US20090062121A1 - Synergistic herbicidal composition containing certain pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acids and certain cereal and rice herbicides - Google Patents

Synergistic herbicidal composition containing certain pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acids and certain cereal and rice herbicides Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090062121A1
US20090062121A1 US12/196,697 US19669708A US2009062121A1 US 20090062121 A1 US20090062121 A1 US 20090062121A1 US 19669708 A US19669708 A US 19669708A US 2009062121 A1 US2009062121 A1 US 2009062121A1
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Prior art keywords
carboxylic acid
pyridine
herbicidal
mixture
herbicides
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US12/196,697
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Norbert M. Satchivi
Paul R. Schmitzer
Carla N. Yerkes
Terry R. Wright
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Corteva Agriscience LLC
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Dow AgroSciences LLC
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Priority to US12/196,697 priority Critical patent/US20090062121A1/en
Assigned to DOW AGROSCIENCES LLC reassignment DOW AGROSCIENCES LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: YERKES, CARLA N., WRIGHT, TERRY R., SATCHIVI, NORBERT M., SCHMITZER, PAUL R.
Publication of US20090062121A1 publication Critical patent/US20090062121A1/en
Priority to US14/593,706 priority patent/US20150126367A1/en
Priority to US14/640,907 priority patent/US20150175543A1/en
Priority to US15/671,671 priority patent/US10556865B2/en
Assigned to CORTEVA AGRISCIENCE LLC reassignment CORTEVA AGRISCIENCE LLC CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DOW AGROSCIENCES LLC
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
    • A01N43/42—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings condensed with carbocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/50—1,3-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/54—1,3-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/58—1,2-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/647—Triazoles; Hydrogenated triazoles
    • A01N43/653—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/707—1,2,3- or 1,2,4-triazines; Hydrogenated 1,2,3- or 1,2,4-triazines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/82—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms five-membered rings with three ring hetero atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/88—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms six-membered rings with three ring hetero atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
    • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
    • A01N47/30—Derivatives containing the group >N—CO—N aryl or >N—CS—N—aryl
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
    • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
    • A01N47/36—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the group >N—CO—N< directly attached to at least one heterocyclic ring; Thio analogues thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
    • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
    • A01N47/38—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the group >N—CO—N< where at least one nitrogen atom is part of a heterocyclic ring; Thio analogues thereof

Definitions

  • This invention concerns a synergistic herbicidal composition containing (a) an herbicidal pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid component and (b) a cereal or rice herbicide component.
  • herbicidal active ingredients have been shown to be more effective in combination than when applied individually and this is referred to as “synergism.”
  • ‘synergism’ [is] an interaction of two or more factors such that the effect when combined is greater than the predicted effect based on the response of each factor applied separately.”
  • the present invention is based on the discovery that certain cereal or rice herbicides and certain pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acids, already known individually for their herbicidal efficacy, display a synergistic effect when applied in combination.
  • the herbicidal compounds forming the synergistic composition of this invention are independently known in the art for their effects on plant growth.
  • the present invention concerns a synergistic herbicidal mixture comprising an herbicidally effective amount of (a) a first herbicide selected from the group of a pyridine or a pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I)
  • the present invention also concerns herbicidal compositions for and methods of controlling the growth of undesirable vegetation, particularly in wheat, rye, barley, oats, triticale and rice, and the use of these synergistic compositions.
  • the species spectra of the compounds of the synergistic mixture i.e., the weed species which the respective compounds control, are broad and highly complimentary.
  • a combination of diflufenican, optionally with flufenacet, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in the control of blackgrass ( Alopecurus myosuroides L; ALOMY), windgrass ( Apera spica - venti L; APESV), wild oats ( Avena fatua L; AVEFA), annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum L; LOLMG), lamb's-quarters ( Chenopodium album L; CHEAL), wild mustard ( Sinapis arvensis L SINAR), chickweed ( Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed ( Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • a mixture of an acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicide such as clodinafop, fenoxaprop-P, pinoxaden or tralkoxydim, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in control of blackgrass ( Alopecurus myosuroides L; ALOMY), windgrass ( Apera spica - venti L; APESV), wild oats ( Avena fatua L; AVEFA), annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum L; LOLMG), littleseed Canarygrass ( Phalaris minor L; PHAMI) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • blackgrass Alopecurus myosuroides L; ALOMY
  • windgrass Apera spica - venti L; APESV
  • wild oats Avena fatua L; AVEFA
  • the mixture of an acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicide such as amidosulfuron, chlorsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, mesosulfuron plus iodosulfuron, metsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron or tribenuron of the sulfonylureas class; propoxycarbazone or flucarbazone of the sulfonylaminocarbonyl-triazolinone class; imazamethabenz of the imidazolinones class; florasulam or pyroxsulam of the triazolopyrimidines class; and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) shows a synergistic action in control of canola ( Brassica napus L; BRSNN), Canada thistle ( Cirsium arven)
  • a phytoene desaturase-inhibiting herbicide such as beflubutamid or picolinafen
  • a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of kochia ( Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC), wild mustard ( Sinapis arvensis L; SINAR), ivy-leaved speedwell ( Veronica hederifolia L; VERHE), bird's-eye speedwell ( Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy ( Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), black mustard ( Brassica nigra L; BRSNI), cut-leaf geranium ( Geranium dissectum L; GERDI), wild buckwheat ( Polygonum convolvulus L; POLCO), lady's-thumb ( Polygonum persicaria L; POLPE), chickweed ( Stellaria media L; STEME) at application rates
  • the combinations of photosystem II-inhibiting herbicides such as bentazone, bromoxynil, chlorotoluron, isoproturon or metribuzin, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) show a synergistic action in control of black mustard ( Brassica nigra L; BRSNI), wild buckwheat ( Polygonum convolvulus L; POLCO), chickweed (Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed ( Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH), bird's-eye speedwell ( Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy ( Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), kochia ( Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC), Russian thistle ( Salsola iberica L; SASKR) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • black mustard Brassica nigra L; BRSNI
  • wild buckwheat Polygonum convolvulus L; POLCO
  • a combination of bromoxynil, optionally with pyrasulfotole, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) shows a synergistic action in control of scented mayweed ( Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH), bird's-eye speedwell ( Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy ( Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), kochia ( Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • a plant growth regulator such as chlormequat, indol-3-ylacetic acid or 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid
  • a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of kochia ( Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC), black mustard ( Brassica nigra L; BRSNI), cut-leaf geranium ( Geranium dissectum L; GERDI), wild buckwheat ( Polygonum convolvulus L; POLCO), chickweed ( Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed ( Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • kochia Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC
  • black mustard Brassica nigra L; BRSNI
  • cut-leaf geranium Geranium dissectum L; GERDI
  • Wild buckwheat Poly
  • the mixtures of isoxaben, a cell wall biosynthesis inhibiting herbicide, or prosulfocarb, a lipid biosynthesis inhibiting herbicide, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) have resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of black mustard ( Brassica nigra L; BRSNI), chickweed ( Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed ( Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH), bird's-eye speedwell ( Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy ( Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), Russian thistle ( Salsola iberica L; SASKR) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • black mustard Brassica nigra L; BRSNI
  • chickweed Stellaria media L; STEME
  • scented mayweed Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH
  • bird's-eye speedwell Veronica persica L; VERPE
  • an auxinic herbicide such as aminopyralid, optionally with picolinafen or diflufenican, dicamba, dichlorprop-P, MCPA, quinclorac and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in control of chickweed ( Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed ( Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH), bird's-eye speedwell ( Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy ( Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), lady's-thumb ( Polygonum persicaria L; POLPE), kochia ( Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC), black mustard ( Brassica nigra L; BRSNI), cut-leaf geranium ( Geranium dissectum L; GERDI), wild buckwheat (Polygonur convolvulus L; POLCO) at application rates lower than
  • an EPSP (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate) synthase inhibitor herbicide such as glyphosate and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in control of wild pansy ( Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), kochia ( Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC), Russian thistle ( Salsola iberica L; SASKR) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • 4-Amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid and 6-amino-5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives are the especially preferred pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acids of the formula (I) for the control of weeds in cereal crops including spring, winter and durum wheat, spring and winter barley, oats, and triticale.
  • acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide such as penoxsulam of the triazolopyrimidine class; bispyribac-sodium of the pyrimidinylbenzoate chemical class; bensulfuron-methyl, halosulfuron-methyl, or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl of the sulfonylurea chemical class; or imazethapyr or imazamox of the imidazolinone chemical class; and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of Ipomoea hederacea (L.) JACQ.
  • ALS acetolactate synthase
  • IPHE Echinochloa species
  • ISCRU Ischaemum rugosum SALISB.
  • Leptochloa chinensis L.
  • LEFCH Leptochloa chinensis
  • Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES
  • Cyperus iria L. CYPIR
  • Eleocharis kuroguwai OHWI ELOKU
  • Glyphosate an amino acid biosynthesis inhibitor which specifically inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, in combination with a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I), produces synergistic activity on Polygonur pensylvanicur L. (POLPY), CYPES, CYPIR, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) SCOP. (DIGSA), and LEFCH at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • PEP 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
  • Synergistic activity between pyridine carboxylic acids of the formula (I) in combination with compounds of the imidazolinone chemistry class or in combination with glyphosate will be particularly useful in crops where imidazolinone or glyphosate resistant crop varieties are being employed.
  • a mixture of carfentrazone-ethyl, a protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PROTOX) inhibiting herbicide, and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in control POLPE, CYPES, and CYPIR at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds as well as an increased speed of activity on CYPES.
  • auxinic herbicide such as triclopyr, MCPA, or quinclorac
  • a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of Marsilea crenata PRESL (MASCR), CYPSS, FIMMI, ECHSS, LEFCH, Brachiaria platyphylla (BRISEB.) NASH (BRAPP), and ISCRU at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • an auxin transport inhibitor such as diflufenzopyr and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of IPOHE, LEFCH, and CYPIR at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • 4-Amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives, and 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-ethoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives are the especially preferred pyridine carboxylic acids of the formula (I) for the control of weeds in transplanted, water seeded, and direct seeded rice.
  • pyridine and pyrimidine carboxylic acids are a new class of compounds having herbicidal activity.
  • a number of pyridine and pyrimidine carboxylic acid compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,907 (B2) and U.S. Pat. No.
  • 7,314,849 (B2), including 6-amino-5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester and 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester.
  • the pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) controls annual grass weeds including Setaria, Pennisetum , and Echinochloa ; broadleaf weeds such as Papaver, Galium, Lamium, Kochia, Amaranthus, Aeschynomene, Sesbania , and Monochoria ; and sedge species such as Cyperus and Scirpus.
  • Amidosulfuron is the common name for N-[[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-N-methylmethanesulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Amidosulfuron controls a wide range of broadleaf weeds, particularly cleavers.
  • Aminopyralid is the common name for 4-amino-3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Aminopyralid controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in grassland.
  • Beflubutamid is the common name for 2-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]-N-(phenylmethyl)butanamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Beflubutamid provides pre- and early post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in wheat and barley.
  • Bensulfuron is the common name for 2-[[[[[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]methyl]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Bensulfuron-methyl controls annual and perennial weeds and sedges in flooded or wetland rice.
  • Bentazone is the common name for 3-(1-methylethyl)-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Bentazone controls broadleaf weeds in spring and winter cereals.
  • Bispyribac is the common name for 2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Bispyribac-sodium controls grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds in direct-seeded rice.
  • Bromoxynil is the common name for 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Bromoxynil is used for the post-emergence control of annual broadleaf weeds.
  • Carfentrazone is the common name for ⁇ ,2-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorobenzenepropanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Carfentrazone-ethyl controls a wide range of broadleaf weeds in cereals and rice.
  • Chlormequat is the common name for 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethyl-ethanaminium chloride. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Chlormequat is a plant growth regulator for producing sturdier plants.
  • Chlorsulfuron is the common name for 2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Chlorsulfuron controls a wide range of broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses.
  • Chlorotoluron is the common name for N′-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Chlorotoluron controls a wide range of broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses in winter cereals.
  • Clodinafop is the common name for (2R)-2-[4-[(5-chloro-3-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Clodinafop controls a wide range of annual grasses.
  • Clomazone is the common name for 2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Clomazone controls grass weeds and broadleaf weeds.
  • Cyhalofop is the common name for (2R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)-phenoxy]propanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Cyhalofop-butyl controls grass weeds in rice.
  • Dicamba is the common name for 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Dicamba controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in cereals.
  • Dichlorprop P is the common name for (2R)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Dichlorprop controls a wide range of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in cereals and grassland.
  • Diflufenican is the common name for N-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-3-pyridinecarboxamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Diflufenican controls annual grass weeds and certain broadleaf weeds including Galium, Veronica and Viola spp.
  • Diflufenzopyr is the common name for 2-[1-[[[(3,5-difluorophenyl)-amino]carbonyl]hydrazono]ethyl]-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Diflufenzopyr controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds.
  • Fenoxaprop is the common name for 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)-oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Fenoxaprop controls a wide range of annual and perennial grasses.
  • Florasulam is the common name for N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-8-fluoro-5-methoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Florasulam controls broadleaf weeds, especially Galium aparine, Stellaria media, Polygonum convolvulus, Matricaria spp. and various cruciferae.
  • Flucarbazone is the common name for 4,5-dihydro-3-methoxy-4-methyl-5-oxo-N-[[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carboxamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Flucarbazone controls grass weeds, especially Avena fatua and Setaria viridis and some broadleaf weeds.
  • Flufenacet is the common name for N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]oxy]acetamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Flufenacet controls a broad spectrum of grass weeds and certain broadleaf weeds.
  • Flupyrsulfuron is the common name for 2-[[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Flupyrsulfuron controls black-grass and some broadleaf weeds.
  • Glyphosate is the common name for N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Glyphosate controls a wide range of annual and perennial, broadleaf and grass weeds.
  • Halosulfuron is the common name for 3-chloro-5-[[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Halosulfuron-methyl controls annual broadleaf weeds and nutsedge in rice.
  • Imazamethabenz is the common name for 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-4(or 5)-methylbenzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Imazamethabenz controls Alopecurus, Apera and Avena in wheat, barley and rye.
  • Imazamox is the common name for 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Imazamox is used for broad spectrum weed control in a variety of crops.
  • Imazethapyr is the common name for 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Imazethapyr controls annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds.
  • Indol-3-ylacetic acid is the common name for 1H-indole-3-acetic acid. Its plant growth regulating activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006.
  • 4-Indol-3-ylbutyric acid is the common name for 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid. Its plant growth regulating activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006.
  • Iodosulfuron is the common name for 4-iodo-2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Iodosulfuron controls grass and broadleaf weeds.
  • Isoproturon is the common mane for N,N-dimethyl-N′-[4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl]urea. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Isoproturon controls a wide range of annual broadleaf and grass weeds in cereals other than durum wheat.
  • Isoxaben is the common name for N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethoxybenzamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Isoxaben pre-emergently controls broadleaf weeds in cereals.
  • MCPA is (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. MCPA controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in crops including cereals.
  • Mesosulfuron is the common name for 2-[[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-4-[[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-methyl]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Mesosulfuron controls grass and some broadleaf weeds.
  • Metribuzin is the common name for 4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Metribuzin controls many grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals.
  • Metsulfuron is the common name for 2-[[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Metsulfuron controls a wide range of grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley, rice and oats.
  • Norflurazon is the common name for 4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3(2H)-pyridazinone. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Norflurazon is used for the pre-emergence control of grasses and sedges, as well as some broadleaf weeds.
  • Penoxsulam is the common name for 2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-N-(5,8-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-2-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-benzenesulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Penoxsulam controls broadleaf, sedge, and aquatic weeds and Echinochloa spp. in rice.
  • Picolinafen is the common name for N-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-pyridinecarboxamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Picolinafen controls broadleaf weeds, especially Galium, Viola, Lamium and Veronica spp.
  • Pinoxaden is the common name for 8-(2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-7-oxo-7H-pyrazolo[1,2-d][1,4,5]oxadiazepin-9-yl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Pinoxaden controls annual grasses, including Alopecurus, Apera, Avena, Lolium, Phalaris and Setaria.
  • Propanil is the common name for N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propanamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Propanil controls grass and broadleaf weeds in rice.
  • Propoxycarbazone is the common name for methyl 2-[[[(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-propoxy-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Propoxycarbazone controls annual and some perennial grasses, including Bromus spp., Alopecurus myosuroides, Apera spica - venti , and Elymus repens , and some broadleaf weeds.
  • Prosulfocarb is the common name for S-(phenylmethyl) dipropylcarbamo-thioate. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Prosulfocarb controls a wide range of grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley and rye.
  • Pyrasulfotole is the common name for (5-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) [2-(methylsulfonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methanone. Pyrasulfotole controls a broad spectrum of broadleaf weeds in cereals.
  • Pyrazosulfuron is the common name for 5-[[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and sedges in rice.
  • Pyriclor is the common name for 2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol.
  • Pyroxsulam is the common name for N-(5,7-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide. Pyroxsulam controls grass and broadleaf weeds.
  • Quinclorac is the common name for 3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Quinclorac controls weeds in transplanted and direct-seeded rice.
  • Sulcotrione is the common name for 2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Sulcotrione controls grass and broadleaf weeds.
  • Sulfosulfuron is the common name for N-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]-2-(ethylsulfonyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-sulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Sulfosulfuron controls annual grasses and broadleaf weeds.
  • Thifensulfuron is the common name for 3-[[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Thifensulfuron controls a wide range of annual weeds.
  • Tralkoxydim is the common name 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)propyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Tralkoxydim controls annual grasses, including Avena spp., Lolium spp., Setaria viridis, Phalaris spp., Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spica - venti.
  • Tribenuron is the common name 2-[[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)methylamino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Tribenuron controls broadleaf weeds.
  • Triclopyr is the common name for [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual , Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Triclopyr controls broadleaf weeds in rice.
  • herbicide is used herein to mean an active ingredient that kills, controls or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of plants.
  • An herbicidally effective or vegetation controlling amount is an amount of active ingredient which causes an adversely modifying effect and includes deviations from natural development, killing, regulation, desiccation, retardation, and the like.
  • plants and vegetation include germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, and established vegetation.
  • Herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compounds of the synergistic mixture when they are applied directly to the plant or to the locus of the plant at any stage of growth or before planting or emergence. The effect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled, the stage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. These and other factors can be adjusted as is known in the art to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action. Generally, it is preferred to apply the composition of the present invention postemergence to relatively immature undesirable vegetation to achieve the maximum control of weeds.
  • the weight ratio of the pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of formula (I) component to the second cereal or rice herbicide component at which the herbicidal effect is synergistic lies within the range of between about 5:1 and about 1:256.
  • the rate at which the synergistic composition is applied will depend upon the particular type of weed to be controlled, the degree of control required, and the timing and method of application.
  • the composition of the invention can be applied at an application rate of between about 8 grams per hectare (g/ha) and about 1200 g/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition.
  • the cereal or rice herbicide component is applied at a rate between about 4 g/ha and about 1120 g/ha and the pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of formula (I) component is applied at a rate between about 4 g/ha and about 70 g/ha
  • the components of the synergistic mixture of the present invention can be applied either separately or as part of a multipart herbicidal system.
  • the synergistic mixture of the present invention can be applied in conjunction with one or more other herbicides to control a wider variety of undesirable vegetation.
  • the composition can be formulated with the other herbicide or herbicides, tank mixed with the other herbicide or herbicides or applied sequentially with the other herbicide or herbicides.
  • Some of the herbicides that can be employed in conjunction with the synergistic composition of the present invention include: amide herbicides such as allidochlor, benzadox, benzipram, bromobutide, cafenstrole, CDEA, chlorthiamid, cyprazole, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, diphenamid, epronaz, etnipromid, fentrazamide, flupoxam, fomesafen, halosafen, isocarbamid, napropamide, naptalam, pethoxamid, propyzamide, quinonamid and tebutam; anilide herbicides such as chloranocryl, cisanilide, clomeprop, cypromid, etobenzanid, fenasulam, flufenican, mefenacet, mefluidide, metamifop, monalide, naproanilide and pent
  • the synergistic composition of the present invention can, further, be used in conjunction with glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, imidazolinones or 2,4-D on glyphosate-tolerant, glufosinate-tolerant, dicamba-tolerant, imidazolinone-tolerant or 2,4-D-tolerant crops. It is generally preferred to use the synergistic composition of the present invention in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed. It is further generally preferred to apply the synergistic composition of the present invention and other complementary herbicides at the same time, either as a combination formulation or as a tank mix.
  • the synergistic composition of the present invention can generally be employed in combination with known herbicide safeners, such as benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet (mexyl), cyometrinil, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, MG 191, MON 4660, naphthalic anhydride (NA), oxabetrinil, R29148 and N-phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, to enhance their selectivity.
  • Cloquintocet (mexyl) is a particularly preferred safener for the synergistic compositions of the present invention, specifically antagonizing any harmful effect of the synergistic compositions on rice
  • the synergistic composition of the present invention in mixtures containing an herbicidally effective amount of the herbicidal components along with at least one agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier.
  • Suitable adjuvants or carriers should not be phytotoxic to valuable crops, particularly at the concentrations employed in applying the compositions for selective weed control in the presence of crops, and should not react chemically with herbicidal components or other composition ingredients.
  • Such mixtures can be designed for application directly to weeds or their locus or can be concentrates or formulations that are normally diluted with additional carriers and adjuvants before application.
  • They can be solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules, water dispersible granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as, for example, emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions or suspensions.
  • Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers that are useful in preparing the herbicidal mixtures of the invention are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Liquid carriers that can be employed include water, toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides, dimethyl sulfoxide, liquid fertilizers and the like. Water is generally the carrier of choice for the dilution of concentrates.
  • Suitable solid carriers include talc, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgus clay, kaolin clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cotton seed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, and the like.
  • compositions of the present invention It is usually desirable to incorporate one or more surface-active agents into the compositions of the present invention.
  • Such surface-active agents are advantageously employed in both solid and liquid compositions, especially those designed to be diluted with carrier before application.
  • the surface-active agents can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes.
  • Typical surface-active agents include salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanol-ammonium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as calcium dodecyl-benzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol-C 18 ethoxylate; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol-C 16 ethoxylate; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkylnaphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such as sorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethyl-ammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol esters
  • compositions may also contain other compatible components, for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulants, fungicides, insecticides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like.
  • the concentration of the active ingredients in the synergistic composition of the present invention is generally from 0.001 to 98 percent by weight. Concentrations from 0.01 to 90 percent by weight are often employed. In compositions designed to be employed as concentrates, the active ingredients are generally present in a concentration from 5 to 98 weight percent, preferably 10 to 90 weight percent. Such compositions are typically diluted with an inert carrier, such as water, before application. The diluted compositions usually applied to weeds or the locus of weeds generally contain 0.0001 to 1 weight percent active ingredient and preferably contain 0.001 to 0.05 weight percent.
  • compositions can be applied to weeds or their locus by the use of conventional ground or aerial dusters, sprayers, and granule applicators, by addition to irrigation or paddy water, and by other conventional means known to those skilled in the art.
  • Seeds of the desired test plant species were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix® 306 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic pots with a surface area of 103.2 square centimeters (cm 2 ).
  • a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied.
  • the plants were grown for 7-36 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 hour photoperiod which was maintained at about 18° C. during the day and 17° C. during the night.
  • Nutrients and water were added on a regular basis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the second or third true leaf stage.
  • Treatments consisted of compound (as listed in Tables 1 through 64) and a second cereal herbicide alone and in combination. Weighed amounts of esters (methyl) or salts (TEA [triethylammonium], K [potassium]) of 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound A) or of 6-amino-5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (Compound B), were placed in 25 milliliter (mL) glass vials and dissolved in a volume of 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO to obtain 4.5 milligrams (mg) active ingredient (ai)/mL stock solutions.
  • the concentrated stock solutions were diluted to 1.5 mg ai/mL with the addition of 2 volumes of an aqueous mixture containing acetone, water, isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Agri-dex crop oil concentrate, and Triton® X-77 surfactant in a 64.7:26.0:6.7:2.0:0.7:0.01 v/v ratio.
  • a dilution solution was prepared by mixing 1 volume of 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO and 2 volumes of an aqueous mixture containing acetone, water, isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Agri-dex crop oil concentrate, and Triton® X-77 surfactant in a 64.7:26.0:6.7:2.0:0.7:0.01 v/v ratio.
  • Compound requirements are based upon a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187 liters per hectare (L/ha).
  • Spray solutions of the second cereal herbicide and experimental compound mixtures were prepared by adding the stock solutions to the appropriate amount of dilution solution to form 12 mL spray solution with active ingredients in two- and three-way combinations.
  • Formulated compounds were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 square meters (m 2 ) at a spray height of 18 inches (43 cm) above average plant canopy. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank.
  • the treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After 20-22 days, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the control plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill.
  • Seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in a soil matrix prepared by mixing a loam soil (43 percent silt, 19 percent clay, and 38 percent sand, with a pH of about 8.1 and an organic matter content of about 1.5 percent) and river sand in an 80 to 20 ratio.
  • the soil matrix was contained in plastic pots with a surface area of 139.7 cm 2 .
  • a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied.
  • the plants were grown for 10-17 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 hr photoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C. during the day and 26° C. during the night. Nutrients and water were added on a regular basis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the second or third true leaf stage.
  • Treatments consisted of esters (methyl, n-butyl or allyl) or salts (TEA [triethylammonium]) of 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound A), 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound C), or 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-ethoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound D), and various herbicidal components alone and in combination.
  • TAA triethylammonium
  • Formulated compounds were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with a 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 m at a spray height of 18 inches (43 cm) above average plant canopy height. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank.
  • ALS acetolactate synthase
  • penoxsulam triazolopyrimidine chemical class
  • the treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After 3 weeks, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill.
  • mud puddled soil
  • a non-sterilized mineral soil 28 percent silt, 18 percent clay, and 54 percent sand, with a pH of about 7.3 to 7.8 and an organic matter content of about 1.0 percent
  • the prepared mud was dispensed in 250 mL aliquots into 480 mL non-perforated plastic pots with a surface area of 91.6 square centimeters leaving a headspace of 3 centimeters in each pot.
  • Rice seeds were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix® 306 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic plug trays. Seedlings at the second or third leaf stage of growth were transplanted into 650 mL of mud contained in 960 mL non-perforated plastic pots with a surface area of 91.6 cm 2 4 days prior to herbicide application. The paddy was created by filling the 3 centimeter headspace of the pots with water. When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 4-14 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 hr photoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C.
  • Treatments consisted of esters or salts of compound A, compound C, or compound D and various herbicidal components alone and in combination.
  • a weighed amount determined by the highest rate to be tested, was placed in an individual 120 mL glass vial and was dissolved in 20 mL of acetone to obtain concentrated stock solutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated.
  • the concentrated stock solutions obtained were diluted with 20 mL of an aqueous mixture containing 2.5% Agri-dex crop oil concentrate (v/v).
  • a measured amount determined by the highest rate to be tested, was placed in an individual 120 mL glass vial and was dissolved in 20 mL of 2.5% (v/v) Agri-dex crop oil concentrate to obtain concentrated stock solutions.
  • the concentrated stock solutions obtained were diluted with 20 mL of acetone.
  • Applications were made by injecting an appropriate amount of the stock solution into the aqueous layer of the paddy. Control plants were treated in the same manner with the solvent blank. All treated plant material received the same concentration of acetone and crop oil concentrate.
  • the treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and water was added as needed to maintain a paddy flood. After 3 weeks the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill.

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Abstract

An herbicidal composition containing (a) a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid component and (b) a second cereal or rice herbicide component provides synergistic control of selected weeds.

Description

  • This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/966,340 filed Aug. 27, 2007.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • This invention concerns a synergistic herbicidal composition containing (a) an herbicidal pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid component and (b) a cereal or rice herbicide component.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • The protection of crops from weeds and other vegetation which inhibit crop growth is a constantly recurring problem in agriculture. To help combat this problem, researchers in the field of synthetic chemistry have produced an extensive variety of chemicals and chemical formulations effective in the control of such unwanted growth. Chemical herbicides of many types have been disclosed in the literature and a large number are in commercial use.
  • In some cases, herbicidal active ingredients have been shown to be more effective in combination than when applied individually and this is referred to as “synergism.” As described in the Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America, Seventh Edition, 1994, p. 318, “‘synergism’ [is] an interaction of two or more factors such that the effect when combined is greater than the predicted effect based on the response of each factor applied separately.” The present invention is based on the discovery that certain cereal or rice herbicides and certain pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acids, already known individually for their herbicidal efficacy, display a synergistic effect when applied in combination.
  • The herbicidal compounds forming the synergistic composition of this invention are independently known in the art for their effects on plant growth.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention concerns a synergistic herbicidal mixture comprising an herbicidally effective amount of (a) a first herbicide selected from the group of a pyridine or a pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I)
  • Figure US20090062121A1-20090305-C00001
      • wherein X represents CH or N, hal represents F, Cl or Br, and R represents methyl or ethyl,
        and agriculturally acceptable salts, esters and amides of the carboxylic acid, and (b) a second herbicide selected from the group consisting of amidosulfuron, aminopyralid, beflubutamid, bensulfuron, bentazone, bispyribac, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, chlormequat, chlorsulfuron, chlorotoluron, clodinafop, clomazone, cyhalofop, dicamba, dichlorprop, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, fenoxaprop, florasulam, flucarbazone, flufenacet, flupyrsulfuron, halosulfuron, indol-3-ylacetic acid, 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazethapyr, iodosulfuron, isoproturon, isoxaben, MCPA, mesosulfuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron, norflurazon, penoxsulam, picolinafen, pinoxaden, propanil, propoxycarbazone, prosulfocarb, pyrasulfotole, pyrazosulfuron, pyriclor, pyroxsulam, quinclorac, sulcotrione, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron, tralkoxydim, tribenuron, triclopyr and mixtures thereof. The compositions may also contain an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier. The synergistic compositions may also generally be employed in combination with known herbicide safeners, particularly with cloquintocet mexyl.
  • Compounds of formula (I) in which X represents CH or N, hal represents F or Cl, and R represents methyl are independently preferred.
  • The present invention also concerns herbicidal compositions for and methods of controlling the growth of undesirable vegetation, particularly in wheat, rye, barley, oats, triticale and rice, and the use of these synergistic compositions.
  • The species spectra of the compounds of the synergistic mixture, i.e., the weed species which the respective compounds control, are broad and highly complimentary. For example, it has been surprisingly found that a combination of diflufenican, optionally with flufenacet, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in the control of blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides L; ALOMY), windgrass (Apera spica-venti L; APESV), wild oats (Avena fatua L; AVEFA), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L; LOLMG), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L; CHEAL), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L SINAR), chickweed (Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed (Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • It has also been surprisingly found that a mixture of an acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicide such as clodinafop, fenoxaprop-P, pinoxaden or tralkoxydim, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in control of blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides L; ALOMY), windgrass (Apera spica-venti L; APESV), wild oats (Avena fatua L; AVEFA), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L; LOLMG), littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor L; PHAMI) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • The mixtures of an acetolactate synthase-inhibitor herbicide such as flupyrsulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, mesosulfuron plus iodosulfuron or sulfosulfuron of the sulfonylureas class; imazamethabenz of the imidazolinones class; propoxycarbazone of the sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones class; pyroxsulam of the triazolopyrimidine class; and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) unexpectedly exhibit a synergistic action in control of blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides L; ALOMY), windgrass (Apera spica-venti L; APESV), wild oats (Avena fatua L; AVEFA), downy brome (Bromus tectorum L; BROTE), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L; LOLMG), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L; LOLMU), rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L; LOLRI), littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor L; PHAMI), yellow foxtail (Pennisetum americanum L; PESGL), annual bluegrass (Poa annua L; POAAN), green foxtail (Setaria viridis L; SETVI) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • It has also been unexpectedly found that the mixture of an acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicide such as amidosulfuron, chlorsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, mesosulfuron plus iodosulfuron, metsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron or tribenuron of the sulfonylureas class; propoxycarbazone or flucarbazone of the sulfonylaminocarbonyl-triazolinone class; imazamethabenz of the imidazolinones class; florasulam or pyroxsulam of the triazolopyrimidines class; and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) shows a synergistic action in control of canola (Brassica napus L; BRSNN), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L; CIRAR), chickweed (Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed (Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH), bird's-eye speedwell (Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy (Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), lady's-thumb (Polygonum persicaria L; POLPE), kochia (Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • The combination of a phytoene desaturase-inhibiting herbicide such as beflubutamid or picolinafen, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of kochia (Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L; SINAR), ivy-leaved speedwell (Veronica hederifolia L; VERHE), bird's-eye speedwell (Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy (Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), black mustard (Brassica nigra L; BRSNI), cut-leaf geranium (Geranium dissectum L; GERDI), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L; POLCO), lady's-thumb (Polygonum persicaria L; POLPE), chickweed (Stellaria media L; STEME) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • Surprisingly, the combinations of photosystem II-inhibiting herbicides such as bentazone, bromoxynil, chlorotoluron, isoproturon or metribuzin, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) show a synergistic action in control of black mustard (Brassica nigra L; BRSNI), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L; POLCO), chickweed (Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed (Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH), bird's-eye speedwell (Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy (Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), kochia (Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC), Russian thistle (Salsola iberica L; SASKR) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds. It has been also surprisingly found that a combination of bromoxynil, optionally with pyrasulfotole, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) shows a synergistic action in control of scented mayweed (Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH), bird's-eye speedwell (Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy (Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), kochia (Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • The combination of a plant growth regulator such as chlormequat, indol-3-ylacetic acid or 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of kochia (Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC), black mustard (Brassica nigra L; BRSNI), cut-leaf geranium (Geranium dissectum L; GERDI), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L; POLCO), chickweed (Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed (Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds. Similarly, the mixtures of isoxaben, a cell wall biosynthesis inhibiting herbicide, or prosulfocarb, a lipid biosynthesis inhibiting herbicide, and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) have resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of black mustard (Brassica nigra L; BRSNI), chickweed (Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed (Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH), bird's-eye speedwell (Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy (Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), Russian thistle (Salsola iberica L; SASKR) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • It has also been unexpectedly found that the mixture of an auxinic herbicide such as aminopyralid, optionally with picolinafen or diflufenican, dicamba, dichlorprop-P, MCPA, quinclorac and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in control of chickweed (Stellaria media L; STEME), scented mayweed (Matricaria chamomila L; MATCH), bird's-eye speedwell (Veronica persica L; VERPE), wild pansy (Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), lady's-thumb (Polygonum persicaria L; POLPE), kochia (Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC), black mustard (Brassica nigra L; BRSNI), cut-leaf geranium (Geranium dissectum L; GERDI), wild buckwheat (Polygonur convolvulus L; POLCO) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • It has been also surprisingly found that the mixture of an EPSP (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate) synthase inhibitor herbicide such as glyphosate and a pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in control of wild pansy (Viola tricolor L; VIOTR), kochia (Kochia scoparia L; KCHSC), Russian thistle (Salsola iberica L; SASKR) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • 4-Amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid and 6-amino-5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives are the especially preferred pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acids of the formula (I) for the control of weeds in cereal crops including spring, winter and durum wheat, spring and winter barley, oats, and triticale.
  • In rice culture (direct seeded, water seeded, or transplanted), the combination of an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide such as penoxsulam of the triazolopyrimidine class; bispyribac-sodium of the pyrimidinylbenzoate chemical class; bensulfuron-methyl, halosulfuron-methyl, or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl of the sulfonylurea chemical class; or imazethapyr or imazamox of the imidazolinone chemical class; and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of Ipomoea hederacea (L.) JACQ. (IPOHE), Echinochloa species (ECHSS), Ischaemum rugosum SALISB. (ISCRU), Leptochloa chinensis (L.) NEES (LEFCH), Cyperus esculentus L. (CYPES), Cyperus iria L. (CYPIR), and Eleocharis kuroguwai OHWI (ELOKU) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds. Glyphosate, an amino acid biosynthesis inhibitor which specifically inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, in combination with a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I), produces synergistic activity on Polygonur pensylvanicur L. (POLPY), CYPES, CYPIR, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) SCOP. (DIGSA), and LEFCH at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds. Synergistic activity between pyridine carboxylic acids of the formula (I) in combination with compounds of the imidazolinone chemistry class or in combination with glyphosate will be particularly useful in crops where imidazolinone or glyphosate resistant crop varieties are being employed.
  • It has also been surprising that a mixture of propanil, a photosystem (PS) II-inhibiting herbicide and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in control of IPOHE and Polygonur persicaria L. (POLPE), at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds and an increased speed of activity on CYPIR and Scirpus maritirus L. (SCPMA) over that observed with effective control rates of the individual compounds. Similarly, a mixture of carfentrazone-ethyl, a protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PROTOX) inhibiting herbicide, and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) exhibits a synergistic action in control POLPE, CYPES, and CYPIR at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds as well as an increased speed of activity on CYPES.
  • It has also been unexpectedly found that the mixture of cyhalofop-butyl, an acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicide, and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) shows a synergistic action in the control of POLPY, Sphenoclea zeylanica GAERTN. (SPDZE), ECHSS, LEFCH, Cyperus species (CYPSS), Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) VAHL (FIMMI), and Scirpus species (SCPSS) at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds, while a mixture of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, another ACCase-inhibiting herbicide, and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) shows a synergistic action in control of FIMMI and SCPSS at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • The combination of an auxinic herbicide such as triclopyr, MCPA, or quinclorac and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of Marsilea crenata PRESL (MASCR), CYPSS, FIMMI, ECHSS, LEFCH, Brachiaria platyphylla (BRISEB.) NASH (BRAPP), and ISCRU at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds. Similarly, the combination of an auxin transport inhibitor such as diflufenzopyr and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of IPOHE, LEFCH, and CYPIR at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • The combination of compounds with bleaching modes of action such as clomazone; norflurazon, a phytoene desaturase inhibiting herbicide; sulcotrione, a p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibiting herbicide; or pyriclor and a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) has resulted in an unexpected synergistic action in the control of BRAPP, DIGSA, ECHSS, LEFCH, CYPSS, FIMMI, and SCPMA at application rates lower than the rates of the individual compounds.
  • 4-Amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives, and 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-ethoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives are the especially preferred pyridine carboxylic acids of the formula (I) for the control of weeds in transplanted, water seeded, and direct seeded rice.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The pyridine and pyrimidine carboxylic acids are a new class of compounds having herbicidal activity. A number of pyridine and pyrimidine carboxylic acid compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,907 (B2) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,849 (B2), including 6-amino-5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester and 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester. The pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) controls annual grass weeds including Setaria, Pennisetum, and Echinochloa; broadleaf weeds such as Papaver, Galium, Lamium, Kochia, Amaranthus, Aeschynomene, Sesbania, and Monochoria; and sedge species such as Cyperus and Scirpus.
  • Amidosulfuron is the common name for N-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-N-methylmethanesulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Amidosulfuron controls a wide range of broadleaf weeds, particularly cleavers.
  • Aminopyralid is the common name for 4-amino-3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Aminopyralid controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in grassland.
  • Beflubutamid is the common name for 2-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]-N-(phenylmethyl)butanamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Beflubutamid provides pre- and early post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in wheat and barley.
  • Bensulfuron is the common name for 2-[[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]methyl]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Bensulfuron-methyl controls annual and perennial weeds and sedges in flooded or wetland rice.
  • Bentazone is the common name for 3-(1-methylethyl)-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Bentazone controls broadleaf weeds in spring and winter cereals.
  • Bispyribac is the common name for 2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Bispyribac-sodium controls grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds in direct-seeded rice.
  • Bromoxynil is the common name for 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Bromoxynil is used for the post-emergence control of annual broadleaf weeds.
  • Carfentrazone is the common name for α,2-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorobenzenepropanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Carfentrazone-ethyl controls a wide range of broadleaf weeds in cereals and rice.
  • Chlormequat is the common name for 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethyl-ethanaminium chloride. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Chlormequat is a plant growth regulator for producing sturdier plants.
  • Chlorsulfuron is the common name for 2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Chlorsulfuron controls a wide range of broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses.
  • Chlorotoluron is the common name for N′-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Chlorotoluron controls a wide range of broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses in winter cereals.
  • Clodinafop is the common name for (2R)-2-[4-[(5-chloro-3-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Clodinafop controls a wide range of annual grasses.
  • Clomazone is the common name for 2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Clomazone controls grass weeds and broadleaf weeds.
  • Cyhalofop is the common name for (2R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)-phenoxy]propanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Cyhalofop-butyl controls grass weeds in rice.
  • Dicamba is the common name for 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Dicamba controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in cereals.
  • Dichlorprop P is the common name for (2R)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Dichlorprop controls a wide range of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in cereals and grassland.
  • Diflufenican is the common name for N-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-3-pyridinecarboxamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Diflufenican controls annual grass weeds and certain broadleaf weeds including Galium, Veronica and Viola spp.
  • Diflufenzopyr is the common name for 2-[1-[[[(3,5-difluorophenyl)-amino]carbonyl]hydrazono]ethyl]-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Diflufenzopyr controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds.
  • Fenoxaprop is the common name for 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)-oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Fenoxaprop controls a wide range of annual and perennial grasses.
  • Florasulam is the common name for N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-8-fluoro-5-methoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Florasulam controls broadleaf weeds, especially Galium aparine, Stellaria media, Polygonum convolvulus, Matricaria spp. and various cruciferae.
  • Flucarbazone is the common name for 4,5-dihydro-3-methoxy-4-methyl-5-oxo-N-[[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carboxamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Flucarbazone controls grass weeds, especially Avena fatua and Setaria viridis and some broadleaf weeds.
  • Flufenacet is the common name for N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]oxy]acetamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Flufenacet controls a broad spectrum of grass weeds and certain broadleaf weeds.
  • Flupyrsulfuron is the common name for 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Flupyrsulfuron controls black-grass and some broadleaf weeds.
  • Glyphosate is the common name for N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Glyphosate controls a wide range of annual and perennial, broadleaf and grass weeds.
  • Halosulfuron is the common name for 3-chloro-5-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Halosulfuron-methyl controls annual broadleaf weeds and nutsedge in rice.
  • Imazamethabenz is the common name for 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-4(or 5)-methylbenzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Imazamethabenz controls Alopecurus, Apera and Avena in wheat, barley and rye.
  • Imazamox is the common name for 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Imazamox is used for broad spectrum weed control in a variety of crops.
  • Imazethapyr is the common name for 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Imazethapyr controls annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds.
  • Indol-3-ylacetic acid is the common name for 1H-indole-3-acetic acid. Its plant growth regulating activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006.
  • 4-Indol-3-ylbutyric acid is the common name for 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid. Its plant growth regulating activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006.
  • Iodosulfuron is the common name for 4-iodo-2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Iodosulfuron controls grass and broadleaf weeds.
  • Isoproturon is the common mane for N,N-dimethyl-N′-[4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl]urea. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Isoproturon controls a wide range of annual broadleaf and grass weeds in cereals other than durum wheat.
  • Isoxaben is the common name for N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethoxybenzamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Isoxaben pre-emergently controls broadleaf weeds in cereals.
  • MCPA is (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. MCPA controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in crops including cereals.
  • Mesosulfuron is the common name for 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-4-[[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-methyl]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Mesosulfuron controls grass and some broadleaf weeds.
  • Metribuzin is the common name for 4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Metribuzin controls many grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals.
  • Metsulfuron is the common name for 2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Metsulfuron controls a wide range of grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley, rice and oats.
  • Norflurazon, is the common name for 4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3(2H)-pyridazinone. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Norflurazon is used for the pre-emergence control of grasses and sedges, as well as some broadleaf weeds.
  • Penoxsulam is the common name for 2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-N-(5,8-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-2-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-benzenesulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Penoxsulam controls broadleaf, sedge, and aquatic weeds and Echinochloa spp. in rice.
  • Picolinafen is the common name for N-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-pyridinecarboxamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Picolinafen controls broadleaf weeds, especially Galium, Viola, Lamium and Veronica spp.
  • Pinoxaden is the common name for 8-(2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-7-oxo-7H-pyrazolo[1,2-d][1,4,5]oxadiazepin-9-yl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Pinoxaden controls annual grasses, including Alopecurus, Apera, Avena, Lolium, Phalaris and Setaria.
  • Propanil is the common name for N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propanamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Propanil controls grass and broadleaf weeds in rice.
  • Propoxycarbazone is the common name for methyl 2-[[[(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-propoxy-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Propoxycarbazone controls annual and some perennial grasses, including Bromus spp., Alopecurus myosuroides, Apera spica-venti, and Elymus repens, and some broadleaf weeds.
  • Prosulfocarb is the common name for S-(phenylmethyl) dipropylcarbamo-thioate. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Prosulfocarb controls a wide range of grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley and rye.
  • Pyrasulfotole is the common name for (5-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) [2-(methylsulfonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methanone. Pyrasulfotole controls a broad spectrum of broadleaf weeds in cereals.
  • Pyrazosulfuron is the common name for 5-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and sedges in rice.
  • Pyriclor is the common name for 2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol.
  • Pyroxsulam is the common name for N-(5,7-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide. Pyroxsulam controls grass and broadleaf weeds.
  • Quinclorac is the common name for 3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Quinclorac controls weeds in transplanted and direct-seeded rice.
  • Sulcotrione is the common name for 2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Sulcotrione controls grass and broadleaf weeds.
  • Sulfosulfuron is the common name for N-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]-2-(ethylsulfonyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-sulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Sulfosulfuron controls annual grasses and broadleaf weeds.
  • Thifensulfuron is the common name for 3-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Thifensulfuron controls a wide range of annual weeds.
  • Tralkoxydim is the common name 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)propyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Tralkoxydim controls annual grasses, including Avena spp., Lolium spp., Setaria viridis, Phalaris spp., Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spica-venti.
  • Tribenuron is the common name 2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)methylamino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Tribenuron controls broadleaf weeds.
  • Triclopyr is the common name for [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Triclopyr controls broadleaf weeds in rice.
  • The term herbicide is used herein to mean an active ingredient that kills, controls or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of plants. An herbicidally effective or vegetation controlling amount is an amount of active ingredient which causes an adversely modifying effect and includes deviations from natural development, killing, regulation, desiccation, retardation, and the like. The terms plants and vegetation include germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, and established vegetation.
  • Herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compounds of the synergistic mixture when they are applied directly to the plant or to the locus of the plant at any stage of growth or before planting or emergence. The effect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled, the stage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. These and other factors can be adjusted as is known in the art to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action. Generally, it is preferred to apply the composition of the present invention postemergence to relatively immature undesirable vegetation to achieve the maximum control of weeds.
  • In the composition of this invention, the weight ratio of the pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of formula (I) component to the second cereal or rice herbicide component at which the herbicidal effect is synergistic lies within the range of between about 5:1 and about 1:256.
  • The rate at which the synergistic composition is applied will depend upon the particular type of weed to be controlled, the degree of control required, and the timing and method of application. In general, the composition of the invention can be applied at an application rate of between about 8 grams per hectare (g/ha) and about 1200 g/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. Depending upon the particular cereal or rice herbicide used, the cereal or rice herbicide component is applied at a rate between about 4 g/ha and about 1120 g/ha and the pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of formula (I) component is applied at a rate between about 4 g/ha and about 70 g/ha
  • The components of the synergistic mixture of the present invention can be applied either separately or as part of a multipart herbicidal system.
  • The synergistic mixture of the present invention can be applied in conjunction with one or more other herbicides to control a wider variety of undesirable vegetation. When used in conjunction with other herbicides, the composition can be formulated with the other herbicide or herbicides, tank mixed with the other herbicide or herbicides or applied sequentially with the other herbicide or herbicides. Some of the herbicides that can be employed in conjunction with the synergistic composition of the present invention include: amide herbicides such as allidochlor, benzadox, benzipram, bromobutide, cafenstrole, CDEA, chlorthiamid, cyprazole, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, diphenamid, epronaz, etnipromid, fentrazamide, flupoxam, fomesafen, halosafen, isocarbamid, napropamide, naptalam, pethoxamid, propyzamide, quinonamid and tebutam; anilide herbicides such as chloranocryl, cisanilide, clomeprop, cypromid, etobenzanid, fenasulam, flufenican, mefenacet, mefluidide, metamifop, monalide, naproanilide and pentanochlor; arylalanine herbicides such as benzoylprop, flamprop and flamprop-M; chloroacetanilide herbicides such as acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, butenachlor, delachlor, diethatyl, dimethachlor, metazachlor, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor, prynachlor, terbuchlor, thenylchlor and xylachlor; sulfonanilide herbicides such as benzofluor, perfluidone, pyrimisulfan and profluazol; sulfonamide herbicides such as asulam, carbasulam, fenasulam and oryzalin; antibiotic herbicides such as bilanafos; benzoic acid herbicides such as chloramben, 2,3,6-TBA and tricamba; pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid herbicides such as pyriminobac; pyrimidinylthiobenzoic acid herbicides such as pyrithiobac; phthalic acid herbicides such as chlorthal; picolinic acid herbicides such as clopyralid and picloram; quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides such as quinmerac; arsenical herbicides such as cacodylic acid, CMA, DSMA, hexaflurate, MAA, MAMA, MSMA, potassium arsenite and sodium arsenite; benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides such as mesotrione, tefuryltrione and tembotrione; benzofuranyl alkylsulfonate herbicides such as benfuresate and ethofumesate; carbamate herbicides such as asulam, carboxazole chlorprocarb, dichlormate, fenasulam, karbutilate and terbucarb; carbanilate herbicides such as barban, BCPC, carbasulam, carbetamide, CEPC, chlorbufam, chlorpropham, CPPC, desmedipham, phenisopham, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, propham and swep; cyclohexene oxime herbicides such as alloxydim, butroxydim, clethodim, cloproxydim, cycloxydim, profoxydim, sethoxydim and tepraloxydim; cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such as isoxachlortole and isoxaflutole; dicarboximide herbicides such as benzfendizone, cinidon-ethyl, flumezin, flumiclorac, flumioxazin and flumipropyn; dinitroaniline herbicides such as benfluralin, butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, fluchloralin, isopropalin, methalpropalin, nitralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, profluralin and trifluralin; dinitrophenol herbicides such as dinofenate, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoterb, DNOC, etinofen and medinoterb; diphenyl ether herbicides such as ethoxyfen; nitrophenyl ether herbicides such as acifluorfen, aclonifen, bifenox, chlomethoxyfen, chlornitrofen, etnipromid, fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoronitrofen, fomesafen, furyloxyfen, halosafen, lactofen,nitrofen, nitrofluorfen and oxyfluorfen; dithiocarbamate herbicides such as dazomet and metam; halogenated aliphatic herbicides such as alorac, chloropon, dalapon, flupropanate, hexachloroacetone, iodomethane, methyl bromide, monochloroacetic acid, SMA and TCA; imidazolinone herbicides such as imazapic, imazapyr and imazaquin; inorganic herbicides such as ammonium sulfamate, borax, calcium chlorate, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, sodium azide, sodium chlorate and sulfuric acid; nitrile herbicides such as bromobonil, chloroxynil, dichlobenil, iodobonil, ioxynil and pyraclonil; organophosphorus herbicides such as amiprofos-methyl, anilofos, bensulide, bilanafos, butamifos, 2,4-DEP, DMPA, EBEP, fosamine, glufosinate, glyphosate and piperophos; phenoxy herbicides such as bromofenoxim, clomeprop, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, difenopenten, disul, erbon, etnipromid, fenteracol and trifopsime; phenoxyacetic herbicides such as 4-CPA, 2,4-D, 3,4-DA, MCPA-thioethyl and 2,4,5-T; phenoxybutyric herbicides such as 4-CPB, 2,4-DB, 3,4-DB, MCPB and 2,4,5-TB; phenoxypropionic herbicides such as cloprop, 4-CPP, 3,4-DP, fenoprop, mecoprop and mecoprop-P; aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides such as chlorazifop, clofop, diclofop, fenthiaprop, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-P, isoxapyrifop, metamifop, propaquizafop, quizalofop, quizalofop-P and trifop; phenylenediamine herbicides such as dinitramine and prodiamine; pyrazolyl herbicides such as benzofenap, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, pyroxasulfone and topramezone; pyrazolylphenyl herbicides such as fluazolate and pyraflufen; pyridazine herbicides such as credazine, pyridafol and pyridate; pyridazinone herbicides such as brompyrazon, chloridazon, dimidazon, flufenpyr, metflurazon, oxapyrazon and pydanon; pyridine herbicides such as aminopyralid, cliodinate, clopyralid, dithiopyr, fluroxypyr, haloxydine, picloram and thiazopyr; pyrimidinediamine herbicides such as iprymidam and tioclorim; quaternary ammonium herbicides such as cyperquat, diethamquat, difenzoquat, diquat, morfamquat and paraquat; thiocarbamate herbicides such as butylate, cycloate, di-allate, EPTC, esprocarb, ethiolate, isopolinate, methiobencarb, molinate, orbencarb, pebulate, pyributicarb, sulfallate, thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, tri-allate and vemolate; thiocarbonate herbicides such as dimexano, EXD and proxan; thiourea herbicides such as methiuron; triazine herbicides such as dipropetryn, triaziflam and trihydroxytriazine; chlorotriazine herbicides such as atrazine, chlorazine, cyanazine, cyprazine, eglinazine, ipazine, mesoprazine, procyazine, proglinazine, propazine, sebuthylazine, simazine, terbuthylazine and trietazine; methoxytriazine herbicides such as atraton, methometon, prometon, secbumeton, simeton and terbumeton; methylthiotriazine herbicides such as ametryn, aziprotryne, cyanatryn, desmetryn, dimethametryn, methoprotryne, prometryn, simetryn and terbutryn; triazinone herbicides such as ametridione, amibuzin, hexazinone, isomethiozin and metamitron; triazole herbicides such as amitrole, cafenstrole, epronaz and flupoxam; triazolone herbicides such as amicarbazone, bencarbazone, sulfentrazone and thiencarbazone-methyl; triazolopyrimidine herbicides such as cloransulam, diclosulam, flumetsulam and metosulam; uracil herbicides such as butafenacil, bromacil, flupropacil, isocil, lenacil and terbacil; 3-phenyluracils; urea herbicides such as benzthiazuron, cumyluron, cycluron, dichloralurea, isonoruron, isouron, methabenzthiazuron, monisouron and noruron; phenylurea herbicides such as anisuron, buturon, chlorbromuron, chloreturon, chloroxuron, daimuron, difenoxuron, dimefuron, diuron, fenuron, fluometuron, fluothiuron, linuron, methiuron, methyldymron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, monolinuron, monuron, neburon, parafluron, phenobenzuron, siduron, tetrafluron and thidiazuron; pyrimidinylsulfonylurea herbicides such as azimsulfuron, chlorimuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flucetosulfuron, foramsulfuron, imazosulfuron, nicosulfuron, orthosulfamuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron and trifloxysulfuron; triazinylsulfonylurea herbicides such as cinosulfuron, ethametsulfuron, metsulfuron, prosulfuron, triasulfuron, triflusulfuron and tritosulfuron; thiadiazolylurea herbicides such as buthiuron, ethidimuron, tebuthiuron, thiazafluron and thidiazuron; and unclassified herbicides such as acrolein, allyl alcohol, azafenidin, benazolin, benzobicyclon, buthidazole, calcium cyanamide, cambendichlor, chlorfenac, chlorfenprop, chlorflurazole, chlorflurenol, cinmethylin, CPMF, cresol, ortho-dichlorobenzene, dimepiperate, endothal, fluoromidine, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone, fluthiacet, indanofan, methazole, methyl isothiocyanate, nipyraclofen, OCH, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxaziclomefone, pentachlorophenol, pentoxazone, phenylmercury acetate, prosulfalin, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, quinoclamine, rhodethanil, sulglycapin, thidiazimin, tridiphane, trimeturon, tripropindan and tritac.
  • The synergistic composition of the present invention can, further, be used in conjunction with glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, imidazolinones or 2,4-D on glyphosate-tolerant, glufosinate-tolerant, dicamba-tolerant, imidazolinone-tolerant or 2,4-D-tolerant crops. It is generally preferred to use the synergistic composition of the present invention in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed. It is further generally preferred to apply the synergistic composition of the present invention and other complementary herbicides at the same time, either as a combination formulation or as a tank mix.
  • The synergistic composition of the present invention can generally be employed in combination with known herbicide safeners, such as benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet (mexyl), cyometrinil, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, MG 191, MON 4660, naphthalic anhydride (NA), oxabetrinil, R29148 and N-phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, to enhance their selectivity. Cloquintocet (mexyl) is a particularly preferred safener for the synergistic compositions of the present invention, specifically antagonizing any harmful effect of the synergistic compositions on rice and cereals.
  • In practice, it is preferable to use the synergistic composition of the present invention in mixtures containing an herbicidally effective amount of the herbicidal components along with at least one agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier. Suitable adjuvants or carriers should not be phytotoxic to valuable crops, particularly at the concentrations employed in applying the compositions for selective weed control in the presence of crops, and should not react chemically with herbicidal components or other composition ingredients. Such mixtures can be designed for application directly to weeds or their locus or can be concentrates or formulations that are normally diluted with additional carriers and adjuvants before application. They can be solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules, water dispersible granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as, for example, emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions or suspensions.
  • Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers that are useful in preparing the herbicidal mixtures of the invention are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Liquid carriers that can be employed include water, toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides, dimethyl sulfoxide, liquid fertilizers and the like. Water is generally the carrier of choice for the dilution of concentrates.
  • Suitable solid carriers include talc, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgus clay, kaolin clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cotton seed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, and the like.
  • It is usually desirable to incorporate one or more surface-active agents into the compositions of the present invention. Such surface-active agents are advantageously employed in both solid and liquid compositions, especially those designed to be diluted with carrier before application. The surface-active agents can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes. Typical surface-active agents include salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanol-ammonium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as calcium dodecyl-benzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol-C18 ethoxylate; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol-C16 ethoxylate; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkylnaphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such as sorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethyl-ammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, such as poly-ethylene glycol stearate; block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; and salts of mono and dialkyl phosphate esters.
  • Other adjuvants commonly used in agricultural compositions include compatibilizing agents, antifoam agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, odorants, spreading agents, penetration aids, sticking agents, dispersing agents, thickening agents, freezing point depressants, antimicrobial agents, and the like. The compositions may also contain other compatible components, for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulants, fungicides, insecticides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like.
  • The concentration of the active ingredients in the synergistic composition of the present invention is generally from 0.001 to 98 percent by weight. Concentrations from 0.01 to 90 percent by weight are often employed. In compositions designed to be employed as concentrates, the active ingredients are generally present in a concentration from 5 to 98 weight percent, preferably 10 to 90 weight percent. Such compositions are typically diluted with an inert carrier, such as water, before application. The diluted compositions usually applied to weeds or the locus of weeds generally contain 0.0001 to 1 weight percent active ingredient and preferably contain 0.001 to 0.05 weight percent.
  • The present compositions can be applied to weeds or their locus by the use of conventional ground or aerial dusters, sprayers, and granule applicators, by addition to irrigation or paddy water, and by other conventional means known to those skilled in the art.
  • The following examples illustrate the present invention.
    • EXAMPLES Evaluation of Postemergence Herbicidal Activity of Mixtures in Cereal Crops
  • Seeds of the desired test plant species were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix® 306 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic pots with a surface area of 103.2 square centimeters (cm2). When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 7-36 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 hour photoperiod which was maintained at about 18° C. during the day and 17° C. during the night. Nutrients and water were added on a regular basis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the second or third true leaf stage.
  • Treatments consisted of compound (as listed in Tables 1 through 64) and a second cereal herbicide alone and in combination. Weighed amounts of esters (methyl) or salts (TEA [triethylammonium], K [potassium]) of 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound A) or of 6-amino-5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (Compound B), were placed in 25 milliliter (mL) glass vials and dissolved in a volume of 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO to obtain 4.5 milligrams (mg) active ingredient (ai)/mL stock solutions. If the experimental compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutions were diluted to 1.5 mg ai/mL with the addition of 2 volumes of an aqueous mixture containing acetone, water, isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Agri-dex crop oil concentrate, and Triton® X-77 surfactant in a 64.7:26.0:6.7:2.0:0.7:0.01 v/v ratio. A dilution solution was prepared by mixing 1 volume of 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO and 2 volumes of an aqueous mixture containing acetone, water, isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Agri-dex crop oil concentrate, and Triton® X-77 surfactant in a 64.7:26.0:6.7:2.0:0.7:0.01 v/v ratio. Compound requirements are based upon a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187 liters per hectare (L/ha). Spray solutions of the second cereal herbicide and experimental compound mixtures were prepared by adding the stock solutions to the appropriate amount of dilution solution to form 12 mL spray solution with active ingredients in two- and three-way combinations. Formulated compounds were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 square meters (m2) at a spray height of 18 inches (43 cm) above average plant canopy. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank.
  • The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After 20-22 days, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the control plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill.
  • Colby's equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures (Colby, S. R. 1967. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations. Weeds 15:20-22.).
  • The following equation was used to calculate the expected activity of mixtures containing two active ingredients, A and B:

  • Expected=A+B−(A×B/100)
  • A=observed efficacy of active ingredient A at the same concentration as used in the mixture.
  • B=observed efficacy of active ingredient B at the same concentration as used in the mixture.
  • Some of the compounds tested, application rates employed, plant species tested, and results are given in Table 1 through Table 64.
  • TABLE 1
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application
    Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A ALOMY APESV AVEFA LOLMG SETVI
    Methyl Diflufenican Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 0 — 20 — 30 — 20 — 70 —
    35 0 20 — 20 — 30 — 40 — 75 —
    70 0 50 — 30 — 35 — 0 — 80 —
    0 15 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    17.5 15 30  0 30 20 30 30 40 20 80 70
    35 15 40 20 20 20 35 30 55 40 85 75
    70 15 55 50 50 30 55 35 65 60 90 80
  • TABLE 2
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application
    Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A ALOMY LOLMG
    Methyl Liberator* Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 0 — 20 —
    35 0 20 — 40 —
    70 0 50 — 60 —
    0 75 0 —  0 —
    17.5 75 30  0 40 20
    35 75 30 20 45 40
    70 75 45 50 50 60
    *Liberator contains 100 g ai/l diflufenican and 400 g ai/l flufenacet
  • TABLE 3
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Cloquintocet- ALOMY APESV AVEFA PHAMI
    Methyl Pinoxaden mexyl Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 0 30 — 10 — 40 — 30 —
    70 0 0 30 — 10 — 45 — 35 —
    0 7.5 1.875 53 — 70 — 30 — 25 —
    0 15 3.75 93 — 93 — 93 — 85 —
    35 7.5 1.875 85 67 90 73 80 58 85 48
    70 7.5 1.875 90 67 80 73 85 62 85 51
    35 15 3.75 100 95 90 93 100 96 90 90
    70 15 3.75 95 95 85 93 100 96 90 90
  • TABLE 4
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Clodinafop- Cloquintocet- ALOMY APESV AVEFA PHAMI
    Methyl propargyl mexyl Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 0 0 — 0 — 0 — 20 —
    35 0 0 30 — 10 — 40 — 30 —
    70 0 0 30 — 10 — 45 — 35 —
    0 7 1.75 30 — 20 — 15 — 13 —
    0 14 3.5 80 — 33 — 78 — 40 —
    17.5 7 1.75 95 30 90 20 90 15 80 30
    35 7 1.75 80 51 30 28 70 49 65 39
    70 7 1.75 85 51 30 28 75 53 60 43
    17.5 14 3.5 95 80 90 33 99 78 85 52
    35 14 3.5 90 86 30 39 90 87 75 58
    70 14 3.5 85 86 30 39 90 88 75 61
  • TABLE 5
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Mefenpyr- ALOMY APESV AVEFA PHAMI
    A Methyl Fenoxaprop-p diethyl Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 0 0 — 0 — 0 — 20 —
    35 0 0 30 — 10 — 40 — 30 —
    70 0 0 30 — 10 — 45 — 35 —
    0 11.5 3.13 25 — 15 — 10 — 5 —
    0 23 6.27 68 — 73 — 35 — 58 —
    17.5 11.5 3.13 80 25 95 15 90 10 80 24
    35 11.5 3.13 90 48 80 24 85 46 40 34
    70 11.5 3.13 75 48 85 24 90 51 45 38
    17.5 23 6.27 85 68 95 73 95 35 95 66
    35 23 6.27 95 77 95 75 90 61 90 70
    70 23 6.27 85 77 95 75 95 64 95 72
  • TABLE 6
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate
    (g/ha)
    Compound A ALOMY PHAMI
    Methyl Tralkoxydim Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 0 — 20 —
    35 0 30 — 30 —
    70 0 30 — 35 —
    0 25 78 — 35 —
    0 50 70 — 45 —
    17.5 25 90 78 20 48
    35 25 90 84 65 55
    70 25 80 84 65 58
    17.5 50 85 70 40 56
    35 50 100 79 65 62
    70 50 95 79 65 64
  • TABLE 7
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound ALOMY SETVI
    A Methyl Iodosulfuron Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 3 — 77 —
    70 0 20 — 82 —
    140 0 47 — 91 —
    0 2.5 50 — 0 —
    35 2.5 83 52 70 77
    70 2.5 73 60 89 82
    140 2.5 80 73 97 91
  • TABLE 8
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    Several key Grass Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A BROTE
    Methyl Mesosulfuron Ob Ex
    35 0.0 0.0 —
    70 0.0 0.0 —
    140 0.0 13 —
    0 3.8 73 —
    35 3.8 73 73
    70 3.8 77 73
    140 3.8 82 77
  • TABLE 9
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound BROTE POAAN
    A Methyl Atlantis WG* Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 0 — 0 —
    70 0 0 — 3 —
    140 0 13 — 3 —
    0 4 67 — 50 —
    35 4 75 67 57 50
    70 4 77 67 53 52
    140 4 80 71 53 52
    *Atlantis WG contains 30 g/kg mesosulfuron and 6 g/kg iodosulfuron and 90 g/kg mefenpyr-diethyl
  • TABLE 10
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Propoxycarbazone- BROTE LOLMU POAAN
    A Methyl Na Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 0 — 3 — 0 —
    70 0 0 — 20 — 3 —
    140 0 13 — 40 — 3 —
    0 25 92 — 17 — 7 —
    35 25 95 92 50 19 37  7
    70 25 96 92 53 33 37 10
    140 25 94 93 53 50 37 10
  • TABLE 11
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    Several Key Grass Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A PHAMI
    Methyl Pyroxsulam* Ob Ex
    35 0.0 3 —
    70 0.0 6 —
    140 0.0 17 —
    0 3.8 78 —
    35 3.8 84 79
    70 3.8 89 80
    140 3.8 92 82
    *Pyroxsulam contains 30 g ai/l pyroxsulam and 90 g ai/l cloquintocet-mexyl
  • TABLE 12
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    Several Key Grass Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application rate (g/ha)
    Compound A LOLRI
    TEA Flupyrsulfuron Ob Ex
    35 0 0 —
    70 0 0 —
    140 0 10 —
    0 5 0 —
    35 5 15 0
    70 5 10 0
    140 5 10 10
  • TABLE 13
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application rate (g/ha)
    Compound A LOLMG LOLRI LOLMU PHAMI
    TEA Imazamethabenz Ob Ex Ex Ex Ex
    35 0 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    70 0 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    140 0 0 — 10 — 0 — 0 —
    0 125 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    35 125 10 0 10 0 10 0 20 0
    70 125 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0
    140 125 10 0 10 10 10 0 0 0
  • TABLE 14
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application rate
    (g/ha)
    Com-
    pound ALOMY APESV AVEFA LOLMU
    A TEA Iodosulfuron Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 0 — 8 — 0 — 0 —
    70 0 0 — 13 — 0 — 3 —
    140 0 3 — 15 — 0 — 3 —
    0 2.5 50 — 68 — 35 — 53 —
    35 2.5 53 50 91 70 60 35 65 53
    70 2.5 60 50 87 72 50 35 74 54
    140 2.5 70 51 94 73 64 35 59 54
  • TABLE 15
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application rate (g/ha)
    Compound A APESV BROTE
    TEA Mesosulfuron Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 3 — 0 —
    70 0 0 — 0 —
    140 0 4 — 0 —
    0 3.75 93 — 75 —
    35 3.75 96 93 78 75
    70 3.75 95 93 78 75
    140 3.75 96 93 76 75
  • TABLE 16
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application rate (g/ha)
    Compound A ALOMY APESV BROTE PHAMI POAAN
    TEA Atlantis WG* Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 0 — 3 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    70 0 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    140 0 0 — 4 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    0 3.6 95 — 96 — 73 — 97 — 63 —
    35 3.6 96 95 98 96 75 73 99 97 64 63
    70 3.6 95 95 97 96 75 73 99 97 65 63
    140 3.6 97 95 98 96 78 73 99 97 69 63
    *Atlantis WG contains 30 g/kg mesosulfuron and 6 g/kg iodosulfuron and 90 g/kg mefenpyr-diethyl
  • TABLE 17
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Propoxycarbazone- APESV AVEFA LOLRI LOLMU POAAN
    TEA sodium Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 3 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    70 0 0 — 3 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    140 0 4 — 8 — 10 — 5 — 0 —
    0 25 90 — 76 — 10 — 15 — 5 —
    35 25 93 90 76 76 10 10 24 15 8 5
    70 25 92 90 81 76 25 10 30 15 8 5
    140 25 92 90 87 77 30 19 29 19 8 5
  • TABLE 18
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application rate (g/ha)
    Compound A ALOMY APESV AVEFA BROTE PHAMI
    TEA Pyroxsulam* Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 0 — 8 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    70 0 0 — 13 — 0 — 3 — 0 —
    140 0 3 — 15 — 0 — 3 — 0 —
    0 3.75 89 — 96 — 91 — 85 — 76 —
    35 3.75 95 89 99 97 93 91 88 85 90 76
    70 3.75 96 89 99 97 92 91 88 85 91 76
    140 3.75 95 89 99 97 92 91 88 85 91 76
    *Pyroxsulam contains 30 g ai/l pyroxsulam and 90 g ai/l cloquintocet-mexyl
  • TABLE 19
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application rate (g/ha)
    Compound A ALOMY LOLRI
    TEA Sulfosulfuron Ob Ex Ex
    35 0 0 — 0 —
    70 0 0 — 0 —
    140 0 0 — 10 —
    0 8.75 85 — 10 —
    35 8.75 95 85 30 10
    70 8.75 90 85 20 10
    140 8.75 85 85 10 19
  • TABLE 20
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Cloquintocet- ALOMY APESV AVEFA PHAMI
    B Methyl Pinoxaden mexyl Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 0 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    17.5 0 0 10 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    35 0 0 20 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    70 0 0 40 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    0 15 3.75 80 — 85 — 90 — 85 —
    8.75 15 3.75 90 80 90 85 100 90 95 85
    17.5 15 3.75 90 82 90 85 95 90 95 85
    35 15 3.75 95 84 90 85 95 90 95 85
    70 15 3.75 90 88 90 85 95 90 95 85
  • TABLE 21
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key Grass
    Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Fenoxaprop- Mefenpyr- ALOMY APESV AVEFA LOLMG PESGL PHAMI
    B Methyl p ethyl diethyl Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 0 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 60 — 0 —
    17.5 0 0 10 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 65 — 0 —
    35 0 0 20 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 65 — 0 —
    70 0 0 40 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 70 — 0 —
    0 23 6.27 50 — 70 — 0 — 0 — 85 — 0 —
    8.75 23 6.27 90 50 90 70 95 0 75 0 100 94 70 0
    17.5 23 6.27 90 55 90 70 95 0 70 0 100 95 70 0
    35 23 6.27 90 60 90 70 95 0 70 0 100 95 70 0
    70 23 6.27 90 70 90 70 95 0 60 0 100 96 60 0
  • TABLE 22
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Grass Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound B ALOMY APESV LOLMG PHAMI
    Methyl Tralkoxydim Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    17.5 0 10 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    35 0 20 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    70 0 40 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    0 50 70 — 75 — 50 — 30 —
    8.75 50 85 70 85 75 55 50 65 30
    17.5 50 85 73 85 75 55 50 65 30
    35 50 85 76 85 75 60 50 65 30
    70 50 70 82 75 75 65 50 50 30
  • TABLE 23
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A CHEAL MATCH SINAR STEME VERPE VIOTR
    Methyl Diflufenican Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 90 — 15 — 70 — 78 — 45 — 55 —
    35 0 90 — 68 — 80 — 90 — 58 — 63 —
    70 0 95 — 65 — 85 — 100 — 70 — 75 —
    0 15 0 — 5 — 0 — 3 — 38 15 —
    17.5 15 100 90 65 19 85 70 88 78 78 67 78 62
    35 15 100 90 80 69 90 80 100 90 80 73 85 68
    70 15 100 95 80 67 100 85 100 100  93 81 90 79
  • TABLE 24
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A CHEAL MATCH SINAR STEME VERPE VIOTR
    Methyl Liberator* Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 90 — 20 — 80 — 75 — 40 — 40 —
    35 0 90 — 85 — 85 — 95 — 55 — 50 —
    70 0 95 — 80 — 85 — 100 — 80 — 60 —
    0 75 30 — 10 — 30 — 20 — 10 — 10 —
    17.5 75 100 93 70 28 85 86 100 80 65 46 70 46
    35 75 100 93 95 87 85 90 100 96 75 60 75 55
    70 75 100 97 95 82 95 90 100 100  90 82 85 64
    *Liberator contains 100 g ai/l diflufenican and 400 g ai/l flufenacet
  • TABLE 25
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A BRSNN POLPE
    Methyl Pyroxsulam* Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 50 — 50 —
    17.5 0 50 — 50 —
    35 0 50 — 65 —
    70 0 50 — 70 —
    0 7.5 75 — 75 —
    8.75 7.5 100 88 95 88
    17.5 7.5 100 88 95 88
    35 7.5 100 88 95 91
    70 7.5 100 88 95 93
    *Pyroxsulam contains 30 g ai/l pyroxsulam and 90 g ai/l cloquintocet-mexyl
  • TABLE 26
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate
    (g/ha)
    Compound
    A Picoli- VERHE KCHSC SINAR VIOTR VERPE
    TEA nafen Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 10 — 35 — 35 — 10 — 10 —
    17.5 0 20 — 60 — 60 — 10 — 10 —
    35 0 50 — 65 — 65 — 30 — 30 —
    70 0 75 — 70 — 70 — 60 — 60 —
    0 12.5 5 — 5 — 5 — 0 — 0 —
    8.75 12.5 30 15 60 38 95 38 10 10 10 10
    17.5 12.5 80 24 65 62 95 62 20 10 30 10
    35 12.5 65 53 75 67 75 67 60 30 60 30
    70 12.5 85 76 85 72 85 72 75 60 75 60
  • TABLE 27
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A CIRAR VERPE VIOTR
    TEA Amidosulfuron Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 50 — 75 — 50 —
    70 0 60 — 80 — 60 —
    140 0 65 — 85 — 60 —
    0 10 20 — 5 — 5 —
    35 10 75 60 85 76 50 53
    70 10 85 68 85 81 70 62
    140 10 90 72 87 86 70 62
  • TABLE 28
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A VERPE
    TEA Chlorsulfuron Ob Ex
    35 0 75 —
    70 0 80 —
    140 0 85 —
    0 2.2 5 —
    35 2.2 87 76
    70 2.2 95 81
    140 2.2 95 86
  • TABLE 29
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A CIRAR VERPE VIOTR
    TEA Florasulam Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 50 — 75 — 50 —
    70 0 60 — 80 — 60 —
    140 0 65 — 85 — 60 —
    0 1.25 20 — 5 — 10 —
    35 1.25 90 60 95 76 70 55
    70 1.25 95 68 95 81 65 64
    140 1.25 95 72 97 86 70 64
  • TABLE 30
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A VERPE CIRAR VERPE VIOTR
    TEA Flupyrsulfuron Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 60 — 50 — 75 — 50 —
    70 0 60 — 60 — 80 — 60 —
    140 0 60 — 65 — 85 — 60 —
    0 5 0 — 20 — 0 — 0 —
    35 5 70 60 80 60 80 75 50 50
    70 5 75 60 90 68 97 80 65 60
    140 5 75 60 85 72 90 85 65 60
  • TABLE 31
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A CIRAR
    TEA Iodosulfuron Ob Ex
    35 0 50 —
    70 0 60 —
    140 0 65 —
    0 3.75 50 —
    35 3.75 90 75
    70 3.75 93 80
    140 3.75 95 83
  • TABLE 32
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate
    (g/ha)
    Compound
    A Meso- VERPE CIRAR VIOTR STEME MATCH
    TEA sulfuron Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 60 — 50 — 50 — 55 — 60 —
    70 0 60 — 60 — 60 — 60 — 60 —
    140 0 60 — 65 — 60 — 65 — 65 —
    0 3.75 0 — 20 — 0 — 0 — 5 —
    35 3.75 75 60 95 60 65 50 70 55 60 62
    70 3.75 75 60 95 68 65 60 70 60 80 62
    140 3.75 75 60 95 72 70 60 75 65 85 67
  • TABLE 33
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate
    (g/ha)
    Compound A CIRAR
    TEA Metsulfuron Ob Ex
    35 0 50 —
    70 0 60 —
    140 0 65 —
    0 3.75 20 —
    35 3.75 80 60
    70 3.75 85 68
    140 3.75 85 72
  • TABLE 34
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Propoxycarbazone- VERPE MATCH
    TEA sodium Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 75 — 60 —
    70 0 80 — 60 —
    140 0 85 — 65 —
    0 15 5 — 50 —
    35 15 75 76 80 80
    70 15 90 81 87 80
    140 15 95 86 87 83
  • TABLE 35
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate
    (g/ha)
    Compound A CIRAR
    TEA Pyroxsulam* Ob Ex
    35 0 50 —
    70 0 60 —
    140 0 65 —
    0 3.75 20 —
    35 3.75 90 60
    70 3.75 95 68
    140 3.75 95 72
    *Pyroxsulam contains 30 g ai/l pyroxsulam and 90 g ai/l cloquintocet-mexyl
  • TABLE 36
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A CIRAR VERPE
    TEA Sulfosulfuron Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 50 — 75 —
    70 0 60 — 80 —
    140 0 65 — 85 —
    0 8.75 10 — 30 —
    35 8.75 75 55 80 83
    70 8.75 93 64 97 86
    140 8.75 80 69 97 90
  • TABLE 37
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate
    (g/ha)
    Compound A CIRAR
    TEA Thifensulfuron Ob Ex
    35 0 50 —
    70 0 60 —
    140 0 65 —
    0 3.75 20 —
    35 3.75 80 60
    70 3.75 90 68
    140 3.75 85 72
  • TABLE 38
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate
    (g/ha)
    Compound A CIRAR
    TEA Tribenuron Ob Ex
    35 0 50 —
    70 0 60 —
    140 0 65 —
    0 3.75 20 —
    35 3.75 93 60
    70 3.75 95 68
    140 3.75 95 72
  • TABLE 39
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A STEME MATCH
    TEA Imazamethabenz Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 55 — 60 —
    70 0 60 — 60 —
    140 0 65 — 65 —
    0 125 10 — 0 —
    35 125 75 60 60 60
    70 125 100 64 80 60
    140 125 100 69 80 65
  • TABLE 40
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound BRSNI GERDI POLCO STEME VERPE VIOTR
    A TEA Beflubutamid Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 70 — 50 — 90 — 80 — 48 — 30 —
    17.5 0 91 — 55 — 93 — 85 — 68 — 40 —
    35 0 98 — 65 — 98 — 88 — 79 — 47 —
    0 35 30 — 0 — 10 — 10 — 15 — 15 —
    0 70 30 — 0 — 20 — 10 — 23 — 23 —
    8.75 35 85 79 60 50 100 91 95 82 61 56 68 41
    17.5 35 100 94 60 55 100 93 100 87 79 73 66 49
    35 35 100 98 75 65 100 98 100 89 84 82 76 55
    8.75 70 100 79 70 50 100 92 100 82 61 60 49 46
    17.5 70 100 94 75 55 100 94 100 87 83 76 74 54
    35 70 100 98 80 65 100 98 100 89 89 84 80 59
  • TABLE 41
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A BRSNI POLCO VERPE VIOTR
    TEA Bentazone Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 70 — 90 — 48 — 30 —
    17.5 0 91 — 93 — 68 — 40 —
    35 0 98 — 98 — 79 — 47 —
    70 0 99 — 99 — 88 — 60 —
    0 120 50 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    8.75 120 100 85 100 90 65 48 60 30
    17.5 120 100 96 97 93 70 68 65 40
    35 120 100 99 100 98 87 79 70 47
    70 120 100 99 100 99 93 88 75 60
  • TABLE 42
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on Several Key Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A BRSNI MATCH STEME
    TEA Bromoxynil Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 70 — 71 — 80 —
    17.5 0 91 — 76 — 85 —
    35 0 98 — 84 — 88 —
    70 0 99 — 94 — 93 —
    0 70 50 — 0 — 0 —
    17.5 70 100 96 85 76 97 85
    35 70 100 99 93 84 97 88
    70 70 100 99 95 94 100 93
  • TABLE 43
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A BRSNI GERDI KCHSC MATCH POLCO STEME
    TEA Chlormequat Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 70 — 50 — 65 — 71 — 90 — 80 —
    17.5 0 91 — 55 — 77 — 76 — 93 — 85 —
    35 0 98 — 65 — 92 — 84 — 98 — 88 —
    70 0 99 — 78 — 99 — 94 — 99 — 93 —
    0 155 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 10 — 0 —
    8.75 155 100 70 75 50 70 65 93 71 100 91 100 80
    17.5 155 100 91 75 55 100 77 100 76 100 93 100 85
    35 155 100 98 60 65 100 92 100 84 100 98 100 88
    70 155 100 99 50 78 100 99 100 94 100 99 100 93
  • TABLE 44
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A BRSNI KCHSC
    TEA Chlorotoluron Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 70 — 65 —
    17.5 0 91 — 77 —
    35 0 98 — 92 —
    70 0 99 — 99 —
    0 450 50 — 50 —
    8.75 450 100 85 100 83
    17.5 450 100 96 100 89
    35 450 100 99 97 96
  • TABLE 45
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Indol-3- MATCH POLCO STEME
    TEA acetic acid Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 71 — 90 — 80 —
    17.5 0 76 — 93 — 85 —
    35 0 84 — 98 — 88 —
    70 0 94 — 99 — 93 —
    0 140 0 — 0 — 0 —
    8.75 140 80 71 100 90 85 80
    17.5 140 90 76 100 93 97 85
    35 140 93 84 100 98 100 88
    70 140 95 94 100 99 100 93
  • TABLE 46
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Indol-3- BRSNI STEME
    TEA butyric acid Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 70 — 80 —
    17.5 0 91 — 85 —
    35 0 98 — 88 —
    70 0 99 — 93 —
    0 140 0 — 0 —
    8.75 140 80 70 80 80
    17.5 140 93 91 90 85
    35 140 100 98 100 88
    70 140 100 99 100 93
  • TABLE 47
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound BRSNI KCHSC SASKR VIOTR
    A TEA Isoproturon Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 70 — 65 — 80 — 30 —
    17.5 0 91 — 77 — 84 — 40 —
    35 0 98 — 92 — 87 — 47 —
    70 0 99 — 99 — 93 — 60 —
    0 300 40 — 50 — 33 — 0 —
    8.75 300 93 82 100 83 89 87 30 30
    17.5 300 100 95 100 89 90 89 45 40
    35 300 100 99 100 96 97 91 60 47
    70 300 100 99 97 99 95 95 73 60
  • TABLE 48
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A VERPE VIOTR
    TEA Isoxaben Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 48 — 30 —
    17.5 0 68 — 40 —
    35 0 79 — 47 —
    70 0 88 — 60 —
    0 31.25 0 — 3 —
    8.75 31.25 61 48 48 32
    17.5 31.25 71 68 50 42
    35 31.25 84 79 61 48
    70 31.25 95 88 70 61
  • TABLE 49
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A BRSNI VERPE VIOTR
    TEA Metribuzin Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 70 — 48 — 30 —
    17.5 0 91 — 68 — 40 —
    35 0 98 — 79 — 47 —
    70 0 99 — 88 — 60 —
    0 50 50 — 10 — 20 —
    8.75 50 100 85 60 53 60 44
    17.5 50 100 96 90 72 80 52
    35 50 100 99 90 81 80 58
    70 50 100 99 95 89 85 68
  • TABLE 50
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application
    Rate (g/ha)
    Com-
    pound
    A BRSNI MATCH SASKR STEME
    TEA Prosulfocarb Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 70 — 71 — 80 — 80 —
    17.5 0 91 — 76 — 84 — 85 —
    35 0 98 — 84 — 87 — 88 —
    70 0 99 — 94 — 93 — 93 —
    0 500 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    8.75 500 97 70 95 71 85 80 85 80
    17.5 500 100 91 95 76 90 84 85 85
    35 500 100 98 97 84 90 87 100 88
    70 500 100 99 95 94 90 93 100 93
  • TABLE 51
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A KCHSC STEME
    TEA Quinclorac Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 65 — 80 —
    17.5 0 77 — 85 —
    35 0 92 — 88 —
    70 0 99 — 93 —
    0 140 0 — 0 —
    8.75 140 65 65 87 80
    17.5 140 90 77 90 85
    35 140 100 92 100 88
    70 140 100 99 100 93
  • TABLE 52
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A GERDI MATCH BRSNI
    TEA Aminopyralid Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 38 — 59 — 83 —
    17.5 0 50 — 76 — 93 —
    35 0 80 — 88 — 97 —
    70 0 85 — 93 — 100 —
    0 2.5 0 — 10 — 0 —
    8.75 2.5 65 38 90 63 93 83
    17.5 2.5 60 50 95 78 97 93
  • TABLE 53
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A MATCH VERPE BRSNI
    TEA Dicamba Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 59 — 59 — 83 —
    17.5 0 76 — 69 — 93 —
    35 0 88 — 86 — 97 —
    70 0 93 — 85 — 100 —
    0 35 30 — 10 — 50 —
    8.75 35 87 71 80 63 95 92
    17.5 35 90 83 85 72 100 97
  • TABLE 54
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A MATCH VERPE
    TEA Dichlorprop Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 59 — 59 —
    17.5 0 76 — 69 —
    35 0 88 — 86 —
    70 0 93 — 85 —
    0 140 10 — 20 —
    8.75 140 87 63 80 67
    17.5 140 90 78 85 75
  • TABLE 55
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A POLCO VERPE VIOTR STEME POLPE
    TEA MCPA Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 76 — 59 — 34 — 76 — 30 —
    17.5 0 88 — 69 — 44 — 85 — 41 —
    35 0 96 — 86 — 58 — 91 — 68 —
    0 70 7 — 10 — 17 — 7 — 23 —
    8.75 70 83 78 73 63 53 45 89 78 45 46
    17.5 70 95 88 80 72 60 53 94 86 65 55
    35 70 100 96 87 87 72 65 98 92 84 75
  • TABLE 56
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound BRSNN MATCH
    B Methyl Pyroxsulam* Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 20 — 10 —
    17.5 0 35 — 10 —
    35 0 50 — 40 —
    70 0 55 — 45 —
    0 3.75 90 — 65 —
    8.75 3.75 99 92 90 69
    17.5 3.75 99 94 85 69
    35 3.75 99 95 85 79
    70 3.75 100 96 85 81
    *Pyroxsulam contains 30 g ai/l pyroxsulam and 90 g ai/l cloquintocet-mexyl
  • TABLE 57
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A MATCH SASKR KCHSC VERPE VIOTR
    K-salt Aminopyralid Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 50 — 63 — 67 — 73 — 20 —
    17.5 0 62 — 67 — 77 — 78 — 48 —
    35 0 57 — 73 — 90 — 83 — 42 —
    0 2.5 8 — 18 — 0 — 0 — 27 —
    8.75 2.5 72 54 75 70 75 67 82 73 57 41
    17.5 2.5 80 65 85 73 88 77 87 78 70 62
    35 2.5 85 60 90 78 95 90 85 83 72 57
  • TABLE 58
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A MATCH SASKR VERPE VIOTR
    K-salt Picolinafen Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 50 — 63 — 73 — 20 —
    17.5 0 62 — 67 — 78 — 48 —
    35 0 57 — 73 — 83 — 42 —
    0 15 10 — 60 — 43 — 78 —
    8.75 15 90 55 83 85 95 85 95 83
    17.5 15 83 66 90 87 95 88 88 89
    35 15 87 61 95 89 98 91 98 87
  • TABLE 59
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Aminopyralid + MATCH VERPE VIOTR
    K-salt Picolinafen Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 50 — 73 — 20 —
    17.5 0 62 — 78 — 48 —
    35 0 57 — 83 — 42 —
    0 2.5 + 15 25 — 38 — 72 —
    8.75 2.5 + 15 70 59 98 85 100 87
    17.5 2.5 + 15 73 68 100 88 96 92
    35 2.5 + 15 90 64 99 91 100 91
  • TABLE 60
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A MATCH KCHSC VERPE VIOTR
    K-salt Diflufenican Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 50 — 67 — 73 — 20 —
    17.5 0 62 — 77 — 78 — 48 —
    35 0 57 — 90 — 83 — 42 —
    0 12.5 7 — 12 — 7 — 35 —
    8.75 12.5 82 53 80 71 88 75 58 48
    17.5 12.5 85 64 82 79 90 80 80 66
    35 12.5 87 60 90 91 93 84 82 62
  • TABLE 61
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Aminopyralid + MATCH KCHSC VERPE VIOTR
    A K-salt Diflufenican Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 50 — 67 — 73 — 20 —
    17.5 0 62 — 77 — 78 — 48 —
    35 0 57 — 90 — 83 — 42 —
    0 2.5 + 12.5 23 — 27 — 35 — 63 —
    8.75 2.5 + 12.5 80 57 82 71 95 75 86 62
    17.5 2.5 + 12.5 80 67 85 79 93 80 90 75
    35 2.5 + 12.5 83 63 93 91 93 84 93 72
  • TABLE 62
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A MATCH VERPE VIOTR
    K-salt Florasulam Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 50 — 73 — 20 —
    17.5 0 62 — 78 — 48 —
    35 0 57 — 83 — 42 —
    0 1.3 83 — 28 — 53 —
    8.75 1.3 95 92 80 81 77 63
    17.5 1.3 98 94 91 85 80 76
    35 1.3 98 93 90 88 80 73
  • TABLE 63
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A SASKR KCHSC VIOTR
    K-salt Glyphosate Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 63 — 67 — 20 —
    17.5 0 67 — 77 — 48 —
    35 0 73 — 90 — 42 —
    0 52.5 0 — 0 — 52 —
    8.75 52.5 83 63 68 67 75 61
    17.5 52.5 87 67 83 77 77 75
    35 52.5 87 73 87 90 83 72
  • TABLE 64
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Several Key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Cereal Crops
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Pyrasulfotole + MATCH KCHSC VERPE VIOTR
    A K-salt Bromoxynil Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 50 — 67 — 73 —
    17.5 0 62 — 77 — 78 —
    35 0 57 — 90 — 83 —
    0 25.6 23 — 58 — 30 —
    8.75 25.6 73 62 90 86 88 81
    17.5 25.6 70 71 93 90 90 85
    35 25.6 78 67 92 96 92 88
    0 51.3 37 — 78 — 30 — 83 —
    8.75 51.3 80 68 97 93 87 81 93 87
    17.5 51.3 84 76 100 95 95 85 95 91
    35 51.3 87 73 98 98 98 88 88 90
    ALOMY = Alopecurus myosuroides
    APESV = Apera spica-venti
    AVEFA = Avena fatua
    MATCH = Matricaria chamomila
    STEME = Stellaria media
    VIOTR = Viola tricolor
    CIRAR = Cirsium arvense
    PHAMI = Phalaris minor
    KCHSC = Kochia scoparia
    POAAN = Poa annua
    LOLRI = Lolium rigidum
    BRSNI = Brassica nigra
    POLCO = Polygonum convolvulus
    LOLMG = Lolium multiflorum
    SETVI = Setaria viridis
    CHEAL = Chenopodium album
    SINAR = Sinapis arvensis
    VERPE = Veronica persica
    BRSNN = Brassica napus
    POLPE = Polygonum persicaria
    VERHE = Veronica hederifolia
    BROTE = Bromus tectorum
    LOLMU = Lolium multiflorum
    PESGL = Pennisetum americanum
    GERDI = Geranium dissectum
    SASKR = Salsola iberica
    • Evaluation of Postemergence Herbicidal Mixtures for Weed Control in Direct Seeded Rice
  • Seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in a soil matrix prepared by mixing a loam soil (43 percent silt, 19 percent clay, and 38 percent sand, with a pH of about 8.1 and an organic matter content of about 1.5 percent) and river sand in an 80 to 20 ratio. The soil matrix was contained in plastic pots with a surface area of 139.7 cm2. When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 10-17 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 hr photoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C. during the day and 26° C. during the night. Nutrients and water were added on a regular basis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the second or third true leaf stage.
  • Treatments consisted of esters (methyl, n-butyl or allyl) or salts (TEA [triethylammonium]) of 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound A), 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(2,4-dichloro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound C), or 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-ethoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound D), and various herbicidal components alone and in combination. Weighed amounts were placed in 25 mL glass vials and dissolved in a volume of 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO to obtain 12X stock solutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutions were added to the spray solutions so that the final acetone and DMSO concentrations were 16.2% and 0.5%, respectively. Spray solutions were diluted to the appropriate final concentrations with the addition of 10 mL of an aqueous mixture of 1.5% (v/v) Agri-dex crop oil concentrate. The final spray solutions contained 1.25% (v/v) Agri-dex crop oil concentrate. Compound requirements are based upon a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187 L/ha. Formulated compounds were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with a 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 m at a spray height of 18 inches (43 cm) above average plant canopy height. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank.
  • Forms of compounds A, C, and D were applied on an acid equivalent basis. Other herbicidal components were applied on an active ingredient basis and included acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides penoxsulam (triazolopyrimidine chemical class) applied as Grasp SC, bispyribac-sodium (pyrimidinylbenzoate chemical class) applied as Regiment 80 DF, halosulfuron-methyl (sulfonylurea chemical class) applied as Permit, bensulfuron-methyl (sulfonylurea chemical class) applied as Londax, imazethapyr (imidazolinone chemical class) applied as Newpath, and imazamox (imidazolinone chemical class) applied as Beyond; EPSP synthase inhibiting herbicide glyphosate applied as Glyphomax; photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicide propanil applied as Stam 80 EDF; protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (Protox)-inhibiting herbicide carfentrazone-ethyl applied as Aim EC; acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides cyhalofop-butyl applied as Clincher SF and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl applied as Ricestar HT; auxinic herbicides triclopyr applied as Grandstand, MCPA EHE, and quinclorac applied as Facet 75 DF; auxin transport inhibiting herbicide diflufenzopyr; phytoene desaturase inhibiting herbicide norflurazon, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibiting herbicide sulcotrione applied as Mikado; other carotenoid biosynthesis inhibiting herbicides clomazone applied as Command 3 ME and pyriclor.
  • The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After 3 weeks, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill.
  • Colby's equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures (Colby, S. R. 1967. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations. Weeds 15:20-22.) .
  • The following equation was used to calculate the expected activity of mixtures containing two active ingredients, A and B:

  • Expected=A+B−(A×B/100)
  • A=observed efficacy of active ingredient A at the same concentration as used in the mixture.
  • B=observed efficacy of active ingredient B at the same concentration as used in the mixture.
  • Some of the herbicide combinations tested, application rates employed, plant species tested, and results are given in Tables 65-98.
  • TABLE 65
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key Broadleaf
    Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Com-
    pound IPOHE pound IPOHE
    A Methyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex C Methyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex
    4.38 0 10 — 4.38 0 40 —
    8.75 0 15 — 8.75 0 70 —
    0 4.38 70 — 0 4.38 70 —
    0 8.75 60 — 0 8.75 60 —
    4.38 4.38 100 73 4.38 4.38 75 82
    8.75 4.38 90 75 8.75 4.38 95 91
    4.38 8.75 75 64 4.38 8.75 90 76
    8.75 8.75 90 66 8.75 8.75 85 88
  • TABLE 66
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a
    Key Grass Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Application Rate (g/ha)
    pound LEFCH Compound LEFCH
    A Methyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex A n-Butyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex
    8.75 0 40 — 8.75 0 10 —
    0 17.5 0 — 17.5 0 30 —
    0 35 0 — 0 35 0 —
    8.75 17.5 80 40 8.75 35 20 10
    8.75 35 75 40 17.5 35 60 30
  • TABLE 67
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key Sedge Weed
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Application Rate (g/ha)
    pound CYPES Compound CYPES
    A Methyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex A n-Butyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex
    4.38 0 70 — 8.75 0 50 —
    8.75 0 30 — 17.5 0 85 —
    0 17.5 10 — 0 17.5 10 —
    4.38 17.5 95 73 8.75 17.5 90 55
    8.75 17.5 95 37 17.5 17.5 99 87
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound C CYPES
    Methyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex
     8.75 0 30 —
    17.5 0 65 —
    0  17.5 10 —
     8.75 17.5 95 37
    17.5 17.5 90 69
  • TABLE 68
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key Broadleaf
    Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Com-
    pound Bispyribac- IPOHE pound Bispyribac- IPOHE
    A Methyl sodium Ob Ex A n-Butyl sodium Ob Ex
    4.38 0  0 — 8.75 0 35 —
    8.75 0 10 — 17.5 0 30 —
    0 7 10 — 0 7 10 —
    0 14 50 — 0 14 15 —
    0 28 60 — 17.5 7 55 37
    4.38 7 20 10 8.75 14 100 45
    8.75 7 50 10 17.5 14 95 41
    4.38 14 75 50
    8.75 14 60 55
    4.38 28 90 60
    8.75 28 95 64
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound C Bispyribac- IPOHE
    Methyl sodium Ob Ex
     8.75 0 30 —
    17.5 0 50 —
    0  7 10 —
    0  14 15 —
     8.75 7 45 37
    17.5 7 80 55
     8.75 14 50 41
    17.5 14 90 58
  • TABLE 69
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key Sedge Weeds
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Bispyribac- CYPES CYPIR Compound Bispyribac- CYPIR
    A Methyl sodium Ob Ex Ob Ex C Methyl sodium Ob Ex
    4.38 0 85 — 70 — 8.75 0 25 —
    8.75 0 90 — 70 — 17.5 0 40 —
    0 14 0 — 90 — 0 7 40 —
    0 28 50 — 95 — 0 14 90 —
    4.38 14 90 85 95 97 8.75 7 99 55
    8.75 14 100 90 99 97 17.5 7 95 64
    4.38 28 95 93 100 99 8.75 14 100 93
    8.75 28 100 95 95 99 17.5 14 100 94
  • TABLE 70
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key Grass Weed
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Halosulfuron- LEFCH Compound A Halosulfuron- LEFCH
    Methyl methyl Ob Ex n-Butyl methyl Ob Ex
    8.75 0 40 — 17.5 0 30 —
    0 26 0 — 35 0 60 —
    0 52 0 — 0 26 0 —
    8.75 26 50 40 0 52 0 —
    8.75 52 60 40 17.5 26 45 30
    35 26 95 60
    17.5 52 40 30
    35 52 85 60
  • TABLE 71
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key Grass Weed
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Application Rate (g/ha)
    pound Bensulfuron- LEFCH Compound C Bensulfuron- LEFCH
    A Methyl methyl Ob Ex Methyl methyl Ob Ex
    4.38 0 30 — 4.38 0 0 —
    0 4.38 20 — 0 4.38 20 —
    0 8.75 0 — 0 8.75 0 —
    4.38 4.38 55 44 4.38 4.38 45 20
    4.38 8.75 99 30 4.38 8.75 55 0
  • TABLE 72
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key Grass Weed
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Application Rate (g/ha)
    pound ISCRU Compound ISCRU
    A Methyl Imazethapyr Ob Ex A n-Butyl Imazethapyr Ob Ex
    8.75 0 50 — 35 0 20 —
    17.5 0 55 — 70 0 50 —
    0 35 20 — 0 35 20 —
    8.75 35 90 60 35 35 70 36
    17.5 35 90 64 70 35 95 60
  • TABLE 73
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key Grass Weed
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Compound
    A ISCRU A ISCRU
    Methyl Imazamox Ob Ex n-Butyl Imazamox Ob Ex
    8.75 0 50 — 35 0 20 —
    17.5 0 55 — 70 0 50 —
    0 22.4 50 — 0 22.4 50 —
    8.75 22.4 80 75 35 22.4 85 60
    17.5 22.4 95 78 70 22.4 100 75
  • TABLE 74
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key Broadleaf
    Weeds in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate Application Rate
    (g/ha) (g/ha)
    Compound IPOHE POLPE Compound IPOHE POLPE
    A Methyl Propanil Ob Ex Ob Ex C Methyl Propanil Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 85 — 50 — 35 0 65 — 85 —
    17.5 0 85 — 90 — 70 0 85 — 100 —
    0 560 10 — 10 — 0 560 10 — 10 —
    0 1120 10 — 40 — 0 1120 10 — 40 —
    8.75 560 95 87 100 55 35 560 70 69 100 87
    17.5 560 100 87 80 91 70 560 90 87 100 100
    8.75 1120 100 87 100 70 35 1120 95 69 100 91
    17.5 1120 95 87 70 94 70 1120 100 87 100 100
  • TABLE 75
    Synergistic Speed of Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Sedge Weeds in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury at 11 DAA % Injury at 21 DAA
    Application Rate Application Rate
    (g/ha) (g/ha)
    Compound CYPIR SCPMA Compound CYPIR SCPMA
    A n-Butyl Propanil Ob Ex Ob Ex A n-Butyl Propanil Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 60 — 30 — 35 0 60 — 50 —
    70 0 90 — 100 — 70 0 100 — 100 —
    0 560 10 — 30 — 0 560 0 — 0 —
    0 1120 10 — 30 — 0 1120 0 — 0 —
    35 560 100 64 50 51 35 560 100 60 50 50
    70 560 95 91 100 100 70 560 99 100 100 100
    35 1120 90 64 90 51 35 1120 99 60 100 50
    70 1120 100 91 95 100 70 1120 100 100 100 100
  • TABLE 76
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    a Key Broadleaf Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Carfentrazone- POLPE
    A n-Butyl ethyl Ob Ex
    4.38 0 40 —
    8.75 0 60 —
    0 14 0 —
    4.38 14 50 40
    8.75 14 100 60
  • TABLE 77
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key Sedge Weeds
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Carfentrazone- CYPES Compound Carfentrazone- CYPES
    A Methyl ethyl Ob Ex A n-Butyl ethyl Ob Ex
    4.38 0 85 — 8.75 0 50 —
    8.75 0 90 — 17.5 0 90 —
    0 56 10 — 0 56 10 —
    0 112 0 — 0 112 0 —
    4.38 56 100 87 8.75 56 85 55
    8.75 56 100 91 17.5 56 90 91
    4.38 112 100 85 8.75 112 100 50
    8.75 112 100 90 17.5 112 100 90
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Carfentrazone- CYPES Compound Carfentrazone- CYPIR
    C Methyl ethyl Ob Ex C Methyl ethyl Ob Ex
    8.75 0 65 — 8.75 0 25 —
    17.5 0 100 — 17.5 0 40 —
    0 56 10 — 0 14 0 —
    0 112 0 — 0 28 0 —
    8.75 56 100 68 8.75 14 50 25
    17.5 56 85 100 17.5 28 100 40
    8.75 112 100 65
    17.5 112 99 100
  • TABLE 78
    Synergistic Speed of Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key
    Sedge Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) 11 DAA 21 DAA
    Carfentrazone- CYPES CYPES
    ethyl Ob Ex Ob Ex
    Compound A
    Methyl
    8.75 0 60 — 100 —
    17.5 0 70 — 99 —
    0 14 10 — 0 —
    0 28 10 — 0 —
    8.75 14 100 64 95 100
    17.5 14 100 73 99 99
    8.75 28 100 64 100 100
    17.5 28 70 73 80 99
    Compound A
    n-Butyl
    35 0 50 — 90 —
    70 0 75 — 100 —
    0 14 10 — 0 —
    0 28 10 — 0 —
    35 14 70 55 85 90
    70 14 80 78 99 100
    35 28 100 55 100 90
    70 28 100 78 100 100
  • TABLE 79
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on key
    Broadleaf Weeds in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A IPOHE Compound C IPOHE
    Methyl Cyhalofop-butyl Ob Ex Methyl Cyhalofop-butyl Ob Ex
    8.75 0 40 — 8.75 0 10 —
    17.5 0 75 — 17.5 0 40 —
    0 280 0 — 35 0 20 —
    8.75 280 90 40 0 140 0 —
    17.5 280 90 75 0 280 0 —
    8.75 140 85 10
    17.5 140 85 40
    35 140 90 20
    8.75 280 40 10
    17.5 280 90 40
    35 280 90 20
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A POLPY Compound A POLPY
    Methyl Cyhalofop-butyl Ob Ex n-Butyl Cyhalofop-butyl Ob Ex
    4.38 0 50 — 8.75 0 40 —
    8.75 0 60 — 17.5 0 90 —
    0 100 0 — 0 100 0 —
    4.38 100 0 — 8.75 100 0 —
    8.75 100 40 50 17.5 100 55 40
    0 200 50 60 0 200 95 90
    4.38 200 65 50 8.75 200 80 40
    8.75 200 75 60 17.5 200 95 90
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound C POLPY
    Methyl Cyhalofop-butyl Ob Ex
    8.75 0 10 —
    17.5  0 15 —
    0   100 0 —
    8.75 100 0 —
    17.5  100 20 10
    0   200 35 15
    8.75 200 10 10
    17.5  200 30 15
  • TABLE 80
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key Sedge Weeds
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Application Rate (g/ha)
    pound Cyhalofop- CYPES Compound Cyhalofop- CYPIR
    C Methyl butyl Ob Ex A Methyl butyl Ob Ex
    8.75 0 30 — 8.75 0 30 —
    17.5 0 65 — 35 0 50 —
    0 100 0 — 0 140 0 —
    0 200 0 — 0 280 0 —
    8.75 100 85 30 8.75 140 40 30
    17.5 100 85 65 35 140 85 50
    8.75 200 95 30 8.75 280 35 30
    17.5 200 95 65 35 280 75 50
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Application Rate (g/ha)
    pound Cyhalofop- CYPIR Compound Cyhalofop- CYPIR
    C Methyl butyl Ob Ex D Methyl butyl Ob Ex
    17.5 0 0 — 8.75 0 50 —
    35 0 40 — 35 0 80 —
    0 140 0 — 0 140 0 —
    0 280 0 — 0 280 0 —
    17.5 140 25 0 8.75 140 60 50
    35 140 80 40 35 140 75 80
    17.5 280 50 0 8.75 280 70 50
    35 280 70 40 35 280 95 80
  • TABLE 81
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    a Key Broadleaf Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Fenoxaprop- POLPY
    A Allyl p-ethyl Ob Ex
    17.5 0 70 —
    0 35 0 —
    17.5 35 85 70
  • TABLE 82
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key Sedge Weeds
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Fenoxaprop- FIMMI SCPMA
    A Allyl p-ethyl Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 40 — 0 —
    0 35 0 — 0 —
    17.5 35 95 40 40 0
  • TABLE 83
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a
    Key Sedge Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Triclopyr- CYPES
    C Methyl TEA Ob Ex
    8.75 0 65 —
    0 140 0 —
    0 280 0 —
    8.75 140 100 65
    8.75 280 90 65
  • TABLE 84
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key Grass Weeds
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound MCPA BRAPP ISCRU
    A Allyl EHE Ob Ex Ob Ex
    8.75 0 60 — 10 —
    17.5 0 99 — 40 —
    0 70 0 — 0 —
    0 140 0 — 0 —
    8.75 70 80 60 0 10
    17.5 70 70 99 20 40
    8.75 140 100 60 50 10
    17.5 140 85 99 50 40
  • TABLE 85
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on a Key Sedge Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate
    (g/ha)
    Compound MCPA FIMMI
    A Allyl EHE Ob Ex
    8.75 0 0 —
    17.5 0 20 —
    0 70 0 —
    0 140 0 —
    8.75 70 40 0
    17.5 70 30 20
    8.75 140 80 0
    17.5 140 95 20
  • TABLE 86
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key Sedge Weeds
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate
    (g/ha)
    Application Rate (g/ha) Com-
    Compound CYPIR pound FIMMI
    A Methyl Quinclorac Ob Ex A Allyl Quinclorac Ob Ex
    4.38 0 30 — 8.75 0 0 —
    8.75 0 75 — 17.5 0 40 —
    0 140 0 — 0 140 0 —
    4.38 140 70 30 8.75 140 60  0
    8.75 140 85 75 17.5 140 100 40
  • TABLE 87
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    a Key Broadleaf Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application
    Rate (g/ha)
    Compound IPOHE
    A Methyl Diflufenzopyr Ob Ex
    4.38 0 20 —
    8.75 0 40 —
    17.5 0 75 —
    0 4.38 10 —
    0 8.75 40 —
    0 17.5 60 —
    0 35 65 —
    4.38 4.38 30 28
    8.75 4.38 65 46
    17.5 4.38 90 78
    4.38 8.75 65 52
    8.75 8.75 65 64
    17.5 8.75 80 85
    4.38 17.5 75 68
    8.75 17.5 90 76
    17.5 17.5 95 90
    4.38 35 70 72
    8.75 35 85 79
    17.5 35 95 91
  • TABLE 88
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    a Key Grass Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound LEFCH
    A Methyl Diflufenzopyr Ob Ex
    4.38 0 30 —
    8.75 0 80 —
    17.5 0 75 —
    35 0 90 —
    0 8.75 0 —
    4.38 8.75 45 30
    8.75 8.75 90 80
    17.5 8.75 95 75
    35 8.75 90 90
  • TABLE 89
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on a Key Sedge Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound CYPIR
    A Methyl Diflufenzopyr Ob Ex
    8.75 0 30 —
    35 0 50 —
    0 4.38 10 —
    0 8.75 15 —
    0 17.5 20 —
    0 35 30 —
    8.75 4.38 25 37
    35 4.38 85 55
    8.75 8.75 55 41
    35 8.75 90 58
    8.75 17.5 60 44
    35 17.5 95 60
    8.75 35 60 51
    35 35 95 65
  • TABLE 90
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on a Key Grass Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound LEFCH
    A Methyl Clomazone Ob Ex
    4.38 0 10 —
    17.5 0 50 —
    0 560 40 —
    4.38 560 85 46
    17.5 560 99 70
  • TABLE 91
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions
    on a Key Sedge Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound CYPIR
    A Methyl Clomazone Ob Ex
    4.38 0 80 —
    0 560 0 —
    0 1120 0 —
    4.38 560 90 80
    4.38 1120 100 80
  • TABLE 92
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key Grass Weed
    in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Application Rate (g/ha)
    pound BRAPP Compound BRAPP
    A Methyl Norflurazon Ob Ex A Allyl Norflurazon Ob Ex
    8.75 0 60 — 8.75 0 80 —
    0 70 0 — 0 70 0 —
    8.75 70 90 60 8.75 70 95 80
  • TABLE 93
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key Sedge
    Weeds in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) CYPES CYPIR FIMMI SCPMA
    Norflurazon Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    Compound
    A Methyl
    4.38 0 40 — 25 — 20 — 0 —
    8.75 0 60 — 50 — 40 — 10 —
    0 560 0 — 0 — 0 — 60 —
    4.38 560 90 40 20 25 65 20 80 60
    8.75 560 99 60 90 50 90 40 90 64
    Compound
    A Allyl
    17.5 0 50 — 35 — 50 — 10 —
    35 0 95 — 85 — 60 — 20 —
    0 560 0 — 0 — 0 — 60 —
    17.5 560 90 50 60 35 70 50 70 64
    35 560 100 95 70 85 70 60 99 68
  • TABLE 94
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key Grass
    Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate
    (g/ha)
    Application Rate (g/ha) Com-
    Com- pound
    pound BRAPP A BRAPP
    A Methyl Sulcotrione Ob Ex Allyl Sulcotrione Ob Ex
    4.38 0 60 — 4.38 0 80 —
    8.75 0 60 — 8.75 0 100 —
    0 70 15 — 0 70 70 —
    4.38 70 60 66 4.38 70 99  83
    8.75 70 85 66 8.75 70 100 100
  • TABLE 95
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    a Key Grass Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound DIGSA
    A Methyl Pyriclor Ob Ex
    4.38 0 40 —
    17.5 0 50 —
    0 140 80 —
    4.38 140 99 88
    17.5 140 100 90
  • TABLE 96
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a Key Broadleaf
    Weed in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Application Rate (g/ha)
    pound POLPY Compound POLPY
    A Methyl Glyphosate Ob Ex A Allyl Glyphosate Ob Ex
    4.38 0 10 — 17.5 0 90 —
    8.75 0 50 — 35 0 70 —
    0 70 0 — 0 70 0 —
    4.38 70 40 10 17.5 70 95 90
    8.75 70 60 50 35 70 90 70
  • TABLE 97
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Grass Weeds in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound DIGSA LEFCH
    A Methyl Glyphosate Ob Ex Ob Ex
    4.38 0 0 — 20 —
    8.75 0 20 — 30 —
    0 70 0 — 20 —
    4.38 70 60  0 50 35
    8.75 70 80 20 40 44
  • TABLE 98
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Sedge Weeds in Direct Seeded Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound CYPES CYPIR
    A Allyl Glyphosate Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 50 — 35 —
    35 0 95 — 85 —
    0 70 10 — 0 —
    17.5 70 90 55 65 35
    35 70 95 96 100 85
    • Evaluation of Herbicidal Mixtures for Weed Control in Transplanted Paddy Rice
  • Weed seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in puddled soil (mud) prepared by mixing a non-sterilized mineral soil (28 percent silt, 18 percent clay, and 54 percent sand, with a pH of about 7.3 to 7.8 and an organic matter content of about 1.0 percent) and water at a ratio of 100 kilograms (kg) of soil to 19 L of water. The prepared mud was dispensed in 250 mL aliquots into 480 mL non-perforated plastic pots with a surface area of 91.6 square centimeters leaving a headspace of 3 centimeters in each pot. Rice seeds were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix® 306 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic plug trays. Seedlings at the second or third leaf stage of growth were transplanted into 650 mL of mud contained in 960 mL non-perforated plastic pots with a surface area of 91.6 cm2 4 days prior to herbicide application. The paddy was created by filling the 3 centimeter headspace of the pots with water. When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 4-14 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 hr photoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C. during the day and 26° C. during the night. Nutrients were added as Osmocote (17:6:10, N:P:K+minor nutrients) at 2 g per cup. Water was added on a regular basis to maintain the paddy flood, and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the second or third true leaf stage.
  • Treatments consisted of esters or salts of compound A, compound C, or compound D and various herbicidal components alone and in combination. For technical grade compounds, a weighed amount, determined by the highest rate to be tested, was placed in an individual 120 mL glass vial and was dissolved in 20 mL of acetone to obtain concentrated stock solutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutions obtained were diluted with 20 mL of an aqueous mixture containing 2.5% Agri-dex crop oil concentrate (v/v). For formulated compounds, a measured amount, determined by the highest rate to be tested, was placed in an individual 120 mL glass vial and was dissolved in 20 mL of 2.5% (v/v) Agri-dex crop oil concentrate to obtain concentrated stock solutions. The concentrated stock solutions obtained were diluted with 20 mL of acetone. Applications were made by injecting an appropriate amount of the stock solution into the aqueous layer of the paddy. Control plants were treated in the same manner with the solvent blank. All treated plant material received the same concentration of acetone and crop oil concentrate.
  • Forms of compounds A, C, and D were applied on an acid equivalent basis. Other herbicidal components were applied on an active ingredient basis and included acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides penoxsulam (triazolopyrimidine chemical class) applied as Grasp SC, pyrazosulfuron-methyl (sulfonylurea chemical class) applied as Sirius G, and bensulfuron-methyl (sulfonylurea chemical class) applied as Londax; acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides cyhalofop-butyl applied as Clincher G and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl applied as Ricestar HT; auxinic herbicide quinclorac applied as Facet 75 DF; phytoene desaturase inhibiting herbicide norflurazon; and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibiting herbicide sulcotrione applied as Mikado.
  • The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and water was added as needed to maintain a paddy flood. After 3 weeks the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill.
  • Some of the herbicide combinations tested, application rates employed, plant species tested, and results are given in Tables 99-113.
  • TABLE 99
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Grass weeds in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Bensulfuron- ECHCG ECHCO Compound C Bensulfuron- ECHCG
    Methyl methyl Ob Ex Ob Ex Methyl methyl Ob Ex
    8.75 0 0 — 0 — 17.5 0 0 —
    17.5 0 0 — 25 — 35 0 10 —
    35 0 25 — 20 — 0 35 20 —
    0 35 20 — 20 — 0 70 45 —
    0 70 45 — 30 — 17.5 35 40 20
    8.75 35 40 20 35 20 35 35 45 28
    17.5 35 55 20 35 40 17.5 70 60 45
    35 35 60 40 50 36 35 70 55 51
    8.75 70 60 45 40 30
    17.5 70 65 45 55 48
    35 70 80 59 60 44
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Bensulfuron- ECHCG LEFCH Compound C Bensulfuron- ECHCG
    TEA methyl Ob Ex Ob Ex TEA methyl Ob Ex
    35 0 0 — 50 — 35 0 20 —
    70 0 25 — 95 — 70 0 50 —
    0 35 65 — 15 — 0 35 65 —
    0 70 70 — 30 — 0 70 70 —
    35 35 90 65 85 58 35 35 95 72
    70 35 95 74 100 96 70 35 99 83
    35 70 80 70 90 65 35 70 100 76
    70 70 95 78 100 97 70 70 95 85
  • TABLE 100
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Sedge weeds in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Bensulfuron- CYPES Compound C Bensulfuron- ELOKU FIMMI
    Methyl methyl Ob Ex TEA methyl Ob Ex Ob Ex
    4.38 0 0 — 35 0 0 — 0 —
    8.75 0 15 — 70 0 50 — 0 —
    0 4.38 40 — 0 35 20 — 10 —
    0 8.75 50 — 0 70 70 — 50 —
    4.38 4.38 85 40 35 35 50 20 0 10
    8.75 4.38 75 49 70 35 60 60 40 10
    4.38 8.75 85 50 35 70 80 70 40 50
    8.75 8.75 85 58 70 70 80 85 100 50
  • TABLE 101
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a
    key Grass Weed in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Pyrazosulfuron- ECHCG Compound C Pyrazosulfuron- ECHCG
    Methyl ethyl Ob Ex Methyl ethyl Ob Ex
    4.38 0 0 — 4.38 0 0 —
    8.75 0 25 — 8.75 0 0 —
    0 5.25 20 — 0 5.25 20 —
    4.38 5.25 35 20 4.38 5.25 45 20
    8.75 5.25 80 40 8.75 5.25 20 20
  • TABLE 102
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Grass weeds in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A ECHCG Compound C ECHCG
    Methyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex Methyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex
    4.38 0 0 — 4.38 0 0 —
    8.75 0 25 — 8.75 0 0 —
    0 4.38 70 — 0 4.38 70 —
    4.38 4.38 90 70 4.38 4.38 95 70
    8.75 4.38 95 78 8.75 4.38 70 70
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A LEFCH Compound C LEFCH
    Methyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex Methyl Penoxsulam Ob Ex
    8.75 0 0 — 17.5 0 0 —
    17.5 0 0 — 35 0 0 —
    35 0 0 — 70 0 0 —
    0 17.5 15 — 0 17.5 15 —
    0 35 20 — 0 35 20 —
    8.75 17.5 30 15 17.5 17.5 20 15
    17.5 17.5 20 15 35 17.5 30 15
    35 17.5 20 15 70 17.5 20 15
    8.75 35 30 20 17.5 35 30 20
    17.5 35 30 20 35 35 30 20
    35 35 35 20 70 35 35 20
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound C LEFCH
    TEA Penoxsulam Ob Ex
    35 0 50 —
    70 0 95 —
     0 8.75 0 —
    35 8.75 80 50
    70 8.75 100 95
  • TABLE 103
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Sedge weeds in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A CYPES CYPIR ELOKU Compound C ELOKU
    TEA Penoxsulam Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex TEA Penoxsulam Obs Ex
    35 0 20 — 10 — 30 — 35 0 0 —
    70 0 50 — 20 — 20 — 70 0 50 —
    0 8.75 40 — 70 — 0 — 0 8.75 0 —
    35 8.75 60 52 100 73 60 30 35 8.75 60 0
    70 8.75 95 70 90 76 80 20 70 8.75 80 50
  • TABLE 104
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    a Key Broadleaf Weed in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound Cyhalofop- SPDZE
    C TEA butyl Ob Ex
    35 0 50 —
    70 0 80 —
    0 90 0 —
    35 90 70 50
    70 90 95 80
  • TABLE 105
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Grass weedS in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Cyhalofop- ECHCG LEFCH Compound C Cyhalofop- ECHCG LEFCH
    TEA butyl Ob Ex Ob Ex TEA butyl Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 0 — 80 — 35 0 0 — 50 —
    70 0 50 — 99 — 70 0 25 — 95 —
    0 90 50 — 50 — 0 90 50 — 50 —
    0 180 75 — 0 180 95 —
    35 90 100 25 100 75 35 90 100 50 100 75
    70 90 100 75 100 100 70 90 100 63 100 98
    35 180 100 75 35 180 100 95
    70 180 100 98 70 180 100 96
  • TABLE 106
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Sedge weeds in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Cyhalofop- CYPES CYPIR FIMMI SCPMA SCPJU
    TEA butyl Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 25 — 10 — 0 — 0 — 85 —
    70 0 50 — 20 — 0 — 50 — 95 —
    0 90 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    35 90 100 25 40 10 40 10 10 0 100 85
    70 90 100 50 100 20 100 60 100 50 100 95
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound C Cyhalofop- CYPES CYPIR FIMMI SCPMA
    TEA butyl Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 0 — 20 — 0 — 0 —
    70 0 40 — 60 — 0 — 0 —
    0 90 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 —
    35 90 100 0 100 20 100 0 20 0
    70 90 100 40 100 60 100 0 20 0
  • TABLE 107
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Sedge weeds in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A Fenoxaprop- FIMMI SCPJU Compound A Fenoxaprop- FIMMI SCPJU
    Methyl p-ethyl Ob Ex Ob Ex TEA p-ethyl Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 20 — 90 — 17.5 0 30 — 60 —
    0 35 0 — 0 — 0 35 0 — 0 —
    17.5 35 100 20 95 90 17.5 35 100 30 80 60
  • TABLE 108
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a
    key Broadleaf Weed in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Application
    Rate (g/ha) Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Com-
    pound pound
    A MASCR A MASCR
    Methyl Quinclorac Ob Ex TEA Quinclorac Ob Ex
    17.5 0 0 — 17.5 0
    35 0 50 — 35 0 60 —
    0 140 0 — 0 140 0 —
    17.5 140 40 0 17.5 140 80 60
    35 140 60 50 35 140 80 60
  • TABLE 109
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on
    key Grass weeds in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A LEFCH Compound A LEFCH ECHCG
    Methyl Quinclorac Ob Ex TEA Quinclorac Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 10 — 17.5 0 10 — 10 —
    35 0 20 — 35 0 15 — 80 —
    0 140 0 — 0 140 0 — 0 —
    17.5 140 20 10 17.5 140 60 10 100 10
    35 140 45 20 35 140 70 15 100 80
  • TABLE 110
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    sedge weeds in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate(g/ha)
    Compound A CYPES FIMMI Compound A FIMMI FIMMI
    Methyl Quinclorac Ob Ex Ob Ex TEA Quinclorac Ob Ex Ob Ex
    17.5 0 50 — 20 — 17.5 0 30 — 30 —
    0 140 0 — 0 — 0 140 0 — 0 —
    17.5 140 100 50 100 20 17.5 140 100 96 60 30
  • TABLE 111
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on Key
    Grass weeds in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A ECHOR ECHCG
    TEA Quinclorac Ob Ex Ob Ex
    35 0 10 — 10 —
    0 70 0 — 0 —
    35 70 35 10 35 10
  • TABLE 112
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a
    key sedge Weed in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Compound A CYPES Compound A CYPES
    Methyl Norflurazon Ob Ex TEA Norflurazon Ob Ex
    35 0 60 — 17.5 0 30 —
    0 70 0 — 35 0 70 —
    35 70 95 60 0 70 0 —
    17.5 70 50 30
    35 70 100 70
  • TABLE 113
    Synergistic Activity of Herbicidal Compositions on a
    key Grass Weed in Transplanted Paddy Rice
    % Injury
    Application Rate (g/ha) Application Rate (g/ha)
    Com- Compound
    pound ECHOR A ECHOR
    A Methyl Sulcotrione Ob Ex TEA Sulcotrione Ob Ex
    17.5 0 0 — 17.5 0 0 —
    35 0 10 — 35 0 10 —
    0 70 10 — 0 70 10 —
    17.5 70 25 10 17.5 70 30 10
    35 70 85 19 35 70 60 19
    IPOHE = Ipomoea hederacea
    POLPE = Polygonum persicaria
    SPDZE = Sphenoclea zeylanica
    ECHCG = Echinochloa crus-galli
    ISCRU = Ischaemum rugosum
    CYPES = Cyperus esculentus
    ELOKU = Eleocharis kuroguwai
    SCPJU = Scirpus juncoides
    Ob = observed values
    Ex = expected, calculated values
    DAA = days after application
    MASCR = Marsilea crenata
    POLPY = Polygonum pensylvanicum
    DIGSA = Digitaria sanguinalis
    ECHOR = Echinocloa oryzoides
    LEFCH = Leptochloa chinensis
    CYPIR = Cyperus iria
    FIMMI = Fimbristylis miliacea
    SCPMA = Scirpus maritimus

Claims (11)

1. A synergistic herbicidal mixture comprising an herbicidally effective amount of (a) a first herbicide selected from the group of a pyridine or a pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I)
Figure US20090062121A1-20090305-C00002
wherein X represents CH or N, hal represents F, Cl or Br, and R represents methyl or ethyl,
and agriculturally acceptable salts, esters and amides of the carboxylic acid, and (b) a second herbicide selected from the group consisting of amidosulfuron, aminopyralid, beflubutamid, bensulfuron, bentazone, bispyribac, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, chlormequat, chlorotoluron, chlorsulfuron, clodinafop, clomazone, cyhalofop, dicamba, dichlorprop, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, fenoxaprop, florasulam, flucarbazone, flufenacet, flupyrsulfuron, glyphosate, halosulfuron, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazethapyr, indol-3-ylacetic acid, 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid, iodosulfuron, isoproturon, isoxaben, MCPA, mesosulfuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron, norflurazon, penoxsulam, picolinafen, pinoxaden, propanil, propoxycarbazone, prosulfocarb, pyrasulfotole, pyrazosulfuron, pyriclor, pyroxsulam, quinclorac, sulcotrione, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron, tralkoxydim, tribenuron, triclopyr and mixtures thereof.
2. The mixture of claim 1 in which, for the compound of Formula I, X represents CH or N, hal represents F or Cl and R represents methyl.
3. The mixture of claim 1 in which the pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I) is a 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivative.
4. The mixture of claim 1 additionally comprising an herbicide safener.
5. The mixture of claim 4 in which the herbicide safener is cloquintocet mexyl.
6. The mixture of claim 4 in which the herbicide safener is mefenpyr-diethyl.
7. The mixture of claim 1 in which the weight ratio of the pyridine or pyrimidine carboxylic acid of formula (I) component to the second herbicide component is between about 5:1 and about 1:256.
8. An herbicidal composition comprising an herbicidally effective amount of the herbicidal mixture of claim 1 and an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier.
9. A method of controlling undesirable vegetation which comprises contacting the vegetation or the locus thereof with or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation an herbicidally effective amount the herbicidal mixture of claim 1.
10. A method of claim 9 for controlling undesirable vegetation in cereals which comprises contacting the vegetation or the locus thereof with or applying to the soil to prevent the emergence of vegetation an herbicidally effective amount the herbicidal mixture comprising an herbicidally effective amount of (a) a first herbicide selected from the group of a pyridine or a pyrimidine carboxylic acid of the formula (I)
Figure US20090062121A1-20090305-C00003
wherein X represents CH or N, hal represents F, Cl or Br, and R represents methyl or ethyl,
and agriculturally acceptable salts, esters and amides of the carboxylic acid, and (b) a second herbicide selected from the group consisting of amidosulfuron, aminopyralid, beflubutamid, bentazone, bromoxynil, chlormequat, chlorotoluron, chlorsulfuron, clodinafop, dicamba, dichlorprop, diflufenican, fenoxaprop, florasulam, flucarbazone, flufenacet, flupyrsulfuron, glyphosate, imazamethabenz, indol-3-ylacetic acid, 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid, iodosulfuron, isoproturon, isoxaben, MCPA, mesosulfuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron, picolinafen, pinoxaden, propoxycarbazone, prosulfocarb, pyroxsulam, pyrasulfotole, quinclorac, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron, tralkoxydim, tribenuron and mixtures thereof.
11. A method of claim 9 for controlling undesirable vegetation in rice which comprises contacting the vegetation or the locus thereof with or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation an herbicidally effective amount the herbicidal mixture comprising an herbicidally effective amount of (a) a first herbicide selected from the group of a pyridine carboxylic acid of the formula (I)
Figure US20090062121A1-20090305-C00004
wherein hal represents F, Cl or Br, and R represents methyl or ethyl,
and agriculturally acceptable salts, esters and amides of the carboxylic acid, and (b) a second herbicide selected from the group consisting of bensulfuron, bispyribac, carfentrazone, clomazone, cyhalofop, diflufenzopyr, fenoxaprop, glyphosate, halosulfuron, imazamox, imazethapyr, MCPA, norflurazon, penoxsulam, propanil, pyrazosulfuron, pyriclor, quinclorac, sulcotrione, triclopyr and mixtures thereof.
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