection for the integrated auxotrophic marker.
  • the promoter-coding regionX-terminator construct is PCR amplified from a plasmid DNA construct and joined to an autotrophic marker (such as URA3) by either SOE PCR or by common restriction digests and cloning.
  • the full cassette, containing the promoter-coding regionX-terminator-URA3 region, is PCR amplified with primer sequences that contain 40-70 by of homology to the regions 5′ and 3′ of location “Y” on the yeast chromosome.
  • the PCR product is transformed into yeast and selected on growth media lacking uracil. Transformants can be verified either by colony PCR or by direct sequencing of chromosomal DNA.
  • DHAD activity in a cell engineered to express a bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD can be confirmed using methods known in the art.
  • crude extracts from cells engineered to express a bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD may be used in a DHAD assay as described by Flint and Emptage (J. Biol. Chem. (1988) 263(8): 3558-64) using dinitrophenylhydrazine.
  • DHAD activity may be assayed by expressing a bacterial DHAD identifiable by the methods disclosed herein in a yeast strain that lacks endogenous DHAD activity.
  • DHAD activity may also be confirmed by more indirect methods, such as by assaying for a downstream product in a pathway requiring DHAD activity. Any product that has ⁇ -ketoisovalerate or ⁇ -ketomethylvalerate as a pathway intermediate may be measured as an assay for DHAD activity.
  • a list of such products includes, but is not limited to, valine, isoleucine, leucine, pantothenic acid, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and isobutanol.
  • Expression of a bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD in bacteria or yeast provides the transformed, recombinant host cell with dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity for conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to ⁇ -ketoisovalerate or 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to ⁇ -ketomethylvalerate.
  • Any product that has ⁇ -ketoisovalerate or ⁇ -ketomethylvalerate as a pathway intermediate may be produced with greater effectiveness in a bacterial or yeast strain disclosed herein having the described heterologous [2Fe-2S] DHAD.
  • a list of such products includes, but is not limited to, valine, isoleucine, leucine, pantothenic acid, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and isobutanol.
  • yeast biosynthesis of valine includes steps of acetolactate conversion to 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate by acetohydroxyacid reductoisomerase (ILV5), conversion of 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate to ⁇ -ketoisovalerate (also called 2-keto-isovalerate) by dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, and conversion of ⁇ -ketoisovalerate to valine by branched-chain amino acid transaminase (BAT2) and branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BAT1).
  • IMV5 acetohydroxyacid reductoisomerase
  • BAT2 branched-chain amino acid transaminase
  • BAT1 branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
  • Biosynthesis of leucine includes the same steps to ⁇ -ketoisovalerate, followed by conversion of ⁇ -ketoisovalerate to alpha-isopropylmalate by alpha-isopropylmalate synthase (LEU9, LEU4), conversion of alpha-isopropylmalate to beta-isopropylmalate by isopropylmalate isomerase (LEU1), conversion of beta-isopropylmalate to alpha-ketoisocaproate by beta-IPM dehydrogenase (LEU2), and finally conversion of alpha-ketoisocaproate to leucine by branched-chain amino acid transaminase (BAT2) and branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BAT1).
  • BAT2 branched-chain amino acid transaminase
  • BAT1 branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
  • the bacterial pathway is similar, involving differently named proteins and genes. Increased conversion of 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate to ⁇ -ketoisovalerate will increase flow in these pathways, particularly if one or more additional enzymes of a pathway is overexpressed. Thus it is desired for production of valine or leucine to use a strain disclosed herein.
  • Biosynthesis of pantothenic acid includes a step performed by DHAD, as well as steps performed by ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase and pantothenate synthase. Engineering of expression of these enzymes for enhanced production of pantothenic acid biosynthesis in microorganisms is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,264.
  • the ⁇ -ketoisovalerate product of DHAD is an intermediate in isobutanol biosynthetic pathways disclosed in commonly owned and co-pending US Patent Publication 20070092957 A1, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • a diagram of the disclosed isobutanol biosynthetic pathways is provided in FIG. 3 .
  • Production of isobutanol in a strain disclosed herein benefits from increased DHAD activity.
  • DHAD activity is provided by expression of a bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD in a bacterial or yeast cell.
  • steps in an example isobutanol biosynthetic pathway include conversion of:
  • acetolactate to 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate see FIG. 1 , pathway step b therein as catalyzed for example by acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase;
  • ⁇ -ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehyde see FIG. 1 , pathway step d therein as catalyzed for example by branched-chain ⁇ -keto acid decarboxylase;
  • isobutyraldehyde to isobutanol (see FIG. 1 , pathway step e therein) as catalyzed for example by branched-chain alcohol dehydrogenase.
  • high activity KARIs disclosed therein are those from Vibrio cholerae (DNA: SEQ ID NO:389; protein SEQ ID NO:390), Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, (DNA: SEQ ID NO: 422; protein SEQ ID NO:423), and Pseudomonas fluorescens PF5 (DNA: SEQ ID NO:391; protein SEQ ID NO:392).
  • Recombinant bacteria or yeast hosts disclosed herein are grown in fermentation media which contains suitable carbon substrates.
  • Additional carbon substrates may include but are not limited to monosaccharides such as fructose, oligosaccharides such as lactose maltose, galactose, or sucrose, polysaccharides such as starch or cellulose or mixtures thereof and unpurified mixtures from renewable feedstocks such as cheese whey permeate, cornsteep liquor, sugar beet molasses, and barley malt.
  • Other carbon substrates may include ethanol, lactate, succinate, or glycerol.
  • the carbon substrate may also be one-carbon substrates such as carbon dioxide, or methanol for which metabolic conversion into key biochemical intermediates has been demonstrated.
  • methylotrophic organisms are also known to utilize a number of other carbon containing compounds such as methylamine, glucosamine and a variety of amino acids for metabolic activity.
  • methylotrophic yeasts are known to utilize the carbon from methylamine to form trehalose or glycerol (Bellion et al., Microb. Growth C 1 Compd ., [Int. Symp.], 7th (1993), 415-32, Editor(s): Murrell, J. Collin; Kelly, Don P. Publisher: Intercept, Andover, UK).
  • Candida will metabolize alanine or oleic acid (Sulter et al., Arch. Microbiol. 153:485-489 (1990)).
  • source of carbon utilized in the present invention may encompass a wide variety of carbon containing substrates and will only be limited by the choice of organism.
  • preferred carbon substrates are glucose, fructose, and sucrose, or mixtures of these with C5 sugars such as xylose and/or arabinose for yeasts cells modified to use C5 sugars.
  • Sucrose may be derived from renewable sugar sources such as sugar cane, sugar beets, cassaya, sweet sorghum, and mixtures thereof.
  • Glucose and dextrose may be derived from renewable grain sources through saccharification of starch based feedstocks including grains such as corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, and mixtures thereof.
  • fermentable sugars may be derived from renewable cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass through processes of pretreatment and saccharification, as described, for example, in co-owned and co-pending U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0031918A1, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • Biomass refers to any cellulosic or lignocellulosic material and includes materials comprising cellulose, and optionally further comprising hemicellulose, lignin, starch, oligosaccharides and/or monosaccharides. Biomass may also comprise additional components, such as protein and/or lipid.
  • Biomass may be derived from a single source, or biomass can comprise a mixture derived from more than one source; for example, biomass may comprise a mixture of corn cobs and corn stover, or a mixture of grass and leaves.
  • Biomass includes, but is not limited to, bioenergy crops, agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, sludge from paper manufacture, yard waste, wood and forestry waste.
  • biomass examples include, but are not limited to, corn grain, corn cobs, crop residues such as corn husks, corn stover, grasses, wheat, wheat straw, barley, barley straw, hay, rice straw, switchgrass, waste paper, sugar cane bagasse, sorghum, soy, components obtained from milling of grains, trees, branches, roots, leaves, wood chips, sawdust, shrubs and bushes, vegetables, fruits, flowers, animal manure, and mixtures thereof.
  • crop residues such as corn husks, corn stover, grasses, wheat, wheat straw, barley, barley straw, hay, rice straw, switchgrass, waste paper, sugar cane bagasse, sorghum, soy, components obtained from milling of grains, trees, branches, roots, leaves, wood chips, sawdust, shrubs and bushes, vegetables, fruits, flowers, animal manure, and mixtures thereof.
  • fermentation media In addition to an appropriate carbon source, fermentation media must contain suitable minerals, salts, cofactors, buffers and other components, known to those skilled in the art, suitable for the growth of the cultures and promotion of an enzymatic pathway comprising a bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD.
  • Suitable growth media in the present invention are common commercially prepared media such as Luria Bertani (LB) broth, Sabouraud Dextrose (SD) broth, Yeast Medium (YM) broth, or broth that includes yeast nitrogen base, ammonium sulfate, and dextrose (as the carbon/energy source) or YPD Medium, a blend of peptone, yeast extract, and dextrose in optimal proportions for growing most Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.
  • Other defined or synthetic growth media may also be used, and the appropriate medium for growth of the particular microorganism will be known by one skilled in the art of microbiology or fermentation science.
  • agents known to modulate catabolite repression directly or indirectly e.g., cyclic adenosine 2′:3′-monophosphate, may also be incorporated into the fermentation medium.
  • Suitable pH ranges for the fermentation of yeast are typically between pH 3.0 to pH 9.0. where pH 5.0 to pH 8.0 is preferred as the initial condition.
  • Suitable pH ranges for the fermentation of other microorganisms are between pH 3.0 to pH 7.5, where pH 4.5.0 to pH 6.5 is preferred as the initial condition.
  • Fermentations may be performed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, where anaerobic or microaerobic conditions are preferred.
  • Fermentation may be a batch method of fermentation.
  • a classical batch fermentation is a closed system where the composition of the medium is set at the beginning of the fermentation and not subject to artificial alterations during the fermentation. Thus, at the beginning of the fermentation the medium is inoculated with the desired organism or organisms, and fermentation is permitted to occur without adding anything to the system.
  • “batch” fermentation is batch with respect to the addition of carbon source and attempts are often made at controlling factors such as pH and oxygen concentration.
  • the metabolite and biomass compositions of the system change constantly up to the time the fermentation is stopped.
  • cells moderate through a static lag phase to a high growth log phase and finally to a stationary phase where growth rate is diminished or halted. If untreated, cells in the stationary phase will eventually die.
  • Cells in log phase generally are responsible for the bulk of production of end product or intermediate.
  • a variation on the standard batch system is the fed-batch system.
  • Fed-batch fermentation processes are also suitable in the present invention and comprise a typical batch system with the exception that the substrate is added in increments as the fermentation progresses.
  • Fed-batch systems are useful when catabolite repression is apt to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the media. Measurement of the actual substrate concentration in fed-batch systems is difficult and is therefore estimated on the basis of the changes of measurable factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen and the partial pressure of waste gases such as CO2. Batch and fed-batch fermentations are common and well known in the art and examples may be found in Thomas D.
  • the fermentation culture may be adapted to continuous fermentation methods.
  • Continuous fermentation is an open system where a defined fermentation medium is added continuously to a bioreactor and an equal amount of conditioned media is removed simultaneously for processing.
  • Continuous fermentation generally maintains the cultures at a constant high density.
  • Continuous fermentation allows for the modulation of one factor or any number of factors that affect cell growth or end product concentration.
  • one method will maintain a limiting nutrient such as the carbon source or nitrogen level at a fixed rate and allow all other parameters to moderate.
  • a number of factors affecting growth can be altered continuously while the cell concentration, measured by the turbidity of the culture medium, is kept constant.
  • Continuous systems strive to maintain steady state growth conditions and thus the cell loss due to the medium being drawn off must be balanced against the cell growth rate in the fermentation.
  • batch, fed-batch, continuous processes, or any known mode of fermentation is suitable for growth of the described recombinant microbial host cell.
  • cells may be immobilized on a substrate as whole cell catalysts and subjected to fermentation conditions for isobutanol production.
  • Bioproduced isobutanol may be isolated from the fermentation medium using methods known in the art such as for ABE fermentations (see for example, Durre, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49:639-648 (1998), Groot et al., Process Biochem. 27:61-75 (1992), and references therein).
  • solids may be removed from the fermentation medium by centrifugation, filtration, decantation, or the like.
  • the isobutanol may be isolated from the fermentation medium using methods such as distillation, azeotropic distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, gas stripping, membrane evaporation, or pervaporation.
  • distillation can be used to separate the mixture up to its azeotropic composition. Distillation may be used in combination with another separation method to obtain separation around the azeotrope. Methods that may be used in combination with distillation to isolate and purify butanol include, but are not limited to, decantation, liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, and membrane-based techniques. Additionally, butanol may be isolated using azeotropic distillation using an entrainer (see for example Doherty and Malone, Conceptual Design of Distillation Systems , McGraw Hill, New York, 2001).
  • the butanol-water mixture forms a heterogeneous azeotrope so that distillation may be used in combination with decantation to isolate and purify the isobutanol.
  • the isobutanol containing fermentation broth is distilled to near the azeotropic composition.
  • the azeotropic mixture is condensed, and the isobutanol is separated from the fermentation medium by decantation.
  • the decanted aqueous phase may be returned to the first distillation column as reflux.
  • the isobutanol-rich decanted organic phase may be further purified by distillation in a second distillation column.
  • the isobutanol may also be isolated from the fermentation medium using liquid-liquid extraction in combination with distillation.
  • the isobutanol is extracted from the fermentation broth using liquid-liquid extraction with a suitable solvent.
  • the isobutanol-containing organic phase is then distilled to separate the butanol from the solvent.
  • Distillation in combination with adsorption may also be used to isolate isobutanol from the fermentation medium.
  • the fermentation broth containing the isobutanol is distilled to near the azeotropic composition and then the remaining water is removed by use of an adsorbent, such as molecular sieves (Aden et al. Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co - Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover , Report NREL/TP-510-32438, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, June 2002).
  • distillation in combination with pervaporation may be used to isolate and purify the isobutanol from the fermentation medium.
  • the fermentation broth containing the isobutanol is distilled to near the azeotropic composition, and then the remaining water is removed by pervaporation through a hydrophilic membrane (Guo et al., J. Membr. Sci. 245, 199-210 (2004)).
  • Microbial strains were obtained from The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, Va., unless otherwise noted.
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • the oligonucleotide primers used in the following Examples were synthesized by Sigma-Genosys (Woodlands, Tex.) or Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralsville, Iowa).
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • Shodex SH-1011 column with a Shodex SH-G guard column both available from Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.
  • RI refractive index
  • Chromatographic separation is achieved using 0.01 M H 2 SO 4 as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and a column temperature of 50° C.
  • Isobutanol retention time is about 47.6 minutes.
  • DHADs dihydroxy-acid dehydratases
  • Sequences were selected from the search results based on E value cutoff of 10 ⁇ 5 with removal of 95% identity sequences. Sequences that were shorter than 350 amino acids and sequences that were longer than 650 amino acids were also removed. The resultant set of 976 amino acid sequences included dihydroxy-acid dehydratases, phosphogluconate dehydratrases, and aldonic acid dehydratases.
  • a profile HMM was generated from the experimentally verified DHADs described in Example 2. See details below on building, calibrating, and searching with this profile HMM.
  • Multiple sequence alignments of the amino acid sequences were performed with the Clustal W algorithm (Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., and Gibson T. J. (1994) Nuc. Acid Res.
  • Phylogenetic trees were generated from sequence alignments based on the Neighbor Joining method. A tree representing phylogenetic relationships among the 976 sequences is shown in FIG. 2 . Four main main branches emerged from this analysis. They are labeled “4Fe-4S DHAD”, “2Fe-2S DHAD”, “aldonic acid dehydratase”, and “EDD”, based on the criteria detailed below. A fifth small branch of 17 sequences is marked as “Und” for undefined.
  • the aligned sequences were initially analyzed for the presence of three cysteines determined to be essential for enzyme activity and likely involved in Fe—S coordination in the Azospirillum brasiliense arabonate dehydratase, which was reported as a [4Fe-4S] cluster protein (Watanabe, S et al. J. Biol. Chem . (2006) 281:33521-33536).
  • Each of the 976 sequences has the cysteines corresponding to two of the Azospirillum brasiliense arabonate dehydratase essential cysteines (at positions 124 and 197).
  • a different branch of the tree contains 322 sequences, among which is the known [4Fe-4S] cluster DHAD of E. coli .
  • This 322 sequence branch is labeled in FIG. 2 as “4Fe-4S DHAD”. All sequences within this branch, and in the branch of 17 sequences (“Und”), contain glycine at the position corresponding to the third cysteine.
  • the remaining 469 sequences which are clustered in two branches and comprise both the aldonic acid recognizing A. brasiliense arabonate dehydratase and a set of DHADs, possess all three cysteines. These cysteines are at positions 56, 129, and 201 in the S.
  • mutans DHAD SEQ ID NO: 168 and at positions 61, 135, and 207 in the L. lactis DHAD (SEQ ID NO: 232). Shown in FIG. 1 are examples of regions from multiple sequence alignments that include the conserved cysteines.
  • Arabidopsis thaliana is a plant as is spinach, and the spinach DHAD has been identified as a [2Fe-2S] cluster DHAD (Flint and Emptage (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:3558-3564), the Arabidopsis thaliana DHAD may be a [2Fe-2S] cluster DHAD.
  • the S. solfataricus DHAD is reported to be oxygen resistant like the spinach [2Fe-2S] cluster DHAD, (Kim and Lee (2006) J. Biochem. 139, 591-596) which is an indication that the S. solfataricus DHAD may be a [2Fe-2S] cluster DHAD.
  • the 274 sequence clade is labeled on FIG. 4 as “2Fe-2S DHAD”.
  • 193 of these sequences are from bacterial sources.
  • the three conserved cysteines and the conserved residues specified in Table 4 can be identified in multiple sequence alignments of the 193 bacterial DHADs, employing the alignment procedure described above.
  • the sequences of the 193 bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs are provided in the sequence listing and the SEQ ID NOs are listed in Table 2a.
  • DHADs Seven bacterial DHADs that were identified as members of the [2Fe-2S] phylogenetic group were expressed in E. coli and dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity was found as described in Example 2 below. These DHADs are from Nitrosomonas europaea (SEQ ID NO:310), Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (SEQ ID NO: 298), Streptococcus mutans (SEQ ID NO:168), Streptococcus thermophilus (SEQ ID NO:164), Ralstonia metallidurans (SEQ ID NO:346), Ralstonia eutropha (SEQ ID NO:344), and Lactococcus lactis (SEQ ID NO:232).
  • Nitrosomonas europaea SEQ ID NO:310
  • Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 SEQ ID NO: 298
  • Streptococcus mutans SEQ ID NO:168
  • DHAD from Flavobacterium johnsoniae was found to have dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity when expressed in E. coli .
  • the amino acid sequences of these experimentally determined functional bacterial DHADs were analyzed using the HMMER software package (The theory behind profile HMMs is described in R. Durbin, S. Eddy, A. Krogh, and G. Mitchison, Biological sequence analysis: probabilistic models of proteins and nucleic acids , Cambridge University Press, 1998; Krogh et al., 1994; J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531), following the user guide which is available from HMMER (Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Va.).
  • HMM Profile Hidden Markov Model
  • the Profile HMM was built as follows:
  • Step 1 Build a Sequence Alignment
  • the hmmbuild program was run on the set of aligned sequences using default parameters. hmmbuild reads the multiple sequence alignment file, builds a new Profile HMM, and saves the Profile HMM to file. Using this program an un-calibrated profile was generated from the multiple alignment for each set of subunit sequences described above.
  • a Profile HMM is capable of modeling gapped alignments, e.g. including insertions and deletions, which lets the software describe a complete conserved domain (rather than just a small ungapped motif). Insertions and deletions are modeled using insertion (I) states and deletion (D) states. All columns that contain more than a certain fraction x of gap characters will be assigned as an insert column. By default, x is set to 0.5. Each match state has an I and a D state associated with it. HMMER calls a group of three states (M/D/I) at the same consensus position in the alignment a “node”.
  • M and I states are emitters, while D states are silent. The transitions are arranged so that at each node, either the M state is used (and a residue is aligned and scored) or the D state is used (and no residue is aligned, resulting in a deletion-gap character, ‘-’). Insertions occur between nodes, and I states have a self-transition, allowing one or more inserted residues to occur between consensus columns.
  • the scores of residues in a match state are proportional to Log — 2 (p_x)/(null_x).
  • p_x is the probability of an amino acid residue, at a particular position in the alignment, according to the Profile HMM
  • null_x is the probability according to the Null model.
  • the Null model is a simple one state probabilistic model with pre-calculated set of emission probabilities for each of the 20 amino acids derived from the distribution of amino acids in the SWISSPROT release 24.
  • State transition scores are also calculated as log odds parameters and are proportional to Log — 2 (t_x). Where t_x is the probability of transiting to an emitter or non-emitter state.
  • the Profile HMM was read using hmmcalibrate which scores a large number of synthesized random sequences with the Profile (the default number of synthetic sequences used is 5,000), fits an extreme value distribution (EVD) to the histogram of those scores, and re-saves the HMM file now including the EVD parameters.
  • EVD extreme value distribution
  • hmmcalibrate writes two parameters into the HMM file on a line labeled “EVD”: these parameters are the ⁇ (location) and ⁇ (scale) parameters of an extreme value distribution (EVD) that best fits a histogram of scores calculated on randomly generated sequences of about the same length and residue composition as SWISS-PROT. This calibration was done once for the Profile HMM.
  • the calibrated Profile HMM for the DHAD set of sequences is provided in Table 1.
  • the Profile HMM is provided in a chart that gives the probability of each amino acid occurring at each position in the amino acid sequence. The highest probability is highlighted for each position.
  • the first line for each position reports the match emission scores: probability for each amino acid to be in that state (highest score is highlighted).
  • the second line reports the insert emission scores, and the third line reports on state transition scores: M ⁇ M, M ⁇ I, M ⁇ D; I ⁇ M, I ⁇ I; D ⁇ M, D ⁇ D; B ⁇ M; M ⁇ E.
  • the DHAD Profile HMM shows that methionine has a 1757 probability of being in the first position, the highest probability which is highlighted.
  • glutamic acid has the highest probability, which is 1356.
  • lysine has the highest probability, which is 1569.
  • the Profile HMM was evaluated using hmmsearch, which reads a Profile HMM from hmmfile and searches a sequence file for significantly similar sequence matches.
  • the sequence file searched contained 976 sequences (see above).
  • Z parameter the size of the database (Z parameter) was set to 1 billion. This size setting ensures that significant E-values against the current database will remain significant in the foreseeable future.
  • the E-value cutoff was set at 10.
  • Genomic DNA was prepared from each strain listed in Table 1 using a MasterPure DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.).
  • the plasmid vector was amplified with primers pET28a-F (NotI) (SEQ ID NO:397) and pET28a-R (NheI) (SEQ ID NO:398) to remove the his tag region. Both gene and plasmid fragments were digested with NheI and NotI before ligation.
  • the ligation mixture was transformed into E. coli (Top 10) competent cells (Invitrogen). Transformants were grown in LB agar plates supplemented with 50 ⁇ g/ml of kanamycin.
  • Enzymatic activity of the crude extract was assayed at 37° C. as follows. Cells to be assayed for DHAD were suspended in 2-5 volumes of 50 mM Tris, 10 mM MgSO 4 , pH 8.0 (TM8) buffer, then broken by sonication at 0° C. The crude extract from the broken cells was centrifuged to pellet the cell debris. The supernatants were removed and stored on ice until assayed (initial assay was within 2 hrs of breaking the cells). It was found that the DHADs assayed herein were stable in crude extracts kept on ice for a few hours. The activity was also preserved when small samples were frozen in liquid N 2 and stored at ⁇ 80° C.
  • Protein assays were performed using the Pierce Better Bradford reagent (cat 23238) using BSA as a standard. Dilutions for protein assays were made in TM8 buffer when necessary.
  • DHADs were active when expressed in E. coli , and the specific activities are given in Table 6.
  • the DHAD from Streptococcus mutans had the highest specific activity.
  • the DHAD from S. mutans was further purified and characterized.
  • S. mutans DHAD six liters of culture of the E. coli Tuner strain harboring the pET28a plasmid with the S. mutans ilvD were grown and induced with IPTG.
  • the enzyme was purified by breaking the cells, as described in Example 2, in a 50 mM Tris buffer pH 8.0 containing 10 mM MgCl 2 (TM8 buffer), centrifuging to remove cell debris, then loading the supernatant of the crude extract on a Q Sepharose (GE Healthcare) column and eluting the DHAD with an increasing concentration of NaCl in TM8 buffer.
  • the fractions containing the DHAD based on the color appearance were pooled and loaded onto a Sephacryl S-100 (GE Healthcare) column and eluted with TM8 buffer. As judged by SDS gels, the purity of the protein eluted from the Sephacryl column was estimated to be 60-80%.
  • the activity of the partially purified enzyme was assayed at 37° C. as described by Flint et al. (J. Biol. Chem. (1988) 263(8): 3558-64).
  • the specific activity of the purified protein was 40 ⁇ mol min ⁇ 1 mg ⁇ 1 .
  • the k cat for the purified enzyme was estimated to be 50-70 sec ⁇ 1 .
  • the UV-visible spectrum of the purified S. mutans is shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the number of peaks above 300 nm is typical of proteins with [2Fe-2S] clusters.
  • the S. mutans DHAD was reduced with sodium dithionite and EPR spectra were obtained at varying temperatures.
  • FIG. 6 show spectra measured at temperatures between 20° K. and 70° K. That the EPR spectrum of S. mutans is measurable up to 70° K. is indicative that it contains a [2Fe-2S] cluster. It is well known for example that the EPR spectra of proteins containing [4Fe-4S] clusters are not observable at temperatures much above 10° K. (See, for example, Rupp, et al. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (1978) 537:255-269.)
  • DHAD Dihydroxy-Acid Dehydratase
  • the purpose of this example is to describe how to clone and express a dihydroxy-acid dehydratase gene (ilvD) from different bacterial sources in Lactobacillus plantarum PN0512 (ATCC PTA-7727).
  • a shuttle vector pDM1 (SEQ ID NO:410) was used for cloning and expression of ilvD genes from Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis NCDO2118 (NCIMB 702118) [Godon et al., J. Bacteriol. (1992) 174:6580-6589] and Streptococcus mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610) in L. plantarum PN0512.
  • Plasmid pDM1 contains a minimal pLF1 replicon ( ⁇ 0.7 Kbp) and pemK-pemI toxin-antitoxin (TA) from Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC14917 plasmid pLF1, a P15A replicon from pACYC184, chloramphenicol marker for selection in both E. coli and L. plantarum , and P30 synthetic promoter [Rud et al, Microbiology (2006) 152:1011-1019]. Plasmid pLF1 (C.-F. Lin et al., GenBank accession no.
  • AF508808 is closely related to plasmid p256 [S ⁇ rvig et al., Microbiology (2005) 151:421-431], whose copy number was estimated to be ⁇ 5-10 copies per chromosome for L. plantarum NC7.
  • a P30 synthetic promoter was derived from L. plantarum rRNA promoters that are known to be among the strongest promoters in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) [Rud et al. Microbiology (2005) 152:1011-1019].
  • Lactococcus lactis ilvD coding region (SEQ ID NO:231) was PCR-amplified from Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis NCDO2118 genomic DNA with primers 3T-ilvDLI (BamHI) (SEQ ID NO:408) and 5B-ilvDLI (NotI) (SEQ ID NO:409).
  • L. lactis subsp lactis NCDO2118 genomic DNA was prepared with a Puregene Gentra Kit (QIAGEN, CA).
  • the 1.7 Kbp L. lactis ilvD PCR product (ilvDLI) was digested with NotI and treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase to make blunt ends. The resulting L.
  • lactis ilvD coding region fragment was digested with BamHI and gel-purified using a QIAGEN gel extraction kit (QIAGEN, CA). Plasmid pDM1 was digested with ApaLI, treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase to make blunt ends, and then digested with BamHI. The gel purified L. lactis ilvD coding region fragment was ligated into the BamHI and ApaLI (blunt) sites of the plasmid pDM1. The ligation mixture was transformed into E. coli Top10 cells (Invitrogen, CA). Transformants were plated for selection on LB chloramphenicol plates. Positive clones were screened by SalI digestion, giving one fragment with an expected size of 5.3 Kbp. The positive clones were further confirmed by DNA sequencing. The correct clone was named pDM1-ilvD ( L. lactis ).
  • the S. mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610) ilvD coding region from the plasmid pET28a was cloned on the plasmid pDM1.
  • the construction of pET28a containing the S. mutans ilvD was described in Example 2.
  • the plasmid pET28a containing the S. mutans ilvD was digested with XbaI and NotI, treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase to make blunt ends, and a 1,759 by fragment containing the S. mutans ilvD coding region was gel-purified.
  • Plasmid pDM1 was digested with BamHI, treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase to make blunt ends, and then digested with PvuII.
  • the gel purified fragment containing S. mutans ilvD coding region was ligated into the BamHI (blunt) and PvuII sites of the plasmid pDM1.
  • the ligation mixture was transformed into E. coli Top10 cells (Invitrogen, CA). Transformants were plated for selection on LB chloramphenicol plates. Positive clones were screened by ClaI digestion, giving one fragment with an expected size of 5.5 Kbp. The correct clone was named pDM1-ilvD ( S. mutans ).
  • Cells were harvested at 3700 ⁇ g for 8 min at 4° C., washed with 100 ml cold 1 mM MgCl 2 , centrifuged at 3700 ⁇ g for 8 min at 4° C., washed with 100 ml cold 30% PEG-1000 (81188, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.), recentrifuged at 3700 ⁇ g for 20 min at 4° C., then resuspended in 1 ml cold 30% PEG-1000.
  • 60 ⁇ l of electro-competent cells were mixed with ⁇ 100 ng plasmid DNA in a cold 1 mm gap electroporation cuvette and electroporated in a BioRad Gene Pulser (Hercules, Calif.) at 1.7 kV, 25 ⁇ F, and 400 ⁇ .
  • Cells were resuspended in 1 ml MRS medium containing 500 mM sucrose and 100 mM MgCl 2 , incubated at 30° C. for 2 hrs, and then plated on MRS medium plates containing 10 ⁇ g/ml of chloramphenicol.
  • L. plantarum PN0512 transformants carrying pDM1-ilvD ( L. lactis ) or pDM1-ilvD ( S. mutans ). as well as control transformants with the pDM1 vector alone, were grown overnight in Lactobacilli MRS medium at 30° C. 120 ml of MRS medium supplemented with 100 mM MOPS (pH7.5), 40 ⁇ M ferric citrate, 0.5 mM L-cysteine, and 10 ⁇ g/ml chloramphenicol was inoculated with overnight culture to an OD600 0.1 in a 125 ml screw cap flask, for each overnight sample. The cultures were anaerobically incubated at 37° C.
  • the shuttle vector pRS423 FBA ilvD (Strep) (SEQ ID NO:430) was used for the expression of DHAD from Streptococcus mutans .
  • This shuttle vector contained an F1 origin of replication (1423 to 1879) for maintenance in E. coli and a 2 micron origin (nt 8082 to 9426) for replication in yeast.
  • the vector has an FBA promoter (nt 2111 to 3108; SEQ ID NO:425) and FBA terminator (nt 4861 to 5860). In addition, it carries the His marker (nt 504 to 1163) for selection in yeast and ampicillin resistance marker (nt 7092 to 7949) for selection in E. coli .
  • the ilvD coding region (nt 3116 to 4828) from Streptococcus mutans UA159 is between the FBA promoter and FBA terminator forming a chimeric gene for expression.
  • the expression vector pRS423 FBA IlvD (Strep) was transformed in combination with empty vector pRS426 into BY4741 cells (obtainable from ATCC, # 201388).
  • the transformants were grown on synthetic medium lacking histidine and uracil (Teknova). Growth on liquid medium for assay was carried out by adding 5 ml of an overnight culture into 100 ml medium in a 250 ml flask. The cultures were harvested when they reached 1 to 2 O.D. at 600 nm.
  • the samples were washed with 10 ml of 20 mM Tris (pH 7.5) and then resuspended in 1 ml of the same Tris buffer.
  • the samples were transferred into 2.0 ml tubes containing 0.1 mm silica (Lysing Matrix B, MP biomedicals).
  • the cells were then broken in a bead-beater (BIO101).
  • the supernatant was obtained by centrifugation in a microfuge at 13,000 rpm at 4° C. for 30 minutes.
  • 0.06 to 0.1 mg of crude extract protein was used in DHAD assay at 37° C. as described by Flint and Emptage (J. Biol. Chem.
  • the dehydratase from Streptococcus mutans had a specific activity of 0.24 ⁇ mol min ⁇ 1 mg ⁇ 1 when expressed in yeast.
  • a control strain containing empty vectors pRS423 and pRS426 had a background of activity in the range of 0.03 to 0.06 ⁇ mol min ⁇ 1 mg ⁇ 1 .
  • the ilvD coding region from L. lactis was amplified with the forward primer IlvD (LI)-F (SEQ ID NO:420) and reverse primer IlvD (LI)-R (SEQ ID NO:421).
  • the amplified fragment was cloned into the shuttle vector pNY13by gap repair.
  • pNY13 (SEQ ID NO:437) was derived from pRS423.
  • This shuttle vector contained an F1 origin of replication (1423 to 1879) for maintenance in E. coli and a 2 micron origin (nt 7537 to 8881) for replication in yeast.
  • the vector has an FBA promoter (nt 2111 to 3110) and FBA terminator (nt 4316 to 5315). In addition, it carries the His marker (nt 504 to 1163) for selection in yeast and Ampicillin resistance marker (nt 6547 to 7404) for selection in E. coli.
  • pRS423 FBA ilvD L. lactis
  • This construct was transformed into yeast strain BY4743 ( ⁇ LEU1) (Open Biosystems, Huntsville, Ala.; Catalog #YSC1021-666629) along with the empty vector pRS426 as described in Example 6.
  • the growth and assay of yeast strains containing the expression vector were also carried out according to the procedures as described in Example 6.
  • the dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity in yeast strains with the L. lactis IlvD gene was determined to be in the range of 0.05 to 0.17 ⁇ mol min ⁇ 1 mg ⁇ 1 . This activity was slightly above the control. Complementation experiments were carried out to investigate the expression of this DHAD and DHADs from other bacteria (example 8).
  • the endogenous DHAD enzyme of S. cerevisiae is encoded by the ILV3 gene and the protein is targeted to the mitochondrion. Deletion of this gene results in loss of endogenous DHAD activity and provides a test strain where expression of heterologous cytosolic DHAD activity can be readily assessed. Deletion of ILV3 results in an inability of the strain to grow in the absence of branched-chained amino acids. Expression of different bacterial DHADs was assayed by determining their ability to complement the yeast ILV3 deletion strain such that it grows in the absence of branched-chained amino acids.
  • Expression shuttle vectors containing ilvD gene sequences encoding DHADs from the bacteria listed in Table 8 were constructed. The basic elements of these expression constructs were the same as the pRS423 FBA ilvD (strep) vector described in Example 6. Each of the ilvD coding regions was prepared by PCR as described in Example 2 and cloned to replace the Streptococcus mutans ilvD coding region in pRS423 FBA ilvD (Strep) creating the plasmids listed in Table 8. These expression constructs were transformed into the ILV3 deletion strain, BY4741 ilv3::URA3 and was prepared as follows.
  • An ilv3::URA3 disruption cassette was constructed by PCR amplification of the URA3 marker from pRS426 (ATCC No. 77107) with primers “ILV3::URA3 F” and “ILV3::URA3 R”, given as SEQ ID NOs: 431 and 432. These primers produced a 1.4 kb URA3 PCR product that contained 70 by 5′ and 3′ extensions identical to sequences upstream and downstream of the ILV3 chromosomal locus for homologous recombination. The PCR product was transformed into BY4741 cells (ATCC 201388) using standard genetic techniques ( Methods in Yeast Genetics, 2005, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp.
  • Transformants were screened by PCR using primers “ILV3 F Check” and “URA3 REV Check”, given as SEQ ID NOs:433 and 434, to verify integration at the correct site and disruption of the endogenous ILV3 locus.
  • the transformants with bacterial DHADs in Table 8 were selected on plates with yeast synthetic medium lacking histidine. Colonies selected were then patched onto plates lacking valine, leucine and isoleucine. Strains containing the expression vectors listed in Table 8 were able to grow on these plates lacking the branched chain amino acids, while the control strain with the control plasmid did not. This result indicated that DHADs from these bacteria were actively expressed in S. cerevisiae .
  • the DHAD from L. lactis was purified and characterized.
  • L. lactis DHAD 14 liters of culture of the E. coli Tuner (DE3) strain (Novagen) harboring the pET28a plasmid containing the L. lactis ilvD were grown and induced with IPTG.
  • the enzyme was purified by breaking the cells, as described in Example 2, in 120 mls of 50 mM Tris buffer pH 8.0 containing 10 mM MgCl 2 (TM8 buffer), centrifuging to remove cell debris, then loading the supernatant of the crude extract on a 5 ⁇ 15 cm Q Sepharose (GE Healthcare) column and eluting the DHAD with an increasing concentration of NaCl in TM8 buffer.
  • the fractions containing the DHAD were pooled, made 1 M in (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and loaded onto a 2.6 ⁇ 15 cm phenyl-Sepharose column (GE Healthcare) column equilibrated with 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in TM8 buffer and eluted with a decreasing gradient of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .
  • the fractions containing DHAD off the phenyl-Sepharose column were pooled and concentrated to 10 ml. This was loaded onto a 3.5 ⁇ 60 cm Superdex-200 column (GE Healthcare) and eluted with TM8.
  • the fractions containing DHAD activity were pooled, concentrated, and frozen as beads in N 2(I) As judged by SDS gels, the purity of the protein eluted from the Superdex-200 column was estimated to be >80%.
  • the activity of the enzyme was assayed at 37° C. as described by Flint et al. (J. Biol. Chem. (1988) 263(8): 3558-64).
  • the specific activity of the purified protein was 64 ⁇ mol min ⁇ 1 mg ⁇ 1 at pH 8 and 37° C.
  • the k cat for the purified enzyme was 71 sec ⁇ 1 .
  • the UV-visible spectrum of the purified L. lactis is shown in FIG. 9 . It is characteristic of proteins with [2Fe-2S] clusters.
  • the first three steps of an isobutanol biosynthetic pathway are performed by the enzymes acetolactate synthase, ketol-acid reductoismerase (KARI), and dihydroxy-acid dehydratase.
  • Acetolactate synthase is encoded by alsS.
  • KARI genes are known as ILV5 in yeast or ilvC in bacteria. Once ⁇ -ketoisovalerate (KIV) is formed from pyruvate by the reaction of these three enzymes, it can be further converted to isobutanol in yeast by alcohol dehydrogenases.
  • Vector pLH532 (SEQ ID NO:411) was constructed to express KARI and alsS genes. This vector is derived from the 2 MICRON based vector pHR81. In pLH532 the alsS coding region from B. subtilis (nt 14216 to 15931) was under the control of the CUP1 promoter (nt. 15939 to 16386). There were two KARI genes in pLH532: the ilvC coding region from P. fluorescens Pf5 (nt. 10192 to 11208) was under the control of the yeast ILV5 promoter (nt. 11200 to 12390), and the yeast ILV5 coding region (nt. 8118-9167) was placed under the control of the FBA promoter (nt. 7454-8110). The selection marker was URA3 (nt. 3390 to 4190).
  • the yeast host for isobutanol production was BY4741 pdc1::FBAp-alsS-LEU2. This strain was constructed as follows. First, the expression plasmid pRS426-FBAp-alsS was constructed. The 1.7 kb alsS coding region fragment of pRS426::GPD::alsS::CYC was isolated by gel purification following BbvCI and PacI digestion.
  • This plasmid has a chimeric gene containing the GPD promoter (SEQ ID NO:439), the alsS coding region from Bacillus subtilis (SEQ ID NO:438), and the CYC1 terminator (SEQ ID NO:440) and was described in Example 17 of US Patent Publication # US20070092957A1 which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • the ILV5 fragment from plasmid pRS426::FBA::ILV5::CYC also described in US20070092957 Example 17, was removed by restriction digestion with BbvCI and PacI and the remaining 6.6 kb vector fragment was gel purified.
  • This vector has a chimeric gene containing the FBA promoter (SEQ ID NO:425) and CYC1 terminator bounding the coding region of the ILV5 gene of S. cerevisiae (SEQ ID NO:442). These two purified fragments were ligated overnight at 16° C. and transformed into E. coli TOP10 chemically competent cells (Invitrogen). Transformants were obtained by plating cells on LB Amp100 medium. Insertion of alsS into the vector was confirmed by restriction digestion pattern and PCR (primers N98SeqF1 and N99SeqR2, SEQ ID NOs:412 and 413).
  • a pdc1::FBAp-alsS-LEU2 disruption cassette was created by joining the FBAp-alsS segment from pRS426-FBAp-alsS to the LEU2 gene from pRS425 (ATCC No. 77106) by SOE PCR (as described by Horton et al. (1989) Gene 77:61-68) using as template pRS426-FBAp-alsS and pRS425 plasmid DNAs, with Phusion DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs Inc., Beverly, Mass.; catalog no.
  • F-540S and primers 112590-48A and 112590-30B through D, given as SEQ ID NOs:414, SEQ ID NOs:415, 416, and 417.
  • the outer primers for the SOE PCR (112590-48A and 112590-30D) contained 5′ and 3′ 50 by regions homologous to regions upstream and downstream of the PDC1 promoter and terminator.
  • the completed cassette PCR fragment was transformed into BY4741 (ATCC No. 201388) and transformants were maintained on synthetic complete media lacking leucine and supplemented with 2% glucose at 30° C. using standard genetic techniques ( Methods in Yeast Genetics, 2005, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp. 201-202).
  • Transformants were screened by PCR using primers 112590-30E and 112590-30F, given as SEQ ID NOs:419 and 418, to verify integration at the PDC1 locus with deletion of the PDC1 coding region.
  • the correct transformants have the genotype: BY4741 pdc1::FBAp-alsS-LEU2.
  • the expression vector containing this ilvD, pRS423 FBA ilvD (strep) prepared in Example 6 was co-transformed with vector pLH532 into yeast strain BY4741 pdc1::FBAp-alsS-LEU2. Competent cell preparation, transformation, and growth medium for selection of the transformants were the same as described in Example 6. Selected colonies were grown under oxygen-limiting conditions in 15 ml of medium in 20 ml serum bottles with stoppers. The bottles were incubated at 30° C. in a shaker with a constant speed of 225 rotations per minute.

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Abstract

A group of bacterial dihydroxy-acid dehydratases having a [2Fe-2S] cluster was discovered. Bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs were expressed as heterologous proteins in bacteria and yeast cells, providing DHAD activity for conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate or 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate. Isobutanol and other compounds may be synthesized in pathways that include bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD activity.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application is related to and claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/100,792, filed Sep. 29, 2008, the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The invention relates to the field of industrial microbiology and the expression of dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity. More specifically, bacterial dihydroxy-acid dehydratases with a [2Fe-2S] cluster are identified and expressed as heterologous proteins in bacterial and yeast hosts.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD), also called acetohydroxy acid dehydratase, catalyzes the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate and of 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate. The DHAD enzyme, classified as E.C. 4.2.1.9, is part of naturally occurring biosynthetic pathways producing valine, isoleucine, leucine and pantothenic acid (vitamin B5). Increased expression of DHAD activity is desired for enhanced microbial production of branched chain amino acids or of pantothenic acid.
  • DHAD catalyzed conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate is also a common step in the multiple isobutanol biosynthetic pathways that are disclosed in commonly owned and co-pending US Patent Application Publication US 20070092957 A1. Disclosed therein is engineering of recombinant microorganisms for production of isobutanol. Isobutanol is useful as a fuel additive, whose availability may reduce the demand for petrochemical fuels.
  • For improved production of compounds synthesized in pathways including dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, it is desirable to express a heterologous enzyme that provides this enzymatic activity in the production host of interest. Obtaining high functional expression of dihydroxy-acid dehydratases in a heterologous host is complicated by the enzyme's requirement for an Fe—S cluster, which involves availability and proper loading of the cluster into the DHAD apo-protein.
  • Fe—S cluster requiring DHAD enzymes are known in the art and are found either in the [4Fe-4S] or [2Fe-2S] form. Some bacterial enzymes are known, the best characterized of which is from E. coli (Flint, D H, et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:14732-14742). However these bacterial enzymes are all in the [4Fe-4S] form. The only [2Fe-2S] form reported to date is a spinach enzyme (Flint and Emptage (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:3558-3564).
  • It is desirable to use the [2Fe-2S] form of the enzyme in host cells to enhance the production of introduced biosynthetic pathways as the [2Fe-2S] form creates a lesser burden on Fe—S cluster synthesis and/or assembly. Unfortunately, only one [2Fe-2S] form of this enzyme is known.
  • There exists a need therefore to identify new [2Fe-2S] forms of DHAD for use in recombinant host cells where the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate is a metabolic pathway step in a desired biosynthetic pathway.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • Provided herein is a method for identifying [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes, said method comprising:
  • a) querying one or more amino acid sequences with a Profile Hidden Markov Model prepared using the proteins of SEQ ID NOs:164, 168, 230, 232, 298, 310, 344, and 346, wherein a match with an E-value of less than 10−5 provides a first subset of sequences whereby said first subset of sequences correspond to one or more DHAD related proteins;
  • b) analyzing the first subset of sequences that correspond to one or more DHAD related proteins of step (a) for the presence of three conserved cysteines that correspond to positions 56, 129, and 201 in the Streptococcus mutans dihydroxy-acid dehydratase amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 168) whereby a second subset of sequences encoding [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes are identified; and
  • c) analyzing said second subset of sequences of step (b) for the presence of signature conserved amino acids at positions corresponding to positions in the Streptococcus mutans DHAD amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 168) that are aspartic acid at position 88, arginine or asparagine at position 142, asparagine at position 208, and leucine at position 454 whereby a third subset of sequences encoding [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes are further identified.
  • In another aspect of the invention, the above method further comprises:
  • d) expressing a polypeptide having a sequence identifiable by any one or all of steps a), b), and c) in a cell; and
  • e) confirming that said polypeptide has DHAD activity in the cell.
  • In another aspect of the invention, the method above further comprises:
  • d) purifying a protein encoded by a sequence identifiable by any one or all of steps a), b), and c); and
  • e) confirming that said protein is a [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme by UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy.
  • In another aspect of the invention, the method above further comprises selecting one or more sequences corresponding to bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme sequences identified in any one or all of steps a), b), and c). Said selected sequences may be expressed in a cell; and the DHAD activity in the cell may be confirmed. Said selected sequences may be further purified such that a purified protein is obtained and the [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme activity of said purified protein may be confirmed by UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy.
  • Another aspect of the invention is directed to a microbial host cell comprising at least one heterologous [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme identifiable by the methods described herein. Said cell maybe a bacterial cell or a yeast cell. The cell may also be a recombinant cell that produces isobutanol.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for the production of isobutanol comprising:
  • a) providing the microbial host cell comprising at least one heterologous [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme identifiable by the methods described herein wherein said host cell further comprises an isobutanol biosynthetic pathway; and
  • b) growing the host cell of step (a) under conditions wherein isobutanol is produced.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate comprising:
  • a) providing a microbial host cell comprising at least one heterologous [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme identifiable by the methods described herein and a source of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate; and
  • b) growing the microbial host cell of (a) under conditions where the 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate is converted to α-ketoisovalerate.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES AND SEQUENCE DESCRIPTIONS
  • The invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description, figure, and the accompanying sequence descriptions, which form a part of this application.
  • FIG. 1 shows the conserved cysteine regions, with C for cysteine in bold, in representative bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs and a [4Fe-4S] DHAD. Single letter amino acid abbreviations are used.
  • FIG. 2 shows a phylogenetic tree of DHAD related proteins. Branches for [4Fe-4S] and [2Fe-2S] DHADs as well as EDDs, aldonic acid dehydratases and an undefined group (Und) are marked. Select individual DHADs are labeled.
  • FIG. 3 shows biosynthetic pathways for isobutanol production.
  • FIG. 4 shows graphs of stability of activity in air of A) S. mutans DHAD, and B) E. coli DHAD.
  • FIG. 5 shows a plot of the UV-visible spectrum of S. mutans DHAD.
  • FIG. 6 shows a plot of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of S. mutans DHAD at different temperatures between 20° K. and 90° K.
  • FIG. 7 shows HPLC analysis of an extract of yeast cells that express acetolactate synthase, KARI, and S. mutans DHAD genes, with an isobutanol peak at 47.533 minutes.
  • FIG. 8 shows a graph of stability of L. lactis DHAD in air.
  • FIG. 9 shows a plot of the UV-visible spectrum of the purified L. lactis DHAD.
    •
  • Table 1 is a table of the Profile HMM for dihydroxy-acid dehydratases based on enzymes with assayed function prepared as described in Example 1. Table 1 is submitted herewith electronically and is incorporated herein by reference.
  • The following sequences conform with 37 C.F.R. 1.821-1.825 (“Requirements for Patent Applications Containing Nucleotide Sequences and/or Amino Acid Sequence Disclosures—the Sequence Rules”) and are consistent with World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Standard ST.25 (1998) and the sequence listing requirements of the EPO and PCT (Rules 5.2 and 49.5 (a-bis), and Section 208 and Annex C of the Administrative Instructions). The symbols and format used for nucleotide and amino acid sequence data comply with the rules set forth in 37 C.F.R. §1.822.
  • TABLE 2a
    Representative bacterial [2Fe—2S] DHAD
    proteins and encoding sequences
    SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO:
    Organism of derivation Nucleic acid Peptide
    Mycobacterium sp. MCS 1 2
    Mycobacterium gilvum PYR-GCK 3 4
    Mycobacterium smegmatis str. 5 6
    MC2 155
    Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1 7 8
    Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152 9 10
    Rhodococcus sp. RHA1 11 12
    Mycobacterium ulcerans Agy99 13 14
    Mycobacterium avium subsp. 15 16
    paratuberculosis K-10
    Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra 17 18
    Mycobacterium leprae TN * 19 20
    Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS30216 21 22
    Janibacter sp. HTCC2649 23 24
    Nocardioides sp. JS614 25 26
    Renibacterium salmoninarum ATCC 27 28
    33209
    Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 29 30
    Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli str. CTCB07 31 32
    Marine actinobacterium PHSC20C1 33 34
    Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. 35 36
    michiganensis NCPPB 382
    Saccharopolyspora erythraea NRRL 37 38
    2338
    Acidothermus cellulolyticus 11B 39 40
    Corynebacterium efficiens YS-314 41 42
    Brevibacterium linens BL2 43 44
    Tropheryma whipplei TW08/27 45 46
    Methylobacterium extorquens PA1 47 48
    Methylobacterium chloromethanicum 428 429
    Methylobacterium nodulans ORS 2060 49 50
    Rhodopseudomonas palustris BisB5 51 52
    Rhodopseudomonas palustris BisB18 53 54
    Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS278 55 56
    Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 57 58
    Fulvimarina pelagi HTCC2506 59 60
    Aurantimonas sp. SI85-9A1 61 62
    Hoeflea phototrophica DFL-43 63 64
    Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 65 66
    Mesorhizobium sp. BNC1 67 68
    Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1 69 70
    Loktanella vestfoldensis SKA53 71 72
    Roseobacter sp. CCS2 73 74
    Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL 12 75 76
    Roseovarius nubinhibens ISM 77 78
    Sagittula stellata E-37 79 80
    Roseobacter sp. AzwK-3b 81 82
    Roseovarius sp. TM1035 83 84
    Oceanicola batsensis HTCC2597 85 86
    Oceanicola granulosus HTCC2516 87 88
    Rhodobacterales bacterium HTCC2150 89 90
    Paracoccus denitrificans PD1222 91 92
    Oceanibulbus indolifex HEL-45 93 94
    Sulfitobacter sp. EE-36 95 96
    Roseobacter denitrificans OCh 114 97 98
    Jannaschia sp. CCS1 99 100
    Caulobacter sp. K31 101 102
    Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique 103 104
    HTCC1062
    Erythrobacter litoralis HTCC2594 105 106
    Erythrobacter sp. NAP1 107 108
    Comamonas testosterone KF-1 109 110
    Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 111 112
    Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 113 114
    Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN 115 116
    Bordetella petrii DSM 12804 117 118
    Bordetella bronchiseptica RB50 119 120
    Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS278 121 122
    Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1 123 124
    Bradhyrhizobium japonicum 125 126
    Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 127 128
    Rhodobacterales bacterium HTCC2654 129 130
    Solibacter usitatus Ellin6076 131 132
    Roseiflexus sp. RS-1 133 134
    Rubrobacter xylanophilus DSM 9941 135 136
    Salinispora tropica CNB-440 137 138
    Acidobacteria bacterium Ellin345 139 140
    Thermus thermophilus HB27 141 142
    Maricaulis maris MCS10 143 144
    Parvularcula bermudensis HTCC2503 145 146
    Oceanicaulis alexandrii HTCC2633 147 148
    Plesiocystis pacifica SIR-1 149 150
    Bacillus sp. NRRL B-14911 151 152
    Oceanobacillus iheyensis HTE831 153 154
    Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. 155 156
    saprophyticus ATCC 15305
    Bacillus selenitireducens MLS10 157 158
    Streptococcus pneumoniae SP6-BS73 159 160
    Streptococcus sanguinis SK36 161 162
    Streptococcus thermophilus LMG 18311 163 164
    Streptococcus suis 89/1591 165 166
    Streptococcus mutans UA159 167 168
    Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar 169 170
    Hardjo-bovis L550
    Candidatus Vesicomyosocius okutanii 171 172
    HA
    Candidatus Ruthia magnifica str. Cm 173 174
    (Calyptogena magnifica)
    Methylococcus capsulatus str. Bath 175 176
    uncultured marine bacterium 177 178
    EB80_02D08
    uncultured marine gamma 179 180
    proteobacterium EBAC31A08
    uncultured marine gamma 181 182
    proteobacterium EBAC20E09
    uncultured gamma proteobacterium 183 184
    eBACHOT4E07
    Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 185 186
    Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043 187 188
    Marinobacter algicola DG893 189 190
    Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 191 192
    Marinobacter sp. ELB17 193 194
    Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis 195 196
    TAC125
    Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 197 198
    Opitutaceae bacterium TAV2 199 200
    Flavobacterium sp. MED217 201 202
    Cellulophaga sp. MED134 203 204
    Kordia algicida OT-1 205 206
    Flavobacteriales bacterium ALC-1 207 208
    Psychroflexus torquis ATCC 700755 209 210
    Flavobacteriales bacterium HTCC2170 211 212
    unidentified eubacterium SCB49 213 214
    Gramella forsetii KT0803 215 216
    Robiginitalea biformata HTCC2501 217 218
    Tenacibaculum sp. MED152 219 220
    Polaribacter irgensii 23-P 221 222
    Pedobacter sp. BAL39 223 224
    Flavobacteria bacterium BAL38 225 226
    Flavobacterium psychrophilum JIP02/86 227 228
    Flavobacterium johnsoniae UW101 229 230
    Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK11 231 232
    Psychromonas ingrahamii 37 233 234
    Microscilla marina ATCC 23134 235 236
    Cytophaga hutchinsonii ATCC 33406 237 238
    Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1 239 240
    Blastopirellula marina DSM 3645 241 242
    Planctomyces maris DSM 8797 243 244
    Algoriphagus sp. PR1 245 246
    Candidatus Sulcia muelleri str. Hc 247 248
    (Homalodisca coagulata)
    Candidatus Carsonella ruddii PV 249 250
    Synechococcus sp. RS9916 251 252
    Synechococcus sp. WH 7803 253 254
    Synechococcus sp. CC9311 255 256
    Synechococcus sp. CC9605 257 258
    Synechococcus sp. WH 8102 259 260
    Synechococcus sp. BL107 261 262
    Synechococcus sp. RCC307 263 264
    Synechococcus sp. RS9917 265 266
    Synechococcus sp. WH 5701 267 268
    Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9313 269 270
    Prochlorococcus marinus str. NATL2A 271 272
    Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9215 273 274
    Prochlorococcus marinus str. AS9601 275 276
    Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9515 277 278
    Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. pastoris 279 280
    str. CCMP1986
    Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9211 281 282
    Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. marinus 283 284
    str. CCMP1375
    Nodularia spumigena CCY9414 285 286
    Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 287 288
    Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 289 290
    Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 291 292
    Acaryochloris marina MBIC11017 293 294
    Lyngbya sp. PCC 8106 295 296
    Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 297 298
    Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 426 427
    Cyanothece sp. CCY0110 299 300
    Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 301 302
    Synechococcus sp. JA-2-3B′a(2-13) 303 304
    Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 305 306
    Nitrosomonas eutropha C91 307 308
    Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 309 310
    Nitrosospira multiformis ATCC 25196 311 312
    Chloroflexus aggregans DSM 9485 313 314
    Leptospirillum sp. Group II UBA 315 316
    Leptospirillum sp. Group II UBA 317 318
    Halorhodospira halophila SL1 319 320
    Nitrococcus mobilis Nb-231 321 322
    Alkalilimnicola ehrlichei MLHE-1 323 324
    Deinococcus geothermalis DSM 11300 325 326
    Polynucleobacter sp. QLW-P1DMWA-1 327 328
    Polynucleobacter necessarius STIR1 329 330
    Azoarcus sp. EbN1 331 332
    Burkholderia phymatum STM815 333 334
    Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 335 336
    Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616 337 338
    Burkholderia cenocepacia PC184 339 340
    Burkholderia mallei GB8 horse 4 341 342
    Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 343 344
    Ralstonia metallidurans CH34 345 346
    Ralstonia solanacearum UW551 347 348
    Ralstonia pickettii 12J 349 350
    Limnobacter sp. MED105 351 352
    Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans 353 354
    Bordetella parapertussis 355 356
    Bordetella petrii DSM 12804 357 358
    Polaromonas sp. JS666 359 360
    Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2 361 362
    Rhodoferax ferrireducens T118 363 364
    Verminephrobacter eiseniae EF01-2 365 366
    Acidovorax sp. JS42 367 368
    Delftia acidovorans SPH-1 369 370
    Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1 371 372
    gamma proteobacterium KT 71 373 374
    Tremblaya princeps 375 376
    Blastopirellula marina DSM 3645 377 378
    Planctomyces maris DSM 8797 379 380
    Salinibacter ruber DSM 13855 387 388
  • TABLE 2b
    Additional representative bacterial [2Fe—2S] DHAD
    proteins and encoding sequences
    Nucleic acid Amino acid
    Organism of derivation SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO:
    Burkholderia ambifaria AMMD 443 444
    Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1 445 446
    Delftia acidovorans SPH-1 447 448
    Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843 449 450
    uncultured marine microorganism 451 452
    HF4000_APKG8C21
    Burkholderia ubonensis Bu 453 454
    Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM 2246 455 456
    Mycobacterium abscessus 457 458
    Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 459 460
    Burkholderia graminis C4D1M 461 462
    Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831 463 464
    Leptothrix cholodnii SP-6 465 466
    Verrucomicrobium spinosum DSM 4136 467 468
    Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 469 470
    Opitutus terrae PB90-1 471 472
    Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc strain 473 474
    ‘Patoc 1 (Paris)’
    Methylacidiphilum infernorum V4 475 476
    Cupriavidus taiwanensis 477 478
    Chthoniobacter flavus Ellin428 479 480
    Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822 481 482
    Phenylobacterium zucineum HLK1 483 484
    Leptospirillum sp. Group II ‘5-way CG’ 485 486
    Arthrospira maxima CS-328 487 488
    Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM5 489 490
    Rhodospirillum centenum SW 491 492
    Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 493 494
    Thermus aquaticus Y51MC23 495 496
    Cyanothece sp. PCC 7424 497 498
    Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 499 500
    Cyanothece sp. PCC 7425 501 502
    Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 503 504
    Burkholderia multivorans CGD2M 505 506
    Thermomicrobium roseum DSM 5159 507 508
    bacterium Ellin514 509 510
    Desulfobacterium autotrophicum HRM2 511 512
    Thioalkalivibrio sp. K90mix 513 514
    Flavobacteria bacterium MS024-3C 515 516
    Flavobacteria bacterium MS024-2A 517 518
    ‘Nostoc azollae’ 0708 519 520
    Acidobacterium capsulatum ATCC 51196 521 522
    Gemmatimonas aurantiaca T-27 523 524
    Gemmatimonas aurantiaca T-27 525 526
    Rhodococcus erythropolis PR4 527 528
    Deinococcus deserti VCD115 529 530
    Rhodococcus opacus B4 531 532
    Chryseobacterium gleum ATCC 35910 533 534
    Thermobaculum terrenum ATCC BAA-798 535 536
    Kribbella flavida DSM 17836 537 538
    Gordonia bronchialis DSM 43247 539 540
    Geodermatophilus obscurus DSM 43160 541 542
    Xylanimonas cellulosilytica DSM 15894 543 544
    Sphingobacterium spiritivorum ATCC 33300 545 546
    Meiothermus silvanus DSM 9946 547 548
    Meiothermus ruber DSM 1279 549 550
    Nakamurella multipartita DSM 44233 551 552
    Cellulomonas flavigena DSM 20109 553 554
    Rhodothermus marinus DSM 4252 555 556
    Planctomyces limnophilus DSM 3776 557 558
    Beutenbergia cavernae DSM 12333 559 560
    Spirosoma linguale DSM 74 561 562
    Sphaerobacter thermophilus DSM 20745 563 564
    Lactococcus lactis 565 566
    Thermus thermophilus HB8 567 568
    Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 569 570
    Roseovarius sp. 217 571 572
    uncultured Prochlorococcus marinus clone 573 574
    HF10-88D1
    Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 575 576
    Saccharomonospora viridis DSM 43017 577 578
    Pedobacter heparinus DSM 2366 579 580
    Microcoleus chthonoplastes PCC 7420 581 582
    Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans DSM 10331 583 584
    Rhodobacterales bacterium HTCC2083 585 586
    Candidatus Pelagibacter sp. HTCC7211 587 588
    Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588 589 590
    Alcanivorax sp. DG881 591 592
    Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665 593 594
    Verrucomicrobiae bacterium DG1235 595 596
    Synechococcus sp. PCC 7335 597 598
    Brevundimonas sp. BAL3 599 600
    Dyadobacter fermentans DSM 18053 601 602
    gamma proteobacterium NOR5-3 603 604
    gamma proteobacterium NOR51-B 605 606
    Cyanobium sp. PCC 7001 607 608
    Jonesia denitrificans DSM 20603 609 610
    Brachybacterium faecium DSM 4810 611 612
    Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 613 614
    Octadecabacter antarcticus 307 615 616
    Variovorax paradoxus S110 617 618
  • TABLE 3
    SEQ ID Numbers of Additional Proteins and Encoding sequences
    SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO:
    Description Encoding seq protein
    Vibrio cholerae KARI 389 390
    Pseudomonas aeruginosa 422 423
    PAO1 KARI
    Pseudomonas fluorescens 391 392
    PF5 KARI
    Achromobacter 393 394
    xylosoxidans butanol
    dehydrogenase sadB
    Escherichia coli str. K-12 383 384
    substr. MG1655
    Phosphogluconate
    dehydratase
    Azospirillum brasilense 385 386
    arabonate dehydratase
    Escherichia coli str. K-12 381 382
    substr. MG1655 DHAD
    SEQ ID NOs: 395-409, 412-421, 424, and 431-436 are primers for PCR, cloning or sequencing analysis used a described in the Examples herein.
    SEQ ID NO: 410 is the nucleotide sequence of the pDM1 vector.
    SEQ ID NO: 411 is the nucleotide sequence of the pLH532 vector.
    SEQ ID NO: 425 is the S. cerevisiae FBA promoter.
    SEQ ID NO: 430 is the nucleotide sequence of the pRS423 FBA ilvD(Strep) vector.
    SEQ ID NO: 437 is the nucleotide sequence of the pNY13 vector
    SEQ ID NO: 438 is the alsS coding region from B. subtilis.
    SEQ ID NO: 439 is the S. cerevisiae GPD promoter.
    SEQ ID NO: 440 is the S. cerevisiae CYC1 terminator.
    SEQ ID NO: 442 is the S. cerevisiae ILV5 gene.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • As disclosed herein, applicants have solved the stated problem through the discovery of methods of identifying [2Fe-2S] DHADs. Through the discovery these enzymes and their use in recombinant hosts, a heretofore unappreciated activity advantage in pathway engineering with DHADs has been identified.
  • The present invention relates to recombinant yeast or bacterial cells engineered to provide heterologous expression of dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) having a [2Fe-2S] cluster. The expressed DHAD functions as a component of a biosynthetic pathway for production of a compound such as valine, isoleucine, leucine, pantothenic acid, or isobutanol. These amino acids and pantothenic acid may be used as nutritional supplements, and isobutanol may be used as a fuel additive to reduce demand for petrochemicals.
  • The following abbreviations and definitions will be used for the interpretation of the specification and the claims.
  • As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
  • Also, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component of the invention are intended to be nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e. occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.
  • The term “invention” or “present invention” as used herein is a non-limiting term and is not intended to refer to any single embodiment of the particular invention but encompasses all possible embodiments as described in the specification and the claims.
  • As used herein, the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredient or reactant of the invention employed refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or use solutions in the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients employed to make the compositions or carry out the methods; and the like. The term “about” also encompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term “about”, the claims include equivalents to the quantities. In one embodiment, the term “about” means within 10% of the reported numerical value, preferably within 5% of the reported numerical value
  • The term “[2Fe-2S] DHAD” refers to DHAD enzymes having a bound [2Fe-2S] cluster.
  • The term “[4Fe-4S] DHAD” refers to DHAD enzymes having a bound [4Fe-4S] cluster.
  • There term “Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase” will be abbreviated DHAD and will refer to an enzyme that converts 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate.
  • The term “isobutanol biosynthetic pathway” refers to an enzyme pathway to produce isobutanol from pyruvate.
  • The term “a facultative anaerobe” refers to a microorganism that can grow in both aerobic and anaerobic environments.
  • The term “carbon substrate” or “fermentable carbon substrate” refers to a carbon source capable of being metabolized by host organisms of the present invention and particularly carbon sources selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and one-carbon substrates or mixtures thereof. Carbon substrates may include C6 and C5 sugars and mixtures thereof.
  • The term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that is capable of being expressed as a specific protein, optionally including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. “Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences. “Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. “Endogenous gene” refers to a native gene in its natural location in the genome of an organism. A “foreign gene” or “heterologous gene” refers to a gene not normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric genes. A “transgene” is a gene that has been introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure.
  • As used herein the term “coding region” refers to a DNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid sequence. “Suitable regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNA processing site, effector binding site and stem-loop structure.
  • The term “promoter” refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. In general, a coding sequence is located 3′ to a promoter sequence. Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental or physiological conditions. Promoters which cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of different lengths may have identical promoter activity.
  • The term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is affected by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of effecting the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in sense or antisense orientation.
  • The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the transcription and stable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense RNA derived from the nucleic acid fragment of the invention. Expression may also refer to translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.
  • As used herein the term “transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into a host organism, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” or “recombinant” or “transformed” organisms.
  • The terms “plasmid” and “vector” as used herein, refer to an extra chromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of the central metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA molecules. Such elements may be autonomously replicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotide sequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequence into a cell.
  • As used herein the term “codon degeneracy” refers to the nature in the genetic code permitting variation of the nucleotide sequence without effecting the amino acid sequence of an encoded polypeptide. The skilled artisan is well aware of the “codon-bias” exhibited by a specific host cell in usage of nucleotide codons to specify a given amino acid. Therefore, when synthesizing a gene for improved expression in a host cell, it is desirable to design the gene such that its frequency of codon usage approaches the frequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell.
  • The term “codon-optimized” as it refers to genes or coding regions of nucleic acid molecules for transformation of various hosts, refers to the alteration of codons in the gene or coding regions of the nucleic acid molecules to reflect the typical codon usage of the host organism without altering the polypeptide encoded by the DNA.
  • As used herein, an “isolated nucleic acid fragment” or “isolated nucleic acid molecule” will be used interchangeably and will mean a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. An isolated nucleic acid fragment in the form of a polymer of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA or synthetic DNA.
  • A nucleic acid fragment is “hybridizable” to another nucleic acid fragment, such as a cDNA, genomic DNA, or RNA molecule, when a single-stranded form of the nucleic acid fragment can anneal to the other nucleic acid fragment under the appropriate conditions of temperature and solution ionic strength. Hybridization and washing conditions are well known and exemplified in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), particularly Chapter 11 and Table 11.1 therein (entirely incorporated herein by reference). The conditions of temperature and ionic strength determine the “stringency” of the hybridization. Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments (such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms), to highly similar fragments (such as genes that duplicate functional enzymes from closely related organisms). Post-hybridization washes determine stringency conditions. One set of preferred conditions uses a series of washes starting with 6×SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature for 15 min, then repeated with 2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 45° C. for 30 min, and then repeated twice with 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C. for 30 min. A more preferred set of stringent conditions uses higher temperatures in which the washes are identical to those above except for the temperature of the final two 30 min washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS was increased to 60° C. Another preferred set of highly stringent conditions uses two final washes in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. An additional set of stringent conditions include hybridization at 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C. and washes with 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS followed by 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, for example.
  • Hybridization requires that the two nucleic acids contain complementary sequences, although depending on the stringency of the hybridization, mismatches between bases are possible. The appropriate stringency for hybridizing nucleic acids depends on the length of the nucleic acids and the degree of complementation, variables well known in the art. The greater the degree of similarity or homology between two nucleotide sequences, the greater the value of Tm for hybrids of nucleic acids having those sequences. The relative stability (corresponding to higher Tm) of nucleic acid hybridizations decreases in the following order: RNA:RNA, DNA:RNA, DNA:DNA. For hybrids of greater than 100 nucleotides in length, equations for calculating Tm have been derived (see Sambrook et al., supra, 9.50-9.51). For hybridizations with shorter nucleic acids, i.e., oligonucleotides, the position of mismatches becomes more important, and the length of the oligonucleotide determines its specificity (see Sambrook et al., supra, 11.7-11.8). In one embodiment the length for a hybridizable nucleic acid is at least about 10 nucleotides. Preferably a minimum length for a hybridizable nucleic acid is at least about 15 nucleotides; more preferably at least about 20 nucleotides; and most preferably the length is at least about 30 nucleotides. Furthermore, the skilled artisan will recognize that the temperature and wash solution salt concentration may be adjusted as necessary according to factors such as length of the probe.
  • A “substantial portion” of an amino acid or nucleotide sequence is that portion comprising enough of the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or the nucleotide sequence of a gene to putatively identify that polypeptide or gene, either by manual evaluation of the sequence by one skilled in the art, or by computer-automated sequence comparison and identification using algorithms such as BLAST (Altschul, S. F., et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215:403-410 (1993)). In general, a sequence of ten or more contiguous amino acids or thirty or more nucleotides is necessary in order to putatively identify a polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence as homologous to a known protein or gene. Moreover, with respect to nucleotide sequences, gene specific oligonucleotide probes comprising 20-30 contiguous nucleotides may be used in sequence-dependent methods of gene identification (e.g., Southern hybridization) and isolation (e.g., in situ hybridization of bacterial colonies or bacteriophage plaques). In addition, short oligonucleotides of 12-15 bases may be used as amplification primers in PCR in order to obtain a particular nucleic acid fragment comprising the primers. Accordingly, a “substantial portion” of a nucleotide sequence comprises enough of the sequence to specifically identify and/or isolate a nucleic acid fragment comprising the sequence. The instant specification teaches the complete amino acid and nucleotide sequence encoding particular proteins. The skilled artisan, having the benefit of the sequences as reported herein, may now use all or a substantial portion of the disclosed sequences for purposes known to those skilled in this art. Accordingly, the instant invention comprises the complete sequences as reported in the accompanying Sequence Listing, as well as substantial portions of those sequences as defined above.
  • The term “complementary” is used to describe the relationship between nucleotide bases that are capable of hybridizing to one another. For example, with respect to DNA, adenosine is complementary to thymine and cytosine is complementary to guanine.
  • The term “percent identity”, as known in the art, is a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, “identity” or “sequence identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. “Identity” and “similarity” can be readily calculated by known methods, including but not limited to those described in:
    • 1.) Computational Molecular Biology (Lesk, A. M., Ed.) Oxford University: NY (1988); 2.) Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects (Smith, D. W., Ed.) Academic: NY (1993); 3.) Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I (Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., Eds.) Humania: NJ (1994); 4.) Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology (von Heinje, G., Ed.) Academic (1987); and 5.) Sequence Analysis Primer (Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., Eds.) Stockton: NY (1991).
  • Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the best match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in publicly available computer programs. Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations may be performed using the MegAlign™ program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences is performed using the “Clustal method of alignment” which encompasses several varieties of the algorithm including the “Clustal V method of alignment” corresponding to the alignment method labeled Clustal V (described by Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153 (1989); Higgins, D. G. et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci., 8:189-191 (1992)) and found in the MegAlign™ program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc.). For multiple alignments, the default values correspond to GAP PENALTY=10 and GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10. Default parameters for pairwise alignments and calculation of percent identity of protein sequences using the Clustal method are KTUPLE=1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. For nucleic acids these parameters are KTUPLE=2, GAP PENALTY=5, WINDOW=4 and DIAGONALS SAVED=4. After alignment of the sequences using the Clustal V program, it is possible to obtain a “percent identity” by viewing the “sequence distances” table in the same program. Additionally the “Clustal W method of alignment” is available and corresponds to the alignment method labeled Clustal W (described by Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153 (1989); Higgins, D. G. et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 8:189-191 (1992) Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., and Gibson T. J. (1994) Nuc. Acid Res. 22: 4673 4680) and found in the MegAlign™ v6.1 program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc.). Default parameters for multiple alignment (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=0.2, Delay Divergen Seqs (%)=30, DNA Transition Weight=0.5, Protein Weight Matrix=Gonnet Series, DNA Weight Matrix=IUB). After alignment of the sequences using the Clustal W program, it is possible to obtain a “percent identity” by viewing the “sequence distances” table in the same program.
  • It is well understood by one skilled in the art that many levels of sequence identity are useful in identifying polypeptides, from other species, wherein such polypeptides have the same or similar function or activity. Useful examples of percent identities include, but are not limited to: 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, or any integer percentage from 55% to 100% may be useful in describing the present invention, such as 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%. Suitable nucleic acid fragments not only have the above homologies but typically encode a polypeptide having at least 50 amino acids, preferably at least 100 amino acids, more preferably at least 150 amino acids, still more preferably at least 200 amino acids, and most preferably at least 250 amino acids.
  • The term “sequence analysis software” refers to any computer algorithm or software program that is useful for the analysis of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. “Sequence analysis software” may be commercially available or independently developed. Typical sequence analysis software will include, but is not limited to: 1.) the GCG suite of programs (Wisconsin Package Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis.); 2.) BLASTP, BLASTN, BLASTX (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215:403-410 (1990)); 3.) DNASTAR (DNASTAR, Inc. Madison, Wis.); 4.) Sequencher (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Mich.); and 5.) the FASTA program incorporating the Smith-Waterman algorithm (W. R. Pearson, Comput. Methods Genome Res., [Proc. Int. Symp.] (1994), Meeting Date 1992, 111-20. Editor(s): Suhai, Sandor. Plenum: New York, N.Y.). Within the context of this application it will be understood that where sequence analysis software is used for analysis, that the results of the analysis will be based on the “default values” of the program referenced, unless otherwise specified. As used herein “default values” will mean any set of values or parameters that originally load with the software when first initialized.
  • Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used here are well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) (hereinafter “Maniatis”); and by Silhavy, T. J., Bennan, M. L. and Enquist, L. W., Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984); and by Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, published by Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1987). Additional methods used here are in Methods in Enzymology, Volume 194, Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cell Biology (Part A, 2004, Christine Guthrie and Gerald R. Fink (Eds.), Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.).
    • Discovery of [2Fe-2S] DHADs
  • DHAD proteins are known to contain a bound iron-sulfur (Fe—S) cluster that is required for enzyme activity. The only DHAD with a [2Fe-2S] cluster reported to date is a spinach enzyme (Flint and Emptage (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:3558-3564). Some bacterial enzymes are also known, the best characterized of which is from E. coli (Flint, D H, et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:14732-14742), which has a [4Fe-4S] cluster.
  • Applicants have now determined that there is a class of bacterial DHADs that contain a [2Fe-2S] cluster ([2Fe-2S] DHADs). Applicants have found that the group of [2Fe-2S] DHADs may be distinguished from a group of [4Fe-45] DHADs by the presence of three conserved cysteine residues in the protein. The three conserved cysteines are similar to three essential cysteines reported in the Azospirillum brasiliense arabonate (an aldonic acid) dehydratase (Watanabe, S et al. J. Biol. Chem. (2006) 281:33521-33536) that was reported to contain a [4Fe-4S] cluster. In the Azospirillum brasiliense arabonate dehydratase protein, cysteines located at amino acid positions 56, 124, and 197 were determined to be essential for enzyme activity and likely involved in coordination with the Fe—S cluster. Surprisingly, applicants have found that three conserved cysteines, which are in corresponding positions to the three essential cysteines of the Azospirillum brasiliense arabonate dehydratase, are characteristic of DHADs containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster. Applicants have found that the E. coli DHAD, that contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster, has two of the conserved cysteines, but not the third conserved cysteine. Shown in FIG. 1 is a comparison of the sequence regions of the conserved cysteines for the E. coli [4Fe-4S] cluster-containing DHADs and for representatives of a phylogenetic group of [2Fe-2S] cluster DHADs that was identified herein in Example 1 and is described below.
  • Applicants have developed a method for identifying [2Fe-2S] DHADs. In the present invention, bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs, which may be identified by this method, may be used for heterologous expression in bacteria.
  • To structurally characterize DHAD enzymes a Profile Hidden Markov Model (HMM) was prepared as described in Example 1 using amino acid sequences of DHAD proteins with experimentally verified function, as determined in Example 2 herein, and is given in Table 1. These DHADs are from Nitrosomonas europaea (DNA SEQ ID NO:309; Protein SEQ ID NO:310), Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (DNA SEQ ID:297; Protein SEQ ID NO:298), Streptococcus mutans (DNA SEQ ID NO:167; Protein SEQ ID NO:168), Streptococcus thermophilus (DNA SEQ ID NO:163; SEQ ID No:164), Ralstonia metallidurans (DNA SEQ ID NO:345; Protein SEQ ID NO:346), Ralstonia eutropha (DNA SEQ ID NO:343; Protein SEQ ID NO:344), and Lactococcus lactis (DNA SEQ ID NO:231; Protein SEQ ID NO:232). In addition the DHAD from Flavobacterium johnsoniae (DNA SEQ ID NO:229; Protein SEQ ID NO:230) was found to have dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity when expressed in E. coli and was used in making the Profile. This Profile HMM for DHADs may be used to identify DHAD related proteins. Any protein that matches the Profile HMM with an E value of <10−5 is a DHAD related protein, which includes [4Fe-4S] DHADs, [2Fe-2S] DHADs, aldonic acid dehydratases, and phosphogluconate dehydratases. A phylogenetic tree of sequences matching this Profile HMM is shown in FIG. 2.
  • Sequences matching the Profile HMM given herein are then analyzed for the presence of the three conserved cysteines described above. The exact positions of the three conserved cysteines may vary, and these may be identified in the context of the surrounding sequence using multiple sequence alignments performed with the Clustal W algorithm (Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., and Gibson T. J. (1994) Nuc. Acid Res. 22: 4673 4680) employing the following parameters: 1) for pairwise alignment parameters, a Gap opening=10; Gap extend=0.1; matrix is Gonnet 250; and mode—Slow-accurate, 2) for multiple alignment parameters, Gap opening=10; Gap extension=0.2; and matrix is Gonnet series. For example, the three conserved cysteines are located at amino acid positions 56, 129, and 201 in the Streptococcus mutans DHAD (SEQ ID NO: 168), and at amino acid positions 61, 135, and 207 in the Lactococcus lactis DHAD (SEQ ID NO: 232). The exact positions of the three conserved cysteines in other protein sequences correspond to these positions in the S. mutans or the L. lactis amino acid sequence. One skilled in the art will readily be able to identify the presence or absence of each of the three conserved cysteines in the amino acid sequence of a DHAD protein using pairwise or multiple sequence alignments. In addition, other methods may be used to determine the presence of the three conserved cysteines, such as analysis by eye.
  • The DHAD Profile HMM matching proteins that have two but not the third (position 56) conserved cysteine include [4Fe-4S] DHADs and phosphogluconate dehydratases (EDDs). Proteins having the three conserved cysteines include arabonate dehydratases and [2Fe-2S] DHADs, and are members of a [2Fe-2S] DHAD/aldonic acid dehydratase group. The [2Fe-2S] DHADs may be distinguished from the aldonic acid dehydratases by analyzing for signature conserved amino acids found to be present in the [2Fe-2S] DHADs or in the aldonic acid dehydratases at positions corresponding to the following positions in the Streptococcus mutans DHAD amino acid sequence. These signature amino acids are in [2Fe-2S] DHADs or in aldonic acid dehydratases, respectively, at the following positions (with greater than 90% occurrence): 88 asparagine vs glutamic acid; 113 not conserved vs glutamic acid; 142 arginine or asparagine vs not conserved; 165: not conserved vs glycine; 208 asparagine vs not conserved; 454 leucine vs not conserved; 477 phenylalanine or tyrosine vs not conserved; and 487 glycine vs not conserved.
  • The disclosed methods for identification of [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes can be carried out on a single sequence or on a group of sequences. In a preferred embodiment, one or more sequence databases are queried with a Profile HMM as described herein. Suitable sequence databases are known to those skilled in the art and include but are not limited to the Genbank non-redundant protein database, the SwissProt database, or UniProt database or other available databases such as GQPat (GenomeQuest, Westboro, Mass.) and BRENDA (Biobase, Beverly, Mass.).
  • Among the [2Fe-2S] DHADs identifiable by this method, bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs may readily be identifiable by the natural source organism being a type of bacteria. Any bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD identifiable by this method may be suitable for heterologous expression in a microbial host cell. It will also be appreciated that any bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD expressly disclosed herein by sequence may be suitable for heterologous expression in bacterial cells. Preferred bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes can be expressed in a host cell and provide DHAD activity.
  • Initially, 193 different bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs with sequence identities of less than 95% (greater than 95% identity proteins removed to simplify the analysis) were identified as described in Example 1 and the amino acid and coding sequences of these proteins are provided in the sequence listing, with SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2a.
  • A subsequent analysis described in Example 11 returned 268 different bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs. Amino acid and coding sequences that were not identical to any of the 193 bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs provided by the initial identification are included in the sequence listing, with SEQ ID NOs listed in Table 2b.
  • Any [2Fe-2S] DHAD protein matching a sequence identifiable through the methods disclosed herein or a sequence expressly disclosed herein with an identity of at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% is a [2Fe-2S] DHAD that may be used for heterologous expression in bacterial cells as disclosed herein. Among the bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs expressly disclosed herein, there is 100% conservation of the signature amino acids at positions: 88 aspartic acid, 142 arginine or asparagine, 208 asparagine, and 454 leucine.
  • In addition, bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs that may be used in the present invention are identifiable by their position in the [2Fe-2S] DHAD branch of a phylogenetic tree of DHAD related proteins such as that shown in FIG. 2 and described in Example 1. In addition, bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs that may be used are identifiable using sequence comparisons with any of the 281 bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs whose sequences are provided herein, where sequence identity may be at least about 80%-85%, 85%-90%, 90%-95% or 95%-99%.
  • Additionally, the sequences of [2Fe-2S] DHADs provided herein may be used to identify other homologs in nature. For example each of the DHAD encoding nucleic acid fragments described herein may be used to isolate genes encoding homologous proteins. Isolation of homologous genes using sequence-dependent protocols is well known in the art. Examples of sequence-dependent protocols include, but are not limited to: 1.) methods of nucleic acid hybridization; 2.) methods of DNA and RNA amplification, as exemplified by various uses of nucleic acid amplification technologies [e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; ligase chain reaction (LCR), Tabor, S. et al., Proc. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1074 (1985); or strand displacement amplification (SDA), Walker, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89:392 (1992)]; and 3.) methods of library construction and screening by complementation.
  • For example, genes encoding similar proteins or polypeptides to the [2Fe-2S] DHAD encoding genes provided herein could be isolated directly by using all or a portion of the instant nucleic acid fragments as DNA hybridization probes to screen libraries from any desired organism using methodology well known to those skilled in the art. Specific oligonucleotide probes based upon the disclosed nucleic acid sequences can be designed and synthesized by methods known in the art (Maniatis, supra). Moreover, the entire sequences can be used directly to synthesize DNA probes by methods known to the skilled artisan (e.g., random primers DNA labeling, nick translation or end-labeling techniques), or RNA probes using available in vitro transcription systems. In addition, specific primers can be designed and used to amplify a part of (or full-length of) the instant sequences. The resulting amplification products can be labeled directly during amplification reactions or labeled after amplification reactions, and used as probes to isolate full-length DNA fragments by hybridization under conditions of appropriate stringency. Typically, in PCR-type amplification techniques, the primers have different sequences and are not complementary to each other. Depending on the desired test conditions, the sequences of the primers should be designed to provide for both efficient and faithful replication of the target nucleic acid. Methods of PCR primer design are common and well known in the art (Thein and Wallace, “The use of oligonucleotides as specific hybridization probes in the Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders”, in Human Genetic Diseases: A Practical Approach, K. E. Davis Ed., (1986) pp 33-50, IRL: Herndon, Va.; and Rychlik, W., In Methods in Molecular Biology, White, B. A. Ed., (1993) Vol. 15, pp 31-39, PCR Protocols: Current Methods and Applications. Humania: Totowa, N.J.).
  • Generally two short segments of the described sequences may be used in polymerase chain reaction protocols to amplify longer nucleic acid fragments encoding homologous genes from DNA or RNA. The polymerase chain reaction may also be performed on a library of cloned nucleic acid fragments wherein the sequence of one primer is derived from the described nucleic acid fragments, and the sequence of the other primer takes advantage of the presence of the polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor encoding microbial genes.
  • Alternatively, the second primer sequence may be based upon sequences derived from the cloning vector. For example, the skilled artisan can follow the RACE protocol (Frohman et al., PNAS USA 85:8998 (1988)) to generate cDNAs by using PCR to amplify copies of the region between a single point in the transcript and the 3′ or 5′ end. Primers oriented in the 3′ and 5′ directions can be designed from the instant sequences. Using commercially available 3′ RACE or 5′ RACE systems (e.g., BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.), specific 3′ or 5′ cDNA fragments can be isolated (Ohara et al., PNAS USA 86:5673 (1989); Loh et al., Science 243:217 (1989)).
  • Alternatively, the provided [2Fe-2S] DHAD encoding sequences may be employed as hybridization reagents for the identification of homologs. The basic components of a nucleic acid hybridization test include a probe, a sample suspected of containing the gene or gene fragment of interest, and a specific hybridization method. Probes are typically single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that are complementary to the nucleic acid sequences to be detected. Probes are “hybridizable” to the nucleic acid sequence to be detected. The probe length can vary from 5 bases to tens of thousands of bases, and will depend upon the specific test to be done. Typically a probe length of about 15 bases to about 30 bases is suitable. Only part of the probe molecule need be complementary to the nucleic acid sequence to be detected. In addition, the complementarity between the probe and the target sequence need not be perfect. Hybridization does occur between imperfectly complementary molecules with the result that a certain fraction of the bases in the hybridized region are not paired with the proper complementary base.
  • Hybridization methods are well defined. Typically the probe and sample must be mixed under conditions that will permit nucleic acid hybridization. This involves contacting the probe and sample in the presence of an inorganic or organic salt under the proper concentration and temperature conditions. The probe and sample nucleic acids must be in contact for a long enough time that any possible hybridization between the probe and sample nucleic acid may occur. The concentration of probe or target in the mixture will determine the time necessary for hybridization to occur. The higher the probe or target concentration, the shorter the hybridization incubation time needed. Optionally, a chaotropic agent may be added. The chaotropic agent stabilizes nucleic acids by inhibiting nuclease activity. Furthermore, the chaotropic agent allows sensitive and stringent hybridization of short oligonucleotide probes at room temperature (Van Ness and Chen, Nucl. Acids Res. 19:5143-5151 (1991)). Suitable chaotropic agents include guanidinium chloride, guanidinium thiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, lithium tetrachloroacetate, sodium perchlorate, rubidium tetrachloroacetate, potassium iodide and cesium trifluoroacetate, among others. Typically, the chaotropic agent will be present at a final concentration of about 3 M. If desired, one can add formamide to the hybridization mixture, typically 30-50% (v/v).
  • Various hybridization solutions can be employed. Typically, these comprise from about 20 to 60% volume, preferably 30%, of a polar organic solvent. A common hybridization solution employs about 30-50% v/v formamide, about 0.15 to 1 M sodium chloride, about 0.05 to 0.1 M buffers (e.g., sodium citrate, Tris-HCl, PIPES or HEPES (pH range about 6-9)), about 0.05 to 0.2% detergent (e.g., sodium dodecylsulfate), or between 0.5-20 mM EDTA, FICOLL (Pharmacia Inc.) (about 300-500 kdal), polyvinylpyrrolidone (about 250-500 kdal) and serum albumin. Also included in the typical hybridization solution will be unlabeled carrier nucleic acids from about 0.1 to 5 mg/mL, fragmented nucleic DNA (e.g., calf thymus or salmon sperm DNA, or yeast RNA), and optionally from about 0.5 to 2% wt/vol glycine. Other additives may also be included, such as volume exclusion agents that include a variety of polar water-soluble or swellable agents (e.g., polyethylene glycol), anionic polymers (e.g., polyacrylate or polymethylacrylate) and anionic saccharidic polymers (e.g., dextran sulfate).
  • Nucleic acid hybridization is adaptable to a variety of assay formats. One of the most suitable is the sandwich assay format. The sandwich assay is particularly adaptable to hybridization under non-denaturing conditions. A primary component of a sandwich-type assay is a solid support. The solid support has adsorbed to it or covalently coupled to it immobilized nucleic acid probe that is unlabeled and complementary to one portion of the sequence.
    • Expression of Heterologous Bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs in Bacterial and Yeast Hosts
  • Applicants have found that a heterologous [2Fe-2S] DHAD provides DHAD activity when expressed in a microbial cell. Any [2Fe-2S] DHAD which may be identified as described herein, may be expressed in a heterologous microbial cell. Expression of any of these proteins provides DHAD activity for a biosynthetic pathway that includes conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate or 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate. Expression of a [2Fe-2S] DHAD, as opposed to a 4Fe-4D DHAD, lowers the requirement for Fe and S in clusters to obtain enzyme activity. In addition, the S. mutans [2Fe-2S] DHAD was shown herein to have higher stability in air as compared to the sensitivity in air of the E. coli [4Fe-4S] DHAD, which is desirable for obtaining better activity in a heterologous host cell.
  • Bacterial cells that may be hosts for expression of a heterologous bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD include, but are not limited to, Clostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, and Brevibacterium, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, and Streptococcus. Engineering expression of a heterologous bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD may increase DHAD activity in a host bacterial cell that naturally expresses a [2Fe-2S] DHAD or a [4Fe-4S] DHAD. Such host cells may include, for example, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, engineering expression of a heterologous bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD provides DHAD activity in a host bacterial cell that has no endogenous DHAD activity. Such host cells may include, for example, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc.
  • Specific hosts include: Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Bacillus licheniformis, Paenibacillus macerans, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Pseudomonas putida, Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis.
  • A host bacterial cell may be engineered to express a heterologous bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD by methods well known to one skilled in the art. The coding region for the DHAD to be expressed may be codon optimized for the target host cell, as well known to one skilled in the art. Vectors useful for the transformation of a variety of host cells are common and commercially available from companies such as EPICENTRE® (Madison, Wis.), Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, Calif.), Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.), and New England Biolabs, Inc. (Beverly, Mass.). Typically the vector contains a selectable marker and sequences allowing autonomous replication or chromosomal integration in the desired host. In addition, suitable vectors comprise a promoter region which harbors transcriptional initiation controls and a transcriptional termination control region, between which a coding region DNA fragment may be inserted, to provide expression of the inserted coding region. Both control regions may be derived from genes homologous to the transformed host cell, although it is to be understood that such control regions may also be derived from genes that are not native to the specific species chosen as a production host.
  • Initiation control regions or promoters, which are useful to drive expression of bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD coding regions in the desired bacterial host cell are numerous and familiar to those skilled in the art. Virtually any promoter capable of driving these genetic elements is suitable for the present invention including, but not limited to, lac, ara, tet, trp, IPL, IPR, T7, tac, and trc promoters (useful for expression in Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes, and Pseudomonas); the amy, apr, and npr promoters, and various phage promoters useful for expression in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Paenibacillus macerans; nisA (useful for expression Gram-positive bacteria, Eichenbaum et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(8):2763-2769 (1998)); and the synthetic P11 promoter (useful for expression in Lactobacillus plantarum, Rud et al., Microbiology 152:1011-1019 (2006)).
  • Termination control regions may also be derived from various genes native to the preferred hosts. Optionally, a termination site may be unnecessary; however, it is most preferred if included.
  • Certain vectors are capable of replicating in a broad range of host bacteria and can be transferred by conjugation. The complete and annotated sequence of pRK404 and three related vectors: pRK437, pRK442, and pRK442(H), are available. These derivatives have proven to be valuable tools for genetic manipulation in Gram-negative bacteria (Scott et al., Plasmid 50(1):74-79 (2003)). Several plasmid derivatives of broad-host-range Inc P4 plasmid RSF1010 are also available with promoters that can function in a range of Gram-negative bacteria. Plasmid pAYC36 and pAYC37, have active promoters along with multiple cloning sites to allow for heterologous gene expression in Gram-negative bacteria. Some vectors that are useful for transformation of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus include pAMβ1 and derivatives thereof (Renault et al., Gene 183:175-182 (1996); and O′Sullivan et al., Gene 137:227-231 (1993)); pMBB1 and pHW800, a derivative of pMBB1 (Wyckoff et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1481-1486 (1996)); pMG1, a conjugative plasmid (Tanimoto et al., J. Bacteriol. 184:5800-5804 (2002)); pNZ9520 (Kleerebezem et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4581-4584 (1997)); pAM401 (Fujimoto et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1262-1267 (2001)); and pAT392 (Arthur et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1899-1903 (1994)). Several plasmids from Lactobacillus plantarum have also been reported (van Kranenburg et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(3):1223-1230 (2005)).
  • Chromosomal gene replacement tools are also widely available. For example, a thermosensitive variant of the broad-host-range replicon pWV101 has been modified to construct a plasmid pVE6002 which can be used to effect gene replacement in a range of Gram-positive bacteria (Maguin et al., J. Bacteriol. 174(17):5633-5638 (1992)). Additionally, in vitro transposomes are available from commercial sources such as EPICENTRE® to create random mutations in a variety of genomes.
  • Yeast cells that may be hosts for expression of a heterologous bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD are any yeast cells that are amenable to genetic manipulation and include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Hansenula, Candida, Kluyveromyces, Yarrowia and Pichia. Suitable strains include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces thermotolerans, Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Pichia stipitis and Yarrowia lipolytica. Most suitable is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Expression is achieved by transforming with a gene comprising a sequence encoding any of these [2Fe-2S] DHADs. The coding region for the DHAD to be expressed may be codon optimized for the target host cell, as well known to one skilled in the art. Methods for gene expression in yeast are known in the art (see for example Methods in Enzymology, Volume 194, Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cell Biology (Part A, 2004, Christine Guthrie and Gerald R. Fink (Eds.), Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.). Expression of genes in yeast typically requires a promoter, operably linked to a coding region of interest, and a transcriptional terminator. A number of yeast promoters can be used in constructing expression cassettes for genes in yeast, including, but not limited to promoters derived from the following genes: CYC1, HIS3, GAL1, GAL10, ADH1, PGK, PHO5, GAPDH, ADC1, TRP1, URA3, LEU2, ENO, TPI, CUP1, FBA, GPD, GPM, and AOX1. Suitable transcriptional terminators include, but are not limited to FBAt, GPDt, GPMt, ERG10t, GAL1t, CYC1, and ADH1.
  • Suitable promoters, transcriptional terminators, and [2Fe-2S] DHAD coding regions may be cloned into E. coli-yeast shuttle vectors, and transformed into yeast cells. These vectors allow strain propagation in both E. coli and yeast strains. Typically the vector used contains a selectable marker and sequences allowing autonomous replication or chromosomal integration in the desired host. Typically used plasmids in yeast are shuttle vectors pRS423, pRS424, pRS425, and pRS426 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.), which contain an E. coli replication origin (e.g., pMB1), a yeast 2μ origin of replication, and a marker for nutritional selection. The selection markers for these four vectors are His3 (vector pRS423), Trp1 (vector pRS424), Leu2 (vector pRS425) and Ura3 (vector pRS426). Construction of expression vectors with a chimeric gene encoding the described DHADs may be performed by either standard molecular cloning techniques in E. coli or by the gap repair recombination method in yeast.
  • The gap repair cloning approach takes advantage of the highly efficient homologous recombination in yeast. Typically, a yeast vector DNA is digested (e.g., in its multiple cloning site) to create a “gap” in its sequence. A number of insert DNAs of interest are generated that contain a 21 by sequence at both the 5′ and the 3′ ends that sequentially overlap with each other, and with the 5′ and 3′ terminus of the vector DNA. For example, to construct a yeast expression vector for “Gene X’, a yeast promoter and a yeast terminator are selected for the expression cassette. The promoter and terminator are amplified from the yeast genomic DNA, and Gene X is either PCR amplified from its source organism or obtained from a cloning vector comprising Gene X sequence. There is at least a 21 by overlapping sequence between the 5′ end of the linearized vector and the promoter sequence, between the promoter and Gene X, between Gene X and the terminator sequence, and between the terminator and the 3′ end of the linearized vector. The “gapped” vector and the insert DNAs are then co-transformed into a yeast strain and plated on the medium containing the appropriate compound mixtures that allow complementation of the nutritional selection markers on the plasmids. The presence of correct insert combinations can be confirmed by PCR mapping using plasmid DNA prepared from the selected cells. The plasmid DNA isolated from yeast (usually low in concentration) can then be transformed into an E. coli strain, e.g. TOP10, followed by mini preps and restriction mapping to further verify the plasmid construct. Finally the construct can be verified by sequence analysis.
  • Like the gap repair technique, integration into the yeast genome also takes advantage of the homologous recombination system in yeast. Typically, a cassette containing a coding region plus control elements (promoter and terminator) and auxotrophic marker is PCR-amplified with a high-fidelity DNA polymerase using primers that hybridize to the cassette and contain 40-70 base pairs of sequence homology to the regions 5′ and 3′ of the genomic area where insertion is desired. The PCR product is then transformed into yeast and plated on medium containing the appropriate compound mixtures that allow selection for the integrated auxotrophic marker. For example, to integrate “Gene X” into chromosomal location “Y”, the promoter-coding regionX-terminator construct is PCR amplified from a plasmid DNA construct and joined to an autotrophic marker (such as URA3) by either SOE PCR or by common restriction digests and cloning. The full cassette, containing the promoter-coding regionX-terminator-URA3 region, is PCR amplified with primer sequences that contain 40-70 by of homology to the regions 5′ and 3′ of location “Y” on the yeast chromosome. The PCR product is transformed into yeast and selected on growth media lacking uracil. Transformants can be verified either by colony PCR or by direct sequencing of chromosomal DNA.
    • Confirming DHAD Activity
  • The presence of DHAD activity in a cell engineered to express a bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD can be confirmed using methods known in the art. As one example, and as demonstrated in the Examples herein, crude extracts from cells engineered to express a bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD may be used in a DHAD assay as described by Flint and Emptage (J. Biol. Chem. (1988) 263(8): 3558-64) using dinitrophenylhydrazine. In another example, and as demonstrated in the Examples herein, DHAD activity may be assayed by expressing a bacterial DHAD identifiable by the methods disclosed herein in a yeast strain that lacks endogenous DHAD activity. If DHAD activity is present, the yeast strain will grow in the absence of branched-chain amino acids. DHAD activity may also be confirmed by more indirect methods, such as by assaying for a downstream product in a pathway requiring DHAD activity. Any product that has α-ketoisovalerate or α-ketomethylvalerate as a pathway intermediate may be measured as an assay for DHAD activity. A list of such products includes, but is not limited to, valine, isoleucine, leucine, pantothenic acid, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and isobutanol.
    • Isobutanol Production
  • Expression of a bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD in bacteria or yeast, as described herein, provides the transformed, recombinant host cell with dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity for conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate or 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate. Any product that has α-ketoisovalerate or α-ketomethylvalerate as a pathway intermediate may be produced with greater effectiveness in a bacterial or yeast strain disclosed herein having the described heterologous [2Fe-2S] DHAD. A list of such products includes, but is not limited to, valine, isoleucine, leucine, pantothenic acid, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and isobutanol.
  • For example, in yeast biosynthesis of valine includes steps of acetolactate conversion to 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate by acetohydroxyacid reductoisomerase (ILV5), conversion of 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate (also called 2-keto-isovalerate) by dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, and conversion of α-ketoisovalerate to valine by branched-chain amino acid transaminase (BAT2) and branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BAT1). Biosynthesis of leucine includes the same steps to α-ketoisovalerate, followed by conversion of α-ketoisovalerate to alpha-isopropylmalate by alpha-isopropylmalate synthase (LEU9, LEU4), conversion of alpha-isopropylmalate to beta-isopropylmalate by isopropylmalate isomerase (LEU1), conversion of beta-isopropylmalate to alpha-ketoisocaproate by beta-IPM dehydrogenase (LEU2), and finally conversion of alpha-ketoisocaproate to leucine by branched-chain amino acid transaminase (BAT2) and branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BAT1). The bacterial pathway is similar, involving differently named proteins and genes. Increased conversion of 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate will increase flow in these pathways, particularly if one or more additional enzymes of a pathway is overexpressed. Thus it is desired for production of valine or leucine to use a strain disclosed herein.
  • Biosynthesis of pantothenic acid includes a step performed by DHAD, as well as steps performed by ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase and pantothenate synthase. Engineering of expression of these enzymes for enhanced production of pantothenic acid biosynthesis in microorganisms is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,264.
  • The α-ketoisovalerate product of DHAD is an intermediate in isobutanol biosynthetic pathways disclosed in commonly owned and co-pending US Patent Publication 20070092957 A1, which is herein incorporated by reference. A diagram of the disclosed isobutanol biosynthetic pathways is provided in FIG. 3. Production of isobutanol in a strain disclosed herein benefits from increased DHAD activity. As disclosed herein, DHAD activity is provided by expression of a bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD in a bacterial or yeast cell. As described in US 20070092957 A1, steps in an example isobutanol biosynthetic pathway include conversion of:
  • pyruvate to acetolactate (see FIG. 1, pathway step a therein), as catalyzed for example by acetolactate synthase,
  • acetolactate to 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate (see FIG. 1, pathway step b therein) as catalyzed for example by acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase;
  • 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate (see FIG. 1, pathway step c therein) as catalyzed for example by acetohydroxy acid dehydratase, also called dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD);
  • α-ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehyde (see FIG. 1, pathway step d therein) as catalyzed for example by branched-chain α-keto acid decarboxylase; and
  • isobutyraldehyde to isobutanol (see FIG. 1, pathway step e therein) as catalyzed for example by branched-chain alcohol dehydrogenase.
  • The substrate to product conversions, and enzymes involved in these reactions, for steps f, g, h, I, j, and k of alternative pathways are described in US 20070092957 A1.
  • Genes that may be used for expression of the pathway step enzymes named above other than the bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs disclosed herein, as well as those for two additional isobutanol pathways, are described in US 20070092957 A1, and additional genes that may be used can be identified by one skilled in the art through bioinformatics or experimentally as described above. The preferred use in all three pathways of ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) enzymes with particularly high activities is disclosed in commonly owned and co-pending US Patent Application Publication No. US20080261230A1. Examples of high activity KARIs disclosed therein are those from Vibrio cholerae (DNA: SEQ ID NO:389; protein SEQ ID NO:390), Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, (DNA: SEQ ID NO: 422; protein SEQ ID NO:423), and Pseudomonas fluorescens PF5 (DNA: SEQ ID NO:391; protein SEQ ID NO:392).
  • Additionally described in US 20070092957 A1 are construction of chimeric genes and genetic engineering of bacteria and yeast for isobutanol production using the disclosed biosynthetic pathways.
    • Growth for Production
  • Recombinant bacteria or yeast hosts disclosed herein are grown in fermentation media which contains suitable carbon substrates. Additional carbon substrates may include but are not limited to monosaccharides such as fructose, oligosaccharides such as lactose maltose, galactose, or sucrose, polysaccharides such as starch or cellulose or mixtures thereof and unpurified mixtures from renewable feedstocks such as cheese whey permeate, cornsteep liquor, sugar beet molasses, and barley malt. Other carbon substrates may include ethanol, lactate, succinate, or glycerol.
  • Additionally the carbon substrate may also be one-carbon substrates such as carbon dioxide, or methanol for which metabolic conversion into key biochemical intermediates has been demonstrated. In addition to one and two carbon substrates, methylotrophic organisms are also known to utilize a number of other carbon containing compounds such as methylamine, glucosamine and a variety of amino acids for metabolic activity. For example, methylotrophic yeasts are known to utilize the carbon from methylamine to form trehalose or glycerol (Bellion et al., Microb. Growth C1 Compd., [Int. Symp.], 7th (1993), 415-32, Editor(s): Murrell, J. Collin; Kelly, Don P. Publisher: Intercept, Andover, UK). Similarly, various species of Candida will metabolize alanine or oleic acid (Sulter et al., Arch. Microbiol. 153:485-489 (1990)). Hence it is contemplated that the source of carbon utilized in the present invention may encompass a wide variety of carbon containing substrates and will only be limited by the choice of organism.
  • Although it is contemplated that all of the above mentioned carbon substrates and mixtures thereof are suitable in the present invention, preferred carbon substrates are glucose, fructose, and sucrose, or mixtures of these with C5 sugars such as xylose and/or arabinose for yeasts cells modified to use C5 sugars. Sucrose may be derived from renewable sugar sources such as sugar cane, sugar beets, cassaya, sweet sorghum, and mixtures thereof. Glucose and dextrose may be derived from renewable grain sources through saccharification of starch based feedstocks including grains such as corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, and mixtures thereof. In addition, fermentable sugars may be derived from renewable cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass through processes of pretreatment and saccharification, as described, for example, in co-owned and co-pending U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0031918A1, which is herein incorporated by reference. Biomass refers to any cellulosic or lignocellulosic material and includes materials comprising cellulose, and optionally further comprising hemicellulose, lignin, starch, oligosaccharides and/or monosaccharides. Biomass may also comprise additional components, such as protein and/or lipid. Biomass may be derived from a single source, or biomass can comprise a mixture derived from more than one source; for example, biomass may comprise a mixture of corn cobs and corn stover, or a mixture of grass and leaves. Biomass includes, but is not limited to, bioenergy crops, agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, sludge from paper manufacture, yard waste, wood and forestry waste. Examples of biomass include, but are not limited to, corn grain, corn cobs, crop residues such as corn husks, corn stover, grasses, wheat, wheat straw, barley, barley straw, hay, rice straw, switchgrass, waste paper, sugar cane bagasse, sorghum, soy, components obtained from milling of grains, trees, branches, roots, leaves, wood chips, sawdust, shrubs and bushes, vegetables, fruits, flowers, animal manure, and mixtures thereof.
  • In addition to an appropriate carbon source, fermentation media must contain suitable minerals, salts, cofactors, buffers and other components, known to those skilled in the art, suitable for the growth of the cultures and promotion of an enzymatic pathway comprising a bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD.
    • Culture Conditions
  • Typically cells are grown at a temperature in the range of about 20° C. to about 40° C. in an appropriate medium. Suitable growth media in the present invention are common commercially prepared media such as Luria Bertani (LB) broth, Sabouraud Dextrose (SD) broth, Yeast Medium (YM) broth, or broth that includes yeast nitrogen base, ammonium sulfate, and dextrose (as the carbon/energy source) or YPD Medium, a blend of peptone, yeast extract, and dextrose in optimal proportions for growing most Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Other defined or synthetic growth media may also be used, and the appropriate medium for growth of the particular microorganism will be known by one skilled in the art of microbiology or fermentation science. The use of agents known to modulate catabolite repression directly or indirectly, e.g., cyclic adenosine 2′:3′-monophosphate, may also be incorporated into the fermentation medium.
  • Suitable pH ranges for the fermentation of yeast are typically between pH 3.0 to pH 9.0. where pH 5.0 to pH 8.0 is preferred as the initial condition. Suitable pH ranges for the fermentation of other microorganisms are between pH 3.0 to pH 7.5, where pH 4.5.0 to pH 6.5 is preferred as the initial condition.
  • Fermentations may be performed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, where anaerobic or microaerobic conditions are preferred.
    • Industrial Batch and Continuous Fermentations
  • Fermentation may be a batch method of fermentation. A classical batch fermentation is a closed system where the composition of the medium is set at the beginning of the fermentation and not subject to artificial alterations during the fermentation. Thus, at the beginning of the fermentation the medium is inoculated with the desired organism or organisms, and fermentation is permitted to occur without adding anything to the system. Typically, however, “batch” fermentation is batch with respect to the addition of carbon source and attempts are often made at controlling factors such as pH and oxygen concentration. In batch systems the metabolite and biomass compositions of the system change constantly up to the time the fermentation is stopped. Within batch cultures cells moderate through a static lag phase to a high growth log phase and finally to a stationary phase where growth rate is diminished or halted. If untreated, cells in the stationary phase will eventually die. Cells in log phase generally are responsible for the bulk of production of end product or intermediate.
  • A variation on the standard batch system is the fed-batch system. Fed-batch fermentation processes are also suitable in the present invention and comprise a typical batch system with the exception that the substrate is added in increments as the fermentation progresses. Fed-batch systems are useful when catabolite repression is apt to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the media. Measurement of the actual substrate concentration in fed-batch systems is difficult and is therefore estimated on the basis of the changes of measurable factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen and the partial pressure of waste gases such as CO2. Batch and fed-batch fermentations are common and well known in the art and examples may be found in Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, Second Edition (1989) Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Mass., or Deshpande, Mukund V., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 36:227, (1992), herein incorporated by reference.
  • The fermentation culture may be adapted to continuous fermentation methods. Continuous fermentation is an open system where a defined fermentation medium is added continuously to a bioreactor and an equal amount of conditioned media is removed simultaneously for processing. Continuous fermentation generally maintains the cultures at a constant high density.
  • Continuous fermentation allows for the modulation of one factor or any number of factors that affect cell growth or end product concentration. For example, one method will maintain a limiting nutrient such as the carbon source or nitrogen level at a fixed rate and allow all other parameters to moderate. In other systems a number of factors affecting growth can be altered continuously while the cell concentration, measured by the turbidity of the culture medium, is kept constant. Continuous systems strive to maintain steady state growth conditions and thus the cell loss due to the medium being drawn off must be balanced against the cell growth rate in the fermentation. Methods of modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation are well known in the art of industrial microbiology and a variety of methods are detailed by Brock, supra.
  • It is contemplated that batch, fed-batch, continuous processes, or any known mode of fermentation is suitable for growth of the described recombinant microbial host cell. Additionally, it is contemplated that cells may be immobilized on a substrate as whole cell catalysts and subjected to fermentation conditions for isobutanol production.
  • Methods for Product Isolation from the Fermentation Medium
  • Bioproduced isobutanol may be isolated from the fermentation medium using methods known in the art such as for ABE fermentations (see for example, Durre, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49:639-648 (1998), Groot et al., Process Biochem. 27:61-75 (1992), and references therein). For example, solids may be removed from the fermentation medium by centrifugation, filtration, decantation, or the like. Then, the isobutanol may be isolated from the fermentation medium using methods such as distillation, azeotropic distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, gas stripping, membrane evaporation, or pervaporation.
  • Because isobutanol forms a low boiling point, azeotropic mixture with water, distillation can be used to separate the mixture up to its azeotropic composition. Distillation may be used in combination with another separation method to obtain separation around the azeotrope. Methods that may be used in combination with distillation to isolate and purify butanol include, but are not limited to, decantation, liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, and membrane-based techniques. Additionally, butanol may be isolated using azeotropic distillation using an entrainer (see for example Doherty and Malone, Conceptual Design of Distillation Systems, McGraw Hill, New York, 2001).
  • The butanol-water mixture forms a heterogeneous azeotrope so that distillation may be used in combination with decantation to isolate and purify the isobutanol. In this method, the isobutanol containing fermentation broth is distilled to near the azeotropic composition. Then, the azeotropic mixture is condensed, and the isobutanol is separated from the fermentation medium by decantation. The decanted aqueous phase may be returned to the first distillation column as reflux. The isobutanol-rich decanted organic phase may be further purified by distillation in a second distillation column.
  • The isobutanol may also be isolated from the fermentation medium using liquid-liquid extraction in combination with distillation. In this method, the isobutanol is extracted from the fermentation broth using liquid-liquid extraction with a suitable solvent. The isobutanol-containing organic phase is then distilled to separate the butanol from the solvent.
  • Distillation in combination with adsorption may also be used to isolate isobutanol from the fermentation medium. In this method, the fermentation broth containing the isobutanol is distilled to near the azeotropic composition and then the remaining water is removed by use of an adsorbent, such as molecular sieves (Aden et al. Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover, Report NREL/TP-510-32438, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, June 2002).
  • Additionally, distillation in combination with pervaporation may be used to isolate and purify the isobutanol from the fermentation medium. In this method, the fermentation broth containing the isobutanol is distilled to near the azeotropic composition, and then the remaining water is removed by pervaporation through a hydrophilic membrane (Guo et al., J. Membr. Sci. 245, 199-210 (2004)).
    • EXAMPLES
  • The present invention is further defined in the following Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating a preferred embodiment of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various uses and conditions.
    • General Methods
  • Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques described in the Examples are well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1989) (Maniatis) and by T. J. Silhavy, M. L. Bennan, and L. W. Enquist, Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984) and by Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, pub. by Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1987) amd by Methods in Yeast Genetics, 2005, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
  • Materials and methods suitable for the maintenance and growth of bacterial cultures are well known in the art. Techniques suitable for use in the following Examples may be found as set out in Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology (Phillipp Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray, Ralph N. Costilow, Eugene W. Nester, Willis A. Wood, Noel R. Krieg and G. Briggs Phillips, eds), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. (1994)) or by Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, Second Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Mass. (1989). All reagents, restriction enzymes and materials used for the growth and maintenance of bacterial cells were obtained from Aldrich Chemicals (Milwaukee, Wis.), BD Diagnostic Systems (Sparks, Md.), Life Technologies (Rockville, Md.), or Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.) unless otherwise specified.
  • Microbial strains were obtained from The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, Va., unless otherwise noted. The oligonucleotide primers used in the following Examples were synthesized by Sigma-Genosys (Woodlands, Tex.) or Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralsville, Iowa).
  • Synthetic complete medium is described in Amberg, Burke and Strathern, 2005, Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
    • HPLC
  • Analysis for fermentation by-product composition is well known to those skilled in the art. For example, one high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method utilizes a Shodex SH-1011 column with a Shodex SH-G guard column (both available from Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass.), with refractive index (RI) detection. Chromatographic separation is achieved using 0.01 M H2SO4 as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and a column temperature of 50° C. Isobutanol retention time is about 47.6 minutes.
  • The meaning of abbreviations is as follows: “s” means second(s), “min” means minute(s), “h” means hour(s), “psi” means pounds per square inch, “nm” means nanometers, “d” means day(s), “μL” means microliter(s), “mL” means milliliter(s), “L” means liter(s), “mm” means millimeter(s), “nm” means nanometers, “mM” means millimolar, “μM” means micromolar, “M” means molar, “mmol” means millimole(s), “μmol” means micromole(s)“, “g” means gram(s), “μg” means microgram(s) and “ng” means nanogram(s), “PCR” means polymerase chain reaction, “OD” means optical density, “OD600” means the optical density measured at a wavelength of 600 nm, “kDa” means kilodaltons, “g” means the gravitation constant, “bp” means base pair(s), “kbp” means kilobase pair(s), “˜” means about, “% w/v” means weight/volume percent, % v/v” means volume/volume percent, “HPLC” means high performance liquid chromatography, and “GC” means gas chromatography.
    • Example 1 Identification of Bacterial Dihydroxy-Acid Dehydratases with [2Fe-2S] Cluster Phylogenetic Analysis
  • Phylogenetic relationships were determined for dihydroxy-acid dehydratases (DHADs) and related proteins. Related proteins were identified through BlastP searches of publicly available databases using amino acid sequences of E. coli DHAD (SEQ ID NO:382), E. coli phosphogluconate dehydratase (EDD; SEQ ID NO:384; coding region SEQ ID NO:383), and Azospirillum brasiliense arabonate dehydratase (SEQ ID NO:386; coding region SEQ ID NO:385), with the following search parameters: E value=10, word size=3, Matrix=Blosum62, and Gap opening=11 and gap extension=1. Blast searches employing the three different protein sequences generated overlapping sets of sequence matches. Sequences were selected from the search results based on E value cutoff of 10−5 with removal of 95% identity sequences. Sequences that were shorter than 350 amino acids and sequences that were longer than 650 amino acids were also removed. The resultant set of 976 amino acid sequences included dihydroxy-acid dehydratases, phosphogluconate dehydratrases, and aldonic acid dehydratases.
  • A profile HMM was generated from the experimentally verified DHADs described in Example 2. See details below on building, calibrating, and searching with this profile HMM. An hmmer search, using this profile HMM as a query, against the 976 sequences matched all sequences with an E value of <10−5. Multiple sequence alignments of the amino acid sequences were performed with the Clustal W algorithm (Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., and Gibson T. J. (1994) Nuc. Acid Res. 22: 4673 4680) employing the following parameters: 1) for pairwise alignment parameters, a Gap opening=10; Gap extend=0.1; matrix is Gonnet 250; and mode—Slow-accurate, 2) for multiple alignment parameters, Gap opening=10; Gap extension=0.2; and matrix is Gonnet series. Phylogenetic trees were generated from sequence alignments based on the Neighbor Joining method. A tree representing phylogenetic relationships among the 976 sequences is shown in FIG. 2. Four main main branches emerged from this analysis. They are labeled “4Fe-4S DHAD”, “2Fe-2S DHAD”, “aldonic acid dehydratase”, and “EDD”, based on the criteria detailed below. A fifth small branch of 17 sequences is marked as “Und” for undefined.
  • The aligned sequences were initially analyzed for the presence of three cysteines determined to be essential for enzyme activity and likely involved in Fe—S coordination in the Azospirillum brasiliense arabonate dehydratase, which was reported as a [4Fe-4S] cluster protein (Watanabe, S et al. J. Biol. Chem. (2006) 281:33521-33536). Each of the 976 sequences has the cysteines corresponding to two of the Azospirillum brasiliense arabonate dehydratase essential cysteines (at positions 124 and 197). Within the phylogenetic tree, there is a branch of 168 sequences that includes the [4Fe-4S] phosphogluconate dehydratase of Zymomonas mobilis (Rodriguez, M. et. al. (1996) Biochem Mol Biol Int. 38:783-789). Only the four amino acids alanine, valine or serine or glycine, but not cysteine, were found at the position of the third essential cysteine of the A. brasiliense arabonate dehydratase (position 56). This 168 sequence branch is labeled in FIG. 2 as “EDD”.
  • A different branch of the tree contains 322 sequences, among which is the known [4Fe-4S] cluster DHAD of E. coli. This 322 sequence branch is labeled in FIG. 2 as “4Fe-4S DHAD”. All sequences within this branch, and in the branch of 17 sequences (“Und”), contain glycine at the position corresponding to the third cysteine. The remaining 469 sequences, which are clustered in two branches and comprise both the aldonic acid recognizing A. brasiliense arabonate dehydratase and a set of DHADs, possess all three cysteines. These cysteines are at positions 56, 129, and 201 in the S. mutans DHAD (SEQ ID NO: 168) and at positions 61, 135, and 207 in the L. lactis DHAD (SEQ ID NO: 232). Shown in FIG. 1 are examples of regions from multiple sequence alignments that include the conserved cysteines.
  • Further analysis of multiple sequence alignments and of phylogenetic trees was performed to identify DHAD-specific residues (signatures) to distinguish DHADs from the arabonate dehydratases and other aldonic acid dehydratases. Among sequences containing the three specified conserved cysteines, a clade of 274 sequences was found to contain the DHADs from S. mutans and L. lactis. The A. brasiliense arabonate dehydratase was found in a separate clade of 195 sequences. Multiple sequence alignments containing the sequences from the DHAD group of 274, the aldonic acid dehydratase group, and the “[4Fe-4S] DHAD” branch were analyzed for conserved residues at each position. A set of residues that are conserved in a majority of both DHAD groups, but not in the aldonic acid dehydratases group, was detected and is shown in Table 4. Additionally, residues that are conserved in the aldonic acid dehydratases, but not in either of the two DHAD groups were also found. Such differentially conserved residues may act as substrate specificity determinants in their respective enzymes.
  • TABLE 4
    Conserved residues* discriminating
    DHADs from aldonic acid dehydratases
    [4Fe—4S] DHAD- 274 Aldonic acid
    Position* DHAD group Dehydratase
    88 Asp Asp Glu
    113 NC** NC Glu
    142 Arg Arg or Asn NC
    165 NC NC Gly
    208 Asn Asn NC
    454 Leu Leu NC
    477 Phe Phe or Tyr NC
    487 Gly Gly NC
    Residue(s) conserved in a >90% majority of representatives.
    *Position numbering is a based on the position in the S. mutans DHAD
    **Not Conserved
  • The group of DHADs forming the 274-sequence clade that does not include [4Fe-4S] cluster E. coli DHAD, [4Fe-4S] cluster Z. mobilis phosphogluconate dehydratase, or the reportedly [4Fe-4S] cluster A. brasiliense arabonate dehydratase, was differentially identified from the other groups by phylogeny and conserved residues found in multiple sequence alignments as described above. Consistent with the proposal that the group includes [2Fe-2S] cluster DHADs, the Arabidopsis thaliana DHAD and the S. solfataricus DHAD are part of the group. Because Arabidopsis thaliana is a plant as is spinach, and the spinach DHAD has been identified as a [2Fe-2S] cluster DHAD (Flint and Emptage (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:3558-3564), the Arabidopsis thaliana DHAD may be a [2Fe-2S] cluster DHAD. The S. solfataricus DHAD is reported to be oxygen resistant like the spinach [2Fe-2S] cluster DHAD, (Kim and Lee (2006) J. Biochem. 139, 591-596) which is an indication that the S. solfataricus DHAD may be a [2Fe-2S] cluster DHAD.
  • The 274 sequence clade is labeled on FIG. 4 as “2Fe-2S DHAD”. 193 of these sequences are from bacterial sources. The three conserved cysteines and the conserved residues specified in Table 4 can be identified in multiple sequence alignments of the 193 bacterial DHADs, employing the alignment procedure described above. The sequences of the 193 bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHADs are provided in the sequence listing and the SEQ ID NOs are listed in Table 2a.
  • Within the [2Fe-2S] DHAD group, the identities of several bacterial proteins have been confirmed by functional analysis as DHADs, which is described in other examples herein. Other examples herein show that proteins in this group, such as the S. mutans DHAD and the L. lactis DHAD, contain a [2Fe-2S] cluster.
    • Preparation of Profile Hmm
  • Seven bacterial DHADs that were identified as members of the [2Fe-2S] phylogenetic group were expressed in E. coli and dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity was found as described in Example 2 below. These DHADs are from Nitrosomonas europaea (SEQ ID NO:310), Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (SEQ ID NO: 298), Streptococcus mutans (SEQ ID NO:168), Streptococcus thermophilus (SEQ ID NO:164), Ralstonia metallidurans (SEQ ID NO:346), Ralstonia eutropha (SEQ ID NO:344), and Lactococcus lactis (SEQ ID NO:232). In addition the DHAD from Flavobacterium johnsoniae (SEQ ID NO:230) was found to have dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity when expressed in E. coli. The amino acid sequences of these experimentally determined functional bacterial DHADs were analyzed using the HMMER software package (The theory behind profile HMMs is described in R. Durbin, S. Eddy, A. Krogh, and G. Mitchison, Biological sequence analysis: probabilistic models of proteins and nucleic acids, Cambridge University Press, 1998; Krogh et al., 1994; J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531), following the user guide which is available from HMMER (Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Va.). The output of the HMMER software program is a Profile Hidden Markov Model (HMM) that characterizes the input sequences. As stated in the user guide, Profile HMMs are statistical models of multiple sequence alignments. They capture position-specific information about how conserved each column of the alignment is, and which amino acid residues are most likely to occur at each position. Thus HMMs have a formal probabilistic basis. Profile HMMs for a large number of protein families are publicly available in the PFAM database (Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Va.).
  • The Profile HMM was built as follows:
    • Step 1. Build a Sequence Alignment
  • The eight sequences for the functionally verified DHADs listed above were aligned using Clustal W with default parameters.
    • Step 2. Build a Profile HMM
  • The hmmbuild program was run on the set of aligned sequences using default parameters. hmmbuild reads the multiple sequence alignment file, builds a new Profile HMM, and saves the Profile HMM to file. Using this program an un-calibrated profile was generated from the multiple alignment for each set of subunit sequences described above.
  • The following information based on the HMMER software user guide gives some description of the way that the hmmbuild program prepares a Profile HMM. A Profile HMM is capable of modeling gapped alignments, e.g. including insertions and deletions, which lets the software describe a complete conserved domain (rather than just a small ungapped motif). Insertions and deletions are modeled using insertion (I) states and deletion (D) states. All columns that contain more than a certain fraction x of gap characters will be assigned as an insert column. By default, x is set to 0.5. Each match state has an I and a D state associated with it. HMMER calls a group of three states (M/D/I) at the same consensus position in the alignment a “node”. These states are interconnected with arrows called state transition probabilities. M and I states are emitters, while D states are silent. The transitions are arranged so that at each node, either the M state is used (and a residue is aligned and scored) or the D state is used (and no residue is aligned, resulting in a deletion-gap character, ‘-’). Insertions occur between nodes, and I states have a self-transition, allowing one or more inserted residues to occur between consensus columns.
  • The scores of residues in a match state (i.e. match state emission scores), or in an insert state (i.e. insert state emission scores) are proportional to Log—2 (p_x)/(null_x). Where p_x is the probability of an amino acid residue, at a particular position in the alignment, according to the Profile HMM and null_x is the probability according to the Null model. The Null model is a simple one state probabilistic model with pre-calculated set of emission probabilities for each of the 20 amino acids derived from the distribution of amino acids in the SWISSPROT release 24.
  • State transition scores are also calculated as log odds parameters and are proportional to Log—2 (t_x). Where t_x is the probability of transiting to an emitter or non-emitter state.
    • Step 3. Calibrate the Profile HMM
  • The Profile HMM was read using hmmcalibrate which scores a large number of synthesized random sequences with the Profile (the default number of synthetic sequences used is 5,000), fits an extreme value distribution (EVD) to the histogram of those scores, and re-saves the HMM file now including the EVD parameters. These EVD parameters (μ and λ) are used to calculate the E-values of bit scores when the profile is searched against a protein sequence database. hmmcalibrate writes two parameters into the HMM file on a line labeled “EVD”: these parameters are the μ (location) and λ (scale) parameters of an extreme value distribution (EVD) that best fits a histogram of scores calculated on randomly generated sequences of about the same length and residue composition as SWISS-PROT. This calibration was done once for the Profile HMM.
  • The calibrated Profile HMM for the DHAD set of sequences is provided in Table 1. The Profile HMM is provided in a chart that gives the probability of each amino acid occurring at each position in the amino acid sequence. The highest probability is highlighted for each position. The first line for each position reports the match emission scores: probability for each amino acid to be in that state (highest score is highlighted). The second line reports the insert emission scores, and the third line reports on state transition scores: M→M, M→I, M→D; I→M, I→I; D→M, D→D; B→M; M→E.
  • For example, the DHAD Profile HMM shows that methionine has a 1757 probability of being in the first position, the highest probability which is highlighted. In the second position glutamic acid has the highest probability, which is 1356. In the third position lysine has the highest probability, which is 1569.
    • Step 4. Test the Specificity and Sensitivity of the Built Profile HMMs
  • The Profile HMM was evaluated using hmmsearch, which reads a Profile HMM from hmmfile and searches a sequence file for significantly similar sequence matches. The sequence file searched contained 976 sequences (see above). During the search, the size of the database (Z parameter) was set to 1 billion. This size setting ensures that significant E-values against the current database will remain significant in the foreseeable future. The E-value cutoff was set at 10.
  • A hmmer search with the Profile HMM generated from the alignment of the eight DHADs with experimentally verified function, matched all 976 sequences with an E value <10−5. This result indicates that members of the dehydratase superfamily share significant sequence similarity. A hmmer search with a cutoff of E value 10−5 was used to separate DHAD related dehydratases from other more remote but related proteins, as described above.
    • Example 2 Expression and Characterization of Bacterial [2Fe-2S] Dihydroxy-Acid Dehydratases in E. coli
  • The ilvD coding regions from different bacteria, which from the phylogenetic analysis described in Example 1 are in the [2Fe-2S] group, were expressed under the control of the T7 promoter in vector pET28a (Novagen) in E. coli. Each ilvD coding region was amplified with a specific forward primer with an NheI restriction site and a specific reverse primer with a NotI restriction site (listed in Table 5).
  • TABLE 5
    SEQ ID NOs of primers used for PCR of DHAD
    coding regions from the listed organisms.
    Forward primer Reverse Primer
    Organism SEQ ID NO SEQ ID NO
    Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 424 401
    Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 399 400
    Streptococcus mutans UA159 (ATCC 435 436
    700610)
    Streptococcus thermophilus LMG 395 396
    18311
    Ralstonia metallidurans CH34 404 405
    Ralstonia eutropha H16 (ATCC 17699) 406 407
    Lactococcus lactis 420 421
  • The genomic DNA of each bacterial strain was used as a template. Genomic DNA was prepared from each strain listed in Table 1 using a MasterPure DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.). The plasmid vector was amplified with primers pET28a-F (NotI) (SEQ ID NO:397) and pET28a-R (NheI) (SEQ ID NO:398) to remove the his tag region. Both gene and plasmid fragments were digested with NheI and NotI before ligation. The ligation mixture was transformed into E. coli (Top 10) competent cells (Invitrogen). Transformants were grown in LB agar plates supplemented with 50 μg/ml of kanamycin. Positive clones that were confirmed by sequencing were transformed into the E. coli Tuner (DE3) strain (Novagen) for expression. Selected colonies were grown in LB liquid medium supplemented with kanamycin at 30° C. Induction was carried out by adding 0.5 mM of IPTG when the E. coli culture reached an O.D. of 0.3 to 0.4 at 600 nm. The culture was harvested after 5 hours of induction. Cell pellets were washed with Tris buffer (pH 8.0).
  • Enzymatic activity of the crude extract was assayed at 37° C. as follows. Cells to be assayed for DHAD were suspended in 2-5 volumes of 50 mM Tris, 10 mM MgSO4, pH 8.0 (TM8) buffer, then broken by sonication at 0° C. The crude extract from the broken cells was centrifuged to pellet the cell debris. The supernatants were removed and stored on ice until assayed (initial assay was within 2 hrs of breaking the cells). It was found that the DHADs assayed herein were stable in crude extracts kept on ice for a few hours. The activity was also preserved when small samples were frozen in liquid N2 and stored at −80° C.
  • The supernatants were assayed using the reagent 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine as described in Flint and Emptage (J. Biol. Chem. (1988) 263: 3558-64). When the activity was so high that it became necessary to dilute the crude extract to obtain an accurate assay, the dilution was done in 5 mg/ml BSA in TM8.
  • Protein assays were performed using the Pierce Better Bradford reagent (cat 23238) using BSA as a standard. Dilutions for protein assays were made in TM8 buffer when necessary.
  • All of the DHADs were active when expressed in E. coli, and the specific activities are given in Table 6. The DHAD from Streptococcus mutans had the highest specific activity.
  • TABLE 6
    Activities of bacterial [2Fe—2S] DHADs in E. coli
    SEQ ID NO of
    DHAD coding Specific Activity
    Organism Source of DHAD sequence (μmol min−1 mg−1)
    Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 309 3.3
    19718
    Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 297 3.5
    Streptococcus mutans UA159 167 7.9
    (ATCC 700610)
    Streptococcus thermophilus 163 6.6
    LMG 18311
    Ralstonia metallidurans CH34 404 2.4
    Ralstonia eutropha H16 (ATCC 406 4.1
    17699)
    Lactococcus lactis 231 2.1
    Vector control N/A 0.07
    • Example 3 Purification and Characterization of DHAD from Streptococcus mutans Expressed in E. coli
  • The DHAD from S. mutans was further purified and characterized. For purification of the S. mutans DHAD, six liters of culture of the E. coli Tuner strain harboring the pET28a plasmid with the S. mutans ilvD were grown and induced with IPTG. The enzyme was purified by breaking the cells, as described in Example 2, in a 50 mM Tris buffer pH 8.0 containing 10 mM MgCl2 (TM8 buffer), centrifuging to remove cell debris, then loading the supernatant of the crude extract on a Q Sepharose (GE Healthcare) column and eluting the DHAD with an increasing concentration of NaCl in TM8 buffer. The fractions containing the DHAD based on the color appearance (brownish color is due to the presence of the Fe—S cluster) were pooled and loaded onto a Sephacryl S-100 (GE Healthcare) column and eluted with TM8 buffer. As judged by SDS gels, the purity of the protein eluted from the Sephacryl column was estimated to be 60-80%. The activity of the partially purified enzyme was assayed at 37° C. as described by Flint et al. (J. Biol. Chem. (1988) 263(8): 3558-64). The specific activity of the purified protein was 40 μmol min−1 mg−1. The kcat for the purified enzyme was estimated to be 50-70 sec−1.
  • Stability of the purified DHAD in air was studied by incubating the purified enzyme at 23° C. for various time intervals in the presence of ambient air, followed by an activity assay as described above. The activity of the DHAD from Streptococcus mutans, in contrast to DHAD purified similarly from E. coli, was stable even after 72 hours of incubation as shown in FIG. 4, where (A) shows results from the S. mutans DHAD and (B) shows results from the E. coli DHAD.
  • The UV-visible spectrum of the purified S. mutans is shown in FIG. 5. The number of peaks above 300 nm is typical of proteins with [2Fe-2S] clusters. The S. mutans DHAD was reduced with sodium dithionite and EPR spectra were obtained at varying temperatures. FIG. 6 show spectra measured at temperatures between 20° K. and 70° K. That the EPR spectrum of S. mutans is measurable up to 70° K. is indicative that it contains a [2Fe-2S] cluster. It is well known for example that the EPR spectra of proteins containing [4Fe-4S] clusters are not observable at temperatures much above 10° K. (See, for example, Rupp, et al. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (1978) 537:255-269.)
    • Example 4 Construction of Dihydroxy-Acid Dehydratase (DHAD) Expression Cassettes for Lactobacillus plantarum
  • The purpose of this example is to describe how to clone and express a dihydroxy-acid dehydratase gene (ilvD) from different bacterial sources in Lactobacillus plantarum PN0512 (ATCC PTA-7727). A shuttle vector pDM1 (SEQ ID NO:410) was used for cloning and expression of ilvD genes from Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis NCDO2118 (NCIMB 702118) [Godon et al., J. Bacteriol. (1992) 174:6580-6589] and Streptococcus mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610) in L. plantarum PN0512. Plasmid pDM1 contains a minimal pLF1 replicon (˜0.7 Kbp) and pemK-pemI toxin-antitoxin (TA) from Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC14917 plasmid pLF1, a P15A replicon from pACYC184, chloramphenicol marker for selection in both E. coli and L. plantarum, and P30 synthetic promoter [Rud et al, Microbiology (2006) 152:1011-1019]. Plasmid pLF1 (C.-F. Lin et al., GenBank accession no. AF508808) is closely related to plasmid p256 [Sørvig et al., Microbiology (2005) 151:421-431], whose copy number was estimated to be ˜5-10 copies per chromosome for L. plantarum NC7. A P30 synthetic promoter was derived from L. plantarum rRNA promoters that are known to be among the strongest promoters in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) [Rud et al. Microbiology (2005) 152:1011-1019].
  • The Lactococcus lactis ilvD coding region (SEQ ID NO:231) was PCR-amplified from Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis NCDO2118 genomic DNA with primers 3T-ilvDLI (BamHI) (SEQ ID NO:408) and 5B-ilvDLI (NotI) (SEQ ID NO:409). L. lactis subsp lactis NCDO2118 genomic DNA was prepared with a Puregene Gentra Kit (QIAGEN, CA). The 1.7 Kbp L. lactis ilvD PCR product (ilvDLI) was digested with NotI and treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase to make blunt ends. The resulting L. lactis ilvD coding region fragment was digested with BamHI and gel-purified using a QIAGEN gel extraction kit (QIAGEN, CA). Plasmid pDM1 was digested with ApaLI, treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase to make blunt ends, and then digested with BamHI. The gel purified L. lactis ilvD coding region fragment was ligated into the BamHI and ApaLI (blunt) sites of the plasmid pDM1. The ligation mixture was transformed into E. coli Top10 cells (Invitrogen, CA). Transformants were plated for selection on LB chloramphenicol plates. Positive clones were screened by SalI digestion, giving one fragment with an expected size of 5.3 Kbp. The positive clones were further confirmed by DNA sequencing. The correct clone was named pDM1-ilvD (L. lactis).
  • The S. mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610) ilvD coding region from the plasmid pET28a was cloned on the plasmid pDM1. The construction of pET28a containing the S. mutans ilvD was described in Example 2. The plasmid pET28a containing the S. mutans ilvD was digested with XbaI and NotI, treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase to make blunt ends, and a 1,759 by fragment containing the S. mutans ilvD coding region was gel-purified. Plasmid pDM1 was digested with BamHI, treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase to make blunt ends, and then digested with PvuII. The gel purified fragment containing S. mutans ilvD coding region was ligated into the BamHI (blunt) and PvuII sites of the plasmid pDM1. The ligation mixture was transformed into E. coli Top10 cells (Invitrogen, CA). Transformants were plated for selection on LB chloramphenicol plates. Positive clones were screened by ClaI digestion, giving one fragment with an expected size of 5.5 Kbp. The correct clone was named pDM1-ilvD (S. mutans).
    • Example 5 Measurement of Expressed DHAD Activity in L. plantarum PN0512
  • L. plantarum PN0512 was transformed with plasmid pDM1-ilvD (L. lactis) or pDM1-ilvD (S. mutans) by electroporation. Electro-competent cells were prepared by the following procedure. 5 ml of Lactobacilli MRS medium containing 1% glycine was inoculated with PN0512 cells and grown overnight at 30° C. 100 ml MRS medium with 1% glycine was inoculated with the overnight culture to an OD600=0.1 and grown to an OD600=0.7 at 30° C. Cells were harvested at 3700×g for 8 min at 4° C., washed with 100 ml cold 1 mM MgCl2, centrifuged at 3700×g for 8 min at 4° C., washed with 100 ml cold 30% PEG-1000 (81188, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.), recentrifuged at 3700×g for 20 min at 4° C., then resuspended in 1 ml cold 30% PEG-1000. 60 μl of electro-competent cells were mixed with ˜100 ng plasmid DNA in a cold 1 mm gap electroporation cuvette and electroporated in a BioRad Gene Pulser (Hercules, Calif.) at 1.7 kV, 25 μF, and 400Ω. Cells were resuspended in 1 ml MRS medium containing 500 mM sucrose and 100 mM MgCl2, incubated at 30° C. for 2 hrs, and then plated on MRS medium plates containing 10 μg/ml of chloramphenicol.
  • L. plantarum PN0512 transformants carrying pDM1-ilvD (L. lactis) or pDM1-ilvD (S. mutans). as well as control transformants with the pDM1 vector alone, were grown overnight in Lactobacilli MRS medium at 30° C. 120 ml of MRS medium supplemented with 100 mM MOPS (pH7.5), 40 μM ferric citrate, 0.5 mM L-cysteine, and 10 μg/ml chloramphenicol was inoculated with overnight culture to an OD600=0.1 in a 125 ml screw cap flask, for each overnight sample. The cultures were anaerobically incubated at 37° C. until reaching an OD600 of 1-2. Cultures were centrifuged at 3700×g for 10 min at 4° C. Pellets were washed with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.2 (6.2 g/L KH2PO4 and 1.2 g/L K2HPO4) and re-centrifuged. Pellets were frozen and stored at −80° C. until assayed for DHAD activity. Cell extract samples were assayed for DHAD activity using a dinitrophenylhydrazine based method as described in Example 2. The DHAD activity results are given in Table 7. Specific activity of L. lactis DHAD and S. mutans DHAD in L. plantarum PN0512 showed 0.02 and 0.06 μmol min−1 mg−1, respectively, while the vector control sample exhibited no detectable activity.
  • TABLE 7
    DHAD activity in L. plantarum PN0512.
    Specific Activity
    Source of DHAD Plasmid (μmol min−1 mg−1)
    Vector control pDM1 0.00
    Lactococcus lactis subsp pDM1-ilvD(L. lactis) 0.02
    lactis NCDO2118
    Streptococcus mutans pDM1-ilvD(S. mutans) 0.06
    UA159
    • Example 6 Expression of Dihydroxy-Acid Dehydratase from S. mutans in Yeast
  • The shuttle vector pRS423 FBA ilvD (Strep) (SEQ ID NO:430) was used for the expression of DHAD from Streptococcus mutans. This shuttle vector contained an F1 origin of replication (1423 to 1879) for maintenance in E. coli and a 2 micron origin (nt 8082 to 9426) for replication in yeast. The vector has an FBA promoter (nt 2111 to 3108; SEQ ID NO:425) and FBA terminator (nt 4861 to 5860). In addition, it carries the His marker (nt 504 to 1163) for selection in yeast and ampicillin resistance marker (nt 7092 to 7949) for selection in E. coli. The ilvD coding region (nt 3116 to 4828) from Streptococcus mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610) is between the FBA promoter and FBA terminator forming a chimeric gene for expression.
  • To test the expression of the DHAD from Streptococcus mutans in yeast strain BY4741 (known in the art and obtainable from ATCC #201388), the expression vector pRS423 FBA IlvD (Strep) was transformed in combination with empty vector pRS426 into BY4741 cells (obtainable from ATCC, # 201388). The transformants were grown on synthetic medium lacking histidine and uracil (Teknova). Growth on liquid medium for assay was carried out by adding 5 ml of an overnight culture into 100 ml medium in a 250 ml flask. The cultures were harvested when they reached 1 to 2 O.D. at 600 nm. The samples were washed with 10 ml of 20 mM Tris (pH 7.5) and then resuspended in 1 ml of the same Tris buffer. The samples were transferred into 2.0 ml tubes containing 0.1 mm silica (Lysing Matrix B, MP biomedicals). The cells were then broken in a bead-beater (BIO101). The supernatant was obtained by centrifugation in a microfuge at 13,000 rpm at 4° C. for 30 minutes. Typically, 0.06 to 0.1 mg of crude extract protein was used in DHAD assay at 37° C. as described by Flint and Emptage (J. Biol. Chem. (1988) 263(8): 3558-64) using dinitrophenylhydrazine. The dehydratase from Streptococcus mutans had a specific activity of 0.24 μmol min−1 mg−1 when expressed in yeast. A control strain containing empty vectors pRS423 and pRS426 had a background of activity in the range of 0.03 to 0.06 μmol min−1 mg−1.
    • Example 7 Expression of the IlvD Gene from L. lactis in Yeast
  • The ilvD coding region from L. lactis was amplified with the forward primer IlvD (LI)-F (SEQ ID NO:420) and reverse primer IlvD (LI)-R (SEQ ID NO:421). The amplified fragment was cloned into the shuttle vector pNY13by gap repair. pNY13 (SEQ ID NO:437) was derived from pRS423. This shuttle vector contained an F1 origin of replication (1423 to 1879) for maintenance in E. coli and a 2 micron origin (nt 7537 to 8881) for replication in yeast. The vector has an FBA promoter (nt 2111 to 3110) and FBA terminator (nt 4316 to 5315). In addition, it carries the His marker (nt 504 to 1163) for selection in yeast and Ampicillin resistance marker (nt 6547 to 7404) for selection in E. coli.
  • Positive clones were selected based on amplification with the forward and reverse primers for the ilvD coding region and further confirmed by sequencing. The new construct was designated as pRS423 FBA ilvD (L. lactis). This construct was transformed into yeast strain BY4743 (Δ LEU1) (Open Biosystems, Huntsville, Ala.; Catalog #YSC1021-666629) along with the empty vector pRS426 as described in Example 6. The growth and assay of yeast strains containing the expression vector were also carried out according to the procedures as described in Example 6. The dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity in yeast strains with the L. lactis IlvD gene was determined to be in the range of 0.05 to 0.17 μmol min−1 mg−1. This activity was slightly above the control. Complementation experiments were carried out to investigate the expression of this DHAD and DHADs from other bacteria (example 8).
    • Example 8 Complementation of Yeast ILV3 Deletion Strain with Bacterial DHADs
  • The endogenous DHAD enzyme of S. cerevisiae is encoded by the ILV3 gene and the protein is targeted to the mitochondrion. Deletion of this gene results in loss of endogenous DHAD activity and provides a test strain where expression of heterologous cytosolic DHAD activity can be readily assessed. Deletion of ILV3 results in an inability of the strain to grow in the absence of branched-chained amino acids. Expression of different bacterial DHADs was assayed by determining their ability to complement the yeast ILV3 deletion strain such that it grows in the absence of branched-chained amino acids.
  • Expression shuttle vectors containing ilvD gene sequences encoding DHADs from the bacteria listed in Table 8 were constructed. The basic elements of these expression constructs were the same as the pRS423 FBA ilvD (strep) vector described in Example 6. Each of the ilvD coding regions was prepared by PCR as described in Example 2 and cloned to replace the Streptococcus mutans ilvD coding region in pRS423 FBA ilvD (Strep) creating the plasmids listed in Table 8. These expression constructs were transformed into the ILV3 deletion strain, BY4741 ilv3::URA3 and was prepared as follows. An ilv3::URA3 disruption cassette was constructed by PCR amplification of the URA3 marker from pRS426 (ATCC No. 77107) with primers “ILV3::URA3 F” and “ILV3::URA3 R”, given as SEQ ID NOs: 431 and 432. These primers produced a 1.4 kb URA3 PCR product that contained 70 by 5′ and 3′ extensions identical to sequences upstream and downstream of the ILV3 chromosomal locus for homologous recombination. The PCR product was transformed into BY4741 cells (ATCC 201388) using standard genetic techniques (Methods in Yeast Genetics, 2005, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp. 201-202) and resulting transformants were maintained on synthetic complete media lacking uracil and supplemented with 2% glucose at 30° C. Transformants were screened by PCR using primers “ILV3 F Check” and “URA3 REV Check”, given as SEQ ID NOs:433 and 434, to verify integration at the correct site and disruption of the endogenous ILV3 locus.
  • The transformants with bacterial DHADs in Table 8 were selected on plates with yeast synthetic medium lacking histidine. Colonies selected were then patched onto plates lacking valine, leucine and isoleucine. Strains containing the expression vectors listed in Table 8 were able to grow on these plates lacking the branched chain amino acids, while the control strain with the control plasmid did not. This result indicated that DHADs from these bacteria were actively expressed in S. cerevisiae.
  • TABLE 8
    Bacterial DHADs tested and Expression vectors
    SEQ ID NO. OF
    DHAD nucleic
    Organism Source of DHAD acid sequence Vector designation
    Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 309 pRS423 FBA ilvD
    19718 (europ)
    Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 297 pRS423 FBA ilvD
    (Synech)
    Streptococcus thermophilus 163 pRS423 FBA ilvD
    LMG 18311 (thermo)
    Ralstonia eutropha H16 406 pRS423 FBA ilvD
    (ATCC 17699) (H16)
    Lactococcus lactis 231 pRS423 FBA ilvD
    (L. lactis)
    • Example 9 Purification and Characterization of DHAD from Lactococcus lactis Expressed in E. coli
  • The DHAD from L. lactis was purified and characterized. For purification of L. lactis DHAD, 14 liters of culture of the E. coli Tuner (DE3) strain (Novagen) harboring the pET28a plasmid containing the L. lactis ilvD were grown and induced with IPTG. The enzyme was purified by breaking the cells, as described in Example 2, in 120 mls of 50 mM Tris buffer pH 8.0 containing 10 mM MgCl2 (TM8 buffer), centrifuging to remove cell debris, then loading the supernatant of the crude extract on a 5×15 cm Q Sepharose (GE Healthcare) column and eluting the DHAD with an increasing concentration of NaCl in TM8 buffer. The fractions containing the DHAD were pooled, made 1 M in (NH4)2SO4 and loaded onto a 2.6×15 cm phenyl-Sepharose column (GE Healthcare) column equilibrated with 1 M (NH4)2SO4 in TM8 buffer and eluted with a decreasing gradient of (NH4)2SO4. The fractions containing DHAD off the phenyl-Sepharose column were pooled and concentrated to 10 ml. This was loaded onto a 3.5×60 cm Superdex-200 column (GE Healthcare) and eluted with TM8. The fractions containing DHAD activity were pooled, concentrated, and frozen as beads in N2(I) As judged by SDS gels, the purity of the protein eluted from the Superdex-200 column was estimated to be >80%. The activity of the enzyme was assayed at 37° C. as described by Flint et al. (J. Biol. Chem. (1988) 263(8): 3558-64). The specific activity of the purified protein was 64 μmol min−1 mg−1 at pH 8 and 37° C. The kcat for the purified enzyme was 71 sec−1.
  • Stability of the purified DHAD in air was studied by incubating the purified enzyme at 23° C. for various time intervals in the presence of ambient air, followed by an activity assay as described above. The DHAD from L. lactis was almost fully active even after 20 hours of incubation in air as shown in FIG. 8.
  • The UV-visible spectrum of the purified L. lactis is shown in FIG. 9. It is characteristic of proteins with [2Fe-2S] clusters.
    • Example 10 Use of Dihydroxy-Acid Dehydratase to Construct a Pathway for the Production of Isobutanol in Yeast
  • The first three steps of an isobutanol biosynthetic pathway are performed by the enzymes acetolactate synthase, ketol-acid reductoismerase (KARI), and dihydroxy-acid dehydratase. Acetolactate synthase is encoded by alsS. KARI genes are known as ILV5 in yeast or ilvC in bacteria. Once α-ketoisovalerate (KIV) is formed from pyruvate by the reaction of these three enzymes, it can be further converted to isobutanol in yeast by alcohol dehydrogenases.
  • Vector pLH532 (SEQ ID NO:411) was constructed to express KARI and alsS genes. This vector is derived from the 2 MICRON based vector pHR81. In pLH532 the alsS coding region from B. subtilis (nt 14216 to 15931) was under the control of the CUP1 promoter (nt. 15939 to 16386). There were two KARI genes in pLH532: the ilvC coding region from P. fluorescens Pf5 (nt. 10192 to 11208) was under the control of the yeast ILV5 promoter (nt. 11200 to 12390), and the yeast ILV5 coding region (nt. 8118-9167) was placed under the control of the FBA promoter (nt. 7454-8110). The selection marker was URA3 (nt. 3390 to 4190).
  • The yeast host for isobutanol production was BY4741 pdc1::FBAp-alsS-LEU2. This strain was constructed as follows. First, the expression plasmid pRS426-FBAp-alsS was constructed. The 1.7 kb alsS coding region fragment of pRS426::GPD::alsS::CYC was isolated by gel purification following BbvCI and PacI digestion. This plasmid has a chimeric gene containing the GPD promoter (SEQ ID NO:439), the alsS coding region from Bacillus subtilis (SEQ ID NO:438), and the CYC1 terminator (SEQ ID NO:440) and was described in Example 17 of US Patent Publication # US20070092957A1 which is herein incorporated by reference. The ILV5 fragment from plasmid pRS426::FBA::ILV5::CYC, also described in US20070092957 Example 17, was removed by restriction digestion with BbvCI and PacI and the remaining 6.6 kb vector fragment was gel purified. This vector has a chimeric gene containing the FBA promoter (SEQ ID NO:425) and CYC1 terminator bounding the coding region of the ILV5 gene of S. cerevisiae (SEQ ID NO:442). These two purified fragments were ligated overnight at 16° C. and transformed into E. coli TOP10 chemically competent cells (Invitrogen). Transformants were obtained by plating cells on LB Amp100 medium. Insertion of alsS into the vector was confirmed by restriction digestion pattern and PCR (primers N98SeqF1 and N99SeqR2, SEQ ID NOs:412 and 413).
  • A pdc1::FBAp-alsS-LEU2 disruption cassette was created by joining the FBAp-alsS segment from pRS426-FBAp-alsS to the LEU2 gene from pRS425 (ATCC No. 77106) by SOE PCR (as described by Horton et al. (1989) Gene 77:61-68) using as template pRS426-FBAp-alsS and pRS425 plasmid DNAs, with Phusion DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs Inc., Beverly, Mass.; catalog no. F-540S) and primers 112590-48A and 112590-30B through D, given as SEQ ID NOs:414, SEQ ID NOs:415, 416, and 417. The outer primers for the SOE PCR (112590-48A and 112590-30D) contained 5′ and 3′ 50 by regions homologous to regions upstream and downstream of the PDC1 promoter and terminator. The completed cassette PCR fragment was transformed into BY4741 (ATCC No. 201388) and transformants were maintained on synthetic complete media lacking leucine and supplemented with 2% glucose at 30° C. using standard genetic techniques (Methods in Yeast Genetics, 2005, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp. 201-202). Transformants were screened by PCR using primers 112590-30E and 112590-30F, given as SEQ ID NOs:419 and 418, to verify integration at the PDC1 locus with deletion of the PDC1 coding region. The correct transformants have the genotype: BY4741 pdc1::FBAp-alsS-LEU2.
  • To test whether the ilvD encoded DHAD from Streptococcus mutans could be used for the biosynthesis of isobutanol, the expression vector containing this ilvD, pRS423 FBA ilvD (strep) prepared in Example 6, was co-transformed with vector pLH532 into yeast strain BY4741 pdc1::FBAp-alsS-LEU2. Competent cell preparation, transformation, and growth medium for selection of the transformants were the same as described in Example 6. Selected colonies were grown under oxygen-limiting conditions in 15 ml of medium in 20 ml serum bottles with stoppers. The bottles were incubated at 30° C. in a shaker with a constant speed of 225 rotations per minute. After 48 hours of incubation, the samples were analyzed with HPLC for the presence of isobutanol. Result from the HPLC analysis is shown in FIG. 7. The presence of isobutanol was indicated by a peak with a retention time of 47.533 min. This result showed that expression of the ilvD gene from Streptococcus mutans, along with expression of alsS and KARI genes, led to the production of isobutanol in yeast.
    • Example 11 Query of Updated Databases to Identify Additional [2Fe-2S]-Dihydroxy-Acid Dehydratases
  • A later second query of the updated public database was performed to discover newly sequenced [2Fe-2S] dihydroxy-acid dehydratases. At the 95% identity cutoff, an initial set of 1425 sequences was generated from a database query as described in Example 1, “Phylogenetic analysis”. Multiple sequence alignments were then executed with ClustalW as described in Example 1. Sequences were subsequently analyzed for the following conserved residues at the corresponding positions in the S. mutans DHAD: cysteines at positions 56, 129, and 201, aspartic acid at position 88, arginine or asparagine at position 142, asparagine at position 208, and leucine at position 454. In a addition to the original set of 193, 88 novel [2Fe-2S] dihydroxy-acid dehydratases from bacteria were identified and are listed in Table 2b.
  • TABLE 1
    A C D E F G H I K Position in
    HMM m->m m->i m->d i->m i->i d->m d->d b->m m->e L M N P Q R S T V W Y alignment
    −538 * −1684
     1(M) −233 −1296 99 1223 −1477 −1132 89 −1122 420 −1248 1757 1553 −1296 464 −24 −190 −188 −838 −1578 −985 6
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −29 −6203 −7245 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 −538 *
     2(E) −220 −1288 232 1356 −1807 1016 −70 −1474 190 −1584 −775 132 −1298 300 −282 −183 1140 −1092 −1872 −1262 7
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −29 −6203 −7245 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     3(K) −448 −1932 1558 658 −2220 −1048 40 −1983 1569 −1938 −1091 1558 −1319 450 −193 −278 −419 −1552 −2121 −1397 8
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −29 −6203 −7245 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     4(V) −404 −498 −1497 −939 −588 −1810 −640 1591 914 −127 335 −962 −1866 −562 −767 −868 −357 1720 −1169 −763 9
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −29 −6203 −7245 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     5(E) −265 −1340 −52 1376 −1572 −1189 113 −1125 1345 −1287 −496 99 −1321 505 198 −218 −205 597 −1598 −1032 10
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −29 −6203 −7245 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     6(S) 256 −397 −1014 −830 −1841 −646 −862 −1443 −767 −1740 −963 −568 −1249 −651 −1007 2267 1586 −862 −2080 −1672 11
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −29 −6203 −7245 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     7(M) −990 −889 −2630 157 −513 −2514 −1346 1309 −1767 820 3683 −1898 −2491 −1496 −1799 −1589 −925 150 −1336 −1041 12
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     8(E) 588 −1875 −194 1536 −2188 −1373 −59 −1931 957 −1890 −977 904 292 393 −162 483 −372 −1495 −2070 −1391 13
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     9(N) −514 −1116 1207 −315 447 −1650 −304 −778 −224 825 −277 1457 −1738 −123 −618 −627 −454 −603 −1186 763 14
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     10(N) −815 −1190 −1360 −922 −904 −1967 −797 −442 −670 381 1700 3009 −2099 −654 −934 −1051 −791 −445 −1490 −979 15
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    11(K) −1530 −2498 −1722 −855 −3141 −2246 −428 −2627 2828 −2404 −1656 −927 662 −2 2047 −1421 −1337 −2324 −2357 −2081 16
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     12(Y) −872 −1887 −861 −290 −1369 −1801 1662 −1797 325 −1793 −1031 893 −1876 56 2219 −812 −780 −1514 −1565 2287 17
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     13(S) −830 −1586 −1471 −1099 −2717 −1642 −1010 −2479 −266 −2518 −1746 −1065 −2069 −676 1822 2748 −1000 −1950 −2597 −2189 18
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     14(Q) −851 −2131 −775 −153 −2554 −1735 −211 −2205 1908 −2094 −1244 −386 −1802 2254 974 1001 −747 −1819 −2181 −1667 19
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     15(T) −405 −1258 −618 −100 −1490 −1466 1158 −1121 1 −1299 −514 578 −1607 65 −433 960 1849 343 −1677 −1143 20
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     16(I) −1772 −1325 −4307 −3877 −1405 −3993 −3383 2935 −3705 820 −217 −3632 −3761 −3400 −3682 −3260 −1742 2033 −2838 −2525 21
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     17(T) −1018 −1329 −2004 −1771 −409 −1993 −1000 −1256 −1512 −1464 −966 −1543 −2367 −1428 −1638 −1257 3050 −1090 −1012 2448 22
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     18(Q) −1509 −3056 1970 44 −3310 −1666 −896 −3242 −877 −3158 −2439 −322 −2123 3562 −1493 −1259 −1550 −2779 −3260 −2446 23
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     19(D) −1006 −2199 2178 −88 −3159 1997 −936 −2974 −948 −2977 −2174 −382 −1960 −589 −1571 1295 −1157 −2369 −3178 −2430 24
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     20(M) 445 −796 −1082 −521 −841 −1643 −412 −403 −370 −692 2213 −646 536 1166 −698 −630 660 831 −1204 −767 25
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     21(Q) 741 −990 −1025 −507 −1249 −1551 −519 −720 −357 −1062 −345 −635 −1739 1770 −713 −589 1576 1129 −1559 −1097 26
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     22(R) −1753 −2648 −2072 −1047 −3365 −2405 −452 −2782 1989 −2495 −1773 −1062 −2379 2402 2643 −1629 −1506 −2504 −2397 −2190 27
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     23(S) −330 −1010 −1820 −1628 −2778 −1229 −1652 −2481 −1592 −2691 −1841 −1273 2130 −1426 −1834 2449 1034 −1716 −2961 −2594 28
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     24(P) 1882 −1119 −2231 −2302 −3062 −1360 −2209 −2710 −2339 −3013 −2243 −1676 3304 −2117 −2409 −742 −918 −1916 −3263 −3022 29
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     25(N) 969 −1230 −1066 −915 −2593 −1313 −1196 −2242 −1033 −2447 −1626 3197 −1850 −898 −1392 −582 1155 −1644 −2736 −2256 30
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     26(R) −1847 −2640 −2014 −1161 −3282 −2428 −579 −2818 687 −2553 −1869 −1165 −2462 2447 3181 −1746 −1630 −2555 −2447 −2228 31
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     27(A) 3048 −932 −2480 −2533 −3075 −1200 −2274 −2765 −2501 −3071 −2221 −1658 −1948 −2205 −2512 1225 −739 −1842 −3322 −3078 32
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     28(M) −2406 −2296 −3638 −3594 −1525 −3105 −2824 −1047 −3121 −596 5043 −3293 −3425 −3046 −2996 −2911 −2552 −1398 −2513 −2207 33
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     29(Y) −1674 −1506 −2863 −2464 596 −2872 2251 −972 −2024 2197 −552 −1986 −2876 −1739 −1988 −1987 −1601 −1002 −95 2332 34
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     30(Y) −2013 −2305 −2428 −1781 −328 −2709 −654 −2240 −258 −2064 −1626 −1631 −2788 −899 2789 −2017 −1896 −2130 −857 3434 35
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     31(A) 2822 −1031 −2418 −2539 −3226 1898 −2364 −2941 −2626 −3229 −2379 −1722 −2026 −2302 −2634 −654 −848 −1983 −3415 −3226 36
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     32(I) −1247 −941 −3569 −3039 −1082 −3101 −2185 2227 −2763 766 −76 −2700 −3050 −2469 −2697 −2253 1322 1974 −1988 −1633 37
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     33(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 38
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     34(F) −1511 −1236 −3511 −3017 2747 −2982 −1069 −260 −2651 992 2737 −2407 −2904 −2088 −2418 −2099 −1434 −489 −537 2056 39
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     35(Q) −576 −1869 −401 92 −2232 831 −173 −1930 1505 −1913 −1042 −186 −1620 1653 −51 −482 1346 −1534 −2098 −1490 40
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     36(D) −1352 −3066 3028 1349 −3303 −1566 −724 −3141 1155 −3043 −2267 −165 −1991 −354 −1350 −1086 −1368 −2659 −3221 −2356 41
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     37(E) −1507 −3288 2042 2762 −3520 515 −853 −3401 −981 −3296 −2566 −182 −2064 −503 −1753 −1209 −1553 −2895 −3486 −2547 42
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     38(D) −1445 −2778 3529 −53 −3524 −1590 −1129 −3476 −1367 −3459 −2774 −396 −2156 −825 −2122 554 −1609 −2880 −3582 −2717 43
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     39(F) −2658 −2176 −4213 −4000 3815 −3933 −1352 −531 −3638 1121 −19 −3184 −3709 −2820 −3296 −3219 −2579 −1037 −601 403 44
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     40(D) −684 −2193 1738 1460 −2494 −1437 −249 −2257 1694 −2199 −1308 −62 −1637 185 −450 −531 633 −1808 −2374 −1657 45
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     41(K) −2620 −2961 −2461 −2046 −3743 −2791 −1570 −3603 3784 −3387 −2839 −2048 −3039 −1260 −465 −2604 −2536 −3331 −3001 −2988 46
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     42(P) 1882 −1119 −2231 −2302 −3062 −1360 −2209 −2710 −2339 −3013 −2243 −1676 3304 −2117 −2409 −742 −918 −1916 −3263 −3022 47
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     43(I) −1006 −992 −2347 −1784 −650 −2452 −1256 2372 −1386 77 2213 −1720 −2455 2030 −1490 −1528 −946 106 −1441 −1111 48
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     44(V) −1771 −1603 −3750 −3689 −2037 −3050 −3231 403 −3479 −1154 −1076 −3246 −3399 −3383 −3437 −2628 −1917 3536 −3074 −2677 49
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     45(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 50
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     46(I) −1759 −1303 −4330 −3968 −1751 −4051 −3743 3027 −3837 −597 −528 −3729 −3875 −3688 −3910 −3369 −1751 2438 −3259 −2819 51
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     47(V) 1736 −1012 −3546 −3078 −1377 −3073 −2434 2052 −2843 −608 −331 −2754 −3122 −2619 −2855 −2270 −1277 2193 −2333 −1941 52
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     48(N) −686 −1511 −702 −806 −2927 −1386 −1339 −2841 −1264 −2950 −2137 2702 −1979 −1062 −1648 2444 −971 −2105 −3054 −2475 53
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     49(M) −411 −857 −1800 −1434 −1528 1914 −1202 −1029 −1247 −1347 2989 −1217 −1912 −1119 −1444 −676 1550 −767 −1922 −1539 54
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     50(W) −782 −1258 793 −683 1193 346 2051 −932 −556 −1092 −441 −798 −1993 −426 −909 −904 −720 −779 3163 1546 55
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     51(W) 1009 −798 −1470 −935 −463 −1773 −545 −460 −751 −736 −66 −943 −1904 −606 −1002 1604 −507 −322 2535 1521 56
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     52(D) −1137 −2711 2125 1647 −2995 −1523 −617 −2786 −528 −2743 −1933 −150 −1897 −234 −1165 −924 2117 −2331 −2948 −2141 57
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     53(I) −599 −1102 −1031 −829 −1522 1429 −927 2119 −880 −1369 −699 1692 −1938 −759 −1188 −799 −698 −689 −1887 −1419 58
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     54(T) −666 −1412 −954 −984 −2702 −1428 −1357 −2418 −1208 −2650 −1886 2293 −2000 −1101 −1519 −787 2967 −1835 −2866 −2360 59
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     55(P) −632 −1230 −2074 −2144 −2996 −1453 −2116 −2631 −2128 −2928 −2213 −1658 3610 −2006 −2221 −852 1302 −1931 −3185 −2917 60
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     56(C) −2476 5735 −4102 −4358 −3712 −2763 −3545 −3518 −4167 −3859 −3569 −3631 −3363 −4030 −3832 −2793 −2860 −3158 −3464 −3718 61
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     57(N) −2171 −2655 −1458 −1748 −3334 −2364 −2267 −3943 −2365 −3936 −3437 4205 −2932 −2205 −2608 −2224 −2439 −3392 −3253 −2909 62
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     58(M) 672 −918 −3119 −2578 −742 −2668 −1734 1807 −2263 16 3713 −2271 −2704 −1960 −2216 −1806 −1058 493 −1612 −1306 63
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 1378 * *
     59(H) −1525 −2164 −1235 −1346 −2509 2296 4235 −3172 −1516 −3178 −2523 −1448 −2541 −1520 −1760 −1591 −1741 −2656 −2681 −2065 64
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     60(L) −2478 −2009 −4717 −4196 −568 −4424 −3262 1334 −3887 2824 604 −4085 −3872 −3088 −3590 −3717 −2380 −199 −2217 −2207 65
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     61(H) −682 −2191 1015 275 −2485 396 2379 −2251 62 −2197 −1307 1826 −1636 1527 −480 −529 −641 −1803 −2375 −1654 66
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     62(D) −575 −1920 1979 184 −2299 94 −242 −2029 114 −2023 −1144 −120 −1608 186 1063 −469 1413 −1605 −2229 −1561 67
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     63(L) −2618 −2139 −4597 −4163 2144 −4285 −2334 −83 −3854 2690 538 −3771 −3806 −2950 −3488 −3563 −2505 −751 −1442 −808 68
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     64(A) 2657 −1033 −2408 −2532 −3233 2193 −2364 −2950 −2626 −3237 −2386 −1719 −2027 −2301 −2635 −655 −850 −1988 −3420 −3231 69
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     65(K) −443 −1857 958 270 −2158 −1393 −66 −1890 1839 −442 −957 −36 −1499 1204 −132 616 −382 −1469 −2048 −1383 70
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     66(C) 605 1553 739 −17 −1374 −1488 −182 260 969 −203 −397 −263 −1573 159 691 −426 −331 −761 −1567 −1032 71
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     67(A) 2327 −956 −3193 −2728 −1289 −2677 −2114 1664 −2485 −601 −288 −2403 −2839 −2263 −2523 −1871 −1126 1617 −2143 −1765 72
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     68(K) −532 −1656 −490 1321 −1891 −1527 −172 −124 2206 −1591 −782 −223 −1619 237 −106 −482 −464 −98 −1904 −1326 73
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     69(H) 384 −1854 936 889 −2165 −1363 1498 −1909 1111 −1866 −948 1091 −1464 421 −131 −284 −342 −69 −2043 −1364 74
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     70(G) 1823 −932 −2330 −2313 −3120 2511 −2158 −2865 −2331 −3098 −2209 −1563 −1912 −2032 −2419 1138 −706 −1883 −3328 −3077 75
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     71(V) −1760 −1333 −4244 −3789 −1262 −3902 −3190 1495 −3588 1270 −96 −3536 −3677 −3238 −3534 −3148 −1725 2865 −2654 −2373 76
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     72(W) −1054 −2172 −1112 −403 −2566 −1917 −286 −2196 2516 −2095 −1292 1183 −1958 140 1333 −959 −922 −1867 2591 −1720 77
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     73(D) 611 −1995 1525 937 −2295 −1400 −148 −2043 211 −2006 −1106 −37 −1553 1420 −312 −408 1235 −1609 −2193 −1499 78
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     74(A) 2716 −902 −2380 −2205 −2799 −1197 −1975 −2459 −2081 −2736 −1895 −1520 −1895 −1844 −2201 1191 1299 −1669 −3045 −2758 79
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     75(G) −1709 −2833 2424 −409 −3781 2819 −1457 −3777 −1728 −3733 −3076 −739 −2389 −1180 −2441 −1557 −1893 −3158 −3660 −3038 80
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     76(A) 2529 −1119 −2614 −2330 −1245 −1983 −1829 −377 −2042 1435 −341 −1937 −2411 −1873 −2088 −1266 −1059 −397 −2063 −1713 82
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     77(W) −472 −361 −2421 −1812 −298 −1979 −826 1164 −1486 −143 2485 873 −2028 −1185 −1426 −1048 −412 1116 2999 −454 83
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     78(P) −1198 −1737 −2187 −2394 −3665 2006 −2550 −3630 −2743 −3756 −3008 −2052 3474 −2495 −2835 −1401 −1593 −2736 −3511 −3519 84
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     79(Q) −999 −1075 −2106 −1568 −726 −2370 −1175 83 −1185 1373 218 −1566 −2400 2445 −1340 −1445 −946 1441 −1501 −1146 85
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     80(Q) −885 −779 −2609 −2018 −481 −2414 −1253 1645 −1736 799 1924 −1827 −2405 2262 −1752 −1484 −821 802 −1240 −935 86
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     81(F) −3342 −2776 −4026 −4232 4354 −3545 −1431 −2315 −4038 −1801 −1900 −3299 −3780 −3350 −3645 −3490 −3420 −2566 −739 349 87
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     82(G) −998 −2100 −120 −175 −2567 2528 2174 −2558 −587 −2583 −1806 1422 −1966 −461 −1038 −925 −1088 −2095 −2657 −1948 88
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     83(T) −1213 −1674 −2755 −2906 −3163 −1922 −2659 −2698 −2788 −3105 −2612 −2311 −2600 −2708 −2753 −1463 3819 −2197 −3286 −3156 89
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 1378 * *
     84(I) −1286 −1279 −2907 −2683 −1446 −2549 −2198 3290 −2407 −726 −534 −2386 1172 −2299 −2437 −1895 −1392 283 −2302 −1913 90
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     85(T) −493 −1105 −2189 −2267 −3101 1880 −2196 −2791 −2334 −3081 −2269 −1649 −2058 −2099 −2410 −719 3135 −1948 −3282 −3046 91
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     86(V) −1750 −1296 −4319 −3957 −1765 −4038 −3733 2364 −3826 −619 −543 −3716 −3869 −3685 −3902 −3354 −1743 3012 −3265 −2817 92
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     87(S) 923 −962 −2348 −2422 −3132 −1207 −2248 −2850 −2440 −3140 −2285 −1624 −1954 −2158 −2477 3171 −758 −1896 −3362 −3103 93
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     88(D) −2784 −3432 4016 −1200 −4140 −2466 −2197 −4505 −2621 −4365 −3956 −1551 −3014 −2039 −3232 −2593 −2938 −4046 −3710 −3552 94
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     89(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 95
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     90(I) −1880 −1493 −4193 −3724 −953 −3837 −2980 3251 −3420 257 2372 −3485 −3608 −3005 −3310 −3087 −1840 617 −2373 −2155 96
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     91(S) 2150 −939 −2407 −2415 −3075 −1197 −2205 −2781 −2384 −3065 −2205 −1613 −1936 −2105 −2436 2652 −729 −1850 −3306 −3049 97
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     92(M) −979 −1455 −1242 −1122 −1434 −1860 −1131 −1171 −974 −1285 4091 2176 −2226 −1017 −1187 −1166 −1086 −1063 −1929 −1345 98
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     93(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 99
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     94(T) −959 −1691 −1249 −949 −2563 −1747 −929 −2093 1282 −2263 −1554 −995 −2115 −600 −354 −1037 3152 −1726 −2494 −2098 100
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     95(E) −572 −1860 −208 2213 −2107 −1461 −191 −1808 199 −116 −983 −127 318 1199 −269 −475 −517 −1448 −2078 −1441 101
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     96(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 102
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     97(M) −2406 −2296 −3638 −3594 −1525 −3105 −2824 −1047 −3121 −596 5043 −3293 −3425 −3046 −2996 −2911 −2552 −1398 −2513 −2207 103
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     98(R) −2097 −2786 −2688 −1415 −3622 −2625 −555 −2964 2585 −2627 −1957 −1318 −2577 −137 3015 −1979 −1791 −2732 −2469 −2363 104
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
     99(Y) −3615 −2706 −4169 −4413 2626 −4044 −396 −2535 −3993 −1939 −1985 −2747 −3930 −2852 −3446 −3296 −3494 −2686 347 4252 105
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    100(S) −897 −1462 −2333 −2543 −3185 −1640 −2474 −3294 −2686 −3497 −2780 −1973 −2360 −2483 −2703 3465 −1316 −2413 −3310 −3025 106
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    101(L) −2871 −2457 −4231 −4103 −1033 −3803 −3165 −541 −3734 3130 −31 −3935 −3797 −3286 −3484 −3713 −2869 −1136 −2394 −2220 107
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    102(V) −1381 −1065 −3714 −3252 −1453 −3300 −2646 1872 −3023 −615 −373 −2949 −3287 −2816 −3039 −2506 1346 2750 −2489 −2087 108
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    103(S) −897 −1462 −2333 −2543 −3185 −1640 −2474 −3294 −2686 −3497 −2780 −1973 −2360 −2483 −2703 3465 −1316 −2413 −3310 −3025 109
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    104(R) −2957 −3022 −3318 −2735 −3796 −2998 −1968 −3912 −846 −3631 −3157 −2611 −3280 −1724 4056 −3026 −2913 −3650 −3096 −3185 110
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    105(E) −1719 −3572 2596 2779 −3767 −1632 −993 −3700 −1241 −3578 −2920 −234 −2167 −666 −2090 −1380 −1789 −3182 −3742 −2756 111
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    106(V) −1746 −1296 −4308 −3946 −1757 −4020 −3712 2190 −3811 −614 −539 −3702 −3858 −3667 −3884 −3336 −1740 3098 −3250 −2803 112
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    107(I) −2091 −1746 −3971 −3840 −1676 −3532 −3289 3684 −3581 −659 −693 −3562 −3674 −3445 −3521 −3194 −2146 449 −2877 −2493 113
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    108(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 114
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    109(D) −2784 −3432 4016 −1200 −4140 −2466 −2197 −4505 −2621 −4365 −3956 −1551 −3014 −2039 −3232 −2593 −2938 −4046 −3710 −3552 115
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    110(S) −352 2942 −2955 −2957 −2876 −1254 −2382 −2573 −2692 −2927 −2128 −1827 −2001 −2405 −2607 3103 −778 −1757 −3171 −2911 116
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    111(I) −2091 −1746 −3971 −3840 −1676 −3532 −3289 3684 −3581 −659 −693 −3562 −3674 −3445 −3521 −3194 −2146 449 −2877 −2493 117
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    112(E) −2641 −3308 −896 3732 −3966 −2458 −2043 −4105 −2128 −4016 −3555 −1531 −2959 −1842 −2560 −2479 −2750 −3722 −3563 −3385 118
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    113(T) 1556 −936 −2493 −2457 −2805 −1256 −2159 −2210 −2319 −2681 −1932 −1656 −1974 −2089 −2352 −598 3235 −1547 −3111 −2847 119
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    114(C) 1784 2119 −2013 −1532 −1093 −1580 −1089 −436 −1322 −937 −273 1093 −1932 −1127 −1472 −748 −515 1585 −1536 −1163 120
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    115(M) 1831 2019 −2596 −2038 −605 −1979 −1126 244 −1727 −359 2501 −1655 −2145 −1435 −1683 −1106 −557 1087 −1153 −804 121
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    116(Q) −987 −2211 −43 −62 −2833 2229 −691 −2616 −407 −2604 −1797 1197 −1917 2260 −858 −880 −1045 −2139 −2772 −2099 122
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    117(G) 2313 −1042 −2391 −2526 −3250 2601 −2372 −2972 −2637 −3257 −2407 −1721 −2032 −2310 −2646 −662 −859 −2003 −3434 −3247 123
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    118(Q) −914 −2350 −48 1661 −2621 −1571 2504 −2400 68 −2331 −1486 −201 −1796 2646 −351 −754 −865 −1984 −2463 −1787 124
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    119(W) −517 −1294 −733 −183 −1062 −1605 −234 −1037 19 −1207 −456 1435 −1690 33 756 411 −454 −819 3340 1286 125
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    120(M) 410 −469 −2417 −1828 −341 −2041 −897 195 −1513 −156 3130 −1534 −2102 −1230 −1484 −1117 −507 954 −894 2253 126
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    121(D) −2784 −3432 4016 −1200 −4140 −2466 −2197 −4505 −2621 −4365 −3956 −1551 −3014 −2039 −3232 −2593 −2938 −4046 −3710 −3552 127
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    122(G) 2142 −930 −2334 −2298 −3100 2237 −2139 −2842 −2302 −3074 −2187 −1557 −1909 −2010 −2397 1136 −701 −1871 −3308 −3053 128
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    123(V) −1514 −1144 −3950 −3459 1821 −3487 −2577 2274 −3208 −209 −87 −3112 −3362 −2864 −3118 −2680 −1476 2426 −2194 −1786 129
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    124(V) −1743 −1294 −4292 −3873 −1511 −3988 −3433 2287 −3712 598 −319 −3626 −3774 −3456 −3716 −3260 −1717 2790 −2931 −2577 130
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    125(A) 2911 −954 −2808 −2665 −2115 −1577 −2196 −575 −2445 −1646 −1202 −1906 −2208 −2218 −2451 −901 −876 1294 −2727 −2394 131
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    126(I) −1764 −1323 −4298 −3936 −1668 −3994 −3655 3337 −3783 −508 −462 −3689 −3838 −3608 −3835 −3311 −1759 1847 −3164 −2747 132
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    127(G) −1157 −1705 −2169 −2375 −3654 3021 −2534 −3611 −2730 −3741 −2984 −2024 2418 −2475 −2826 −1361 −1555 −2705 −3513 −3509 133
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    128(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 134
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    129(C) −2476 5735 −4102 −4358 −3712 −2763 −3545 −3518 −4167 −3859 −3569 −3631 −3363 −4030 −3832 −2793 −2860 −3158 −3464 −3718 135
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    130(D) −2784 −3432 4016 −1200 −4140 −2466 −2197 −4505 −2621 −4365 −3956 −1551 −3014 −2039 −3232 −2593 −2938 −4046 −3710 −3552 136
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    131(K) −2620 −2961 −2461 −2046 −3743 −2791 −1570 −3603 3784 −3387 −2839 −2048 −3039 −1260 −465 −2604 −2536 −3331 −3001 −2988 137
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    132(N) −2171 −2655 −1458 −1748 −3334 −2364 −2267 −3943 −2365 −3936 −3437 4205 −2932 −2205 −2608 −2224 −2439 −3392 −3253 −2909 138
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    133(M) −2406 −2296 −3638 −3594 −1525 −3105 −2824 −1047 −3121 −596 5043 −3293 −3425 −3046 −2996 −2911 −2552 −1398 −2513 −2207 139
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    134(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 140
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    135(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 141
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    136(A) 2180 −935 −2286 −2196 −3057 1098 −2058 −2796 −2174 −3021 −2134 −1516 −1898 −1906 −2302 2146 −689 −1849 −3256 −2983 142
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    137(M) −1799 −1433 −4142 −3579 −669 −3668 −2608 1558 −3293 1235 3799 −3296 −3401 −2717 −3088 −2843 −1726 1156 −2002 −1868 143
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    138(I) −2091 −1746 −3971 −3840 −1676 −3532 −3289 3684 −3581 −659 −693 −3562 −3674 −3445 −3521 −3194 −2146 449 −2877 −2493 144
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    139(A) 3103 −1036 −2445 −2572 −3222 1051 −2380 −2930 −2650 −3226 −2381 −1739 −2034 −2327 −2648 −664 −857 −1981 −3412 −3228 145
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    140(M) −2325 −1891 −4598 −4012 −498 −4222 −3013 1242 −3722 1864 3929 −3855 −3711 −2910 −3414 −3439 −2215 −299 −2076 −2098 146
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    141(A) 3103 −1036 −2445 −2572 −3222 1051 −2380 −2930 −2650 −3226 −2381 −1739 −2034 −2327 −2648 −664 −857 −1981 −3412 −3228 147
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    142(R) −1588 −2442 −1399 −953 −3069 −2171 −708 −2795 373 −2625 −1916 1858 −2357 −324 3294 −1520 −1505 −2453 −2523 −2186 148
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    143(M) −1448 −1256 −3396 −2819 −474 −3024 −1923 175 −2473 2225 2756 −2574 −2922 −2063 −2375 −2153 952 −151 −1599 −1410 149
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    144(N) −1662 −3306 2055 78 −3621 −1643 −1040 −3622 −1272 −3531 −2870 3477 −2182 −724 −2071 −1371 −1757 −3092 −3633 −2700 150
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    145(I) −1066 −921 −2828 −2239 −1041 −2675 −1601 2235 −1668 −455 −92 −2067 −2692 −1688 1701 −1795 −1024 1960 −1771 −1396 151
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    146(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 152
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    147(S) 1568 −940 −2267 −2192 −3082 1101 −2068 −2826 −2185 −3049 −2159 −1515 −1901 −1915 −2313 2603 −694 −1866 −3279 −3006 153
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    148(I) −1880 −1492 −4195 −3728 −963 −3841 −2991 3272 −3425 246 2277 −3490 −3613 −3014 −3317 −3092 −1841 628 −2385 −2163 154
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    149(F) −2204 −1797 −3724 −3473 3206 −3383 −628 −1077 −3092 −746 3167 −2502 −3309 −2372 −2792 −2535 −2120 −1245 28 2460 155
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    150(V) 1265 −1028 −3200 −2994 −1833 −2150 −2480 417 −2771 −1122 −818 −2349 −2640 −2559 −2766 −1464 −1118 3028 −2700 −2325 156
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    151(Y) −3482 −2868 −3701 −3919 238 −3552 −1112 −3000 −3638 −2516 −2526 −3027 −3772 −3101 −3341 −3418 −3527 −3071 −441 4711 157
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    152(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 158
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    153(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 159
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    154(T) −359 −976 −2225 −2229 −2900 −1242 −2074 −2560 −2170 −2875 −2064 −1561 −1958 −1969 −2247 1110 3375 −1760 −3152 −2850 160
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    155(I) −2091 −1746 −3971 −3840 −1676 −3532 −3289 3684 −3581 −659 −693 −3562 −3674 −3445 −3521 −3194 −2146 449 −2877 −2493 161
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    156(H) 861 −1924 −384 1010 −2260 −1477 1787 −1974 1769 −1918 −1022 −120 −1566 362 697 −417 −459 −1557 −2073 −1446 162
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    157(P) −655 −1502 −711 −557 −2204 −1463 2143 −2122 −586 −2233 −1445 −688 2941 −560 −941 855 −805 −1657 −2369 −1763 163
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    158(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 164
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    159(H) −744 −2193 −114 1118 −2513 −1512 2486 −2252 1178 −2183 −1308 2230 −1689 180 −233 −598 −687 −1823 −2335 −1670 165
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    160(W) −2672 −2139 −3850 −3748 941 −3611 −469 −1691 −3306 1047 −1217 −2551 −3534 −2514 −2960 −2788 −2577 −1799 4205 3466 166
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    161(K) 386 −1981 779 279 −2295 −1403 −114 −2043 2059 −1991 −1082 941 −1536 1263 −211 −384 −457 −1602 −2161 −1476 167
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    162(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 168
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    163(K) −1144 −2365 −912 2048 −2856 −1912 −326 −2459 2267 −2295 −1482 −556 −1989 108 1334 −1013 −1014 −2093 −2324 −1881 169
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    164(D) −1091 −2610 2941 174 −2957 −1527 −595 −2750 1084 −2696 −1877 −176 −1885 −206 −1006 740 −1098 −2288 −2880 −2105 170
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    165(L) −2387 −1922 −4674 −4155 −617 −4366 −3250 1889 −3865 2650 558 −4023 −3847 −3098 −3586 −3647 −2296 −38 −2247 −2224 171
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    166(N) −1021 −2427 1806 133 −2870 −1499 −635 −2647 −521 −2640 −1825 2171 −1874 −255 −1124 −860 2122 −2184 −2853 −2090 172
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    167(I) −1830 −1390 −4327 −3873 −1210 −3994 −3274 2967 −3678 1259 −30 −3633 −3730 −3283 −3604 −3249 −1791 1570 −2661 −2417 173
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    168(V) −1771 −1603 −3750 −3689 −2037 −3050 −3231 403 −3479 −1154 −1076 −3246 −3399 −3383 −3437 −2628 −1917 3536 −3074 −2677 174
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    169(S) −897 −1462 −2333 −2543 −3185 −1640 −2474 −3294 −2686 −3497 −2780 −1973 −2360 −2483 −2703 3465 −1316 −2413 −3310 −3025 175
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    170(A) 2440 −824 −2371 −2082 −1993 −1344 −1704 −1264 −1899 −1832 −1137 −1517 −1946 −1674 −2005 1075 −641 1474 −2390 −2055 176
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    171(F) −3342 −2776 −4026 −4232 4354 −3545 −1431 −2315 −4038 −1801 −1900 −3299 −3780 −3350 −3645 −3490 −3420 −2566 −739 349 177
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    172(E) −2641 −3308 −896 3732 −3966 −2458 −2043 −4105 −2128 −4016 −3555 −1531 −2959 −1842 −2560 −2479 −2750 −3722 −3563 −3385 178
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    173(A) 2966 −1031 −2429 −2551 −3222 1544 −2368 −2934 −2633 −3225 −2377 −1727 −2028 −2309 −2637 −656 −850 −1980 −3412 −3224 179
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    174(V) −1769 −1342 −4255 −3793 −1216 −3901 −3162 1633 −3589 1486 −51 −3537 −3667 −3214 −3518 −3143 −1731 2692 −2609 −2345 180
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    175(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 181
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    176(Q) −729 −2116 −413 1096 −2484 −1587 1599 −2186 1695 −2094 −1219 −223 −1698 2418 90 −599 −649 −1770 −2213 −1615 182
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    177(W) −1652 −1707 −2340 −1879 1996 −2733 2013 −1398 1758 −1386 −938 −1641 −2751 −1364 −1762 −1780 −1577 −1325 3577 2136 183
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    178(T) −421 −753 −1251 −704 −846 −1670 −535 894 −548 −690 −1 1376 −1791 −421 −846 373 1461 858 −1236 −812 184
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    179(H) 1498 −1593 −504 15 −1895 −1484 2279 −1559 1119 −1640 −810 −242 −1611 194 −171 −462 815 −1231 −1914 −1340 185
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    180(G) −1515 −2130 −1298 −1450 −2658 3285 2212 −3276 −1691 −3291 −2638 −1524 −2562 −1662 −1925 −1600 −1764 −2713 −2804 −2234 186
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    181(K) −528 −2010 1346 1082 −2329 −1408 −118 −2080 1475 −2018 −1108 1161 −1543 331 1052 −394 −471 −1632 −2181 −1494 187
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    182(M) −1894 −1521 −4170 −3679 −840 −3793 −2866 2827 −3360 375 3445 −3437 −3555 −2902 −3223 −3028 −1846 470 −2249 −2059 188
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    183(T) −670 −1758 1731 −141 −2591 −1399 −691 −2319 −499 −2384 −1543 −387 −1786 −316 −1016 1576 2044 −1811 −2624 −1981 189
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    184(E) 345 −2074 925 1994 −2378 −1408 −177 −2135 922 −2084 −1183 −38 641 264 −356 −444 −536 −1690 −2261 −1556 190
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    185(E) −1493 −2900 93 3174 −2903 −1743 1987 −3042 −646 −2957 −2238 −411 −2146 −506 −1121 −1272 −1503 −2629 −2905 −2134 191
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    186(D) −1293 −2959 2673 2121 −3219 −1546 −713 −3043 −707 −2974 −2191 −158 −1967 −342 −1394 −1043 701 −2567 −3172 −2311 192
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    187(F) −1137 −905 −3250 −2707 2365 −2647 −1016 −34 −2336 1239 267 −2150 −2626 −1861 −2133 −1752 −1069 1461 −599 1844 193
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    188(K) −479 −1713 −409 1031 −1925 −1467 1755 −1650 1844 −349 −827 −140 −1556 319 −75 −403 −411 −1301 −1900 843 194
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    189(G) 433 −2144 52 1047 −2717 2303 −615 −2467 −442 −2482 −1655 1123 −1828 −233 −995 −763 −923 −2000 −2710 −2005 195
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    190(V) −1752 −1320 −4254 −3806 −1311 −3916 −3232 1701 −3614 1188 −140 −3551 −3693 −3280 −3568 −3166 −1718 2833 −2703 −2409 196
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    191(E) −1199 −1750 −734 2668 −1820 −2038 −1068 1892 −867 −1273 −897 −922 −2295 −797 −1238 −1340 −1197 −426 −2325 −1789 197
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    192(C) −1182 3528 −1398 −620 −2541 −2038 −358 −2093 1181 −2037 −1272 −747 −2070 1553 2213 −1123 −1038 −1817 −2142 −1774 198
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    193(N) −1478 −2527 −261 −403 −2011 −1837 2032 −2925 −735 −2845 −2195 3635 −2259 −721 −1085 −1352 −1546 −2522 −2307 −1431 199
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    194(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 200
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    195(C) −1220 4911 −3609 −3314 −1440 −2525 −2482 1565 −2922 −706 −544 −2678 −2896 −2710 −2836 −1869 −1375 379 −2371 −1957 201
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    196(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 202
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    197(G) −477 −1115 −1983 −2189 −3315 3154 −2272 −3172 −2506 −3387 −2522 −1599 −2042 −2177 −2583 1217 −905 −2130 −3477 −3225 203
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    198(A) 1653 −1347 −705 −249 −1969 −1385 −477 −1629 −159 −1759 −935 −434 1285 1404 −586 −450 1019 −1243 −2070 −1522 204
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    199(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 205
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    200(S) 1870 −938 −2270 −2183 −3068 1488 −2056 −2810 −2168 −3032 −2144 −1511 −1898 −1901 −2300 2236 −690 −1857 −3265 −2990 206
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    201(C) −2476 5735 −4102 −4358 −3712 −2763 −3545 −3518 −4167 −3859 −3569 −3631 −3363 −4030 −3832 −2793 −2860 −3158 −3464 −3718 207
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    202(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 208
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    203(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 209
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    204(M) −2406 −2296 −3638 −3594 −1525 −3105 −2824 −1047 −3121 −596 5043 −3293 −3425 −3046 −2996 −2911 −2552 −1398 −2513 −2207 210
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    205(Y) −3590 −2700 −4146 −4379 2092 −4028 −404 −2517 −3963 −1928 −1973 −2744 −3921 −2845 −3431 −3284 −3474 −2669 336 4423 211
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    206(T) −1213 −1674 −2755 −2906 −3163 −1922 −2659 −2698 −2788 −3105 −2612 −2311 −2600 −2708 −2753 −1463 3819 −2197 −3286 −3156 212
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    207(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 213
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    208(N) −2171 −2655 −1458 −1748 −3334 −2364 −2267 −3943 −2365 −3936 −3437 4205 −2932 −2205 −2608 −2224 −2439 −3392 −3253 −2909 214
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    209(T) −1213 −1674 −2755 −2906 −3163 −1922 −2659 −2698 −2788 −3105 −2612 −2311 −2600 −2708 −2753 −1463 3819 −2197 −3286 −3156 215
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    210(M) −2355 −1988 −4343 −3834 −504 −4051 −2868 105 −3385 1451 4460 −3680 −3671 −2806 −3171 −3327 −2274 −474 −2039 −1925 216
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    211(S) 2150 −939 −2407 −2415 −3075 −1197 −2205 −2781 −2384 −3065 −2205 −1613 −1936 −2105 −2436 2652 −729 −1850 −3306 −3049 217
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    212(S) −344 −979 −2190 −2162 −2959 −1227 −2042 −2651 −2116 −2934 −2100 −1526 −1941 −1909 −2222 2940 1775 −1804 −3187 −2882 218
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    213(A) 3048 −932 −2480 −2533 −3075 −1200 −2274 −2765 −2501 −3071 −2221 −1658 −1948 −2205 −2512 1225 −739 −1842 −3322 −3078 219
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    214(I) −1924 −1546 −4067 −3658 2312 −3663 −2081 3030 −3367 150 99 −3197 −3492 −2821 −3179 −2894 −1877 293 −1445 −692 220
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    215(E) −2641 −3308 −896 3732 −3966 −2458 −2043 −4105 −2128 −4016 −3555 −1531 −2959 −1842 −2560 −2479 −2750 −3722 −3563 −3385 221
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    216(A) 2389 −814 −2506 −2162 −1696 −1545 −1698 −499 −1942 −1398 −813 −1640 −2076 −1723 −2027 −806 1148 1559 −2200 −1856 222
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    217(M) −2576 −2118 −4725 −4165 −461 −4430 −3165 99 −3811 2513 3454 −4075 −3839 −2978 −3488 −3704 −2457 −591 −2111 −2145 223
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    218(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 224
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    219(M) −2313 −1968 −4258 −3765 −518 −3966 −2806 98 −3289 1292 4523 −3599 −3636 −2769 −3097 −3249 −2243 −457 −2026 −1874 225
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    220(S) −897 −1462 −2333 −2543 −3185 −1640 −2474 −3294 −2686 −3497 −2780 −1973 −2360 −2483 −2703 3465 −1316 −2413 −3310 −3025 226
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    221(L) −2631 −2159 −4786 −4228 −462 −4506 −3231 96 −3878 2828 2482 −4157 −3880 −3016 −3541 −3793 −2509 −608 −2134 −2182 227
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    222(P) −1501 −1778 −2473 −2371 −1710 −2311 −2045 −1321 −2060 827 −1068 −2173 3594 −2082 −2130 −1799 −1699 −1373 −2373 −1942 228
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    223(Y) −1068 −1670 −865 −836 −631 1198 −767 −1828 −1059 −1914 −1304 692 −2203 −906 −1387 −1136 −1163 −1566 −1185 3670 229
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    224(S) −897 −1462 −2333 −2543 −3185 −1640 −2474 −3294 −2686 −3497 −2780 −1973 −2360 −2483 −2703 3465 −1316 −2413 −3310 −3025 230
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    225(S) 1172 −954 −2367 −2422 −3120 −1204 −2237 −2835 −2426 −3122 −2265 −1621 −1948 −2145 −2467 3107 −749 −1884 −3349 −3092 231
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    226(S) −342 −975 −2176 −2124 −2912 −1229 −2003 −2594 −2067 −2878 −2048 −1510 −1936 −1866 −2184 2553 2492 −1773 −3143 −2833 232
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    227(M) −720 −1440 −710 −343 −1228 −1693 2436 −1209 −132 −1364 3099 1904 −1852 −183 −458 −776 −680 −1004 −1540 −890 233
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    228(P) 2240 −1100 −2241 −2293 −3037 −1346 −2188 −2683 −2317 −2986 −2210 −1663 3041 −2093 −2391 −722 −895 −1893 −3243 −2998 234
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    229(A) 2958 −1235 −1299 −1377 −2868 −1345 −1673 −2580 −1661 −2843 −2054 1555 −1995 −1468 −1921 −715 −888 −1871 −3064 −2630 235
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    230(E) −509 −1046 −884 1564 −1116 −1669 −441 −485 −283 250 −206 −577 689 −200 −656 −670 −459 1290 −1467 −995 236
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    231(D) −1203 −2412 2595 −117 −3286 −1536 −1057 −3176 −1165 −3186 −2436 −428 −2068 −736 −1824 2377 −1366 −2578 −3334 −2552 237
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    232(Q) 954 −1983 −100 971 −2337 177 −267 −2067 81 −2060 −1189 −125 −1637 2600 −418 −514 −597 −1649 −2268 −1597 238
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    233(E) −2641 −3308 −896 3732 −3966 −2458 −2043 −4105 −2128 −4016 −3555 −1531 −2959 −1842 −2560 −2479 −2750 −3722 −3563 −3385 239
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    234(K) −2620 −2961 −2461 −2046 −3743 −2791 −1570 −3603 3784 −3387 −2839 −2048 −3039 −1260 −465 −2604 −2536 −3331 −3001 −2988 240
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    235(R) 377 −1802 −415 988 −2095 −1474 −95 −1786 1452 −1785 −911 −135 −1560 343 1555 −409 −431 376 −1986 −1375 241
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    236(D) 1083 −1565 2662 −244 −1941 −1573 −679 612 −527 −1651 −980 −490 −1869 −358 −1003 −771 −766 −903 −2208 −1633 242
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    237(E) −1225 −2868 1894 1948 −3149 −1532 −671 −2975 −630 −2902 −2101 −150 −1935 −293 −1299 1884 −1241 −2496 −3093 −2248 243
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    238(C) 1375 3262 −2620 −2108 −827 −1866 −1267 1631 −1811 −599 −10 −1674 −2137 −1531 −1786 −1034 790 249 −1361 −1010 244
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    239(E) 635 −1796 1055 1761 −2018 −1464 −263 1191 28 −1767 −946 −148 −1637 135 −481 −520 −553 −1300 −2077 −1441 245
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    240(E) 593 −2044 −252 2548 −2437 −1542 −329 −2133 151 −2120 −1274 −244 −1738 89 946 −646 −717 −1734 −2305 −1686 246
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    241(S) 1884 −835 −1962 −1576 −1634 −1436 −1320 1041 −1409 −1453 −781 −1293 −1922 −1241 −1606 1973 −597 −669 −2036 −1656 247
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    242(G) 2267 −1043 −2388 −2526 −3253 2642 −2373 −2975 −2639 −3260 −2410 −1722 −2033 −2311 −2648 −663 −860 −2005 −3436 −3250 248
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    243(R) −876 −2087 −829 1490 −2474 −1766 −229 −2106 1269 −44 −1198 −424 −1829 205 2225 −775 −768 −1753 −2143 −1647 249
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    244(V) 2339 −967 −2970 −2766 −1878 −1847 −2252 32 −2541 −1299 −918 −2087 −2399 −2316 −2545 −1157 −971 2345 −2605 −2251 250
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    245(I) −1827 −1398 −4307 −3831 −1099 −3939 −3142 2286 −3619 1835 69 −3579 −3671 −3177 −3511 −3178 −1781 1918 −2524 −2310 251
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    246(V) −1178 −1448 −1943 −1452 −1776 −2261 −1140 −227 1866 −1260 −816 −1444 −2448 −902 −540 −1496 −1176 2697 −2161 −1764 252
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    247(E) −508 −1976 840 1547 −2280 −1393 −117 −2029 1400 −1984 −1077 1158 −1531 330 −253 −378 −454 262 −2163 −1471 253
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    248(M) 1703 −991 −2901 −2342 −528 −2567 −1550 166 −2031 1544 2668 −2104 −2591 −1715 −2010 −1685 −1052 −12 −1442 −1177 254
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    249(I) −1947 −1516 −4385 −3885 −916 −4013 −3118 2193 −3656 2186 257 −3656 −3687 −3109 −3494 −3250 −1889 1383 −2397 −2258 255
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    250(E) −1322 −2647 −272 2491 −3071 −1811 −576 −2759 2306 −2633 −1854 −464 −2066 −175 −177 −1144 −1256 −2368 −2692 −2140 256
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    251(K) −1395 −2059 −1711 −1014 −2215 −2218 −641 −1709 3021 −1652 2578 −1075 −2303 −282 287 −1423 −1283 −1603 −2159 −1803 257
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    252(D) −1285 −2888 2677 176 −3210 1189 −737 −3047 −715 −2977 −2195 −190 −1979 2106 −1379 −1050 −1315 −2564 −3161 −2320 258
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    253(I) −2073 −1632 −4434 −3975 −911 −4130 −3238 3164 −3706 1451 244 −3779 −3785 −3187 −3557 −3413 −2021 546 −2449 −2273 259
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    254(K) −1570 −2144 −1887 −1191 −2098 −2363 −750 −1603 3034 938 −1112 −1231 −2436 −408 215 −1616 −1443 −1580 −2166 −1804 260
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    255(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 261
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    256(R) −928 −1705 −1507 −1055 −2761 −1730 −896 −2490 −44 −2489 −1723 −1042 −2102 −543 2614 2258 −1053 −1998 −2546 −2158 262
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    257(D) −1280 −2865 3154 175 −3194 −1547 −743 −3034 −728 −2971 −2194 −190 −1979 1342 −1391 553 −1316 −2552 −3161 −2317 263
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    258(I) −1997 −1562 −4355 −3927 −1042 −4066 −3261 3343 −3654 937 97 −3718 −3783 −3239 −3555 −3364 −1959 702 −2549 −2295 264
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    259(M) −2252 −1821 −4572 −3991 −530 −4164 −2990 2068 −3709 1993 3197 −3808 −3685 −2916 −3406 −3378 −2149 −172 −2084 −2091 265
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    260(T) −1213 −1674 −2755 −2906 −3163 −1922 −2659 −2698 −2788 −3105 −2612 −2311 −2600 −2708 −2753 −1463 3819 −2197 −3286 −3156 266
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    261(R) −2131 −2786 −2704 −1460 −3618 −2638 −587 −2976 1735 −2645 −1985 −1353 −2603 −173 3492 −2020 −1828 −2748 −2484 −2384 267
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    262(K) −1349 −2635 −381 2083 −3083 −1857 −565 −2750 2690 −2612 −1837 −514 −2090 −161 −61 −1178 −1271 −2369 −2655 −2138 268
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    263(A) 2821 −932 −2451 −2472 −3065 −1198 −2233 −2763 −2434 −3056 −2201 −1633 −1940 −2147 −2468 1831 −730 −1840 −3305 −3055 269
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    264(F) −2063 −1686 −4037 −3677 3437 −3644 −1706 2063 −3359 135 67 −3095 −3486 −2739 −3127 −2876 −2012 −83 −1038 −158 270
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    265(E) −2641 −3308 −896 3732 −3966 −2458 −2043 −4105 −2128 −4016 −3555 −1531 −2959 −1842 −2560 −2479 −2750 −3722 −3563 −3385 271
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    266(N) −1662 −3306 2055 78 −3621 −1643 −1040 −3622 −1272 −3531 −2870 3477 −2182 −724 −2071 −1371 −1757 −3092 −3633 −2700 272
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    267(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 273
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    268(I) −1760 −1307 −4325 −3962 −1735 −4042 −3726 3135 −3828 −579 −515 −3722 −3869 −3673 −3896 −3359 −1752 2276 −3240 −2806 274
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    269(T) 1428 −904 −2334 −2158 −2747 −1206 −1940 −2392 −2037 −2678 −1846 −1504 −1896 −1809 −2163 902 3001 −1635 −2999 −2705 275
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    270(V) −1745 −1300 −4286 −3858 −1446 −3967 −3370 2358 −3688 852 −261 −3606 −3749 −3403 −3673 −3232 −1717 2643 −2856 −2524 276
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    271(V) −1404 −1072 −3766 −3305 −1464 −3356 −2696 2276 −3080 −616 −379 −3001 −3325 −2870 −3091 −2563 1344 2521 −2516 −2113 277
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    272(M) 866 −1113 −2656 −2412 −1322 −1920 −1883 −487 −2061 −587 4451 −1950 −2387 −1928 −2078 −1220 −1053 −498 −2134 −1803 278
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    273(A) 2601 −957 −2898 −2711 −1943 −1740 −2211 −165 −2487 −1406 −1001 −2008 −2320 −2260 −2494 −1053 −929 1990 −2626 −2279 279
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    274(L) −1171 −983 −3266 −2733 −796 −2795 −1888 590 −2418 2001 198 −2418 −2816 −2106 −2362 −1944 965 1777 −1724 −1426 280
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    275(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 281
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    276(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 282
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    277(S) −897 −1462 −2333 −2543 −3185 −1640 −2474 −3294 −2686 −3497 −2780 −1973 −2360 −2483 −2703 3465 −1316 −2413 −3310 −3025 283
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    278(T) −1213 −1674 −2755 −2906 −3163 −1922 −2659 −2698 −2788 −3105 −2612 −2311 −2600 −2708 −2753 −1463 3819 −2197 −3286 −3156 284
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    279(N) −2171 −2655 −1458 −1748 −3334 −2364 −2267 −3943 −2365 −3936 −3437 4205 −2932 −2205 −2608 −2224 −2439 −3392 −3253 −2909 285
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    280(A) 3134 −934 −2491 −2567 −3083 −1203 −2300 −2766 −2540 −3082 −2237 −1672 −1954 −2240 −2537 874 −747 −1844 −3333 −3093 286
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    281(V) −984 −1045 −3169 −2909 −1709 −2304 −2404 531 −2643 −988 −697 −2378 −2722 −2480 −2661 −1601 1504 3014 −2588 −2201 287
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    282(L) −2631 −2159 −4786 −4228 −462 −4506 −3231 96 −3878 2828 2482 −4157 −3880 −3016 −3541 −3793 −2509 −608 −2134 −2182 288
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    283(H) −3205 −3079 −2723 −2890 −2110 −3046 5295 −4135 −2617 −3813 −3561 −2886 −3482 −2833 −2620 −3291 −3356 −3895 −2397 −1681 289
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    284(L) −1623 −1338 −3726 −3164 −251 −3255 −1820 1373 −2808 2371 514 −2785 −3086 −2281 −2613 −2389 −1543 −161 −1311 1782 290
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    285(L) −2333 −1873 −4640 −4127 −650 −4326 −3241 2176 −3843 2519 523 −3982 −3833 −3105 −3579 −3604 −2247 56 −2268 −2230 291
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    286(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 292
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    287(M) −1886 −1507 −4178 −3693 −877 −3806 −2901 3008 −3380 335 3109 −3451 −3570 −2934 −3251 −3044 −1840 524 −2288 −2089 293
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    288(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 294
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    289(H) −1490 −2484 −362 −476 −1816 −1880 4320 −2854 −684 −2770 −2133 2185 −2285 −728 −1000 −1377 −1550 −2475 −2146 −1255 295
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    290(A) 2439 −911 −2326 −2131 −2811 −1197 −1934 −2480 −2011 −2745 −1898 −1490 −1888 −1785 −2153 1898 1073 −1682 −3044 −2749 296
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    291(I) 2038 −985 −3388 −2919 −1320 −2893 −2277 2155 −2677 −587 −297 −2593 −2992 −2450 −2697 −2087 −1208 1681 −2229 −1846 297
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    292(G) −1243 −2769 311 1902 −3172 1980 −744 −2992 −697 −2936 −2152 1923 −1974 −377 −1331 −1030 −1284 2506 −3125 −2308 298
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    293(V) −1738 −1298 −4281 −3921 −1737 −3979 −3665 1917 −3774 −601 −528 −3671 −3834 −3628 −3843 −3293 −1735 3205 −3215 −2770 299
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    294(E) −833 −2344 1092 2412 −2643 −1464 −386 −2413 −146 −2369 −1505 −96 562 29 −717 −666 862 −1966 −2562 −1818 300
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    295(W) −1380 −1116 −3614 −3026 1322 −2981 −1582 1966 −2661 1775 556 −2562 −2865 −2117 −2424 −2098 −1302 −187 2908 −629 301
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    296(T) −350 −973 −2204 −2178 −2893 −1236 −2035 −2561 −2117 −2862 −2043 −1536 −1946 −1916 −2214 1618 3198 −1758 −3137 −2831 302
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    297(L) −1443 −1269 −3144 −2576 −528 −3014 −1816 1945 −2155 2102 508 −2422 −2899 1193 −2133 −2129 −1369 −50 −1616 −1384 303
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    298(D) −1826 −3682 3559 1199 −3883 −1662 −1073 −3846 −1391 −3720 −3110 −272 −2222 −760 −2283 −1471 −1913 −3321 −3864 −2864 304
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    299(D) −2784 −3432 4016 −1200 −4140 −2466 −2197 −4505 −2621 −4365 −3956 −1551 −3014 −2039 −3232 −2593 −2938 −4046 −3710 −3552 305
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    300(F) −3342 −2776 −4026 −4232 4354 −3545 −1431 −2315 −4038 −1801 −1900 −3299 −3780 −3350 −3645 −3490 −3420 −2566 −739 349 306
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    301(Q) −1048 −2608 205 2170 −2893 −1535 −505 −2680 −255 −2604 −1769 1814 −1849 2272 −789 −848 −1028 −2228 −2770 −2013 307
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    302(R) 1083 −1687 691 135 −2058 −1406 −178 −1755 214 −1793 −924 −145 −1553 247 1670 −383 1217 −1367 −2031 −1404 308
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    303(I) −1915 −1536 −4077 −3667 2027 −3678 −2155 3137 −3381 144 94 −3225 −3506 −2848 −3202 −2914 −1871 345 −1522 −791 309
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    304(R) −689 −2015 −494 24 −2395 −1582 −184 −2087 444 −2020 −1151 1161 −1687 1832 2131 626 −614 −1684 −2156 −1573 310
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    305(D) 387 −1967 1600 1359 −2275 −1391 1561 −2025 282 −1976 −1067 −25 −1525 342 1024 −369 −443 −1584 −2152 −1462 311
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    306(R) −1460 −2315 −1793 −887 −2832 −2237 −431 −2288 2193 −2199 −1473 −946 −2245 −20 2706 −1394 −1275 591 −2248 −1961 312
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    307(V) −941 −1027 −3099 −2832 −1692 −2234 −2324 470 −2565 −1003 −695 −2305 −2663 −2399 −2587 −1527 1858 2876 −2536 −2152 313
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    308(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 314
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    309(V) −1090 −1215 −2097 −1824 −819 −2221 2699 −287 −1392 −1027 −591 −1674 −2482 −1446 −1482 −1482 −1143 2879 −1420 −707 315
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    310(L) −2439 −1972 −4702 −4181 −588 −4401 −3258 1582 −3881 2757 587 −4061 −3862 −3093 −3590 −3689 −2344 −130 −2230 −2217 316
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    311(C) 2157 4166 −3012 −2973 −2780 1022 −2337 −2398 −2724 −2744 −1930 −1786 −1943 −2372 −2623 −540 −692 −1624 −3091 −2881 317
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    312(D) −1732 −3453 3468 99 −3733 −1645 −1066 −3747 −1356 −3641 −3008 1690 −2201 −755 −2209 −1416 −1833 −3208 −3752 −2776 318
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    313(L) −2477 −2023 −4713 −4122 1592 −4329 −2920 72 −3835 2593 2472 −3948 −3754 −2914 −3466 −3550 −2350 −634 −1927 −1830 319
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    314(K) −2620 −2961 −2461 −2046 −3743 −2791 −1570 −3603 3784 −3387 −2839 −2048 −3039 −1260 −465 −2604 −2536 −3331 −3001 −2988 320
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    315(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 321
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    316(S) −897 −1462 −2333 −2543 −3185 −1640 −2474 −3294 −2686 −3497 −2780 −1973 −2360 −2483 −2703 3465 −1316 −2413 −3310 −3025 322
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    317(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 323
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    318(K) 2 −2257 −1073 −374 −2740 −1908 −278 −2339 2328 −2192 −1373 −562 −1953 2273 1344 −952 −933 −1980 −2234 −1799 324
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    319(Y) −3482 −2868 −3701 −3919 238 −3552 −1112 −3000 −3638 −2516 −2526 −3027 −3772 −3101 −3341 −3418 −3527 −3071 −441 4711 325
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    320(M) −1559 −1267 −3829 −3380 −1103 −3357 −2655 805 −3067 −64 3046 −3065 −3326 −2779 −3011 −2591 −1556 2855 −2312 −1998 326
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    321(M) 1225 −469 −2256 −1679 1656 −1926 −870 90 −1396 −210 2763 −1424 −2028 −1129 −1411 −1008 712 154 −951 −586 327
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    322(T) −738 −2094 −84 1704 −2416 −1495 −317 −2135 61 −2127 −1275 −163 −1704 1857 −405 −613 1930 −1734 −2331 −1668 328
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    323(D) −1746 −3458 3540 90 −3744 −1650 −1081 −3767 −1381 −3662 −3036 1386 −2211 −772 −2239 −1429 −1850 −3226 −3765 −2789 329
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    324(L) −2451 −1983 −4707 −4186 −582 −4409 −3259 1510 −3884 2778 592 −4069 −3865 −3091 −3590 −3698 −2355 −150 −2226 −2214 330
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    325(H) −2923 −2573 −2959 −2926 826 −3449 4553 −2508 −2463 −2054 −1948 −2279 −3499 −2191 −2397 −2761 −2855 −2540 123 2920 331
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    326(K) 373 −1957 −342 1025 −2297 −1472 −98 −2018 2111 −1954 −1056 906 −1570 352 685 −424 −473 −1592 −2105 −1469 332
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    327(V) 1739 −1008 −3509 −3043 −1376 −3028 −2406 1765 −2807 −615 −334 −2718 −3093 −2585 −2823 −2226 −1263 2376 −2322 −1931 333
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    328(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 334
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    329(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 335
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    330(I) −1758 −1302 −4331 −3970 −1756 −4054 −3748 2976 −3840 −603 −533 −3731 −3877 −3693 −3914 −3372 −1750 2505 −3265 −2824 336
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    331(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 337
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    332(Q) 1795 −1440 −730 −492 −2453 682 −812 −2151 −508 −2256 −1426 −624 −1796 2666 −901 −590 −689 −1636 −2510 −1971 338
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    333(V) −1771 −1603 −3750 −3689 −2037 −3050 −3231 403 −3479 −1154 −1076 −3246 −3399 −3383 −3437 −2628 −1917 3536 −3074 −2677 339
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    334(M) −2355 −1988 −4343 −3834 −504 −4051 −2868 105 −3385 1451 4460 −3680 −3671 −2806 −3171 −3327 −2274 −474 −2039 −1925 340
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    335(K) −2620 −2961 −2461 −2046 −3743 −2791 −1570 −3603 3784 −3387 −2839 −2048 −3039 −1260 −465 −2604 −2536 −3331 −3001 −2988 341
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    336(Y) −1187 −974 −3186 −2638 −117 −2732 −1255 1905 −2270 73 1977 −2217 −2699 −1882 −2144 −1841 −1124 71 −907 3254 342
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    337(L) −2871 −2457 −4231 −4103 −1033 −3803 −3165 −541 −3734 3130 −31 −3935 −3797 −3286 −3484 −3713 −2869 −1136 −2394 −2220 343
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    338(L) −2871 −2457 −4231 −4103 −1033 −3803 −3165 −541 −3734 3130 −31 −3935 −3797 −3286 −3484 −3713 −2869 −1136 −2394 −2220 344
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    339(K) −864 −1785 −860 −366 −2128 −1763 −407 −1612 2624 −1800 −1045 629 −1900 −28 62 −851 −805 1127 −2064 −1581 345
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    340(N) 602 −1686 −275 1008 −1926 −1415 1528 −1618 244 −1673 −815 1897 −1530 299 −244 −371 −391 322 −1934 −1306 346
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    341(G) −1709 −2639 1362 −690 −3785 3257 −1671 −3805 −1946 −3792 −3137 −980 −2480 −1424 −2576 −1630 −1936 −3150 −3628 −3155 347
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    342(F) −942 −799 −2828 −2226 1797 −2476 −1269 1109 581 1793 516 −1952 −2453 −1557 −1815 −1558 −875 52 −1138 −794 348
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    343(L) −2451 −1983 −4707 −4186 −582 −4409 −3259 1510 −3884 2778 592 −4069 −3865 −3091 −3590 −3698 −2355 −150 −2226 −2214 349
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    344(H) −3205 −3079 −2723 −2890 −2110 −3046 5295 −4135 −2617 −3813 −3561 −2886 −3482 −2833 −2620 −3291 −3356 −3895 −2397 −1681 350
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    345(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 351
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    346(D) −2784 −3432 4016 −1200 −4140 −2466 −2197 −4505 −2621 −4365 −3956 −1551 −3014 −2039 −3232 −2593 −2938 −4046 −3710 −3552 352
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    347(C) 774 4452 −2162 −1688 −1962 −1478 −1302 −1474 −944 −1796 −1088 −1351 −1979 −1147 1684 −732 −719 −1116 −2225 −1881 353
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    348(L) −2387 −1922 −4674 −4155 −617 −4366 −3250 1889 −3865 2650 558 −4023 −3847 −3098 −3586 −3647 −2296 −38 −2247 −2224 354
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    349(T) −1213 −1674 −2755 −2906 −3163 −1922 −2659 −2698 −2788 −3105 −2612 −2311 −2600 −2708 −2753 −1463 3819 −2197 −3286 −3156 355
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    350(C) −1489 2972 −4007 −3563 −1524 −3541 −2939 2612 −3350 −617 −413 −3224 −3470 −3129 −3335 −2770 −1475 2269 −2657 −2248 356
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    351(T) −364 −979 −2232 −2250 −2904 −1245 −2090 −2559 −2191 −2881 −2075 −1571 −1964 −1991 −2260 905 3428 −1762 −3159 −2858 357
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    352(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 358
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    353(K) −1716 −2632 −2004 −1008 −3336 −2379 −444 −2764 2775 −2484 −1756 −1035 −2357 2151 1811 −1592 −1477 −2481 −2391 −2172 359
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    354(T) −1213 −1674 −2755 −2906 −3163 −1922 −2659 −2698 −2788 −3105 −2612 −2311 −2600 −2708 −2753 −1463 3819 −2197 −3286 −3156 360
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    355(V) −1771 −1339 −4275 −3816 −1235 −3919 −3194 2139 −3617 1520 −66 −3558 −3681 −3244 −3547 −3164 −1733 2390 −2634 −2369 361
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    356(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 362
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    357(E) −2641 −3308 −896 3732 −3966 −2458 −2043 −4105 −2128 −4016 −3555 −1531 −2959 −1842 −2560 −2479 −2750 −3722 −3563 −3385 363
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    358(N) −823 −1917 −96 1188 −2187 −1547 −506 −1711 −265 −1955 −1191 2711 −1815 −144 −747 −757 −815 1140 −2297 −1666 364
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    359(L) −2153 −1779 −4360 −3884 −675 −3965 −3012 392 −3561 2726 467 −3673 −3662 −2955 −3355 −3239 −2102 1281 −2207 −2099 365
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    360(E) 1136 −2084 −175 2027 −2436 −1510 −274 −2147 −1525 −2118 −1254 −175 −1692 152 −251 −593 −670 −1736 −2296 −1650 366
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    361(H) 893 −1761 1357 214 −2092 −1387 1862 −1810 229 −1825 −942 −83 −1527 293 −273 640 793 −1409 −2050 −1397 367
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    362(I) 608 −458 −2776 −2176 1666 −2202 −1113 1712 −1836 −222 338 −1782 −2245 −1512 −1731 −1292 867 1366 −1036 −684 368
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    363(P) −922 −1912 1681 −141 −2123 −1604 −687 −1787 −550 187 −1245 −427 2677 −363 −1049 −882 −947 −1524 −2338 −1711 369
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    364(D) −1692 −3605 3364 1256 −3770 −1599 −957 −3700 −1216 −3569 −2909 1025 −2138 −628 −2083 −1346 −1761 −3174 −3765 −2738 370
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    365(Q) −877 −1646 −633 499 −1610 −1781 −505 −1210 −63 1648 −649 −558 −1931 2241 −360 −907 −814 −1097 −1882 −1385 371
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    366(P) −648 −2019 1139 203 −2354 −1436 −285 −2089 29 −2086 −1217 −114 1965 1445 −492 −529 1244 −1672 −2300 −1616 372
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    367(R) −422 −1009 −851 −304 1406 −1496 −183 −740 147 −894 −230 −440 775 21 2009 −539 −381 −568 −1136 −521 373
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −23 −6560 −7602 −894 −1115 −341 2249 * *
    368(D) 1472 −1668 1835 −70 −2356 −1385 −511 −2062 −246 −2128 −1275 −318 1353 −118 −746 −526 425 −1602 −2380 −1752 374
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    369(G) −1044 −2230 2141 −100 −3222 2291 −982 −3045 −1033 −3050 −2258 −395 −1985 −644 −1669 858 −1207 −2428 −3250 −2493 375
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    370(Q) −2562 −2904 −1886 −1971 −3251 −2661 −2079 −3690 −1565 −3469 −3081 −2107 −3091 4371 −1665 −2585 −2674 −3411 −3077 −2821 376
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    371(D) −1275 −2955 2862 1330 −3205 −1556 −670 −3029 1509 −2936 −2141 −158 −1955 −290 −1213 −1025 −1281 −2554 −3111 −2272 377
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    372(V) −1738 −1298 −4281 −3921 −1737 −3979 −3665 1917 −3774 −601 −528 −3671 −3834 −3628 −3843 −3293 −1735 3205 −3215 −2770 378
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    373(I) −2091 −1746 −3971 −3840 −1676 −3532 −3289 3684 −3581 −659 −693 −3562 −3674 −3445 −3521 −3194 −2146 449 −2877 −2493 379
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    374(M) −584 −1354 −847 −246 −1467 −1659 2505 −1087 212 −374 2571 −449 −1729 1171 1074 −634 −507 −876 −1617 −1128 380
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    375(P) −910 −2031 −73 1195 −2792 −1488 −794 −2539 −629 −2588 −1788 −401 3005 −439 −1131 612 −1014 −2050 −2815 −2151 381
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    376(W) −1588 −1300 −3783 −3197 −329 −3245 −1926 2071 −2827 1901 558 −2822 −3072 −2297 −2616 −2381 −1508 −111 3483 −1042 382
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    377(E) −1024 −2640 1844 2310 −2908 −1498 −505 −2711 −344 −2636 −1791 −107 −1824 1521 −957 207 −1011 −2243 −2817 −2021 383
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    378(N) −826 −2349 1089 227 −2651 −1487 −341 −2416 1494 −2346 −1475 2601 −1724 1005 −522 −657 −787 −1968 −2511 −1791 384
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    379(P) 1932 −1116 −2232 −2301 −3058 −1358 −2206 −2706 −2336 −3009 −2238 −1674 3274 −2114 −2406 −739 −914 −1913 −3260 −3019 385
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    380(V) −914 −773 −2713 −2129 −712 −2505 −1388 1452 1084 1324 204 −1926 −2507 −1580 −1808 −1591 −859 1713 −1424 −1081 386
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    381(Y) −1484 −2331 −1762 −887 −2436 −2254 −420 −2325 2137 −2195 −1475 −949 −2258 −39 1983 −1411 −1295 −2075 −2087 2868 387
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    382(E) 1256 −1890 −206 1353 −2196 −1401 −89 −1930 812 −1898 −996 −45 547 1252 −162 −356 −414 −1507 −2083 −1416 388
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    383(Q) −752 −2272 1586 1407 −2561 −1448 −308 −2329 −23 −2276 −1396 −71 −1677 1749 −577 −590 1569 −1881 −2459 −1727 389
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    384(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 390
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    385(H) −964 −2089 −200 −136 −2264 −1600 3833 −2320 −296 −2338 −1558 1362 1479 −276 −699 −881 −992 −1924 −2364 −1652 391
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    386(L) −2451 −1983 −4707 −4186 −582 −4409 −3259 1510 −3884 2778 592 −4069 −3865 −3091 −3590 −3698 −2355 −150 −2226 −2214 392
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    387(Q) 1643 −1017 −1196 −721 −1189 −1714 −668 1336 −497 −907 −297 −823 −1893 2044 −794 −784 −569 −339 −1579 −1135 393
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    388(I) −1760 −1308 −4323 −3961 −1730 −4039 −3721 3156 −3825 −575 −512 −3720 −3867 −3669 −3893 −3356 −1753 2241 −3236 −2802 394
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    389(L) −2871 −2457 −4231 −4103 −1033 −3803 −3165 −541 −3734 3130 −31 −3935 −3797 −3286 −3484 −3713 −2869 −1136 −2394 −2220 395
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    390(K) −1259 −2115 −1267 −676 −970 −2105 1794 −2040 2549 −1955 −1282 −808 −2165 −167 114 −1192 −1140 −1801 −1301 2517 396
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    391(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 397
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    392(N) −2171 −2655 −1458 −1748 −3334 −2364 −2267 −3943 −2365 −3936 −3437 4205 −2932 −2205 −2608 −2224 −2439 −3392 −3253 −2909 398
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    393(L) −2871 −2457 −4231 −4103 −1033 −3803 −3165 −541 −3734 3130 −31 −3935 −3797 −3286 −3484 −3713 −2869 −1136 −2394 −2220 399
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    394(A) 3121 −934 −2489 −2561 −3081 −1203 −2295 −2766 −2533 −3080 −2234 −1669 −1953 −2234 −2533 936 −746 −1844 −3331 −3090 400
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    395(E) −522 −1773 −240 1676 −2248 −1396 −289 −1968 50 −1989 −1115 −174 1198 131 −448 1226 677 −1538 −2214 −1565 401
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    396(E) −1481 −3230 1425 2936 −3481 751 −843 −3354 −954 −3256 −2520 −187 −2057 −492 −1711 −1193 −1527 −2852 −3445 −2523 402
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    397(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 403
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    398(A) 2847 −932 −2454 −2477 −3066 −1198 −2236 −2763 −2439 −3057 −2202 −1635 −1940 −2152 −2471 1777 −731 −1840 −3306 −3056 404
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    399(V) −1771 −1603 −3750 −3689 −2037 −3050 −3231 403 −3479 −1154 −1076 −3246 −3399 −3383 −3437 −2628 −1917 3536 −3074 −2677 405
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    400(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 406
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    401(K) −2620 −2961 −2461 −2046 −3743 −2791 −1570 −3603 3784 −3387 −2839 −2048 −3039 −1260 −465 −2604 −2536 −3331 −3001 −2988 407
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    402(I) −1761 −1312 −4317 −3954 −1713 −4027 −3703 3225 −3814 −556 −498 −3712 −3859 −3653 −3877 −3344 −1754 2110 −3216 −2787 408
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    403(S) −348 −981 −2200 −2194 −2989 −1227 −2073 −2686 −2157 −2970 −2136 −1541 −1946 −1946 −2253 3060 1398 −1824 −3217 −2916 409
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    404(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 410
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    405(V) −917 −809 −2556 −1976 −827 −2491 −1367 1339 1455 721 94 −1841 −2501 −1487 −1710 −1570 −863 2038 −1514 −1151 411
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    406(K) −1386 −2643 −447 1824 −3108 −1893 −570 −2762 2860 −2616 −1848 −552 −2117 −166 −3 −1217 −1300 −2388 −2647 −2154 412
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    407(N) −537 −1563 −449 −36 −1889 1143 −307 −1529 932 −1655 −844 1794 −1658 73 −356 −518 −516 924 −1962 −1392 413
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    408(P) −894 −2181 −369 1705 −2576 −1650 −357 −2268 243 −2210 −1375 −330 2093 63 1619 −774 −835 −1876 −2347 −1769 414
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    409(V) −419 −634 −1376 −807 1053 −1737 −499 −198 −623 −505 178 600 −1807 −475 475 313 −360 1389 −1016 1303 415
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    410(I) −1282 −1082 −3022 −2555 2426 −2683 1767 2555 −2191 −443 −88 −2038 −2692 −1794 −2075 −1793 −1220 −317 −361 552 416
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    411(T) −499 −1595 −431 966 −1830 −1487 −185 −1449 1092 −1574 −754 −207 −1601 213 −206 −458 2067 159 −1877 −1296 417
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    412(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 418
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    413(P) −632 −1230 −2074 −2144 −2996 −1453 −2116 −2631 −2128 −2928 −2213 −1658 3610 −2006 −2221 −852 1302 −1931 −3185 −2917 419
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    414(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 420
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    415(R) −1454 −2316 −1780 −878 −2834 −2232 −428 −2292 2281 −2200 −1473 −940 −2240 −17 2627 −1386 −1270 588 −2249 −1960 421
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    416(V) −1771 −1603 −3750 −3689 −2037 −3050 −3231 403 −3479 −1154 −1076 −3246 −3399 −3383 −3437 −2628 −1917 3536 −3074 −2677 422
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    417(F) −3342 −2776 −4026 −4232 4354 −3545 −1431 −2315 −4038 −1801 −1900 −3299 −3780 −3350 −3645 −3490 −3420 −2566 −739 349 423
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    418(D) −1572 −3426 2573 2447 −3613 −1583 −879 −3513 −1050 −3393 −2684 1292 −2085 −535 −1855 −1253 −1623 −3000 −3585 −2609 424
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    419(S) −879 −1989 1498 −177 −3045 1600 −939 −2843 −904 −2867 −2046 −438 −1922 −591 −1483 2171 −1044 −2226 −3072 −2372 425
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    420(E) −2641 −3308 −896 3732 −3966 −2458 −2043 −4105 −2128 −4016 −3555 −1531 −2959 −1842 −2560 −2479 −2750 −3722 −3563 −3385 426
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    421(Q) −705 −1925 −199 2112 917 −1534 −288 −1824 42 −1842 −1054 −210 −1709 2163 −420 −611 −656 −1502 −1997 −1291 427
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    422(H) −569 −2048 1450 1526 −2349 −1405 1830 −2103 181 −2058 −1157 −37 −1569 272 −349 713 620 −1662 −2240 −1537 428
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    423(C) 1626 2878 −2671 −2107 1264 −1968 −1091 233 −1777 −334 250 −1672 −2128 −1459 −1691 −1096 −529 1209 −1066 −704 429
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    424(M) −2042 −1634 −4379 −3826 −659 −3976 −2899 2765 −3546 1204 3085 −3605 −3604 −2896 −3318 −3183 −1961 195 −2135 −2058 430
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    425(E) 412 −2447 1356 2379 −2747 −1477 −445 −2527 −243 −2477 −1622 −107 855 −36 −831 −730 −894 −2073 −2668 −1906 431
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    426(A) 2822 −1031 −2418 −2539 −3226 1898 −2364 −2941 −2626 −3229 −2379 −1722 −2026 −2302 −2634 −654 −848 −1983 −3415 −3226 432
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    427(I) −1772 −1325 −4307 −3877 −1405 −3993 −3383 2935 −3705 820 −217 −3632 −3761 −3400 −3682 −3260 −1742 2033 −2838 −2525 433
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    428(L) −875 −1634 −575 959 −1581 −1769 −525 −1179 −135 1884 −625 −547 −1931 1405 −450 −909 −816 −1074 −1883 −1383 434
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    429(A) 1705 −1826 −180 949 −2318 −1410 −359 −2041 −53 −2067 −1204 1001 −1652 52 −561 1232 −595 −1609 −2298 −1643 435
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    430(D) −1074 −2458 2381 60 −2921 1927 −658 −2710 −463 −2675 −1860 −271 −1918 −276 866 −915 −1100 −2245 −2845 −2124 436
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    431(K) −688 −2117 785 888 −2469 −1529 −187 −2189 2380 −2106 −1221 −162 −1661 256 1134 −553 −619 −1760 −2240 −1607 437
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    432(I) −2019 −1582 −4380 −3941 −1000 −4086 −3253 3295 −3671 1100 145 −3736 −3783 −3222 −3556 −3378 −1976 657 −2517 −2289 438
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    433(Q) −490 −1797 −369 171 −2078 −1457 1762 −1779 1157 −1780 −905 1165 −1550 1798 −48 −396 −422 725 −1986 −1366 439
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    434(A) 1954 −1836 1733 −180 −2714 −1429 −806 −2438 −679 −2518 −1698 −430 1775 −448 −1211 −736 −894 −1923 −2765 −2117 440
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    435(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 441
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    436(D) −1736 −3455 3490 97 −3737 −1646 −1070 −3753 −1363 −3647 −3016 1602 −2204 −760 −2218 −1420 −1838 −3213 −3756 −2780 442
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    437(V) −1721 −1302 −4229 −3874 −1705 −3894 −3582 1607 −3706 −582 −513 −3610 −3786 −3559 −3767 −3209 −1725 3294 −3158 −2712 443
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    438(V) 594 −988 −3391 −2911 −1164 −2888 −2187 845 −2637 765 −154 −2576 −2962 −2387 −2622 −2074 −1205 2800 −2084 −1724 444
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    439(V) −1771 −1603 −3750 −3689 −2037 −3050 −3231 403 −3479 −1154 −1076 −3246 −3399 −3383 −3437 −2628 −1917 3536 −3074 −2677 445
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    440(I) −1754 −1308 −4295 −3867 −1434 −3978 −3377 2661 −3697 862 −247 −3617 −3754 −3406 −3679 −3243 −1725 2373 −2852 −2526 446
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    441(R) −2957 −3022 −3318 −2735 −3796 −2998 −1968 −3912 −846 −3631 −3157 −2611 −3280 −1724 4056 −3026 −2913 −3650 −3096 −3185 447
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    442(Y) −1321 −1438 −1994 −1608 2186 527 −450 −1117 −1481 −1211 −693 1178 −2522 −1217 −1665 −1518 −1275 −1021 −198 3178 448
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    443(C) −675 2205 −2544 972 −572 −2236 −1121 1373 −1671 679 261 −1700 −2270 −1403 −1668 −1311 −621 1601 −1150 −790 449
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    444(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 450
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    445(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 451
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    446(K) −1060 −2058 −1088 −460 −2432 −1917 −357 −1970 2801 −1978 −1220 −632 −1990 1339 367 −999 −946 536 −2145 −1717 452
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    447(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 453
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    448(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 454
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    449(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 455
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    450(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 456
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    451(M) −2406 −2296 −3638 −3594 −1525 −3105 −2824 −1047 −3121 −596 5043 −3293 −3425 −3046 −2996 −2911 −2552 −1398 −2513 −2207 457
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    452(P) −1659 −2241 −2022 −1646 −3185 −2242 −1373 −3000 −450 −2936 −2274 −1624 3435 −1065 2095 −1730 −1750 −2593 −2816 −2613 458
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    453(E) −2641 −3308 −896 3732 −3966 −2458 −2043 −4105 −2128 −4016 −3555 −1531 −2959 −1842 −2560 −2479 −2750 −3722 −3563 −3385 459
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    454(M) −2406 −2296 −3638 −3594 −1525 −3105 −2824 −1047 −3121 −596 5043 −3293 −3425 −3046 −2996 −2911 −2552 −1398 −2513 −2207 460
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    455(L) −2871 −2457 −4231 −4103 −1033 −3803 −3165 −541 −3734 3130 −31 −3965 −3797 −3286 −3484 −3713 −2869 −1136 −2394 −2220 461
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    456(K) 1368 −1491 −763 −332 −2319 −1417 −551 −1998 1786 −2068 −1221 −500 −1721 −160 −470 1631 −587 −1532 −2299 −1754 462
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    457(P) −1500 −1738 −2514 −2380 −1555 −2358 −2022 −1126 −2063 1224 −841 −2189 3436 −2061 −2129 −1822 −1674 −1231 −2290 −1878 463
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    458(T) −351 −974 −2208 −2185 −2894 −1237 −2041 −2561 −2125 −2863 −2046 −1539 −1948 −1923 −2218 1543 3230 −1758 −3139 −2834 464
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    459(S) −897 −1462 −2333 −2543 −3185 −1640 −2474 −3294 −2686 −3497 −2780 −1973 −2360 −2483 −2703 3465 −1316 −2413 −3310 −3025 465
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    460(M) 2706 −986 −2433 −2144 −1502 −1684 −1706 −700 −1858 −968 2744 −1705 −2188 −1713 −1932 −963 −862 −592 −2145 −1794 466
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    461(I) −2103 −1659 −4461 −3992 −869 −4152 −3233 3082 −3723 1619 290 −3801 −3788 −3171 −3557 −3432 −2046 487 −2418 −2265 467
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    462(I) −1761 −1312 −4317 −3954 −1713 −4027 −3703 3225 −3814 −556 −498 −3712 −3859 −3653 −3877 −3344 −1754 2110 −3216 −2787 468
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    463(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 469
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    464(K) 1641 −2033 −323 914 −2415 −1565 −296 −2097 2052 −2080 −1233 −257 −1736 125 −133 −646 −702 −1707 −2258 −1657 470
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    465(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 471
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    466(L) −1699 −1807 −2268 −1925 −830 −2795 −1551 −455 −1225 2510 90 −1958 −2845 1927 −1308 −2067 −1651 −846 −1841 −1454 472
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    467(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 473
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    468(D) −853 −2415 2115 1717 −2702 −1468 −378 −2484 1085 −2417 −1546 −84 −1732 41 −699 696 −824 −2025 −2594 −1839 474
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    469(S) −892 −1780 −931 −688 −2757 −1643 −830 −2472 1671 −2492 −1708 −799 −2018 −468 −365 2676 −1004 −1981 −2598 −2130 475
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    470(C) −1135 3503 −3700 −3406 −1670 −2549 −2675 653 −3101 −916 −667 −2727 −2925 −2870 −3030 −1868 −1288 2927 −2619 −2222 476
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    471(A) 2590 −1035 −2404 −2530 −3236 2290 −2365 −2954 −2627 −3240 −2389 −1719 −2027 −2302 −2637 −656 −851 −1991 −3423 −3234 477
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    472(L) −2632 −2152 −4630 −4185 1767 −4324 −2442 −61 −3879 2789 563 −3833 −3823 −2970 −3513 −3609 −2518 −738 −1527 −945 478
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    473(I) −2073 −1632 −4434 −3975 −911 −4130 −3238 3164 −3706 1451 244 −3779 −3785 −3187 −3557 −3413 −2021 546 −2449 −2273 479
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    474(T) −1213 −1674 −2755 −2906 −3163 −1922 −2659 −2698 −2788 −3105 −2612 −2311 −2600 −2708 −2753 −1463 3819 −2197 −3286 −3156 480
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    475(D) −2784 −3432 4016 −1200 −4140 −2466 −2197 −4505 −2621 −4365 −3956 −1551 −3014 −2039 −3232 −2593 −2938 −4046 −3710 −3552 481
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    476(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 482
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    477(R) −2957 −3022 −3318 −2735 −3796 −2998 −1968 −3912 −846 −3631 −3157 −2611 −3280 −1724 4056 −3026 −2913 −3650 −3096 −3185 483
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    478(F) −3342 −2776 −4026 −4232 4354 −3545 −1431 −2315 −4038 −1801 −1900 −3299 −3780 −3350 −3645 −3490 −3420 −2566 −739 349 484
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    479(S) −897 −1462 −2333 −2543 −3185 −1640 −2474 −3294 −2686 −3497 −2780 −1973 −2360 −2483 −2703 3465 −1316 −2413 −3310 −3025 485
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    480(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 486
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    481(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 487
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    482(T) −359 −976 −2225 −2229 −2900 −1242 −2074 −2560 −2170 −2875 −2064 −1561 −1958 −1969 −2247 1110 3375 −1760 −3152 −2850 488
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    483(Y) −3402 −2632 −3941 −4011 1064 −3924 3388 −2526 −3541 −1996 −1973 −2625 −3821 −2664 −3170 −3135 −3280 −2619 3420 3756 489
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    484(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 490
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    485(M) −2322 −1904 −4536 −3951 2387 −4112 −2676 67 −3649 2034 3156 −3710 −3633 −2803 −3311 −3309 −2204 −588 −1794 −1586 491
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    486(V) −1771 −1603 −3750 −3689 −2037 −3050 −3231 403 −3479 −1154 −1076 −3246 −3399 −3383 −3437 −2628 −1917 3536 −3074 −2677 492
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    487(V) −1771 −1603 −3750 −3689 −2037 −3050 −3231 403 −3479 −1154 −1076 −3246 −3399 −3383 −3437 −2628 −1917 3536 −3074 −2677 493
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    488(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 494
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    489(H) −3205 −3079 −2723 −2890 −2110 −3046 5295 −4135 −2617 −3813 −3561 −2886 −3482 −2833 −2620 −3291 −3356 −3895 −2397 −1681 495
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    490(V) −1754 −1297 −4329 −3968 −1770 −4053 −3752 2604 −3840 −621 −545 −3728 −3878 −3699 −3917 −3370 −1746 2859 −3276 −2829 496
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    491(A) 2587 −828 −2477 −2155 −1837 −1468 −1728 −743 −1941 −1564 −954 −1607 −2033 −1725 −2034 −738 1178 1108 −2310 −1972 497
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    492(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 498
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    493(E) −2641 −3308 −896 3732 −3966 −2458 −2043 −4105 −2128 −4016 −3555 −1531 −2959 −1842 −2560 −2479 −2750 −3722 −3563 −3385 499
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    494(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 500
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    495(Y) −866 −976 −1863 −1331 1353 −2145 1318 −556 −1116 −777 −173 −1242 −2197 1714 −1301 −1173 −802 888 −445 2749 501
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    496(D) 417 −1831 1647 1094 −2065 −1488 −353 −1618 −107 −1820 −1019 −189 −1698 30 −623 −603 −643 1629 −2154 −1520 502
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    497(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 503
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    498(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 504
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    499(T) 492 −1190 −706 −181 −1475 311 −333 −1099 −81 71 −509 570 1113 −6 −509 −450 1123 −835 −1680 −1161 505
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    500(I) −2091 −1746 −3971 −3840 −1676 −3532 −3289 3684 −3581 −659 −693 −3562 −3674 −3445 −3521 −3194 −2146 449 −2877 −2493 506
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    501(A) 3103 −1036 −2445 −2572 −3222 1051 −2380 −2930 −2650 −3226 −2381 −1739 −2034 −2327 −2648 −664 −857 −1981 −3412 −3228 507
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    502(L) −2239 −1892 −3711 −3400 301 −3520 −1210 −542 −2948 2564 −35 −2786 −3395 −2438 −2750 −2747 −2165 −945 −573 2562 508
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    503(V) −1757 −1387 −4101 −3681 −1174 −3714 −3031 880 −3410 1254 −60 −3407 −3585 −3094 −3354 −2984 −1743 3014 −2536 −2219 509
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    504(Q) −982 −2251 −866 971 −2711 −1822 −252 −2340 1444 −2194 −1356 −464 −1885 2646 1632 −858 −863 −1958 −2245 −1765 510
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    505(E) −1162 −2771 2137 2239 −3046 −1526 −626 −2849 −546 −2792 −1983 −145 −1905 −242 −1192 −940 1396 −2385 −2990 −2169 511
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    506(G) −1707 −2684 1591 −614 −3783 3190 −1613 −3795 −1887 −3775 −3119 −915 −2456 −1358 −2539 −1610 −1924 −3150 −3636 −3124 512
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    507(D) −2784 −3432 4016 −1200 −4140 −2466 −2197 −4505 −2621 −4365 −3956 −1551 −3014 −2039 −3232 −2593 −2938 −4046 −3710 −3552 513
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    508(M) −473 −522 −1819 −1236 −468 −1879 −687 1519 −996 566 1677 −1154 −1937 836 −1131 1079 −413 102 −957 −585 514
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    509(I) −1761 −1312 −4317 −3954 −1713 −4027 −3703 3225 −3814 −556 −498 −3712 −3859 −3653 −3877 −3344 −1754 2110 −3216 −2787 515
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    510(T) 782 −1467 −550 1029 −2202 −1425 −709 −1791 −472 −1993 −1203 −528 −1787 −368 −902 −617 2685 −1400 −2333 −1783 516
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    511(I) −1766 −1333 −4283 −3923 −1635 −3967 −3619 3388 −3759 −473 −437 −3672 −3822 −3576 −3804 −3285 −1764 1695 −3126 −2717 517
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    512(D) −2784 −3432 4016 −1200 −4140 −2466 −2197 −4505 −2621 −4365 −3956 −1551 −3014 −2039 −3232 −2593 −2938 −4046 −3710 −3552 518
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    513(A) 2705 −1451 −1036 −913 −2506 −1504 −1143 −2174 −794 −2337 −1613 −946 −1993 2040 −1061 −809 −910 −1703 −2633 −2156 519
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    514(H) −615 −1680 1444 66 −1883 168 2650 −1558 −86 −1691 −891 −223 −1680 31 −577 −571 −585 1267 −2007 −1397 520
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    515(K) −654 −2006 −546 42 −2376 −1581 −133 −2066 1935 −1987 −1107 1132 −1658 1043 1058 −540 1180 −1660 −2113 −1532 521
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    516(N) −933 −2085 −946 −284 −2472 −1822 −253 −2090 1711 76 −1204 1918 −1876 175 1799 −841 −817 −1755 −2132 −1663 522
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    517(E) −416 −987 −843 1107 −1070 −1583 −338 −623 −183 879 −172 −489 −1679 −94 −565 544 813 265 −1379 −905 523
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    518(I) −2258 −1804 −4588 −4084 −706 −4269 −3231 2527 −3807 2292 465 −3923 −3814 −3118 −3570 −3544 −2181 190 −2303 −2237 524
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    519(Q) −477 −1909 958 282 −2211 −1389 1484 −1953 285 −1921 −1018 −32 −1517 2318 −225 630 559 −1525 −2110 −1430 525
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    520(L) −2127 −1743 −4402 −3796 1257 −3918 −2674 149 −3492 2527 2164 −3553 −3509 −2714 −3181 −3095 −2019 570 −1870 −1818 526
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    521(N) −723 −2217 958 236 −2518 −1466 1611 −2279 1719 −2217 −1334 2285 −1666 166 −401 −570 −677 −1837 −2382 −1678 527
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    522(V) −1754 −1297 −4330 −3968 −1770 −4053 −3752 2623 −3841 −620 −545 −3729 −3878 −3699 −3918 −3371 −1746 2846 −3277 −2830 528
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    523(S) 1545 −974 −2003 −1825 −2867 −1206 −1790 −2580 −1788 −2795 −1932 −1362 1826 −1586 −1999 2362 −672 −1755 −3057 −2721 529
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    524(D) −1776 −3649 3326 1869 −3838 −1642 −1031 −3788 −1322 −3660 −3029 −245 −2192 −711 −2201 −1425 −1855 −3264 −3821 −2816 530
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    525(E) 423 −2950 1944 2696 −3223 −1545 −718 −3047 −715 −2979 −2196 −161 −1968 −347 −1403 −1043 −1314 −2569 −3177 −2316 531
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    526(E) −2641 −3308 −896 3732 −3966 −2458 −2043 −4105 −2128 −4016 −3555 −1531 −2959 −1842 −2560 −2479 −2750 −3722 −3563 −3385 532
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    527(L) −2339 −1899 −4618 −4042 1570 −4204 −2849 1440 −3758 2558 676 −3825 −3700 −2902 −3418 −3418 −2226 −382 −1924 −1778 533
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    528(A) 2338 −1990 −241 938 −2395 −1557 −423 −2061 954 −2103 −1286 −301 −1791 −26 −375 −717 −784 −1691 −2330 −1728 534
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    529(R) 524 −2098 −789 −146 −2504 −1729 1632 −2153 1229 −2054 −1204 −379 −1789 1328 2313 −719 −724 −1774 −2150 −1637 535
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    530(R) −2957 −3022 −3318 −2735 −3796 −2998 −1968 −3912 −846 −3631 −3157 −2611 −3280 −1724 4056 −3026 −2913 −3650 −3096 −3185 536
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    531(R) −1895 −2713 −2327 −1192 −3484 −2502 −481 −2856 2144 −2544 −1842 −1161 −2458 1393 3023 −1770 −1619 −2599 −2421 −2259 537
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    532(A) 2935 −1714 −553 857 −2769 −1546 −1218 −2333 −1106 −2591 −1873 −809 −2065 −934 −1502 −954 −1103 −1872 −2898 −2374 538
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    533(A) 1291 −1874 −176 1227 −2177 −1392 −109 −1909 277 −1891 −995 1134 −1522 1248 −228 −361 562 −1492 −2090 −1419 539
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    534(W) −805 −687 −2581 −2028 138 −2236 −697 897 −1681 −421 141 −1645 −2282 −1369 −1627 −1315 636 −90 4479 1809 540
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    535(H) −408 −1801 −274 1284 −2096 −1385 1500 −1822 1168 −1802 −899 −33 −1479 1381 −102 −303 595 221 −1996 −1339 541
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    536(Q) −650 −1737 −627 −72 −1981 −1615 −209 −1625 1223 392 −866 −318 1222 2120 50 −598 −572 −1326 −1932 −1394 542
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    537(P) −2931 −2878 −3420 −3706 −4181 −2925 −3468 −4621 −3859 −4490 −4165 −3491 4225 −3781 −3695 −3182 −3279 −4087 −3594 −4064 543
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −324 −7108 −2368 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    538(A) 2195 −924 −968 −546 −1397 −1356 −583 −812 −365 −1167 −487 −618 −1660 1324 −684 −483 −404 462 −1703 −1242 544
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −19 −6804 −7846 −894 −1115 −428 −1961 * *
    539(P) 411 −1017 −1886 −1616 −1600 −1588 −1411 −962 −1408 495 −755 −1384 3156 −1323 −1577 −847 −785 −783 −2111 −1716 545
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    540(R) −1612 −2397 −2037 −1033 −2897 −2352 −458 −2365 2184 665 −1520 −1051 −2334 −51 2602 −1545 −1395 −2143 −2262 −2014 546
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    541(Y) 712 −796 −2334 −1883 −370 −2028 −986 −143 −1607 −663 −131 −1587 −2243 −1383 −1656 −1178 −771 1114 −965 3479 547
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    542(T) −527 −1669 1091 −27 −2315 −1379 −443 −2033 −151 −2081 −1218 −282 557 −41 −650 1128 2077 −1576 −2321 −1690 548
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    543(R) −2957 −3022 −3318 −2735 −3796 −2998 −1968 −3912 −846 −3631 −3157 −2611 −3280 −1724 4056 −3026 −2913 −3650 −3096 −3185 549
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    544(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 550
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    545(V) −1747 −1296 −4310 −3948 −1758 −4023 −3716 2215 −3813 −615 −540 −3705 −3860 −3670 −3887 −3339 −1741 3087 −3252 −2806 551
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    546(L) −2871 −2457 −4231 −4103 −1033 −3803 −3165 −541 −3734 3130 −31 −3935 −3797 −3286 −3484 −3713 −2869 −1136 −2394 −2220 552
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    547(A) 2404 −890 −1926 −1629 −1803 1275 −1415 −1282 −1490 392 −963 −1316 −1930 −1328 −1674 −654 −644 −952 −2187 −1810 553
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    548(K) −2620 −2961 −2461 −2046 −3743 −2791 −1570 −3603 3784 −3387 −2839 −2048 −3039 −1260 −465 −2604 −2536 −3331 −3001 −2988 554
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    549(Y) −3621 −2707 −4176 −4424 2950 −4049 −394 −2539 −4002 −1942 −1987 −2749 −3933 −2854 −3451 −3299 −3499 −2690 349 4094 555
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    550(A) 3438 −1472 −2846 −3040 −3287 −1726 −2735 −2840 −3028 −3257 −2662 −2236 −2447 −2798 −2944 −1216 −1387 −2183 −3405 −3320 556
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    551(H) −1741 −2627 −2070 −1046 −3303 −2401 2713 −2751 2478 −2476 −1755 −1061 −2375 −27 2379 −1621 −1497 −2477 −2379 −2161 557
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    552(L) −1014 −876 −2956 −2408 −582 −2550 −1529 1721 −2079 2042 345 −2114 −2581 −1775 −2028 454 −980 286 −1414 −1096 558
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    553(V) 933 −842 −2818 −2467 −1542 −1870 −1890 154 −2226 −1095 −617 −1932 −2326 −1995 −2259 −1126 1070 2769 −2180 −1826 559
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    554(S) −787 −1522 −1486 −1172 −2714 −1599 −1112 −2500 −433 −2563 −1791 −1110 −2067 −796 1351 2916 −989 −1943 −2648 −2234 560
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    555(S) −326 −1010 −1779 −1541 −2691 −1234 −1566 −2386 −1486 −2594 −1749 −1228 1196 −1330 −1747 2396 1967 −1662 −2876 −2496 561
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    556(A) 3121 −934 −2489 −2561 −3081 −1203 −2295 −2766 −2533 −3080 −2234 −1669 −1953 −2234 −2533 936 −746 −1844 −3331 −3090 562
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    557(S) −897 −1462 −2333 −2543 −3185 −1640 −2474 −3294 −2686 −3497 −2780 −1973 −2360 −2483 −2703 3465 −1316 −2413 −3310 −3025 563
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    558(R) −586 −1873 −516 979 −2188 −1543 −123 −1869 1290 −353 −980 −202 −1622 314 1886 −491 782 −1495 −2024 −1439 564
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    559(G) −2594 −2690 −3304 −3623 −4328 3747 −3462 −4761 −3953 −4671 −4212 −3320 −3352 −3748 −3779 −2839 −2981 −4004 −3668 −4222 565
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    560(C) 2804 3772 −3185 −3198 −2739 −1303 −2462 −2065 −2882 −2628 −1924 −1927 −2044 −2547 −2727 −661 −799 −1463 −3099 −2886 566
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    561(V) −1771 −1603 −3750 −3689 −2037 −3050 −3231 403 −3479 −1154 −1076 −3246 −3399 −3383 −3437 −2628 −1917 3536 −3074 −2677 567
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    562(T) −1213 −1674 −2755 −2906 −3163 −1922 −2659 −2698 −2788 −3105 −2612 −2311 −2600 −2708 −2753 −1463 3819 −2197 −3286 −3156 568
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −16 −7108 −8150 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    563(D) −2784 −3432 4016 −1200 −4140 −2466 −2197 −4505 −2621 −4365 −3956 −1551 −3014 −2039 −3232 −2593 −2938 −4046 −3710 −3552 569
    — −149 −500 233 43 −381 399 106 −626 210 −466 −720 275 394 45 96 359 117 −369 −294 −249
    — −21 −6715 −7757 −894 −1115 −701 −1378 * *
    564(F) −525 −445 −2202 −1627 1946 −2001 −744 1247 −1346 952 561 1079 −2030 −1067 −1362 −1067 −465 338 −714 −230 570
    — * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
    — * * * * * * * * 0
    HMMER2.0 [2.2g] Program name and version
    NAME dhad_for_hmm Name of the input sequence alignment file
    LENG 564 Length of the alignment: include indels
    ALPH Amino Type of residues
    MAP yes Map of the match states to the columns of the alignment
    COM/app/public/hmmer/current/bin/hmmbuild -F dhad-exp_hmm dhad_for_hmm.aln Commands used to generate the file: this one means that hmmbuild (default patrameters) was applied to the
    alignment file
    COM/app/public/hmmer/current/bin/hmmcalibrate dhad-exp_hmm Commands used to generate the file: this one means that hmmcalibrate (default parametrs) was applied to the
    hmm profile
    NSEQ 8 Number of sequences in the alignment file
    DATE Tue Jun 3 10:48:24 2008 When was the file generated
    XT −8455 −4 −1000 −1000 −8455 −4 −8455 −4
    NULT −4 −8455 The transition probability distribution for the null model (single G state).
    NULE 595 −1558 85 338 −294 453 −1158 197 249 902 −1085 −142 −21 −313 45 531 201 384 −1998 The symbol emission probability distribution for the null model (G state); consists of K (e.g. 4 or 20) integers.
    The null probability used to convert these back to model probabilities is 1/K.
    EVD −499.650970 0.086142 The extreme value distribution parameters μ and lambda respectively; both floating point values. Lambda is
    positive and nonzero. These values are set when the model is calibrated with hmmcalibrate.

Claims (14)

1. A method for identifying [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes comprising:
a) querying one or more amino acid sequences with a Profile Hidden Markov Model prepared using the proteins of SEQ ID NOs:164, 168, 230, 232, 298, 310, 344, and 346, wherein a match with an E-value of less than 10−5 provides a first subset of sequences whereby said first subset of sequences correspond to one or more DHAD related proteins;
b) analyzing the first subset of sequences that correspond to one or more DHAD related proteins of step (a) for the presence of three conserved cysteines that correspond to positions 56, 129, and 201 in the Streptococcus mutans dihydroxy-acid dehydratase amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 168) whereby a second subset of sequences encoding [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes are identified; and
c) analyzing the second subset of sequences of step (b) for the presence of signature conserved amino acids at positions corresponding to positions in the Streptococcus mutans DHAD amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 168) that are aspartic acid at position 88, arginine or asparagine at position 142, asparagine at position 208, and leucine at position 454 whereby a third subset of sequences encoding [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzymes are further identified.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising
d) expressing a polypeptide having a sequence identifiable by any one or all of steps a), b), and c) in a cell; and
e) confirming that said polypeptide has DHAD activity in the cell.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising
d) purifying a protein encoded by a sequence identifiable by any one or all of steps a), b), and c); and
e) confirming that said protein is a [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme by UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising selecting one or more sequences corresponding to bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme sequences identified in any one or all of steps a), b), and c).
5. The method of claim 2 wherein the cell lacks endogenous DHAD activity.
6. The method of claim 4 further comprising
d) expressing said selected one or more sequences corresponding to bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme sequences in a cell; and
e) confirming that said enzyme sequence has DHAD activity in the cell.
7. The method of claim 4 further comprising
d) purifying a protein encoded by said selected one or more sequences corresponding to bacterial [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme sequences whereby a purified protein is produced; and
e) confirming that the protein is a [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme by UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy.
8. A microbial host cell comprising at least one heterologous [2Fe-2S] DHAD enzyme identifiable by the method of any one of claims 1-7.
9. The microbial host cell of claim 8 wherein the cell is bacterial cell or a yeast cell.
10. The microbial host cell of claim 9 wherein the bacterial host cell is a member of a genus of bacteria selected from the group consisting of Clostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, and Brevibacterium, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, and Streptococcus.
11. The microbial host cell of claim 9 wherein the yeast cells a member of a genus of yeast selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Hansenula, Candida, Kluyveromyces, Yarrowia and Pichia.
12. The microbial host cell of claim 8 wherein the cell produces isobutanol.
13. A method for the production of isobutanol comprising:
a) providing the microbial host cell of claim 8 wherein said host cell comprises an isobutanol biosynthetic pathway; and
b) growing the host cell of step (a) under conditions wherein isobutanol is produced.
14. A method for the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate comprising:
a) providing the microbial host of claim 8 and a source of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate; and
b) growing the microbial host cell of (a) under conditions where the 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate is converted to α-ketoisovalerate.
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Effective date: 20100331

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION