US20080073083A1 - Precursor compositions for ceramic proppants - Google Patents
Precursor compositions for ceramic proppants Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080073083A1 US20080073083A1 US11/823,989 US82398907A US2008073083A1 US 20080073083 A1 US20080073083 A1 US 20080073083A1 US 82398907 A US82398907 A US 82398907A US 2008073083 A1 US2008073083 A1 US 2008073083A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- precursor composition
- proppants
- ceramic material
- pyroxene
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- 229910052611 pyroxene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus decaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- FKHIFSZMMVMEQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N talc Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O FKHIFSZMMVMEQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052839 forsterite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229960002366 magnesium silicate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010438 granite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000005373 porous glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- NOTVAPJNGZMVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium monoxide Inorganic materials [K]O[K] NOTVAPJNGZMVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000007835 Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007049 Juglans regia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009496 Juglans regia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020489 SiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZGOFOSYUUXVFEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [Fe+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] ZGOFOSYUUXVFEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052661 anorthite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012241 calcium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GWWPLLOVYSCJIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;calcium;disilicate Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GWWPLLOVYSCJIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 felsite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052892 hornblende Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010335 hydrothermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000014380 magnesium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LFGREXWGYUGZLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoryl Chemical class [P]=O LFGREXWGYUGZLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052889 tremolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000020234 walnut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/80—Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
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- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/02—Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates
- C04B18/023—Fired or melted materials
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- C04B33/00—Clay-wares
- C04B33/02—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
- C04B33/13—Compounding ingredients
- C04B33/132—Waste materials; Refuse; Residues
- C04B33/1321—Waste slurries, e.g. harbour sludge, industrial muds
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/16—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silicates other than clay
- C04B35/20—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silicates other than clay rich in magnesium oxide, e.g. forsterite
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
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- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3427—Silicates other than clay, e.g. water glass
- C04B2235/3436—Alkaline earth metal silicates, e.g. barium silicate
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3427—Silicates other than clay, e.g. water glass
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- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
- C04B2235/5436—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof micrometer sized, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/80—Phases present in the sintered or melt-cast ceramic products other than the main phase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/96—Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/96—Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
- C04B2235/9669—Resistance against chemicals, e.g. against molten glass or molten salts
- C04B2235/9692—Acid, alkali or halogen resistance
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/60—Production of ceramic materials or ceramic elements, e.g. substitution of clay or shale by alternative raw materials, e.g. ashes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to precursor compositions for the production granulated ceramic material, particularly ceramic proppants, methods for producing granulated ceramic material, and ceramic proppants, according to the preamble of the independent claims.
- the permeability of rock can be increased by hydraulic fracturing.
- hydraulic fracturing By applying hydraulic pressure in the borehole, fractures within the rock are generated, connecting the pores and thus increasing hydrocarbon/gas flow.
- proppant is suspended in the fracturing fluid.
- Proppant material consists of small sized spherical particles, which are deposited, in the fractures in order to prop them open after the hydraulic pressure is released.
- proppants Various materials have been used as proppants in the past, for example sand, glass beads, walnut shells, aluminum pellets. Such proppants, however, are quickly destroyed under the harsh conditions in the fractures.
- Ceramic proppants generally show a good compressive strength, but at the same time have a relatively high specific weight.
- the viscosity of the fluid must be relatively high under low shear conditions.
- the viscosity of the fluid under high shear conditions must be sufficiently low.
- High viscosity fluids are known to have negative effects on the permeability of certain types of geological formations, i.e. coals.
- proppants with low specific weight and high mechanical strength are advantageous, since they allow the use of fluids with lower viscosity.
- Highly viscous fluids are based on guar gel, which is rather expensive.
- less viscous fluids allow the use of pumps with less performance, which also saves costs.
- Sintered bauxite proppants with a high Al 2 O 3 content are known to show good pressure resistance.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,203 teaches a fracture proppant with a specific weight of 3.35 g/cm 3 (bulk density 1.19 g/cm 3 ), showing pressure resistance up to 138 MPa without reduction of conductivity.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,603 shows an oil and gas well proppant with a lower Al 2 O 3 content and with a specific density between 2.65 and 3.0 g/cm 3 , which may be used up to 55 MPa.
- Bauxite proppants are based on kaolin clay, a Al 2 O 3 containing mineral, which is milled, pelletized and subsequently sintered or calcinated.
- US 2004/0069490 A1 discloses a kaolin based ceramic proppant with a density between 1.6 and 2.1 g/cm 3 (bulk density 0.95-1.3 g/cm 3 ) and a crush resistance of up to 48 MPa.
- the optimum between low density and high mechanical strength is achieved by firing the proppant at an optimum temperature range between 1200 and 1350° C.
- US 2005/0096207 A1 and US 2006/0016598 A1 disclose proppants with high porosity, manufactured from sol-gel ceramics based on Aluminosilicates or phosphates, with a specific density of 1.7 g/cm 3 and a crush resistance of 52 MPa.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,753,299 B2 shows a aluminosilicate based ceramic proppant with an overall alumina content of less than 25% w/w (weight percent) and a silica content of over 45% w/w.
- the proppant is produced from uncalcined bauxite, shale and quartz, held together by a binder consisting of wollastonite and talcum.
- the specific weight of the proppant is 2.63 g/cm 3 (bulk density 1.51 g/cm 3 ), and the crush resistance goes up to 69 MPa.
- EP 0'207'668 A1 discloses a method for producing ceramic proppants with specific densities between 0.84 and 2.25 g/cm 3 (bulk densities between 0.35 and 0.79 g/cm 3 ), comprising an outer shell of MgO or Al 2 O 3 and a microporous core.
- the proppant was tested only up to 2.7 MPa.
- the method includes preparation of aluminosilicate raw material, introduction of SiC as a gas forming agent in the amount of 0.1-50% w/w, granulation and firing. It is suggested that the produced spheroids are used as catalyst carriers, construction material fillers, proppants and soundproof filling material. In essence, the disclosed ceramic spheroids are porous glass balls.
- the pellets are powdered with fire retardant powders (Al 2 O 3 , MgO, MgCO 3 , etc.).
- fire retardant powders Al 2 O 3 , MgO, MgCO 3 , etc.
- the authors recommend the use of alkaline aluminosilicate with an iron oxide content below 5% as raw material for the proppant.
- the disclosed proppants show low strength and considerable dust formation when used, due to the remaining fire retardant powder. This results in very low permeability and insignificant increase of oil recovery after hydraulic fracturing.
- RU 2'235'703 C1 discloses a method for producing ceramic proppants based on a magnesium-silicate precursor material with a forsterite content of 55 to 80% w/w.
- the raw material is ground, pelletized and fired at 1150-1350° C. Since under hydrothermal conditions the forsterite is partially hydrated, the effectively achievable mechanical strength is considerably reduced.
- RU 2'235,702 C2 shows a similar method, wherein the magnesium-silicate precursor composition consists of magnesium metasilicate with approx. 40% w/w MgO and approx. 60% w/w SiO 2 .
- the resulting proppants show improved strength and acid resistance, and are more stable under hydrothermal conditions as compared to forsterite-based proppants. Due to a very narrow sintering range ( ⁇ T max. 10-20° C.), the manufacture of such proppants is complicated and expensive. Because of the narrow sintering temperature range, firing in a rotating kiln under standard industrial conditions will produce both under-fired porous proppant particles and over-fired melted proppant particles. The actually achievable strength, resistance to acids, and hydrothermal stability of the resulting proppants under industrial conditions are thus considerably lower than for batches produced under laboratory conditions.
- An object of the present invention is to provide precursor compositions for the production of granulated ceramic material, particularly ceramic proppants, that allow sintering in a broader temperature range; and a method for the production of granulated ceramic material, particularly ceramic proppants, with a broader sintering temperature range.
- a broader sintering temperature range is achieved by using a magnesium metasilicate based precursor composition, containing magnesium metasilicate in the form of 20-45% pyroxene and 20-50% olivine, and 20-45% quartz/feldspar.
- the composition furthermore may comprise 20-28% MgO, 50-65% SiO 2 , 20-28% iron oxide, 3-8% Al 2 O 3 , and smaller amounts of CaO, K 2 O, Na 2 O, TiO 2 , and P 2 O 5 .
- the mineral ingredients are ground to an average grain size of 2-3 ⁇ m, and pelletized to 1.2-1.8 mm pellets.
- the resulting precursor composition is fired at 1150-1280° C.
- the sintering process is carried out in a revolving kiln.
- Proppants produced from a precursor composition according to the invention offer a broader sintering range, high mechanical strength and resistance to acids and higher stability under hydrothermal conditions.
- the proppant material according to the invention may also be used as low weight filler in concrete and plastic, and as heat insulating and soundproof filling material.
- a magnesium metasilicate based precursor composition containing magnesium metasilicate in the form of pyroxene as well as olivine and quartz/feldspar raw material, with the following components (in % w/w):
- said precursor composition according to the invention comprises (in % by weight): MgO 20-28 SiO 2 50-65 FeO + Fe 2 O 3 4-8 Al 2 O 3 3-8 CaO 0.4-3.0 K 2 O 0.3-1.2 Na 2 O 0.3-1.5 TiO 2 0.1-0.9 P 2 O 5 0.1-0.6
- Olivine is natural or synthetic magnesium and iron orthosilicate, 2(Mg,Fe)SiO 4 .
- Pyroxene is natural or synthetic magnesium, iron and calcium metasilicate (Mg,Fe,Ca)SiO 3 .
- a liquid glass phase is generated, which interacts with the olivine, producing pyroxene.
- the amount of liquid phase is reduced.
- a further increase in temperature does not lead to a large increase of liquid phase (prior to the melting point of pyroxene).
- the resulting sintered ceramic particles have a residual olivine content not exceeding 3-5% w/w, and a glass phase content in the range of 15-20% w/w.
- Iron oxides in the amount of up to 4% w/w are evenly distributed in the pyroxene and glass phase and do not affect formation of the ceramic structure. When the amount of iron oxides reaches 4%, magnetite and magnesiomagnetite are observed in the ceramic structure. It was found that a sintered ceramic containing up to 4% w/w of magnetite phase (corresponding to 8% w/w of Fe 2 O 3 and FeO) the mechanical strength of the proppant particles is increased by approx. 50%. A further increase of the iron oxide content results in a lowering of the mechanical strength.
- Optimum values of CaO, Al 2 O 3 , K 2 O, Na 2 O, TiO 2 and P 2 O 5 content were determined by means of experiments.
- the prepared glass phase composition with addition of these oxides facilitates a quick transformation of olivine into pyroxene, which prevents pyroxene crystal growth and phase transformations of pyroxene during the cooling process.
- proppant particles produced from the precursor composition mentioned above consist of pyroxene (68-75 % w/w), olivine (3.4-4.9% w/w), glass (10-20% w/w), oxides, i.e. magnetite, magnesiomagnetite, magnesioferrite (1-5% w/w), and quartz (2-7% w/w).
- the pores do not exceed 20%.
- the size of the pyroxene crystals is predominantly 3-5 ⁇ m.
- the suggested chemical composition is a sum of components, which largely limits the use of certain types of raw material.
- Talc and tremolite cannot be used because of the lack of olivine, resulting in a narrow sintering range.
- Hornblende contains excessive amount of calcium, iron and aluminum oxides, resulting in unwanted phases generated during firing (anorthite and glass phase that is not acid resistant).
- Materials with a high alkaline content (more than 10% of K 2 O/Na 2 O), such as feldspar and perlyte, produce large amounts of liquid phase already at low temperatures, at which the transformation process of olivine into pyroxene is slow. Because of these reasons the mentioned types of raw material can only be used small quantities.
- Titan and phosphor oxides which may be present as impurities in the main raw material in the amount of up to 0.9 and 0.6% w/w respectively, improve the glass phase properties by facilitating crystalline glass formation. However, if their content is higher, the sintering range is again narrowed.
- a precursor composition according to the invention may be produced based on a combination of different raw materials. Olivine and pyroxene can be produced, for example, by firing
- Naturally occurring pyroxene may also be used. River sand, felsite, granite and pegmatite can be used as quartz/feldspar source.
- the mineral ingredients were ground to an average grain size of 2-3 ⁇ m, and granulated to 1.2-1.8 mm pellets.
- the resulting precursor composition was then fired at 1160-1280° C.
- a standardized US mesh fraction 12/18 (particle diameter between 1.00 and 1.68 mm) was tested, considering mechanical strength (API RP 61), resistance to acids (GOST P51761-2005) and loss of strength after hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave (120° C., 0.2-0.3 MPa, 50 hours).
- the sintering temperature range was determined as a range of firing temperatures at which water absorption of the resulting ceramics did not exceed 1% and the amount of proppant particles agglomerated was below 3%.
- the test results are given in Table 2.
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Abstract
A precursor composition for the production of granulated ceramic material to be used as hydraulic fracture proppant, comprises 20 to 55% pyroxene, and 15 to 50% olivine. The remaining component is quartz and/or feldspar. The precursor composition can be sintered in a broader temperature range. The resulting proppant material shows high mechanical strength and resistance to acids, and also higher stability under hydrothermal conditions than the prior art.
Description
- This application is a continuing application under 35 USC 111(a) of PCT/EP2006/067725 filed Oct. 24, 2006, and claims priority to that International Application (PCT/EP2006/067725 filed Oct. 24, 2006) and to European application No. 06 405 332.5 filed Aug. 4, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- The present invention relates to precursor compositions for the production granulated ceramic material, particularly ceramic proppants, methods for producing granulated ceramic material, and ceramic proppants, according to the preamble of the independent claims.
- In order to enhance the yield of oil and gas wells, the permeability of rock can be increased by hydraulic fracturing. By applying hydraulic pressure in the borehole, fractures within the rock are generated, connecting the pores and thus increasing hydrocarbon/gas flow. To hold the fractures constantly open after a hydraulic fracturing treatment, so called proppant is suspended in the fracturing fluid. Proppant material consists of small sized spherical particles, which are deposited, in the fractures in order to prop them open after the hydraulic pressure is released.
- Various materials have been used as proppants in the past, for example sand, glass beads, walnut shells, aluminum pellets. Such proppants, however, are quickly destroyed under the harsh conditions in the fractures.
- To increase the lifetime of proppants in the fractures, under hydrothermal conditions as given in a borehole, the particles thus must show high resistance against mechanical stress and high pressure. Chemical inertness is also necessary.
- Ceramic proppants generally show a good compressive strength, but at the same time have a relatively high specific weight.
- To allow the suspension and transport of such relatively heavy proppant particles in the hydraulic fluid without fall out of the proppant and accumulation at the bottom of the borehole (“screen-out”), the viscosity of the fluid must be relatively high under low shear conditions. To obtain an adequate flow of the fluid to the fractures, on the other hand, the viscosity of the fluid under high shear conditions must be sufficiently low.
- High viscosity fluids, however, are known to have negative effects on the permeability of certain types of geological formations, i.e. coals. Thus proppants with low specific weight and high mechanical strength are advantageous, since they allow the use of fluids with lower viscosity. Highly viscous fluids are based on guar gel, which is rather expensive. In addition, less viscous fluids allow the use of pumps with less performance, which also saves costs.
- Sintered bauxite proppants with a high Al2O3 content are known to show good pressure resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,203 teaches a fracture proppant with a specific weight of 3.35 g/cm3 (bulk density 1.19 g/cm3), showing pressure resistance up to 138 MPa without reduction of conductivity. U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,603 shows an oil and gas well proppant with a lower Al2O3 content and with a specific density between 2.65 and 3.0 g/cm3, which may be used up to 55 MPa. Bauxite proppants are based on kaolin clay, a Al2O3 containing mineral, which is milled, pelletized and subsequently sintered or calcinated.
- Other bauxite proppants are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,068, U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,455, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,175, the latter proposing a proppant with a specific weight of 2.1 g/cm3.
- US 2004/0069490 A1 discloses a kaolin based ceramic proppant with a density between 1.6 and 2.1 g/cm3 (bulk density 0.95-1.3 g/cm3) and a crush resistance of up to 48 MPa. The optimum between low density and high mechanical strength is achieved by firing the proppant at an optimum temperature range between 1200 and 1350° C.
- US 2005/0096207 A1 and US 2006/0016598 A1 disclose proppants with high porosity, manufactured from sol-gel ceramics based on Aluminosilicates or phosphates, with a specific density of 1.7 g/cm3 and a crush resistance of 52 MPa.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,753,299 B2 shows a aluminosilicate based ceramic proppant with an overall alumina content of less than 25% w/w (weight percent) and a silica content of over 45% w/w. The proppant is produced from uncalcined bauxite, shale and quartz, held together by a binder consisting of wollastonite and talcum. The specific weight of the proppant is 2.63 g/cm3 (bulk density 1.51 g/cm3), and the crush resistance goes up to 69 MPa.
- EP 0'207'668 A1 discloses a method for producing ceramic proppants with specific densities between 0.84 and 2.25 g/cm3 (bulk densities between 0.35 and 0.79 g/cm3), comprising an outer shell of MgO or Al2O3 and a microporous core. The proppant was tested only up to 2.7 MPa. The method includes preparation of aluminosilicate raw material, introduction of SiC as a gas forming agent in the amount of 0.1-50% w/w, granulation and firing. It is suggested that the produced spheroids are used as catalyst carriers, construction material fillers, proppants and soundproof filling material. In essence, the disclosed ceramic spheroids are porous glass balls. To prevent the proppant pellets from sticking to each other during the firing process, the pellets are powdered with fire retardant powders (Al2O3, MgO, MgCO3, etc.). During the firing process a considerable amount of the fire retardant powder is removed with exhaust gases, while the remaining rest covers the spheroid surfaces. This results in porous glass balls with rough surfaces. The authors recommend the use of alkaline aluminosilicate with an iron oxide content below 5% as raw material for the proppant. The disclosed proppants show low strength and considerable dust formation when used, due to the remaining fire retardant powder. This results in very low permeability and insignificant increase of oil recovery after hydraulic fracturing.
- RU 2'235'703 C1 discloses a method for producing ceramic proppants based on a magnesium-silicate precursor material with a forsterite content of 55 to 80% w/w. The raw material is ground, pelletized and fired at 1150-1350° C. Since under hydrothermal conditions the forsterite is partially hydrated, the effectively achievable mechanical strength is considerably reduced.
- RU 2'235,702 C2 shows a similar method, wherein the magnesium-silicate precursor composition consists of magnesium metasilicate with approx. 40% w/w MgO and approx. 60% w/w SiO2. The resulting proppants show improved strength and acid resistance, and are more stable under hydrothermal conditions as compared to forsterite-based proppants. Due to a very narrow sintering range (ΔT max. 10-20° C.), the manufacture of such proppants is complicated and expensive. Because of the narrow sintering temperature range, firing in a rotating kiln under standard industrial conditions will produce both under-fired porous proppant particles and over-fired melted proppant particles. The actually achievable strength, resistance to acids, and hydrothermal stability of the resulting proppants under industrial conditions are thus considerably lower than for batches produced under laboratory conditions.
- Furthermore a narrow sintering range requires long exposure of the proppant material at sintering temperature to achieve a uniform temperature distribution. This results in magnesium metasilicate crystal growth and phase transformation during the cooling process, which also reduces the quality of the produced proppant.
- An object of the present invention is to provide precursor compositions for the production of granulated ceramic material, particularly ceramic proppants, that allow sintering in a broader temperature range; and a method for the production of granulated ceramic material, particularly ceramic proppants, with a broader sintering temperature range.
- These and other problems are solved by the method and the composition according to the present invention as defined in the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments and variants are given in the dependent claims.
- A broader sintering temperature range is achieved by using a magnesium metasilicate based precursor composition, containing magnesium metasilicate in the form of 20-45% pyroxene and 20-50% olivine, and 20-45% quartz/feldspar. Depending on the minerals used for the production of the precursor composition according to the invention, the composition furthermore may comprise 20-28% MgO, 50-65% SiO2, 20-28% iron oxide, 3-8% Al2O3, and smaller amounts of CaO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, and P2O5.
- The mineral ingredients are ground to an average grain size of 2-3 μm, and pelletized to 1.2-1.8 mm pellets. The resulting precursor composition is fired at 1150-1280° C. Preferably the sintering process is carried out in a revolving kiln.
- Proppants produced from a precursor composition according to the invention offer a broader sintering range, high mechanical strength and resistance to acids and higher stability under hydrothermal conditions.
- The proppant material according to the invention may also be used as low weight filler in concrete and plastic, and as heat insulating and soundproof filling material.
- To achieve a broader sintering range for a ceramic proppant according to the invention, a magnesium metasilicate based precursor composition is used, containing magnesium metasilicate in the form of pyroxene as well as olivine and quartz/feldspar raw material, with the following components (in % w/w):
-
- 20-55%, preferably 20-45% pyroxene;
- 15-50%, preferably 20-45% olivine;
- 20-45% quartz/feldspar.
- In addition said precursor composition according to the invention comprises (in % by weight):
MgO 20-28 SiO2 50-65 FeO + Fe2O3 4-8 Al2O3 3-8 CaO 0.4-3.0 K2O 0.3-1.2 Na2O 0.3-1.5 TiO2 0.1-0.9 P2O5 0.1-0.6 - Olivine is natural or synthetic magnesium and iron orthosilicate, 2(Mg,Fe)SiO4. Pyroxene is natural or synthetic magnesium, iron and calcium metasilicate (Mg,Fe,Ca)SiO3.
- During firing of a pelletized precursor batch of the above described composition, first a liquid glass phase is generated, which interacts with the olivine, producing pyroxene. As a result the amount of liquid phase is reduced. A further increase in temperature does not lead to a large increase of liquid phase (prior to the melting point of pyroxene). The resulting sintered ceramic particles have a residual olivine content not exceeding 3-5% w/w, and a glass phase content in the range of 15-20% w/w.
- Iron oxides in the amount of up to 4% w/w are evenly distributed in the pyroxene and glass phase and do not affect formation of the ceramic structure. When the amount of iron oxides reaches 4%, magnetite and magnesiomagnetite are observed in the ceramic structure. It was found that a sintered ceramic containing up to 4% w/w of magnetite phase (corresponding to 8% w/w of Fe2O3 and FeO) the mechanical strength of the proppant particles is increased by approx. 50%. A further increase of the iron oxide content results in a lowering of the mechanical strength.
- Optimum values of CaO, Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2 and P2O5 content were determined by means of experiments. The prepared glass phase composition with addition of these oxides facilitates a quick transformation of olivine into pyroxene, which prevents pyroxene crystal growth and phase transformations of pyroxene during the cooling process.
- According to the results of micro X-ray analysis (Camebax), proppant particles produced from the precursor composition mentioned above consist of pyroxene (68-75 % w/w), olivine (3.4-4.9% w/w), glass (10-20% w/w), oxides, i.e. magnetite, magnesiomagnetite, magnesioferrite (1-5% w/w), and quartz (2-7% w/w). The pores do not exceed 20%. The size of the pyroxene crystals is predominantly 3-5 μm.
- The suggested chemical composition is a sum of components, which largely limits the use of certain types of raw material. Talc and tremolite cannot be used because of the lack of olivine, resulting in a narrow sintering range. Hornblende contains excessive amount of calcium, iron and aluminum oxides, resulting in unwanted phases generated during firing (anorthite and glass phase that is not acid resistant). Materials with a high alkaline content (more than 10% of K2O/Na2O), such as feldspar and perlyte, produce large amounts of liquid phase already at low temperatures, at which the transformation process of olivine into pyroxene is slow. Because of these reasons the mentioned types of raw material can only be used small quantities.
- Titan and phosphor oxides, which may be present as impurities in the main raw material in the amount of up to 0.9 and 0.6% w/w respectively, improve the glass phase properties by facilitating crystalline glass formation. However, if their content is higher, the sintering range is again narrowed.
- A precursor composition according to the invention may be produced based on a combination of different raw materials. Olivine and pyroxene can be produced, for example, by firing
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- dunite (75% olivine, 20% pyroxene, 5% glass phase),
- serpentinite (65% olivine, 25% pyroxene, 10% glass phase), or
- talc-magnesite (50% olivine, 40% pyroxene, 10% glass phase).
- Naturally occurring pyroxene may also be used. River sand, felsite, granite and pegmatite can be used as quartz/feldspar source.
- The chemical compositions of the mentioned raw materials are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Type of Raw Oxide Content, in % w/w Material MgO SiO2 FeO + Fe2O3 CaO Al2O3 K2O Na2O TiO2 P2O5 Dunite 51.2 37.9 9.3 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.2 0 Serpentinite 44.5 44.6 8.2 0.9 1.4 0.1 0.1 0 0.2 Talc- 43.7 41.2 10.4 1.0 2.4 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 Magnesite Pyroxene 13.5 41.9 12.6 19.3 7.4 0.1 3.2 1.4 0.6 River sand 0.3 83.1 2.2 1.4 9.0 1.3 2.3 0.2 0.2 Felsite 1.4 71.4 2.3 0.5 14.3 7.1 2.6 0.3 0.1 Granite 5.1 53.8 9.7 8.2 16.3 0.9 4.1 0.5 1.4 Pegmatite 0.4 73.5 0.5 1.0 14.8 4.3 5.3 0.1 0.1 Red Mud 1.9 10.4 52 13.8 14.1 0.1 3.4 3.7 0.6 - Experimental tests showed that naturally occurring minerals of different chemical composition may be used, provided that the necessary overall chemical composition of the resulting precursor composition is obtained.
- Batches of a number of examples of inventive precursor compositions have been prepared and tested (see Table 2).
- The mineral ingredients were ground to an average grain size of 2-3 μm, and granulated to 1.2-1.8 mm pellets. The resulting precursor composition was then fired at 1160-1280° C. From the resulting proppant material a standardized US mesh fraction 12/18 (particle diameter between 1.00 and 1.68 mm) was tested, considering mechanical strength (API RP 61), resistance to acids (GOST P51761-2005) and loss of strength after hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave (120° C., 0.2-0.3 MPa, 50 hours). The sintering temperature range was determined as a range of firing temperatures at which water absorption of the resulting ceramics did not exceed 1% and the amount of proppant particles agglomerated was below 3%. The test results are given in Table 2.
TABLE 2 Mechanical Loss of strength (% of mechanical granules strength after destroyed at Solubility in hydrothermal precursor 51.7 MPa, acids, % treatment at Example composition*, in Sintering range, (GOST P51761- (GOST P51761- 120° C., 0.2-0.3 Bulk density, in No. weight % in ° C. 2005) 2005) MPa, 50 hours g/cm3 1 Olivine, 65 40 16.5 7.8 45.6 1.67 Pyroxene, 25 RU 2235703 C1 2 Olivine, 5 10 11.9 6.4 21.8 1.58 Pyroxene, 85 RU 2235703 C1 3 Olivine, 15 20 10.7 6.8 14.0 1.59 Pyroxene, 55 4 Olivine, 20 40 8.5 5.1 8.4 1.55 Pyroxene, 35 5 Olivine, 40 50 6.8 4.7 5.3 1.61 Pyroxene, 40 6 Olivine, 45 40 7.2 5.0 7.6 1.63 Pyroxene, 25 7 Olivine, 30 30 11.3 6.9 19.0 1.58 Pyroxene, 55
*Remaining component up to 100% is quartz/feldspar raw material
- An analysis of the data in Table 2 shows that proppants produced with precursor compositions according to the invention (namely examples No. 4, 5 and 6) offer a broader sintering range, high mechanical strength and resistance to acids and higher stability under hydrothermal conditions as compared to other magnesium-silicate precursor compositions (e.g. No. 1 and 2).
Claims (15)
1. A precursor composition for the production of granulated ceramic material, particularly for ceramic proppants,
comprising 20 to 55% by weight of pyroxene, and 15 to 50% by weight of olivine; the remaining component up to 100% being quartz and/or feldspar.
2. The precursor composition according to claim 1 , characterised in that
the composition comprises 20 to 45% by weight of pyroxene, and 20 to 45% by weight of olivine.
3. The precursor composition according to claim 1 , characterized in that
the composition comprises 0 to 8% by weight of FeO+Fe2O3, 0 to 8% by weight of Al2O3, 0 to 1.2% by weight of K2O, 0 to 1.5% by weight of Na2O, 0 to 0.9% by weight of TiO2, and 0 to 0.6% by weight of P2O5.
4. The precursor composition according to claim 1 , characterised in that
the composition comprises, in percent by weight:
20-28% MgO;
50-65% SiO2;
4-8% FeO+Fe2O3;
3-8% Al2O3;
0.4-3.0% CaO;
0.3-1.2% K2O;
0.3-1.5% Na2O;
0.1-0.9% TiO2; and
0.1-0.6% P2O5.
5. A method for the production of granulated ceramic material, particularly for ceramic proppants, comprising the steps of:
preparing a precursor composition according to claim 1 , by grinding a corresponding mixture of raw materials to an average particle size between 2 and 3 μm;
pelletizing the precursor composition to pellets with a size between 1.2 and 1.8 mm; and
sintering the precursor pellets at a temperature between 1150 and 1280° C.
6. The method according to claim 5 , characterized in that the sintering process is carried out in a revolving kiln.
7. A granulated ceramic material produced with a method according to claim 5 .
8. The use of a precursor composition according to claim 1 for the production of granulated ceramic material, particularly hydraulic fracturing proppants.
9. The use of a granulated ceramic material according to claim 7 as a hydraulic fracturing proppant.
10. The precursor composition according to claim 2 , characterized in that
the composition comprises 0 to 8% by weight of FeO+Fe2O3, 0 to 8% by weight of Al2O3, 0 to 1.2% by weight of K2O, 0 to 1.5% by weight of Na2O, 0 to 0.9% by weight of TiO2, and 0 to 0.6% by weight of P2O5;
the composition comprises, in percent by weight:
20-28% MgO;
50-65% SiO2;
4-8% FeO+Fe2O3;
3-8% Al2O3;
0.4-3.0% CaO;
0.3-1.2% K2O;
0.3-1.5% Na2O;
0.1-0.9% TiO2; and
0.1-0.6% P2O5.
11. A method for the production of granulated ceramic material, particularly for ceramic proppants, comprising the steps of:
preparing a precursor composition according to claim 10 , by grinding a corresponding mixture of raw materials to an average particle size between 2 and 3 μm;
pelletizing the precursor composition to pellets with a size between 1.2 and 1.8 mm; and
sintering the precursor pellets at a temperature between 1150 and 1280° C.
12. The method according to claim 11 , characterized in that the sintering process is carried out in a revolving kiln.
13. A granulated ceramic material produced with a method according to claim 12 .
14. The use of a precursor composition according to claim 10 for the production of granulated ceramic material, particularly hydraulic fracturing proppants.
15. The use of a granulated ceramic material according to claim 14 as a hydraulic fracturing proppant.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/419,370 US7648934B2 (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2009-04-07 | Precursor compositions for ceramic products |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP06405332.5 | 2006-08-04 | ||
EP06405332A EP1884550A1 (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2006-08-04 | Precursor compositions for ceramic proppants |
PCT/EP2006/067725 WO2007036579A2 (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2006-10-24 | Precursor compositions for ceramic products |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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PCT/EP2006/067725 Continuation WO2007036579A2 (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2006-10-24 | Precursor compositions for ceramic products |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US12/419,370 Continuation US7648934B2 (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2009-04-07 | Precursor compositions for ceramic products |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20080073083A1 true US20080073083A1 (en) | 2008-03-27 |
Family
ID=37311994
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US11/823,989 Abandoned US20080073083A1 (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2007-06-29 | Precursor compositions for ceramic proppants |
US12/419,370 Expired - Fee Related US7648934B2 (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2009-04-07 | Precursor compositions for ceramic products |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US12/419,370 Expired - Fee Related US7648934B2 (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2009-04-07 | Precursor compositions for ceramic products |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20080073083A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1884550A1 (en) |
AP (1) | AP2009004774A0 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE479734T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2593996C (en) |
DE (1) | DE602006016657D1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK2046914T3 (en) |
EA (1) | EA009375B1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20090490L (en) |
PL (1) | PL2046914T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007036579A2 (en) |
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US20100071901A1 (en) * | 2008-09-25 | 2010-03-25 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Sintered proppant made with a raw material containing alkaline earth equivalent |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EA200700830A1 (en) | 2007-08-31 |
DK2046914T3 (en) | 2010-12-06 |
WO2007036579A3 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
ATE479734T1 (en) | 2010-09-15 |
AP2009004774A0 (en) | 2009-02-28 |
PL2046914T3 (en) | 2011-02-28 |
EP2046914B1 (en) | 2010-09-01 |
CA2593996C (en) | 2009-01-06 |
DE602006016657D1 (en) | 2010-10-14 |
WO2007036579A2 (en) | 2007-04-05 |
EP2046914A2 (en) | 2009-04-15 |
EP1884550A1 (en) | 2008-02-06 |
NO20090490L (en) | 2009-03-31 |
CA2593996A1 (en) | 2007-04-05 |
US20090192059A1 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
EA009375B1 (en) | 2007-12-28 |
US7648934B2 (en) | 2010-01-19 |
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