US20090056923A1 - Combustion system - Google Patents
Combustion system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20090056923A1 US20090056923A1 US11/847,715 US84771507A US2009056923A1 US 20090056923 A1 US20090056923 A1 US 20090056923A1 US 84771507 A US84771507 A US 84771507A US 2009056923 A1 US2009056923 A1 US 2009056923A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- heat exchanger
- housing
- exhaust tubes
- chamber
- exchanger housing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
- F28D7/163—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation with conduit assemblies having a particular shape, e.g. square or annular; with assemblies of conduits having different geometrical features; with multiple groups of conduits connected in series or parallel and arranged inside common casing
- F28D7/1638—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation with conduit assemblies having a particular shape, e.g. square or annular; with assemblies of conduits having different geometrical features; with multiple groups of conduits connected in series or parallel and arranged inside common casing with particular pattern of flow or the heat exchange medium flowing inside the conduits assemblies, e.g. change of flow direction from one conduit assembly to another one
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
- F28D7/163—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation with conduit assemblies having a particular shape, e.g. square or annular; with assemblies of conduits having different geometrical features; with multiple groups of conduits connected in series or parallel and arranged inside common casing
- F28D7/1653—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation with conduit assemblies having a particular shape, e.g. square or annular; with assemblies of conduits having different geometrical features; with multiple groups of conduits connected in series or parallel and arranged inside common casing the conduit assemblies having a square or rectangular shape
- F28D7/1661—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation with conduit assemblies having a particular shape, e.g. square or annular; with assemblies of conduits having different geometrical features; with multiple groups of conduits connected in series or parallel and arranged inside common casing the conduit assemblies having a square or rectangular shape with particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. change of flow direction
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
Definitions
- This invention relates to a combustion system, more particularly to combustion system including thermally expandable exhaust tubes.
- Conventional combustion systems normally include a furnace housing, a plenum housing surrounding and cooperating with the furnace housing to define a plenum chamber therebetween, and a heat exchanger disposed in the plenum chamber for cooling a combustion gas resulting from a combustion chamber of the furnace housing.
- the combustion gas from the combustion chamber flows through exhaust tubes of the heat exchanger along a serpentine path and into a stack.
- ambient air passes into the plenum chamber, and is heated by contacting heat transfer surfaces of the furnace housing and the exhaust tubes so as to cool the combustion gas.
- the exhaust tubes of the heat exchanger are normally designed to form a bundled structure that has two opposite fixed ends. As a consequence, the exhaust tubes are likely to deform undesirably due to repeated thermal expansion and contraction after a period of use.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a combustion system that can overcome the aforesaid drawback associated with the prior art.
- a combustion system comprises: a furnace housing defining a combustion chamber therein and having a gas outlet in fluid communication with the combustion chamber; a heat exchanger disposed outwardly of the furnace housing and including a heat exchanger housing that defines a heat exchanger chamber therein and that has a top end, the heat exchanger housing further defining a gas inlet and a gas outlet which are in fluid communication with the heat exchanger chamber and which are formed at the top end of the heat exchanger housing, the heat exchanger further including a tube-bundled structure that is disposed in the heat exchanger chamber and that has a plurality of exhaust tubes which define a plurality of passageways in fluid communication with the gas inlet and the gas outlet of the heat exchanger housing, each of the exhaust tubes having top and bottom ends, the tube-bundled structure further having upper and lower plates and an end cap, the top ends of the exhaust tubes being fixed to the upper plate, the bottom ends of the exhaust tubes being fixed to the lower plate, the end cap being connected to and cooperating with the lower plate to define a connecting
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the preferred embodiment of a combustion system according to this invention.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a tube-bundled structure of the preferred embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a fragmentary schematic view of the tube-bundled structure of the preferred embodiment in a non-expanded state.
- FIG. 4 is a fragmentary schematic view of the tube-bundled structure of the preferred embodiment in an expanded state.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the preferred embodiment of a combustion system according to this invention for burning raw material, such as hull and shell waste of agricultural crops.
- the combustion system includes: a furnace housing 11 defining a combustion chamber 111 therein and having a gas outlet 112 in fluid communication with the combustion chamber 111 ; a plenum housing 24 surrounding and cooperating with the furnace housing 11 to define a plenum chamber 240 therebetween, and having an air inlet 242 and an air outlet 243 which are in fluid communication with the plenum chamber 240 ; a heat exchanger 50 disposed outwardly of the furnace housing 11 and including a heat exchanger housing 51 that defines a heat exchanger chamber 511 therein and that has a top end 512 , the heat exchanger housing 51 further defining a gas inlet 503 and a gas outlet 504 which are in fluid communication with the heat exchanger chamber 511 and which are formed at the top end 512 of the heat exchanger housing 51 , the heat exchanger 50 further including a tube-bundled structure 3 that is disposed in the heat exchanger chamber 511 and that has a plurality of exhaust tubes 30 which define a plurality of passageways 31 in fluid communication with the gas in
- the combustion system further includes a confining frame 6 including a plurality of posts 60 and a plurality of stretchers 61 , each of which interconnects two adjacent ones of the posts 60 and each of which has an inner surface 62 .
- the heat exchanger housing 51 further has a bottom end 513 .
- Each of the posts 60 has top and bottom ends 611 , 612 that are secured to the upper plate 41 and the bottom end 513 of the heat exchanger housing 51 , respectively.
- the lower plate 42 has a peripheral end 421 that is in sliding contact with the inner surfaces 62 of the stretchers 61 so as to be confined by the stretchers 61 .
- the combustion gas generated from the combustion chamber 111 passes through the manifold 22 and into the exhaust tubes 30 of the tube-bundled structure 3 and then into a cyclone 23 connected to the gas outlet 504 of the heat exchanger housing 51 and finally into a stack 8 connected to the cyclone 23 for emission of the combustion gas.
- an air blower 9 is disposed downstream of an air outlet 502 of the heat exchanger housing 51 for introducing ambient fresh air via the air inlet 242 of the plenum housing 24 into the plenum chamber 240 .
- the introduced air flows around the furnace housing 11 for conducting a preliminary heat exchange, and then flows through an air inlet 501 of the heat exchanger housing 51 and into the heat exchanger chamber 511 across the exhaust tubes 30 of the tube-bundled structure 3 for conducting a primary heat exchange.
- the heated air is then delivered into a crop dryer 7 for drying crops stored therein.
- the exhaust tubes 30 are heated and expand thermally in the downward direction, as best illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 .
- the tube-bundled structure 3 is disposed at a non-expanded state and the lower plate 42 is in sliding contact with the inner surfaces 62 of the stretchers 61 at upper ends of the stretchers 61 .
- the tube-bundled structure 3 is disposed at an expanded state and the lower plate 42 is in sliding contact with the inner surfaces 62 of the stretchers 61 at lower ends of the stretchers 61 .
Abstract
A combustion system includes: a furnace housing; a heat exchanger including a heat exchanger housing and a tube-bundled structure that has a plurality of exhaust tubes, upper and lower plates, and an end cap, top ends of the exhaust tubes being fixed to the upper plate, bottom ends of the exhaust tubes being fixed to the lower plate, the upper plate being fixed to a top end of the heat exchanger housing, the exhaust tubes being thermally expandable in a downward direction; and a manifold interconnecting a gas outlet of the furnace housing and a gas inlet of the heat exchanger housing.
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- This invention relates to a combustion system, more particularly to combustion system including thermally expandable exhaust tubes.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Conventional combustion systems normally include a furnace housing, a plenum housing surrounding and cooperating with the furnace housing to define a plenum chamber therebetween, and a heat exchanger disposed in the plenum chamber for cooling a combustion gas resulting from a combustion chamber of the furnace housing. During cooling, the combustion gas from the combustion chamber flows through exhaust tubes of the heat exchanger along a serpentine path and into a stack. Meanwhile, ambient air passes into the plenum chamber, and is heated by contacting heat transfer surfaces of the furnace housing and the exhaust tubes so as to cool the combustion gas. The exhaust tubes of the heat exchanger are normally designed to form a bundled structure that has two opposite fixed ends. As a consequence, the exhaust tubes are likely to deform undesirably due to repeated thermal expansion and contraction after a period of use.
- Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a combustion system that can overcome the aforesaid drawback associated with the prior art.
- According to the present invention, a combustion system comprises: a furnace housing defining a combustion chamber therein and having a gas outlet in fluid communication with the combustion chamber; a heat exchanger disposed outwardly of the furnace housing and including a heat exchanger housing that defines a heat exchanger chamber therein and that has a top end, the heat exchanger housing further defining a gas inlet and a gas outlet which are in fluid communication with the heat exchanger chamber and which are formed at the top end of the heat exchanger housing, the heat exchanger further including a tube-bundled structure that is disposed in the heat exchanger chamber and that has a plurality of exhaust tubes which define a plurality of passageways in fluid communication with the gas inlet and the gas outlet of the heat exchanger housing, each of the exhaust tubes having top and bottom ends, the tube-bundled structure further having upper and lower plates and an end cap, the top ends of the exhaust tubes being fixed to the upper plate, the bottom ends of the exhaust tubes being fixed to the lower plate, the end cap being connected to and cooperating with the lower plate to define a connecting channel that is in fluid communication with the passageways, the upper plate being fixed to the top end of the heat exchanger housing, the exhaust tubes being thermally expandable in a downward direction; and a manifold interconnecting the gas outlet of the furnace housing and the gas inlet of the heat exchanger housing.
- In drawings which illustrate an embodiment of the invention,
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the preferred embodiment of a combustion system according to this invention; -
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a tube-bundled structure of the preferred embodiment; -
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary schematic view of the tube-bundled structure of the preferred embodiment in a non-expanded state; and -
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary schematic view of the tube-bundled structure of the preferred embodiment in an expanded state. -
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the preferred embodiment of a combustion system according to this invention for burning raw material, such as hull and shell waste of agricultural crops. - The combustion system includes: a
furnace housing 11 defining acombustion chamber 111 therein and having agas outlet 112 in fluid communication with thecombustion chamber 111; aplenum housing 24 surrounding and cooperating with thefurnace housing 11 to define aplenum chamber 240 therebetween, and having anair inlet 242 and anair outlet 243 which are in fluid communication with theplenum chamber 240; aheat exchanger 50 disposed outwardly of thefurnace housing 11 and including aheat exchanger housing 51 that defines aheat exchanger chamber 511 therein and that has atop end 512, theheat exchanger housing 51 further defining agas inlet 503 and agas outlet 504 which are in fluid communication with theheat exchanger chamber 511 and which are formed at thetop end 512 of theheat exchanger housing 51, theheat exchanger 50 further including a tube-bundledstructure 3 that is disposed in theheat exchanger chamber 511 and that has a plurality ofexhaust tubes 30 which define a plurality ofpassageways 31 in fluid communication with thegas inlet 503 and thegas outlet 504 of theheat exchanger housing 51, each of theexhaust tubes 30 having top andbottom ends structure 3 further having upper andlower plates end cap 43, thetop ends 301 of theexhaust tubes 30 being fixed to theupper plate 41, thebottom ends 302 of theexhaust tubes 30 being fixed to thelower plate 42, theend cap 43 being connected to and cooperating with thelower plate 42 to define a connectingchannel 431 that is in fluid communication with thepassageways 31, theupper plate 41 being fixed to thetop end 512 of theheat exchanger housing 51, theexhaust tubes 30 being thermally expandable in a downward direction; and amanifold 22 interconnecting thegas outlet 112 of thefurnace housing 11 and thegas inlet 503 of theheat exchanger housing 51. In this embodiment, thelower plate 42 is suspended together with theend cap 43 in theheat exchanger chamber 511. Alternatively, thelower plate 42 can be supported on an urging member (not shown). - The combustion system further includes a
confining frame 6 including a plurality ofposts 60 and a plurality ofstretchers 61, each of which interconnects two adjacent ones of theposts 60 and each of which has aninner surface 62. Theheat exchanger housing 51 further has abottom end 513. Each of theposts 60 has top andbottom ends upper plate 41 and thebottom end 513 of theheat exchanger housing 51, respectively. Thelower plate 42 has aperipheral end 421 that is in sliding contact with theinner surfaces 62 of thestretchers 61 so as to be confined by thestretchers 61. - During combustion of the solid waste, the combustion gas generated from the
combustion chamber 111 passes through themanifold 22 and into theexhaust tubes 30 of the tube-bundledstructure 3 and then into acyclone 23 connected to thegas outlet 504 of theheat exchanger housing 51 and finally into astack 8 connected to thecyclone 23 for emission of the combustion gas. Meanwhile, anair blower 9 is disposed downstream of anair outlet 502 of theheat exchanger housing 51 for introducing ambient fresh air via theair inlet 242 of theplenum housing 24 into theplenum chamber 240. The introduced air flows around thefurnace housing 11 for conducting a preliminary heat exchange, and then flows through anair inlet 501 of theheat exchanger housing 51 and into theheat exchanger chamber 511 across theexhaust tubes 30 of the tube-bundledstructure 3 for conducting a primary heat exchange. The heated air is then delivered into acrop dryer 7 for drying crops stored therein. During heat exchange between the combustion gas and the introduced air, theexhaust tubes 30 are heated and expand thermally in the downward direction, as best illustrated inFIGS. 3 and 4 . InFIG. 3 , the tube-bundledstructure 3 is disposed at a non-expanded state and thelower plate 42 is in sliding contact with theinner surfaces 62 of thestretchers 61 at upper ends of thestretchers 61. InFIG. 4 , the tube-bundledstructure 3 is disposed at an expanded state and thelower plate 42 is in sliding contact with theinner surfaces 62 of thestretchers 61 at lower ends of thestretchers 61. - By suspending the
lower plate 42, to which thebottom ends 302 of theexhaust tubes 30 are fixed and theend cap 43 is connected, the aforesaid drawback associated with the prior art can be eliminated. - With the invention thus explained, it is apparent that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the invention be limited only as recited in the appended claims.
Claims (3)
1. A combustion system comprising:
a furnace housing defining a combustion chamber therein and having a gas outlet in fluid communication with said combustion chamber;
a heat exchanger disposed outwardly of said furnace housing and including
a heat exchanger housing that defines a heat exchanger chamber therein and that has a top end, said heat exchanger housing further defining a gas inlet and a gas outlet which are in fluid communication with said heat exchanger chamber and which are formed at said top end of said heat exchanger housing, and
a tube-bundled structure that is disposed in said heat exchanger chamber and that has a plurality of exhaust tubes which define a plurality of passageways in fluid communication with said gas inlet and said gas outlet of said heat exchanger housing, each of said exhaust tubes having top and bottom ends, said tube-bundled structure further having upper and lower plates and an end cap, said top ends of said exhaust tubes being fixed to said upper plate, said bottom ends of said exhaust tubes being fixed to said lower plate, said end cap being connected to and cooperating with said lower plate to define a connecting channel that is in fluid communication with said passageways, said upper plate being fixed to said top end of said heat exchanger housing, said exhaust tubes being thermally expandable in a downward direction; and
a manifold interconnecting said gas outlet of said furnace housing and said gas inlet of said heat exchanger housing.
2. The combustion system of claim 1 , wherein said lower plate is suspended in said heat exchanger chamber.
3. The combustion system of claim 1 , further comprising a confining frame including a plurality of posts and a plurality of stretchers, each of which interconnects two adjacent ones of said posts and each of which has an inner surface, said heat exchanger housing further having a bottom end, each of said posts having top and bottom ends that are secured to said upper plate and said bottom end of said heat exchanger housing, respectively, said lower plate having a peripheral end that is in sliding contact with said inner surfaces of said stretchers.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/847,715 US20090056923A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Combustion system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/847,715 US20090056923A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Combustion system |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20090056923A1 true US20090056923A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
Family
ID=40405595
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/847,715 Abandoned US20090056923A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Combustion system |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20090056923A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102168921A (en) * | 2011-03-09 | 2011-08-31 | 娄底市兴华有色金属有限公司 | Tubular cooler for cooling flue gases |
TWI412715B (en) * | 2010-07-30 | 2013-10-21 | ||
US9797595B2 (en) | 2013-02-14 | 2017-10-24 | Clearsign Combustion Corporation | Fuel combustion system with a perforated reaction holder |
US10190767B2 (en) | 2013-03-27 | 2019-01-29 | Clearsign Combustion Corporation | Electrically controlled combustion fluid flow |
US10571124B2 (en) | 2013-02-14 | 2020-02-25 | Clearsign Combustion Corporation | Selectable dilution low NOx burner |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1626869A (en) * | 1926-04-01 | 1927-05-03 | Edward M O'donnell | Expansion joint for heat exchangers |
US1810286A (en) * | 1927-04-06 | 1931-06-16 | Macphee Anderson | Heat exchanger |
US1868661A (en) * | 1931-12-10 | 1932-07-26 | Griscom Russell Co | Heat exchanger |
US1990251A (en) * | 1933-04-17 | 1935-02-05 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Heat exchange apparatus |
US5613551A (en) * | 1995-12-18 | 1997-03-25 | Touchstone, Inc. | Radiator assembly |
US6206086B1 (en) * | 2000-02-21 | 2001-03-27 | R. P. Adams Co., Inc. | Multi-pass tube side heat exchanger with removable bundle |
US6223808B1 (en) * | 1997-01-27 | 2001-05-01 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Supporting structure for heat exchanger |
US6328098B1 (en) * | 1998-11-10 | 2001-12-11 | Valeo Inc. | Side member for heat exchanger and heat exchanger incorporating side plate |
-
2007
- 2007-08-30 US US11/847,715 patent/US20090056923A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1626869A (en) * | 1926-04-01 | 1927-05-03 | Edward M O'donnell | Expansion joint for heat exchangers |
US1810286A (en) * | 1927-04-06 | 1931-06-16 | Macphee Anderson | Heat exchanger |
US1868661A (en) * | 1931-12-10 | 1932-07-26 | Griscom Russell Co | Heat exchanger |
US1990251A (en) * | 1933-04-17 | 1935-02-05 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Heat exchange apparatus |
US5613551A (en) * | 1995-12-18 | 1997-03-25 | Touchstone, Inc. | Radiator assembly |
US6223808B1 (en) * | 1997-01-27 | 2001-05-01 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Supporting structure for heat exchanger |
US6328098B1 (en) * | 1998-11-10 | 2001-12-11 | Valeo Inc. | Side member for heat exchanger and heat exchanger incorporating side plate |
US6206086B1 (en) * | 2000-02-21 | 2001-03-27 | R. P. Adams Co., Inc. | Multi-pass tube side heat exchanger with removable bundle |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
TWI412715B (en) * | 2010-07-30 | 2013-10-21 | ||
CN102168921A (en) * | 2011-03-09 | 2011-08-31 | 娄底市兴华有色金属有限公司 | Tubular cooler for cooling flue gases |
US9797595B2 (en) | 2013-02-14 | 2017-10-24 | Clearsign Combustion Corporation | Fuel combustion system with a perforated reaction holder |
US10337729B2 (en) | 2013-02-14 | 2019-07-02 | Clearsign Combustion Corporation | Fuel combustion system with a perforated reaction holder |
US10571124B2 (en) | 2013-02-14 | 2020-02-25 | Clearsign Combustion Corporation | Selectable dilution low NOx burner |
US11156356B2 (en) | 2013-02-14 | 2021-10-26 | Clearsign Technologies Corporation | Fuel combustion system with a perforated reaction holder |
US10190767B2 (en) | 2013-03-27 | 2019-01-29 | Clearsign Combustion Corporation | Electrically controlled combustion fluid flow |
US10808925B2 (en) | 2013-03-27 | 2020-10-20 | Clearsign Technologies Corporation | Method for electrically controlled combustion fluid flow |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: SUNCUE COMPANY LTD, TAIWAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LIN, JUNG-LANG;REEL/FRAME:019769/0020 Effective date: 20070731 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |