US20090025306A1 - Tornado resistant dome house - Google Patents
Tornado resistant dome house Download PDFInfo
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- US20090025306A1 US20090025306A1 US11/880,642 US88064207A US2009025306A1 US 20090025306 A1 US20090025306 A1 US 20090025306A1 US 88064207 A US88064207 A US 88064207A US 2009025306 A1 US2009025306 A1 US 2009025306A1
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- tile
- dome house
- elongate member
- tiles
- tornado resistant
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
- E04B1/3211—Structures with a vertical rotation axis or the like, e.g. semi-spherical structures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
- E04H9/14—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate against other dangerous influences, e.g. tornadoes, floods
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
- E04B2001/327—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures comprised of a number of panels or blocs connected together forming a self-supporting structure
- E04B2001/3276—Panel connection details
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/35—Extraordinary methods of construction, e.g. lift-slab, jack-block
- E04B2001/3583—Extraordinary methods of construction, e.g. lift-slab, jack-block using permanent tensioning means, e.g. cables or rods, to assemble or rigidify structures (not pre- or poststressing concrete), e.g. by tying them around the structure
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
Definitions
- This invention relates to structures, and in particular to a tornado resistant dome house.
- Windstorms including tornados and hurricanes, cause large amount of damage each year, both in the form of property structure damage and injury to persons. Winds associated with tornados in particular can rise to 300 miles per hour. Thus, it would be desirable to provide a dome house capable of resisting these magnitudes of storm.
- Walls could be fabricated of precast and reinforced masonry (for high impact resistance), and formed to a pre-determined, constantly changing curvature (for minimal wind resistance).
- Sections of wall must be secured together, one to another, both horizontally and vertically, to act as if they were one solid block, for wind resistance and turbulence resistance.
- This securing together can by accomplished by high strength steel cable or by heavy all-thread steel rods inside conduits cast in the wall and/or roof sections.
- each row of sections would be cinched tightly against coiled steel spring tension, to permit expansion and contraction, with temperature and weather, without damage. This would also assist in erection (which may be accomplished using a fork lift), and makes it possible to replace any sections damaged by flying objects, if necessary.
- the vertical cables or rods must be secured to the concrete foundation via anchors to avoid wind lift-off of the walls and roof.
- the low silhouette of the upper portion of the dome minimizes the wind resistance to high-velocity horizontal wind, and reduces the total weight that must be supported in this area. Because the roof is at a low confronting angle to any flying debris it is unlikely that the roof will become impacted and damaged by wind-borne objects, which are less likely to be massive at this reduced height.
- a tornado resistant dome house whose shape is low-profile and optimal for resisting strong winds associated with windstorms such as tornados and hurricanes, and whose construction features a plurality of tiles mutually connected by elongate members such as cables or metal rods, which hold the tiles together and prevent them from blowing apart in the presence of strong winds.
- Design features allowing this object to be accomplished include a specific formula for the shape of the dome house, and construction incorporating shape-conforming tiles. Benefits associated with the accomplishment of this object include reduction of the possibility of structure damage during windstorms, and the attendant cost savings in repair.
- Design features allowing this object to be accomplished include a plurality of tile vertical lumens, and tile horizontal lumens, with elongate members in the lumens.
- Advantages associated with the accomplishment of this object include a stronger structure, enhanced windstorm resistance, and the attendant cost savings in repair.
- Design features enabling the accomplishment of this object include tiles having tile vertical lumens, elongate members in the tile vertical lumens, and means of attaching a lower end of the elongate members to the dome house foundation.
- Advantages associated with the accomplishment of this object include a stronger structure, enhanced windstorm resistance, and the attendant cost savings in repair.
- Design features allowing this object to be accomplished include a tongue-in-groove connection between adjacent tiles.
- Benefits associated with the accomplishment of this object include a stronger structure, enhanced windstorm resistance, and the attendant cost savings in repair.
- Design features enabling the accomplishment of this object include springs disposed between adjacent tiles.
- Advantages associated with the realization of this object include reduced stress and shock on tiles as the dome house expands and contracts with windstorm-induced pressure changes, and temperature and ambient pressure changes, the consequent reduced possibility of tile damage, and the associated reduction in ensuing repair cost.
- Sheet one contains FIGS. 1 and 2 .
- Sheet two contains FIGS. 3 and 4 .
- Sheet three contains FIG. 5 .
- Sheet four contains FIG. 6 .
- Sheet five contains FIGS. 7 and 8 .
- Sheet six contains FIGS. 9 and 10 .
- FIG. 1 is a side isometric view of a dome house.
- FIG. 2 is a side isometric view of a dome house with two tiles removed.
- FIG. 3 is a side isometric cross-sectional view of a dome house with a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system at its center.
- FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of a dome house with a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system at its center.
- FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view of a dome house taken at section V-V of FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 6 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the vertical attachment between two tiles.
- FIG. 7 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of an elongate member and a tile.
- FIG. 8 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of an elongate member and the dome house foundation.
- FIG. 9 is a detail top cross-sectional view of the horizontal attachment between two tiles.
- FIG. 10 is a detail top cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of an elongate member and a dome house door or window frame.
- the instant tornado resistant dome house incorporates two important advances in structures designed to resists high winds.
- the first is the dome shape of the structure itself, which is illustrated in FIGS. 1-4 .
- the smooth, precisely curved, low-profile shape illustrated in these figures significantly improves the ability of the dome house to resist wind damage.
- the second advance incorporated into the instant tornado resistant dome house is the construction system used in the dome house, which ties a plurality of tiles together, not only to themselves, but also to the dome house foundation, and the dome house opening frames such as windows and doors.
- This construction system is depicted in FIGS. 5-10 .
- FIG. 1 is a side isometric view of dome house 2 .
- FIG. 2 is a side isometric view of dome house 2 with two tiles 4 removed.
- dome house 2 comprises dome house shell 5 made up of a plurality of tiles 4 .
- Tiles 4 are molded to smoothly conform to the overall shape of dome house shell 5 , in order to provide the specific smooth, low-profile shape taught by the instant invention.
- Dome house 2 may comprise windows 8 with respective window frames 9 , and door(s) 6 , which fulfill the usual functions of these elements.
- FIG. 3 is a side isometric cross-sectional view of dome 2 house with a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system at its center;
- FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of dome house 2 depicting the Cartesian coordinate system at its center.
- the two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system depicted in FIG. 3 at the center of dome house 2 comprises x-axis 10 and y-axis 12 .
- the origin of this coordinate system is in a plane containing the lower edge 3 of dome house 2 , and at the center of lower edge 3 .
- the plan view shape of lower edge 3 is a circle.
- dome house 2 depicted in the drawings. It has been determined experimentally that this shape is optimal for increasing resistance of structures such as dome house 2 to the effects of windstorms such as tornadoes and hurricanes.
- the above formula yields the upper section of a three-dimensional spheroid shape which is symmetrical about its vertical axis.
- the side cross-sectional shape of dome house 2 taken at a plane containing the vertical axis 7 of dome house 2 , is described by the above formula, where x is the abscissa and y is the ordinate of a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system whose origin is located at the intersection of dome house 2 vertical axis 7 and a plane containing dome house lower edge 3 .
- the y-axis of the Cartesian coordinate system co-extends with the dome house vertical axis 7 , and the x-axis is contained in the plane containing dome house lower edge 3 .
- FIGS. 5-10 depict the construction system used in dome house 2 , which ties a plurality of tiles 4 together, not only to themselves, but also to the dome house foundation 30 and dome house opening frames, such as window frames 9 , and door 6 or doorway frames.
- FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view of dome house 2 taken at section V-V of FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 6 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the vertical attachment between two tiles 4 .
- tiles 4 comprise at least one tile vertical lumen 34 sized to admit elongate member 20 .
- Tile vertical lumen 34 may be lined with conduit 36 sized to admit elongate member 20 .
- Elongate members 20 may be attached end-to-end at couplings 22 .
- each series of elongate members 20 connected end-to-end were attached at an upper end to an uppermost tile 4 , and at a lower end to dome house foundation 30 .
- elongate members 20 are depicted as rods threaded at each end, and coupling 22 as a coupling having a bore threaded to accept threads of elongate members 20 .
- elongate members 20 may be cables, and connectors 22 may be cable clamps. It is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure that elongate members 20 may be any appropriate elongate member, and couplings 22 may be any appropriate means of mutually connecting two or more elongate members 20 .
- Each coupling 22 is accessible via a respective coupling access port 32 , which may communicate with an interior of dome house 2 as depicted in FIG. 6 , or with an exterior of dome house 2 .
- Adjacent tiles 4 are mutually indexed by means of a tile groove 26 in one tile 4 , and a tile tongue 28 in an adjacent tile 4 .
- Tile groove 26 is sized to slidably admit tile tongue 28 .
- the upper tile 4 tile vertical lumen 34 communicates with tile groove 26 , and in the lower tile 4 tile vertical lumen 34 extends through tile tongue 28 .
- a tile vertical lumen 34 in one tile 4 communicates, or aligns, with a corresponding tile vertical lumen 34 in an adjacent tile 4 , so that elongate member 20 can extend through both tile vertical lumens 34 .
- This mutual communication of tile vertical lumens 34 in adjacent tiles 4 allows a common elongate member 20 , or a single series of elongate members 20 , to run vertically through a the stack of tiles 4 depicted in FIG. 5 , all the way from dome house foundation 30 to an upper tile 4 .
- the common elongate member 20 , or the series of elongate members 20 is attached to top tile 4 at one end and dome house foundation 30 at an opposite end, thus securely holding in place all tiles it transverses.
- Spring 24 is sandwiched in compression between tile tongue 28 and tile groove floor 31 .
- Spring 24 is sized to encircle elongate member 20 , yet be too large to slide into conduit 36 or tile vertical lumen 34 .
- washer 25 sized to admit elongate member 20 may be disposed between spring 24 and tile groove floor 31 , an exterior diameter of washer 25 being too large to fit into tile vertical lumen 34 .
- tile groove depth 27 is sufficient to admit at least part of tile tongue depth 29 , plus spring 24 .
- adjacent tiles 4 are cushioned relative to each other by spring 24 , and held in position relative to each other by elongate member(s) 20 , with the tile tongue 28 of one tile 4 slidably disposed within the tile groove 26 of the adjacent tile 4 .
- Sealant 38 may be disposed between the adjacent tile 4 edges to prevent the entry of water or humidity into tile groove 26 , tile vertical lumen 34 , and/or the interior of dome house 2 .
- FIG. 7 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of an elongate member 20 and a tile 4 , such as may occur to attach the top row of tiles 4 in dome house 2 to elongate members 20 .
- tile vertical lumen 34 terminates in fastener recess 40 , which may be a tile groove 26 .
- An appropriate fastener 42 (sized to fit into fastener recess 40 ) is attached to the end of elongate member 20 which extends into fastener recess 40 .
- elongate member 20 is depicted as a rod threaded at its end, and fastener 42 as a bolt sized to mate with the threads of elongate members 20 .
- elongate member 20 may be a cable
- fastener 42 may be a cable clamp. It is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure that elongate member 20 may be any appropriate elongate member, and fastener 42 may be any appropriate means of holding the end of elongate member 20 in fastener recess 40 .
- FIG. 8 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of an elongate member 20 and dome house foundation 30 .
- a tile 4 resting on dome house foundation 30 comprises tile vertical lumen 34 communicating with coupling access port 32 .
- Anchor 44 is attached to foundation 30 , and an upper end of anchor 44 extends into the tile vertical lumen 34 at the lower edge of the tile 4 , which communicates with coupling access port 32 .
- Coupling access port 32 in turn communicates with tile vertical lumen 34 , which extends upwards from coupling access port 32 .
- Elongate member 20 extends downwards into coupling access port 32 , and is attached to the upper end of anchor 44 by means of coupling 22 .
- elongate member 20 is depicted as a rod threaded at its lower end, and coupling 22 as a coupling having a bore threaded to accept the thread of elongate member 20 .
- elongate member 20 may be a cable, and connector 22 may be a cable clamp. It is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure that elongate members 20 may be any appropriate elongate member, and coupling 22 may be any appropriate means of connecting elongate member 20 to anchor 44 .
- FIG. 9 is a detail top cross-sectional view of the horizontal attachment between two tiles 4 .
- Elongate members 20 are attached end-to-end at couplings 22 .
- each series of elongate members 20 formed a closed round shape corresponding to the plan view shape of dome house 2 , which in the preferred embodiment was substantially circular.
- Each individual ring of elongate members 20 was disposed within a ring of corresponding tile horizontal lumens 35 , in turn also substantially circular in plan view shape.
- Each tile horizontal lumen 35 in one tile 4 communicates, or aligns, with a corresponding tile horizontal lumen 35 in an adjacent tile 4 , so that elongate member 20 can extend through both tile horizontal lumens 35 .
- This mutual communication of tile horizontal lumens 35 in adjacent tiles 4 allows a common elongate member 20 , or a single series of elongate members 20 , to run horizontally all the way around a row of tiles 4 , forming a closed ring when its ends are attached.
- the run of an elongate member 20 ring is interrupted by an opening in dome house 2 , such as a door 6 or doorway opening, or a window 4
- the run of the elongate member 20 ring is interrupted for the width of the opening, and the free ends of the elongate member 20 ring are attached to the frame 9 surrounding the opening, as depicted in FIG. 10 .
- elongate members 20 are depicted as rods threaded at each end, and coupling 22 as a coupling having a bore threaded to accept threads of elongate members 20 .
- elongate members 20 may be cables, and connectors 22 may be cable clamps. It is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure that elongate members 20 may be any appropriate elongate member, and couplings 22 may be any appropriate means of mutually connecting two or more elongate members 20 .
- Each couplings 22 is accessible via a respective coupling access port 32 , which may communicate with an interior of dome house 2 as depicted in FIG. 9 , or with an exterior of dome house 2 .
- Adjacent tiles 4 are mutually indexed by means of a tile groove 26 in one tile 4 , and a tile tongue 28 in an adjacent tile 4 .
- Tile groove 26 is sized to slidably admit tile tongue 28 .
- tile horizontal lumen 35 communicates with tile groove 26
- tile groove 26 in the left tile 4 tile horizontal lumen 35 communicates with tile groove 26
- right tile 4 tile horizontal lumen 35 extends through tile tongue 28 .
- Spring 24 is sandwiched in compression between tile tongue 28 and tile groove floor 31 .
- Spring 24 is sized to encircle elongate member 20 , yet be too large to slide into conduit 36 or tile horizontal lumen 35 .
- washer 25 sized to admit elongate member 20 may be disposed between spring 24 and tile groove floor 31 , an exterior diameter of washer 25 being too large to fit into tile horizontal lumen 35 .
- tile groove depth 27 is sufficient to admit at least part of tile tongue depth 29 , plus spring 24 .
- adjacent tiles 4 are cushioned relative to each other by spring 24 , and held in position relative to each other by elongate member(s) 20 , with the tile tongue 28 of one tile 4 slidably disposed within the tile groove 26 of the adjacent tile 4 .
- Sealant 38 may be disposed between adjacent tile 4 edges to prevent the entry of water or humidity into tile groove 26 , tile vertical lumen 34 , and/or the interior of dome house 2 .
- FIG. 10 is a detail top cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of an elongate member 20 and the frame 9 surrounding an opening in dome house 2 such as a door, doorway or window.
- frame 9 incorporates frame lumen 46 sized to admit elongate member 20 , which terminates in fastener recess 40 sized to admit fastener 42 .
- Fastener 42 is too large to fit into tile horizontal lumen 35 .
- An appropriate fastener 42 is attached to the end of elongate member 20 which extends through tile horizontal lumen 35 and frame lumen 46 into fastener recess 40 .
- elongate member 20 is depicted as a rod threaded at its end, and fastener 42 as a bolt sized to mate with the threads of elongate members 20 .
- elongate member 20 may be a cable
- fastener 42 may be a cable clamp. It is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure that elongate member 20 may be any appropriate elongate member, and fastener 42 may be any appropriate means of holding an end of elongate member 20 in fastener recess 40 .
- tiles 4 and dome house foundation 30 were concrete, synthetic, or any other appropriate material.
- Elongate member 20 was a threaded rod, cable, or any other appropriate elongate member.
- Coupling 22 was a coupling having a threaded bore, a cable clamp, or any other appropriate coupling.
- Fastener 42 was a bolt, cable clamp, or any other appropriate means to secure an end of elongate member 20 in fastener recess 41 using fastener 42 .
Abstract
A tornado resistant dome house. The shape of the dome house is a spheroid section, and is given by a formula. The dome house shell is made up of a plurality of tiles formed to conform to the shape of the dome house. The tiles are mutually connected by means of horizontally and vertically disposed elongate members extending through lumens in adjacent tiles. The tiles are also attached to a dome house foundation. The curved, low-profile shape of the house, combined with the mutual attachment of the tiles, and their attachment to the dome house foundation, improves the resistance of the dome house to high winds associated with tornadoes and hurricanes. Adjacent tiles are cushioned by springs, and are maintained in position relative to each other by means of a tongue-in-groove attachment between adjacent tiles.
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- This invention relates to structures, and in particular to a tornado resistant dome house.
- 2. Background of the Invention
- Windstorms, including tornados and hurricanes, cause large amount of damage each year, both in the form of property structure damage and injury to persons. Winds associated with tornados in particular can rise to 300 miles per hour. Thus, it would be desirable to provide a dome house capable of resisting these magnitudes of storm.
- There is a limit to the power of a tornado: the maximum pressure differential cannot exceed about 13 pounds per square inch (“psi”), because absolute pressure cannot descend below 0 psi at ground level, versus about 14.7 psi maximum ambient pressures nearby.
- In order to survive this type of pressure differential and associated winds, a very streamlined shape is required, with little or no protrusions, overhangs, etc. Every portion of the outside must be a rounded self-supportive shape such that no matter which way the winds impinges upon it, the force is transmitted to an adjoining, adjacent area of wall downwind. Too large a building presents too much vertical surface for this purpose.
- The structure must be very strong, in an engineering sense. Walls could be fabricated of precast and reinforced masonry (for high impact resistance), and formed to a pre-determined, constantly changing curvature (for minimal wind resistance).
- Sections of wall must be secured together, one to another, both horizontally and vertically, to act as if they were one solid block, for wind resistance and turbulence resistance. This securing together can by accomplished by high strength steel cable or by heavy all-thread steel rods inside conduits cast in the wall and/or roof sections. In any event each row of sections would be cinched tightly against coiled steel spring tension, to permit expansion and contraction, with temperature and weather, without damage. This would also assist in erection (which may be accomplished using a fork lift), and makes it possible to replace any sections damaged by flying objects, if necessary.
- The vertical cables or rods must be secured to the concrete foundation via anchors to avoid wind lift-off of the walls and roof. The low silhouette of the upper portion of the dome minimizes the wind resistance to high-velocity horizontal wind, and reduces the total weight that must be supported in this area. Because the roof is at a low confronting angle to any flying debris it is unlikely that the roof will become impacted and damaged by wind-borne objects, which are less likely to be massive at this reduced height.
- Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a tornado resistant dome house whose shape is low-profile and optimal for resisting strong winds associated with windstorms such as tornados and hurricanes, and whose construction features a plurality of tiles mutually connected by elongate members such as cables or metal rods, which hold the tiles together and prevent them from blowing apart in the presence of strong winds.
- Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a tornado resistant dome house whose shape is conducive to resisting tornado and hurricane wind speeds. Design features allowing this object to be accomplished include a specific formula for the shape of the dome house, and construction incorporating shape-conforming tiles. Benefits associated with the accomplishment of this object include reduction of the possibility of structure damage during windstorms, and the attendant cost savings in repair.
- It is another object of the present invention to provide a tornado resistant dome house whose tiles are mutually attached. Design features allowing this object to be accomplished include a plurality of tile vertical lumens, and tile horizontal lumens, with elongate members in the lumens. Advantages associated with the accomplishment of this object include a stronger structure, enhanced windstorm resistance, and the attendant cost savings in repair.
- It is still another object of this invention to provide a tornado resistant dome house whose tiles are attached to the dome house foundation. Design features enabling the accomplishment of this object include tiles having tile vertical lumens, elongate members in the tile vertical lumens, and means of attaching a lower end of the elongate members to the dome house foundation. Advantages associated with the accomplishment of this object include a stronger structure, enhanced windstorm resistance, and the attendant cost savings in repair.
- It is another object of the present invention to provide a tornado resistant dome house whose tiles are indexed relative to each other. Design features allowing this object to be accomplished include a tongue-in-groove connection between adjacent tiles. Benefits associated with the accomplishment of this object include a stronger structure, enhanced windstorm resistance, and the attendant cost savings in repair.
- It is still another object of this invention to provide a tornado resistant dome house whose tiles are cushioned relative to each other. Design features enabling the accomplishment of this object include springs disposed between adjacent tiles. Advantages associated with the realization of this object include reduced stress and shock on tiles as the dome house expands and contracts with windstorm-induced pressure changes, and temperature and ambient pressure changes, the consequent reduced possibility of tile damage, and the associated reduction in ensuing repair cost.
- The invention, together with the other objects, features, aspects and advantages thereof will be more clearly understood from the following in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
- Six sheets of drawings are provided. Sheet one contains
FIGS. 1 and 2 . Sheet two containsFIGS. 3 and 4 . Sheet three containsFIG. 5 . Sheet four containsFIG. 6 . Sheet five containsFIGS. 7 and 8 . Sheet six containsFIGS. 9 and 10 . -
FIG. 1 is a side isometric view of a dome house. -
FIG. 2 is a side isometric view of a dome house with two tiles removed. -
FIG. 3 is a side isometric cross-sectional view of a dome house with a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system at its center. -
FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of a dome house with a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system at its center. -
FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view of a dome house taken at section V-V ofFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 6 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the vertical attachment between two tiles. -
FIG. 7 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of an elongate member and a tile. -
FIG. 8 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of an elongate member and the dome house foundation. -
FIG. 9 is a detail top cross-sectional view of the horizontal attachment between two tiles. -
FIG. 10 is a detail top cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of an elongate member and a dome house door or window frame. - The instant tornado resistant dome house incorporates two important advances in structures designed to resists high winds. The first is the dome shape of the structure itself, which is illustrated in
FIGS. 1-4 . The smooth, precisely curved, low-profile shape illustrated in these figures significantly improves the ability of the dome house to resist wind damage. - The second advance incorporated into the instant tornado resistant dome house is the construction system used in the dome house, which ties a plurality of tiles together, not only to themselves, but also to the dome house foundation, and the dome house opening frames such as windows and doors. This construction system is depicted in
FIGS. 5-10 . -
FIG. 1 is a side isometric view ofdome house 2.FIG. 2 is a side isometric view ofdome house 2 with twotiles 4 removed. As may be observed in these figures,dome house 2 comprisesdome house shell 5 made up of a plurality oftiles 4.Tiles 4 are molded to smoothly conform to the overall shape ofdome house shell 5, in order to provide the specific smooth, low-profile shape taught by the instant invention. -
Dome house 2 may comprisewindows 8 withrespective window frames 9, and door(s) 6, which fulfill the usual functions of these elements. -
FIG. 3 is a side isometric cross-sectional view ofdome 2 house with a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system at its center;FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view ofdome house 2 depicting the Cartesian coordinate system at its center. - The two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system depicted in
FIG. 3 at the center ofdome house 2 comprisesx-axis 10 and y-axis 12. The origin of this coordinate system is in a plane containing thelower edge 3 ofdome house 2, and at the center oflower edge 3. Because the shape ofdome house 2 is symmetrical about itsvertical axis 7, the plan view shape oflower edge 3 is a circle. - The shape of the instant dome house is substantially described by the equation:
-
x 2/37.22 +y 2/25.92=1 - The above formula yields the shape of
dome house 2 depicted in the drawings. It has been determined experimentally that this shape is optimal for increasing resistance of structures such asdome house 2 to the effects of windstorms such as tornadoes and hurricanes. - It is readily apparent that the above formula yields the upper section of a three-dimensional spheroid shape which is symmetrical about its vertical axis. Thus, the side cross-sectional shape of
dome house 2, taken at a plane containing thevertical axis 7 ofdome house 2, is described by the above formula, where x is the abscissa and y is the ordinate of a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system whose origin is located at the intersection ofdome house 2vertical axis 7 and a plane containing dome houselower edge 3. As may be observed inFIGS. 3 and 4 , the y-axis of the Cartesian coordinate system co-extends with the dome housevertical axis 7, and the x-axis is contained in the plane containing dome houselower edge 3. -
FIGS. 5-10 depict the construction system used indome house 2, which ties a plurality oftiles 4 together, not only to themselves, but also to thedome house foundation 30 and dome house opening frames, such aswindow frames 9, anddoor 6 or doorway frames. -
FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view ofdome house 2 taken at section V-V ofFIG. 2 .FIG. 6 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the vertical attachment between twotiles 4. As may be observed in these figures,tiles 4 comprise at least one tilevertical lumen 34 sized to admitelongate member 20. Tilevertical lumen 34 may be lined withconduit 36 sized to admitelongate member 20. -
Elongate members 20 may be attached end-to-end atcouplings 22. In the preferred embodiment, each series ofelongate members 20 connected end-to-end were attached at an upper end to anuppermost tile 4, and at a lower end todome house foundation 30. In the figures,elongate members 20 are depicted as rods threaded at each end, andcoupling 22 as a coupling having a bore threaded to accept threads ofelongate members 20. In another embodiment,elongate members 20 may be cables, andconnectors 22 may be cable clamps. It is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure thatelongate members 20 may be any appropriate elongate member, andcouplings 22 may be any appropriate means of mutually connecting two or moreelongate members 20. - Each
coupling 22 is accessible via a respectivecoupling access port 32, which may communicate with an interior ofdome house 2 as depicted inFIG. 6 , or with an exterior ofdome house 2. -
Adjacent tiles 4 are mutually indexed by means of atile groove 26 in onetile 4, and atile tongue 28 in anadjacent tile 4.Tile groove 26 is sized to slidably admittile tongue 28. - As may be observed in
FIG. 6 , theupper tile 4 tilevertical lumen 34 communicates withtile groove 26, and in thelower tile 4 tilevertical lumen 34 extends throughtile tongue 28. A tilevertical lumen 34 in onetile 4 communicates, or aligns, with a corresponding tilevertical lumen 34 in anadjacent tile 4, so thatelongate member 20 can extend through both tilevertical lumens 34. This mutual communication of tilevertical lumens 34 inadjacent tiles 4 allows acommon elongate member 20, or a single series ofelongate members 20, to run vertically through a the stack oftiles 4 depicted inFIG. 5 , all the way fromdome house foundation 30 to anupper tile 4. Thecommon elongate member 20, or the series ofelongate members 20, is attached totop tile 4 at one end anddome house foundation 30 at an opposite end, thus securely holding in place all tiles it transverses. -
Spring 24 is sandwiched in compression betweentile tongue 28 andtile groove floor 31.Spring 24 is sized to encircleelongate member 20, yet be too large to slide intoconduit 36 or tilevertical lumen 34. In an alternate embodiment,washer 25 sized to admitelongate member 20 may be disposed betweenspring 24 andtile groove floor 31, an exterior diameter ofwasher 25 being too large to fit into tilevertical lumen 34. - Thus,
tile groove depth 27 is sufficient to admit at least part oftile tongue depth 29, plusspring 24. In this fashion,adjacent tiles 4 are cushioned relative to each other byspring 24, and held in position relative to each other by elongate member(s) 20, with thetile tongue 28 of onetile 4 slidably disposed within thetile groove 26 of theadjacent tile 4.Sealant 38 may be disposed between theadjacent tile 4 edges to prevent the entry of water or humidity intotile groove 26, tilevertical lumen 34, and/or the interior ofdome house 2. -
FIG. 7 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of anelongate member 20 and atile 4, such as may occur to attach the top row oftiles 4 indome house 2 to elongatemembers 20. As may be observed in this figure, tilevertical lumen 34 terminates infastener recess 40, which may be atile groove 26. An appropriate fastener 42 (sized to fit into fastener recess 40) is attached to the end ofelongate member 20 which extends intofastener recess 40. - In
FIG. 7 ,elongate member 20 is depicted as a rod threaded at its end, andfastener 42 as a bolt sized to mate with the threads ofelongate members 20. In another alternative,elongate member 20 may be a cable, andfastener 42 may be a cable clamp. It is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure that elongatemember 20 may be any appropriate elongate member, andfastener 42 may be any appropriate means of holding the end ofelongate member 20 infastener recess 40. -
FIG. 8 is a detail side cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of anelongate member 20 anddome house foundation 30. Atile 4 resting ondome house foundation 30 comprises tilevertical lumen 34 communicating withcoupling access port 32. -
Anchor 44 is attached tofoundation 30, and an upper end ofanchor 44 extends into the tilevertical lumen 34 at the lower edge of thetile 4, which communicates withcoupling access port 32.Coupling access port 32 in turn communicates with tilevertical lumen 34, which extends upwards fromcoupling access port 32. -
Elongate member 20 extends downwards intocoupling access port 32, and is attached to the upper end ofanchor 44 by means ofcoupling 22. InFIG. 8 ,elongate member 20 is depicted as a rod threaded at its lower end, andcoupling 22 as a coupling having a bore threaded to accept the thread ofelongate member 20. In the alternative,elongate member 20 may be a cable, andconnector 22 may be a cable clamp. It is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure thatelongate members 20 may be any appropriate elongate member, andcoupling 22 may be any appropriate means of connectingelongate member 20 to anchor 44. -
FIG. 9 is a detail top cross-sectional view of the horizontal attachment between twotiles 4.Elongate members 20 are attached end-to-end atcouplings 22. In the preferred embodiment, each series ofelongate members 20 formed a closed round shape corresponding to the plan view shape ofdome house 2, which in the preferred embodiment was substantially circular. Each individual ring ofelongate members 20 was disposed within a ring of corresponding tilehorizontal lumens 35, in turn also substantially circular in plan view shape. - Each tile
horizontal lumen 35 in onetile 4 communicates, or aligns, with a corresponding tilehorizontal lumen 35 in anadjacent tile 4, so thatelongate member 20 can extend through both tilehorizontal lumens 35. This mutual communication of tilehorizontal lumens 35 inadjacent tiles 4 allows acommon elongate member 20, or a single series ofelongate members 20, to run horizontally all the way around a row oftiles 4, forming a closed ring when its ends are attached. - Where the run of an
elongate member 20 ring is interrupted by an opening indome house 2, such as adoor 6 or doorway opening, or awindow 4, the run of theelongate member 20 ring is interrupted for the width of the opening, and the free ends of theelongate member 20 ring are attached to theframe 9 surrounding the opening, as depicted inFIG. 10 . - In the figures,
elongate members 20 are depicted as rods threaded at each end, andcoupling 22 as a coupling having a bore threaded to accept threads ofelongate members 20. In an alternate embodiment,elongate members 20 may be cables, andconnectors 22 may be cable clamps. It is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure thatelongate members 20 may be any appropriate elongate member, andcouplings 22 may be any appropriate means of mutually connecting two or moreelongate members 20. - Each
couplings 22 is accessible via a respectivecoupling access port 32, which may communicate with an interior ofdome house 2 as depicted inFIG. 9 , or with an exterior ofdome house 2. -
Adjacent tiles 4 are mutually indexed by means of atile groove 26 in onetile 4, and atile tongue 28 in anadjacent tile 4.Tile groove 26 is sized to slidably admittile tongue 28. - As may be observed in
FIG. 9 , in theleft tile 4 tilehorizontal lumen 35 communicates withtile groove 26, and in theright tile 4 tilehorizontal lumen 35 extends throughtile tongue 28.Spring 24 is sandwiched in compression betweentile tongue 28 andtile groove floor 31.Spring 24 is sized to encircleelongate member 20, yet be too large to slide intoconduit 36 or tilehorizontal lumen 35. In an alternate embodiment,washer 25 sized to admitelongate member 20 may be disposed betweenspring 24 andtile groove floor 31, an exterior diameter ofwasher 25 being too large to fit into tilehorizontal lumen 35. - Thus,
tile groove depth 27 is sufficient to admit at least part oftile tongue depth 29, plusspring 24. In this fashion,adjacent tiles 4 are cushioned relative to each other byspring 24, and held in position relative to each other by elongate member(s) 20, with thetile tongue 28 of onetile 4 slidably disposed within thetile groove 26 of theadjacent tile 4.Sealant 38 may be disposed betweenadjacent tile 4 edges to prevent the entry of water or humidity intotile groove 26, tilevertical lumen 34, and/or the interior ofdome house 2. -
FIG. 10 is a detail top cross-sectional view of the attachment between the end of anelongate member 20 and theframe 9 surrounding an opening indome house 2 such as a door, doorway or window. As may be observed in this figure,frame 9 incorporatesframe lumen 46 sized to admitelongate member 20, which terminates infastener recess 40 sized to admitfastener 42.Fastener 42 is too large to fit into tilehorizontal lumen 35. Anappropriate fastener 42 is attached to the end ofelongate member 20 which extends through tilehorizontal lumen 35 andframe lumen 46 intofastener recess 40. - In
FIG. 10 ,elongate member 20 is depicted as a rod threaded at its end, andfastener 42 as a bolt sized to mate with the threads ofelongate members 20. In another alternative,elongate member 20 may be a cable, andfastener 42 may be a cable clamp. It is intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure that elongatemember 20 may be any appropriate elongate member, andfastener 42 may be any appropriate means of holding an end ofelongate member 20 infastener recess 40. - In the
preferred embodiment tiles 4 anddome house foundation 30 were concrete, synthetic, or any other appropriate material.Elongate member 20 was a threaded rod, cable, or any other appropriate elongate member.Coupling 22 was a coupling having a threaded bore, a cable clamp, or any other appropriate coupling.Fastener 42 was a bolt, cable clamp, or any other appropriate means to secure an end ofelongate member 20 in fastener recess 41 usingfastener 42. - While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated herein, it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the appending claims.
-
- 2 dome house
- 3 dome house lower edge
- 4 tile
- 5 dome house shell
- 6 door
- 7 vertical axis
- 8 window
- 9 window frame
- 10 x-axis
- 12 y-axis
- 20 elongate member
- 22 coupling
- 24 spring
- 25 washer
- 26 tile groove
- 27 tile groove depth
- 28 tile tongue
- 29 tile tongue depth
- 30 dome house foundation
- 31 tile groove floor
- 32 coupling access port
- 34 tile vertical lumen
- 35 tile horizontal lumen
- 36 conduit
- 38 sealant
- 40 fastener recess
- 42 fastener
- 44 anchor
- 46 frame lumen
Claims (35)
1. A tornado resistant dome house whose shape is a section of a spheroid whose side cross-sectional shape, taken at a plane containing a vertical axis of said spheroid, is substantially described by the formula x2/37.22+y2/25.92=1, where x is an abscissa and y is an ordinate of a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system whose origin is located at an intersection of said vertical axis and a plane containing a dome house lower edge, a y-axis of said Cartesian coordinate system co-extending with said vertical axis, an x-axis of said Cartesian coordinate system being contained in said plane.
2. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 1 comprising a plurality of tiles, and means of mutually attaching said tiles whereby wind resistance of said tornado resistant dome house may be enhanced.
3. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 2 further comprising a dome house foundation, and means of attaching said tiles to said dome house foundation.
4. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 3 further comprising means of indexing adjacent said tiles relative to each other.
5. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 4 wherein said means of indexing adjacent said tiles comprises a tile tongue extending from one said adjacent tile, and a tile groove sized to slidably admit said tile tongue in another said adjacent tile.
6. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 5 further comprising tile groove floor in said tile groove, and a spring is disposed between said tile groove floor and said tile tongue.
7. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 2 wherein said means of mutually attaching said tiles comprises at least one tile vertical lumen in each said tile, and an elongate member extending through each said tile vertical lumen.
8. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 7 wherein each said tile vertical lumen communicates with another said tile vertical lumen in an adjacent tile.
9. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 8 further comprising a dome house foundation, and means of attaching one end of said elongate member to said foundation.
10. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 9 further comprising means of attaching an end of said elongate member to an upper tile.
11. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 2 wherein said means of mutually attaching said tiles comprises at least one tile horizontal lumen in each said tile, and an elongate member extending through each said tile horizontal lumen.
12. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 11 wherein each said tile horizontal lumen communicates with another said tile horizontal lumen in an adjacent tile.
13. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 12 further comprising means of attaching an end of said elongate member to a frame of an opening in said dome house.
14. A tornado resistant dome house comprising a plurality of tiles, and means of mutually attaching said tiles, whereby wind resistance of said tornado resistant dome house may be enhanced.
15. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 14 further comprising a dome house foundation, and means of attaching said tiles to said dome house foundation.
16. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 15 wherein a shape of said tornado resistant dome house is a section of a spheroid whose side cross-sectional shape, taken at a plane containing a vertical axis of said spheroid, is substantially described by the formula x2/37.22+y2/25.92=1, where x is an abscissa and y is an ordinate of a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system whose origin is located at an intersection of said vertical axis and a plane containing a dome house lower edge, a y-axis of said Cartesian coordinate system co-extending with said vertical axis, an x-axis of said Cartesian coordinate system being contained in said plane.
17. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 16 further comprising means of indexing adjacent said tiles relative to each other.
18. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 17 wherein said means of indexing adjacent said tiles comprises a tile tongue extending from one said adjacent tile, and a tile groove sized to slidably admit said tile tongue in another said adjacent tile.
19. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 18 wherein said means of mutually attaching said tiles comprises at least one tile vertical lumen in each said tile, each said tile vertical lumen communicating with another said tile vertical lumen in an adjacent said tile, and at least one elongate member extending through each series of communicating said tile vertical lumens.
20. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 19 wherein said means of attaching said tiles to said dome house foundation comprises means of connecting one end of said elongate member to said dome house foundation.
21. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 20 wherein said means of mutually attaching said tiles comprises at least one tile horizontal lumen in each said tile, each said tile horizontal lumen communicating with another said tile horizontal lumen in an adjacent said tile, and at least one elongate member extending through each series of communicating said tile horizontal lumens.
22. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 21 further comprising means of attaching an end of said elongate member to an upper tile.
23. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 22 further comprising means of attaching an end of said elongate member to a frame of an opening in said dome house.
24. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 23 further comprising a tile groove floor in said tile groove, and a spring disposed between said tile groove floor and said tile tongue, said spring coiled around said elongate member.
25. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 24 wherein successive said elongate members are attached end-to-end by a coupling, and a coupling access port is disposed in said tile corresponding to each said coupling.
26. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 25 wherein each said elongate member is a threaded rod, and each said coupling comprises a threaded bore sized to mate with said threaded rod.
27. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 25 wherein each said elongate member is a cable, and each said coupling is a cable clamp.
28. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 24 further comprising a washer between said spring and said tile groove floor.
29. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 24 further comprising conduit disposed within said tile vertical lumens and said tile horizontal lumens, said conduit being sized to slidably admit said elongate member.
30. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 24 further comprising sealant between adjacent said tiles, whereby entry of moisture into said tornado resistant dome house may be prevented.
31. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 24 wherein means of connecting one end of said elongate member to said dome house foundation comprises an anchor embedded in said dome house foundation and a coupling attaching said anchor to said elongate member.
32. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 31 wherein said elongate member is a threaded rod, and said coupling comprises a threaded bore sized to mate with said threaded rod and a thread on said anchor.
33. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 31 wherein said elongate member is a cable, and said coupling is a cable clamp.
34. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 24 wherein said means of attaching an end of said elongate member to an upper tile comprises a fastener recess in said tile communicating with one said tile vertical lumen, and a fastener attached to an end of said elongate member extending into said fastener recess.
35. The tornado resistant dome house of claim 24 wherein said means of attaching an end of said elongate member to a frame of an opening in said dome house comprises a fastener recess in said frame communicating with one said tile horizontal lumen through a frame lumen, and a fastener attached to an end of said elongate member extending into said fastener recess.
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US11/880,642 US7765746B2 (en) | 2007-07-24 | 2007-07-24 | Tornado resistant dome house |
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US11/880,642 US7765746B2 (en) | 2007-07-24 | 2007-07-24 | Tornado resistant dome house |
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US20090025306A1 true US20090025306A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 |
US7765746B2 US7765746B2 (en) | 2010-08-03 |
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