US20080159347A1 - Method and apparatus for a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure Download PDFInfo
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- US20080159347A1 US20080159347A1 US12/046,410 US4641008A US2008159347A1 US 20080159347 A1 US20080159347 A1 US 20080159347A1 US 4641008 A US4641008 A US 4641008A US 2008159347 A1 US2008159347 A1 US 2008159347A1
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- parasitic capacitance
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12004—Combinations of two or more optical elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
Definitions
- FIG. 1 shows typical active passive butt joint structure 100 .
- active region 150 is surrounded by separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) layers 145 and 155 .
- P-InP cladding layer 130 and n-InP cladding layer 120 border on SCH layers 155 and 145 , respectively.
- Passive Q-waveguide core 190 is sandwiched between n-InP layer 180 and p-InP layer 185 .
- P-InP layer 160 serves as a cladding layer and p(+)-InGaAs layer 170 serves as a contact layer.
- passive Q-waveguide core 190 To minimize mode mismatch losses at the interface between active region 150 and passive Q-waveguide core 190 , the position and composition of passive Q-waveguide core 190 are appropriately selected.
- the presence of n-InP layer 180 and p-InP layer 185 on either side of passive Q-waveguide core 190 implies that the parasitic capacitance at the interface is determined by the thickness of passive Q-waveguide layer 190 core.
- the parasitic capacitance value is determined by the thickness of passive Q-waveguide core 190 .
- the thickness of passive Q-waveguide core 190 is constrained by mode matching issues. These issues typically arise when a passive waveguide needs to be butt joined to an active device requiring low parasitic capacitance such as is typically required in making optical integrated structures.
- passive Q waveguides are butt-joined to active EA modulators with low parasitic capacitance. While passive-Q waveguide core thickness is still important for minimizing mode mismatch losses, an extra degree of freedom is introduced by sandwiching a passive Q-waveguide between two undoped layers of InP to allow passive Q-waveguide core thickness independent reduction of parasitic capacitance.
- FIG. 1 shows a prior art active-passive butt-joint.
- FIGS. 2 a - d shows the structure and steps for making a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure in accordance with the invention
- FIG. 2 a shows an embodiment in accordance with the invention.
- active region 250 along with SCH layers 245 and 255 are grown using MOVCD (metal organic chemical vapor deposition) along with p-InP cladding layer 230 which is typically thicker, about 0.3 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m, than prior art p-InP cladding layer 130 .
- SCH layers 245 and 255 typically have about a 1.15 ⁇ M bandgap.
- Typical growth parameters are a growth temperature of about 670° C., a growth pressure of about 76 torr, a V/III ratio of about 200 and a growth rate that is typically about 280 angstroms per minute. More details regarding active EA modulator structure 299 may be found in the patent application “Semiconductor Quantum Well Devices and Method of Making Same” filed Jun. 14, 2004, Ser. No. 10/867,037 and incorporated herein by reference.
- SiO 2 /Si 3 N 4 mask 295 is then defined over part of p-InP layer 230 .
- FIG. 2 b shows etching, using for example, dry Cl and Ar RIE (reactive ion etching) and wet Br-methanol etching, of unmasked material to below SCH layer 245 .
- Etching into n-InP material is deeper than for FIG. 1 so that n-InP layer 220 is typically thicker, about 0.3 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m than prior art n-InP layer 120 shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 1 shows etching, using for example, dry Cl and Ar RIE (reactive ion etching) and wet Br-methanol etching, of unmasked material to below SCH layer 245 .
- Etching into n-InP material is deeper than for FIG. 1 so that n-InP layer 220 is typically thicker, about 0.3 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m than prior art n-
- undoped passive Q-waveguide 290 is typically grown using MOCVD along with undoped InP layer 280 and undoped InP layer 285 so that passive Q-waveguide 290 is sandwiched between undoped InP cladding layer 280 and undoped InP cladding layer 285 .
- FIG. 2 d shows the final structure incorporating EA modulator structure 299 and passive section 298 in accordance with the invention where SiO 2 /Si 3 N 4 mask 295 has been removed and p-InP upper cladding layer 260 along with p (+) InGaAs contact layer 270 are completed to make a planar device.
- undoped InP layer 280 and undoped InP layer 285 increases the depletion region thickness and the application of a reverse bias, typically about ⁇ 0.5 to ⁇ 3 volts, results in reduced parasitic capacitance.
- the thickness of undoped InP layers 280 and 285 may be suitably adjusted. Parasitic capacitance can typically drop to about 35 percent if undoped InP cladding layers 280 and 285 are the same thickness as SCH layers 245 , 255 and active region 250 together, for example.
- passive Q-waveguide core 290 may be optimized to achieve a good mode match with active EA modulator structure 299 resulting in the parasite capacitance due to passive section 298 being reduced in some embodiments in accordance with the invention from about 50 percent to about 10 percent. Note that while this embodiment is discussed with respect to an active EA modulator structure, in accordance with the invention, the active region described may also be the active region of a laser or a receiver, for example.
- Mode matching typically requires that, first, the axis of symmetry of passive Q-waveguide core 290 and the axis of symmetry for active region 250 are the same distance from substrate 210 and, second, that the optical modes in passive Q-waveguide core 290 and active region 250 be as matched to each other in spatial extent as possible.
- the second requirement is typically expressed by requiring the overlap integral between the two mode field distributions to be as close to unity as possible.
- the cross-sectional dimensions of an active device such as EA modulator structure 299 are typically determined by the performance required. The choice for the cross-sectional dimensions determines the size of the optical mode.
- the cross-sectional dimensions and the composition of the passive section, such as passive Q-waveguide core 290 are adjusted to maximize the overlap integral.
- the lateral dimensions of passive section 298 and active EA modulator structure 299 are defined by a single mesa etch resulting in one width for both passive section 298 and active EA modulator structure 299 .
- the height for passive section 298 needs to be selected so that the resulting mode is at the same height as the mode in active EA modulator structure 299 .
- a quaternary composition for passive Q-waveguide core 290 may be selected whose band-gap energy is larger than the energy corresponding to the propagating wavelength, for example, 1550 nm.
- quaternary composition refers to In x Ga 1-x As y P 1-y where the x and y values determine the band-gap energy of the particular quaternary composition.
- the thickness and composition of passive Q-waveguide core 290 assures that the mode sizes match across the interface between the passive waveguide section 298 and the active EA modulator structure 299 .
- the selected composition typically depends on a number of factors.
- the quaternary composition of passive Q-waveguide core 290 is typically selected closer to 1400 nm so that the mode size is slightly larger than the thickness of active region 250 .
- the quaternary composition of passive Q-waveguide core 290 is selected to correspond to 1300 nm.
- the wavelength corresponding to the band-gap energy of passive Q-waveguide core 290 is typically selected via the quaternary composition to typically be at least 100 nm less than the propagating wavelength, for example, 1550 nm.
- the passive Q-waveguide comprised of passive Q-waveguide core and cladding layers 280 and 285 would be dilute, requiring a thicker passive Q-waveguide core 290 to achieve the correct mode size. This results in a larger thickness difference between passive Q-waveguide core 290 and active region 250 . If this approach creates problems in mesa etching and burying epitaxial growth steps the quaternary composition of passive Q-waveguide core 290 may be suitably modified so that the overlap integral is maximized.
- the invention is applicable to any situation where a small parasitic capacitance is needed from a butt-joined passive waveguide. Hence, the invention is generally applicable to the building of optical integrated structures. Additionally, the invention is applicable to other III-V semiconductor systems where similar problems of reduced parasitic capacitance arise such as embodiments of 40 Gb receivers, modulators or lasers.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
- Semiconductor Lasers (AREA)
- Junction Field-Effect Transistors (AREA)
Abstract
Undoped layers are introduced in the passive waveguide section of a butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure. This reduces the parasitic capacitance of the structure.
Description
- This is a Divisional of copending application Ser. No. 10/944,326, filed on Sep. 17, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Typical methods to fabricate a butt-joined passive waveguide structure involves etching past the active region of the active device to grow the desired waveguide.
FIG. 1 shows typical active passivebutt joint structure 100. On n-InP base wafer 110,active region 150 is surrounded by separate confinement heterostructure (SCH)layers 145 and 155. P-InP cladding layer 130 and n-InP cladding layer 120 border onSCH layers 155 and 145, respectively. Passive Q-waveguide core 190 is sandwiched between n-InP layer 180 and p-InP layer 185. P-InP layer 160 serves as a cladding layer and p(+)-InGaAslayer 170 serves as a contact layer. To minimize mode mismatch losses at the interface betweenactive region 150 and passive Q-waveguide core 190, the position and composition of passive Q-waveguide core 190 are appropriately selected. The presence of n-InP layer 180 and p-InP layer 185 on either side of passive Q-waveguide core 190 implies that the parasitic capacitance at the interface is determined by the thickness of passive Q-waveguide layer 190 core. - However, when attempting to make a low parasitic electro-absorption (EA) modulator with passive waveguide there is an optimization problem because the parasitic capacitance value is determined by the thickness of passive Q-
waveguide core 190. As noted above, the thickness of passive Q-waveguide core 190 is constrained by mode matching issues. These issues typically arise when a passive waveguide needs to be butt joined to an active device requiring low parasitic capacitance such as is typically required in making optical integrated structures. - In accordance with the invention, passive Q waveguides are butt-joined to active EA modulators with low parasitic capacitance. While passive-Q waveguide core thickness is still important for minimizing mode mismatch losses, an extra degree of freedom is introduced by sandwiching a passive Q-waveguide between two undoped layers of InP to allow passive Q-waveguide core thickness independent reduction of parasitic capacitance.
-
FIG. 1 shows a prior art active-passive butt-joint. -
FIGS. 2 a-d shows the structure and steps for making a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure in accordance with the invention -
FIG. 2 a shows an embodiment in accordance with the invention. On n-InP base wafer 210,active region 250 along withSCH layers InP cladding layer 230 which is typically thicker, about 0.3 μm to 0.5 μm, than prior art p-InP cladding layer 130.SCH layers EA modulator structure 299 may be found in the patent application “Semiconductor Quantum Well Devices and Method of Making Same” filed Jun. 14, 2004, Ser. No. 10/867,037 and incorporated herein by reference. - SiO2/Si3N4 mask 295 is then defined over part of p-
InP layer 230.FIG. 2 b shows etching, using for example, dry Cl and Ar RIE (reactive ion etching) and wet Br-methanol etching, of unmasked material to belowSCH layer 245. Etching into n-InP material is deeper than forFIG. 1 so that n-InP layer 220 is typically thicker, about 0.3 μm to 0.5 μm than prior art n-InP layer 120 shown inFIG. 1 . InFIG. 2 c, undoped passive Q-waveguide 290 is typically grown using MOCVD along withundoped InP layer 280 and undopedInP layer 285 so that passive Q-waveguide 290 is sandwiched between undopedInP cladding layer 280 and undopedInP cladding layer 285.FIG. 2 d shows the final structure incorporatingEA modulator structure 299 andpassive section 298 in accordance with the invention where SiO2/Si3N4 mask 295 has been removed and p-InPupper cladding layer 260 along with p (+) InGaAscontact layer 270 are completed to make a planar device. - The use of undoped
InP layer 280 and undopedInP layer 285 increases the depletion region thickness and the application of a reverse bias, typically about −0.5 to −3 volts, results in reduced parasitic capacitance. Depending on the size of parasitic capacitance that is acceptable for a given application, the thickness of undopedInP layers InP cladding layers SCH layers active region 250 together, for example. - The thickness and composition of passive Q-
waveguide core 290 may be optimized to achieve a good mode match with activeEA modulator structure 299 resulting in the parasite capacitance due topassive section 298 being reduced in some embodiments in accordance with the invention from about 50 percent to about 10 percent. Note that while this embodiment is discussed with respect to an active EA modulator structure, in accordance with the invention, the active region described may also be the active region of a laser or a receiver, for example. Mode matching typically requires that, first, the axis of symmetry of passive Q-waveguide core 290 and the axis of symmetry foractive region 250 are the same distance fromsubstrate 210 and, second, that the optical modes in passive Q-waveguide core 290 andactive region 250 be as matched to each other in spatial extent as possible. The second requirement is typically expressed by requiring the overlap integral between the two mode field distributions to be as close to unity as possible. - The cross-sectional dimensions of an active device such as
EA modulator structure 299 are typically determined by the performance required. The choice for the cross-sectional dimensions determines the size of the optical mode. The cross-sectional dimensions and the composition of the passive section, such as passive Q-waveguide core 290, are adjusted to maximize the overlap integral. For buried heterostructures, the lateral dimensions ofpassive section 298 and activeEA modulator structure 299, for example, are defined by a single mesa etch resulting in one width for bothpassive section 298 and activeEA modulator structure 299. The height forpassive section 298 needs to be selected so that the resulting mode is at the same height as the mode in activeEA modulator structure 299. Because the mode size in general depends on the refractive index as well as the thickness of passive Q-waveguide core 290, a quaternary composition for passive Q-waveguide core 290 may be selected whose band-gap energy is larger than the energy corresponding to the propagating wavelength, for example, 1550 nm. In this case, quaternary composition refers to InxGa1-xAsyP1-y where the x and y values determine the band-gap energy of the particular quaternary composition. The thickness and composition of passive Q-waveguide core 290 assures that the mode sizes match across the interface between thepassive waveguide section 298 and the activeEA modulator structure 299. The selected composition typically depends on a number of factors. For the purposes of aligning the axes of symmetry of passive Q-waveguide core 290 and ofactive region 250, the quaternary composition of passive Q-waveguide core 290 is typically selected closer to 1400 nm so that the mode size is slightly larger than the thickness ofactive region 250. In an embodiment in accordance with the invention, the quaternary composition of passive Q-waveguide core 290 is selected to correspond to 1300 nm. To reduce optical absorption losses, the wavelength corresponding to the band-gap energy of passive Q-waveguide core 290 is typically selected via the quaternary composition to typically be at least 100 nm less than the propagating wavelength, for example, 1550 nm. If the quaternary composition is chosen to have a band-gap energy closer to about 1100 nm, the passive Q-waveguide comprised of passive Q-waveguide core andcladding layers waveguide core 290 to achieve the correct mode size. This results in a larger thickness difference between passive Q-waveguide core 290 andactive region 250. If this approach creates problems in mesa etching and burying epitaxial growth steps the quaternary composition of passive Q-waveguide core 290 may be suitably modified so that the overlap integral is maximized. - The invention is applicable to any situation where a small parasitic capacitance is needed from a butt-joined passive waveguide. Hence, the invention is generally applicable to the building of optical integrated structures. Additionally, the invention is applicable to other III-V semiconductor systems where similar problems of reduced parasitic capacitance arise such as embodiments of 40 Gb receivers, modulators or lasers.
- While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it is evident to those skilled in the art that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all other such alternatives, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Claims (17)
1. An active-passive butt-joint structure for reduced parasitic capacitance comprising:
a III-V substrate;
an active structure disposed over said substrate comprised of an active region sandwiched between two separate confinement heterostructure layers; and
a passive butt-joint structure comprised of a passive Q-waveguide core sandwiched between two undoped III-V layers, said passive butt-joint structure disposed over said substrate and aligned adjacent to said active structure such that said active region is adjacent to said passive Q-waveguide core.
2. The structure of claim 1 wherein said undoped III-V layers are comprised of InP.
3. The structure of claim 1 wherein said substrate is comprised of N-InP.
4. The structure of claim 1 wherein a first thickness of each said two undoped III-V layers is adjusted to control parasitic capacitance.
5. The structure of claim 1 wherein said active structure comprises an EA-modulator.
6. The structure of claim 1 wherein a second thickness of said passive Q-waveguide core is selected to achieve a good mode match to said active region.
7. The structure of claim 1 wherein a composition of said passive Q-waveguide core is selected to achieve a good mode match to said active region.
8. The structure of claim 1 wherein said active structure comprises a laser.
9. (canceled)
10. (canceled)
11. (canceled)
12. (canceled)
13. (canceled)
14. (canceled)
15. (canceled)
16. (canceled)
17. (canceled)
Priority Applications (1)
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US12/046,410 US20080159347A1 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2008-03-11 | Method and apparatus for a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/944,326 US7368062B2 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2004-09-17 | Method and apparatus for a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure |
US12/046,410 US20080159347A1 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2008-03-11 | Method and apparatus for a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure |
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US10/944,326 Division US7368062B2 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2004-09-17 | Method and apparatus for a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure |
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US10/944,326 Expired - Fee Related US7368062B2 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2004-09-17 | Method and apparatus for a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure |
US12/046,410 Abandoned US20080159347A1 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2008-03-11 | Method and apparatus for a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure |
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US10/944,326 Expired - Fee Related US7368062B2 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2004-09-17 | Method and apparatus for a low parasitic capacitance butt-joined passive waveguide connected to an active structure |
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US (2) | US7368062B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1637907B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006091880A (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005006487D1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
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US8160404B2 (en) * | 2005-11-22 | 2012-04-17 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | High speed and low loss GeSi/Si electro-absorption light modulator and method of fabrication using selective growth |
JP4998238B2 (en) * | 2007-12-07 | 2012-08-15 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Integrated semiconductor optical device |
US7738753B2 (en) * | 2008-06-30 | 2010-06-15 | International Business Machines Corporation | CMOS compatible integrated dielectric optical waveguide coupler and fabrication |
US10680131B2 (en) * | 2015-07-27 | 2020-06-09 | Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development Lp | Doped absorption devices |
US11435522B2 (en) * | 2018-09-12 | 2022-09-06 | Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. | Grating coupled laser for Si photonics |
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US4656636A (en) * | 1984-10-03 | 1987-04-07 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for manufacturing of integrated DFB laser with coupled strip waveguide on a substrate |
US5237639A (en) * | 1991-01-17 | 1993-08-17 | Nec Corporation | Optical waveguide formed of compound semiconductor materials and process of fabricating the optical waveguide |
US5585957A (en) * | 1993-03-25 | 1996-12-17 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Method for producing various semiconductor optical devices of differing optical characteristics |
US5796902A (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 1998-08-18 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Coherent blue/green optical source and other structures utilizing non-linear optical waveguide with quasi-phase-matching grating |
US5862168A (en) * | 1996-05-15 | 1999-01-19 | Alcatel Alsthom | Monolithic integrated optical semiconductor component |
US5953479A (en) * | 1998-05-07 | 1999-09-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Tilted valance-band quantum well double heterostructures for single step active and passive optical waveguide device monolithic integration |
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US20030223672A1 (en) * | 2002-03-08 | 2003-12-04 | Joyner Charles H. | Insertion loss reduction, passivation and/or planarization and in-wafer testing of integrated optical components in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) |
US6937632B2 (en) * | 2002-06-12 | 2005-08-30 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Integrated semiconductor laser and waveguide device |
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KR930005236B1 (en) * | 1990-09-12 | 1993-06-16 | 금성일렉트론 주식회사 | Birds beak removal method of semiconductor manufacture process |
DE69112058T2 (en) | 1991-09-19 | 1996-05-02 | Ibm | Self-adjusting optical waveguide laser, structure and its manufacturing process. |
JP4833457B2 (en) | 2001-08-29 | 2011-12-07 | 古河電気工業株式会社 | Fabrication method of optical integrated device |
AU2002361565A1 (en) | 2001-10-09 | 2003-04-22 | Infinera Corporation | Transmitter photonic integrated circuit (txpic) chip with enhanced power and yield without on-chip amplification |
-
2004
- 2004-09-17 US US10/944,326 patent/US7368062B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-03-30 DE DE602005006487T patent/DE602005006487D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-30 EP EP05006936A patent/EP1637907B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-09-20 JP JP2005272320A patent/JP2006091880A/en active Pending
-
2008
- 2008-03-11 US US12/046,410 patent/US20080159347A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US4656636A (en) * | 1984-10-03 | 1987-04-07 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for manufacturing of integrated DFB laser with coupled strip waveguide on a substrate |
US5237639A (en) * | 1991-01-17 | 1993-08-17 | Nec Corporation | Optical waveguide formed of compound semiconductor materials and process of fabricating the optical waveguide |
US5585957A (en) * | 1993-03-25 | 1996-12-17 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Method for producing various semiconductor optical devices of differing optical characteristics |
US5796902A (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 1998-08-18 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Coherent blue/green optical source and other structures utilizing non-linear optical waveguide with quasi-phase-matching grating |
US5862168A (en) * | 1996-05-15 | 1999-01-19 | Alcatel Alsthom | Monolithic integrated optical semiconductor component |
US5953479A (en) * | 1998-05-07 | 1999-09-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Tilted valance-band quantum well double heterostructures for single step active and passive optical waveguide device monolithic integration |
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US20030223672A1 (en) * | 2002-03-08 | 2003-12-04 | Joyner Charles H. | Insertion loss reduction, passivation and/or planarization and in-wafer testing of integrated optical components in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE602005006487D1 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
US20060062537A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
EP1637907B1 (en) | 2008-05-07 |
EP1637907A2 (en) | 2006-03-22 |
EP1637907A3 (en) | 2006-04-05 |
JP2006091880A (en) | 2006-04-06 |
US7368062B2 (en) | 2008-05-06 |
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