US2009860A - Method of justifying type lines - Google Patents

Description

' July 30, 1935. .1. Q. SHERMAN 2,009,860

mmnon OF JUSTIFYING TYPE LINES Filed Sept. 1, 1950 o borrowing fI'o ion 15 equelly syllable are E E mportant par real 1y gives oot or the stem more from the L B perfnaining to (0 oy t hat marln NNNNNNNIQJNNN H kooo Patented July 30, 1935 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 4 Claims.

This invention relates to type setting and more particularly to a method of justifying lines of set type whereby the operator may be advised in advance of the additional number of quads 5 or space elements to be inserted as the setting of the line of type progresses to insure the line being filled or extended to the required dimension when completed.

The present method is designed for use more particularly in conjunction with type setting machines of the keyboard style used for setting type for multigraphing or letter duplicating machines, but which are also used for setting bookprinting type and the like.

The copy for use in setting the type'is typewritten in page form. However, in the ordinary typewriter no justification of lines can be effected, and consequently the right hand margin of the typewritten copy has a more or less ragged appearance due to the inequality of the lines. To justify the lines of type, it is necessary to increase the spacing between words of the shorter lines to make all lines of like extent whereby their terminal letters will be presented in vertical alignment. Ordinarily, a printer justifies a line of type after the setting of the entire line has been completed by going back over the line of type and inserting quads or space slugs as may be neces sary until the line is tight.

The object of the present invention is to enable the operator to know in advance the exact number of extra quads or space elements, in addition to those necessary for normal word spacing, which will be required to set a tight line or one extended to the maximum lineal dimension.

There are several ways in which this pre-indication of the required number of quads or space slugs may be effected. One of these methods is hereinafter shown by illustrated typed paragraphs embodied herein. A variation of such method is illustrated in the accompanying drawing in which Fig. 1 is a plan view of a portion of a sheet of typed matter to which there is shown applied a calibrated chart for indicating to the operator the extent of the deficiencies of the short lines of the typed matter and the number of symbols.

Like parts are indicated by similar characters of reference throughout the several views.

The most simple method of carrying out the present invention consists in filling out each typewritten line of copy matter from which the type is to be set by adding at the end of the line one or more symbols such as an asterisk a dollar sign numeral sign (it) or any other character which shall be arbitrarily adopted for the purpose. Each such added symbol will indicate a double space'slug or quad to be used between words of the line to extend the line therequired distance. Typewritten copy having succeeding lines of unequal length thus prepared to be set in type will have the appearance of the following paragraph:

The language now called English had its" first existence as an individual tongue, differ-*** entiated from other Teutonic dialects in the early centuries of the Christian Era. Its home was* among certain tribes living on the main-****** land of Europe where Belgium, Holland, Den-* mark, and Northern Germany are now shown" on the map. It had a fairly elaborate grammar* with many infiectional endings as in Latin and Greek. It was probably the vehicle of a very" fine oral literature of lays and epics of which" everything but a few relatively late examples*** have been lost.

When setting such matter in type, instead of employing the normal quads or space slugs between words, the intermediate spacing between different words of the line will be increased by inserting additional space slugs r quads in as many instances as symbols appear at the end of the typewritten copy line.

When so extended by the addition of additional quads or space elements distributed throughout the line, the paragraph will contain lines of equal length, i. e., justified, and will appear as follows:

The language now called English had its first existence as an individual tongue, differentiated from other Teutonic dialects in the early centuries of. the Christian Era. Its home was among certain tribes living on the mainland of Europe where Belgium, Holland, Denmark, and Northern Germany are now shown on the map. It had a fairly elaborate grammar with many infiectional endings as in Latin and Greek. It was probably the vehicle of a very fine oral literature of lays and epics of which everything but a few relatively late examples have been lost."

In lieu of filling out the short lines of the copy with symbols indicative of double spaces to be used between words, there may be employed a calibrated chart, preferably in the form of a transparent mask to be laid over the typewritten copy or inserted beneath such copy, in the event an illuminated transparency is employed for displaying the copy. Such chart is illustrated in Fig. 1 of the drawing and consists of a strip I 01' transparent material such as celluloid, having imprinted thereon successive columns of numerals or symbols spaced vertically to agree with the succeeding lines of the typewritten copy, the columns being laterally or horizontally spaced in accordance with units of type line measurement, which in the printing industry is the em of the particular type font being used. In ordinary typewriting type, the letters are compressed or extended into uniform lineal dimension. Hence the spacing of the vertical column 2 of the chart will ordinarily agree with the spacing of successive letters of typewritten copy.

By registering the right -hand column 2 of numerals or symbols appearing upon the chart I with the final letter of the longest line of the typewritten copy, the numerals or symbols exposed beyond the extremity of other shorter lines will indicate the number of additional space slugs or quads to be inserted between words of such line to insure a full line equal in length to that of the longest line of the copy.

In Fig. 1 of the drawing the calibration chart I is shown provided with vertical columns of digits l to 6 increasing numerically from right to left. By applying this chart either over or under the copy sheet with the transverse rows of digits aligned with the lines of the copy and with the right hand column of digits in registry with the final letter of the longest line of the copy, many of the digits upon the chart will be obscured by the overlying terminal letters of different lines of the copy or vice versa, leaving, however, exposed to view other digits beyond the extremities of the shorter lines. The highest digit thus exposed to view beyond the terminal letter of a short line indicates the number of additional space slugs or quads necessary to be inserted in such line to complete the line to the full extent.

Instead of employing full em quads or space slugs, quads or slugs of one half the normal extent may be employed in which case a. double number of such half space slugs must be inserted. In such case, instead of imprinting the calibration chart with columns of consecutive digits as shown in Fig. 1, these columns may comprise figures 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc. as shown in Fig. 2. Thus the highest figure exposed to View at the end of a short line of the copy when the chart and copy are superposed one upon the other, is indicative of the-number of half spaces or half em quads necessary to fill the line to the proper extent.

Instead of employing numerals upon the calibration chart, as indicated in Figs. 1 and 2, arbitrary symbols may be employed as illustrated in Fig. 3. These symbols are arranged in vertical columns agreeing with the lineal spacing of successive letters in the line of copy and are vertically spaced in' such columns in accordance with the spacing of successive lines of the copy. When this chart is arranged in superposed relation with the copy sheet with the right hand column of.

symbols in registry with the final letter of the longest line, the terminal letters of shorter lines will obscure certain symbols of the chart by overlying or underlying such symbols, leaving exposed however other symbols beyond the terminal letter of such shorter line. The number of such exposed symbols following the terminal letter of the shorter line is indicative of the number of space elements to be inserted in such shorter lines in order to fill the lines to the required extent.

As before mentioned, this method of justification of type lines is especially desirable for use in connection with keyboard operated typesetting machines. In such typesetting machine the feeding of diiferent type from a suitable magazineis controlled by the operation of keys such as typewriter keys. In fact in one instance a typewriting machine is operatively connected' with the discharge mechanism of the type magazine whereby type are fed from the-magazine in accordance with the typewriter keys operated and space elements likewise discharged in accordance with the operation of the space bar of the controlling typewriter. To facilitate carrying out the present method of justification, it is proposed to add to such typesetting machine an ad- .ditional magazine of space slugs or quads and to provide a series of control keys numbered as from one to six or higher if necessary which when depressed will release into such magazine a corresponding number of space elements or quads to besubsequently discharged from the magazine in conjunction with a normal space element or quad upon the operation of the space bar of the controlling keyboard. That is to say, when the space bar of the keyboard is depressed. there will be discharged into the type line a normal space element and also an additional space element from such auxiliary magazine until the supply in such auxiliary magazine is exhausted.

The operator by reference to the calibration chart l or by noting the number of symbols appearing at the end of the line of copy ascertains the number of additional .space elements or quads required to fill the line and depresses the corresponding auxiliary magazine key, releasing this number of space elements into the auxiliary magazine. No further attention is then required as these additional space elements or quads will be fed automatically upon the depression of the keyboard space bar.

To provide for greater flexibility and more uniform distribution of spacing, multiple auxiliary magazines are provided for full em half em and quarter em quads to be ejected by the operation of the key board space bar as may be required to fill out particular lines. instead of a plurality of control keys for loading thev auxiliary magazines with the required number of quads to justify a line, there may be but one such magazine loading key which will be repeatedly operated as many times as required quads are indicated at the end of the copy line. Thus the operator looking at the copy line and noting the highest numeral displayed on the chart, or the number of symbols appearing at the end of the line will operate the magazine loading key a corresponding number of times. If numerical keys are provided the corresponding numerical key will be operated to deposit in the auxiliary magazine the necessary number of quads. These quads are then automatically ejected simultaneously with the quads from the regular reservoir by the operation of the key board space bar' until exhausted. Thus at each operation of the key board space bar there will Likewise 2,009,860 be a full "em quad discharged from the regular magazine and also an additional quad either full, half or quarter until the auxiliary supply is exhausted, after which only the normal space quads will be ejected.

Suchmechanical construction forms no part of the present invention but is briefly referred to herein order that the application of the present invention may be more fully understood.

From the above description it will be apparent that there is thus provided a device of the character described possessing the particular features of advantage before enumerated as desirable, but which obviously is susceptible of modification in its-form, proportions, detail construction and arrangement of parts without departing from the principle involved or sacrificing any of its 'advantages.

While in ordento comply with the statute the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural features, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific details shown, but that the means and construction herein disclosed comprise the preferred form of several modes of putting the invention into effect and the invention is, therepended claims. 30

fore, claimed in any of its fonns or modifications within the legitimate and valid scope of the ap- Having thus described my invention, I claim: 1. As an article of manufacture means for adding to the ends of typed lines sumcient characters to extend the lines .to predetermined length, such characters being indicative of thespace elements for justification of such lines;

comprising a transparent chart having thereon a plurality of characters arranged in columns spaced apart horizontally in agreement-with the lineal spacing of the type of a typed line, the characters. being spaced apart vertically in said columns in agreement with the spacing of successive lines of a body of typed matter, such chart beingapplicable to a page-of typed lines with such characters forming continuations of the lines thereby extending the 'lines to predetermined extent.

2. As an article of manufacture, a chart for determining the amount of justification required in a body of typed material, comprising a transparent chart having thereon a pluralityof columns of digits progressing numerically from right to left to be added at the ends of succeedinglines of typed material, such digits being indicative of the requisite space elements necessary to extend the corresponding lines to predetermined length, the columns of digits being spaced apart horizontally in accordance with the spacing of successive letters in a typed line to be measured and the digits being spaced apart vertically in the respective columns in accordance with the relative spacing of succeeding lines of the typed matter to be measured.

3. As an article of manufacture, a chartfor determining the amount of justification required in a body of typed material, comprising a transparent chart, said chart bearing indices in relatively spaced relation agreeing with the spacing of succeeding characters of the typed matter to be measured to be added to the ends of succeeding lines of typed material by application of the chart thereto, and employed. to measure in units of type line measurement the extent of space elements necessary to extend the measured type line to predetermined extent.

4. A calibration chart for use with a typed page having lines of unequal extent for predetermining the number of space quads necessary to be inserted to fill said lines to a prescribed length said chart having indices thereon in lineal spacing agreeing with the type spacing of the line, said chart and sheet to be superposed one upon the other, one of said members being transparent whereby the type of said line and indices of the chartwill be simultaneously visible, a portion of the indices of said chart being'visible beyond the extremity of the typed line being measured, such visible indices being indicative of the number of space quads additional to the normal requirement of the line necessary to extend the line to a given dimension.

- JOHN Q. SHERMAN.

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