US20070101824A1 - Method for producing compositions of nanoparticles on solid surfaces - Google Patents

Method for producing compositions of nanoparticles on solid surfaces Download PDF

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US20070101824A1
US20070101824A1 US11/435,498 US43549806A US2007101824A1 US 20070101824 A1 US20070101824 A1 US 20070101824A1 US 43549806 A US43549806 A US 43549806A US 2007101824 A1 US2007101824 A1 US 2007101824A1
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metal
carbon
nanoparticles
substrate
xgnp
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Lawrence Drzal
In-Hwan Do
Hiroyuki Fukushima
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TRUSTEES OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY BOARD OF
Michigan State University MSU
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Assigned to TRUSTEES OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, BOARD OF reassignment TRUSTEES OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, BOARD OF ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FUKUSHIMA, HIROYYUKI, DO, IN-HWAN, DRZAL, LAWRENCE T.
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Priority to US12/799,717 priority patent/US9545670B2/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82B—NANOSTRUCTURES FORMED BY MANIPULATION OF INDIVIDUAL ATOMS, MOLECULES, OR LIMITED COLLECTIONS OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES AS DISCRETE UNITS; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • B82B3/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures by manipulation of individual atoms or molecules, or limited collections of atoms or molecules as discrete units
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
    • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
    • B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
    • C01B32/158—Carbon nanotubes
    • C01B32/168—After-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G55/00—Compounds of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or platinum
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
    • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
    • B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
    • B22F2009/245—Reduction reaction in an Ionic Liquid [IL]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
    • C01P2002/84—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by UV- or VIS- data
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
    • C01P2004/04—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by TEM, STEM, STM or AFM
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for producing metal nanoparticles on a solid surface of a substrate.
  • the present invention relates to nanoparticles of a metal deposited on nanoparticles comprising a carbon or graphite in various forms such as carbon black, fibers and nanotubes, for instance.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,130 to Westman generally describes a process for microwave associated chemical transformation of organic compounds using ionic liquids (IL). This reference is incorporated herein in its entirety, particularly in reference to the ionic liquids. Microwave reactors are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the present invention relates to a method for producing nanoparticles of metal deposited on a surface of a substrate which comprises: (a) providing solution of an ionic liquid in a reducing solvent, such as ethylene glycol, containing a precursor of the metal on the substrate; and (b) exposing the metal precursor in the ionic liquid to microwaves so as to reduce the metal precursor to nanoparticles of the metal which are deposited on the substrate.
  • a reducing solvent such as ethylene glycol
  • the substrate has a surface which comprises carbon on which the nanoparticles of the metal are deposited.
  • the carbon is a graphite, a carbon black particle, a nanotube, or a carbon fiber.
  • the carbon is a buckyball.
  • the carbon has at least one dimension which is a nanodimension.
  • the substrate is a nanoparticle which is less than 100 nanometers in at least one dimension.
  • at least two of the metal precursors are provided in admixture in step (a).
  • the present invention also relates to a composite composition which comprises a substrate having nanoparticles of a metal deposited thereon.
  • the nanoparticles of the metal are comprised of a noble metal alone or in combination with a transition metal.
  • the nanoparticles of the metal are comprised of any metal alone or in combination with any other metal.
  • the substrate is a nanoparticle having at least one dimension less than 100 nanometers.
  • the substrate comprises a carbon.
  • the substrate has a surface which comprises any solid on which the nanoparticles of the metal are deposited.
  • FIGS. 1A-1F are TEM micrographs and Pt graphs of particle size distributions of ( 1 A, 1 B) Pt/CB—N, ( 1 C, 1 D) Pt/CB—IM, and ( 1 E, 1 F) Pt/CB-M catalyst, where CB is carbon black, and where IM and M are specific ionic liquids. N is no ionic liquid.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of the presence of ILs on the reduction of Pt size in CB-supported Pt catalysts.
  • FIGS. 3A to 3 F show TEM micrographs and graphs of Pt particle size distributions of ( 3 A, 3 B) Pt/GNF—N, ( 3 C, 3 D) Pt/GNF—IM and ( 3 E, 3 F) Pt/GNF-M nanocomposites, where GNF is graphite nanofibers.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph which shows the mean size of Pt particles in N—Pt/sp-GNF, IM-Pt/sp-GNF and M-Pt/sp-GNF catalyst.
  • FIG. 5 shows a TEM micrograph of Pt/a-SWNT-IM nanocomposite, where SWNT is single wall carbon nanotube.
  • FIGS. 6A to 6 F show TEM micrographs and graphs of Pt size distribution of ( 6 A, 6 B) Pt/MWNT-N, ( 6 C, 6 D) Pt/MWNT-IM, and ( 6 E, 6 F) Pt/MWNT-M nanocomposites, where MWNT is multi-walled carbon nanotube.
  • FIGS. 7A to 7 F show TEM micrographs and graphs of Pt particle size distributions of ( 7 A, 7 B) Pt/xGnP—N, ( 7 C, 7 D) Pt/xGnP—IM, and ( 7 E, 7 F) Pt/xGnP-M nanocomposites, where xGnP is exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the effect of types of IL on the reduction of Pt size supported on xGnP.
  • FIGS. 9A to 9 D show TEM micrographs and graphs of Pt particle size distributions of ( 9 A, 9 B) Pt/xGnP—N and ( 9 C, 9 D) Pt/xGnP-M nanocomposites.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the effect of ILs on the specific surface area of Pt phase.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing the change of the Pt specific area in xGnP-supported catalysts with different Pt loading.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing the effect of ILs on the dispersion of Pt phase.
  • FIGS. 13A, 13B and 13 C are TEM micrographs ( 13 A to 13 C) and EDX spectrum ( 13 D) of PtNi/xGnP—IM.
  • FIGS. 14A to 14 D are TEM micrographs of ( 14 A) PtRu nanoparticles covered on xGnP, ( 14 B) PtRu/xGnP—N, ( 14 C) PtRu/xGnP—IM, and ( 14 D) PtRu/xGnP-M.
  • nanoparticle is defined as a particle wherein at least one dimension is 100 nanometers or less, preferably 10 nanometers or less (1 nanometer equals 10 ⁇ 9 meters).
  • ionic organic liquid is defined as a liquid organic compound with a cation and an anion and which can be heated to a temperature up to or over 180° C. in order to reduce an ionic metal precursor.
  • ionic metal precursor means an ionic metal salt which can be reduced by microwave energy in the presence of the ionic organic liquid.
  • the salt can be organic or inorganic.
  • solution means a liquid composition containing a reducing compound such as ethylene glycol and an ionic liquid at a concentration of between about 1 and 30%.
  • substrate means a solid material which has a surface on which metal nanoparticles can be deposited.
  • the substrate is some form of carbon.
  • the substrate has at least one nanodimension of 100 nanometers or less.
  • the metals are preferably noble metals alone or in combination with transition metals which can act as catalysts.
  • microwave means wave energy in the microwave spectrum.
  • the most common frequency for microwave ovens sold for food uses is 2.45 GHz; however, higher or lower frequencies between 1 MHz and 300 GHz are in commercial use and are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • reducing liquid means an organic liquid which can function as a reducing agent in the ionic organic liquid in the presence of the microwaves.
  • Such compounds are, for instance, ethylene glycol or other polyhydric alcohols, which do not volatilize in the presence of the microwaves.
  • Other organic liquids are diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol.
  • Microwave dielectric heating has numerous advantages, such as rapid heating, higher reaction rate, and the reduction of reaction time compared to conventional oil-bath heating methods.
  • the microwave-assisted process has opened up the possibility of fast synthesis of organic and inorganic materials.
  • ionic liquids ILs
  • ILs provide great advantages due to large organic positive ions with a high polarizability.
  • ILs provide a good medium as well as good additive for absorbing microwave very well, leading to further high heating rate.
  • the ILs can be used with microwaves to synthesize the Pt-based catalysts supported on various carbons as well as to tune the size of Pt-based metals regardless of the content of active metal phase. This process can be applied to any metal.
  • Four different carbon materials were used; Vulcan XC-72R carbon black (CB, Cabot Co.), graphite nanofiber (GNF, Nanomirae Inc.), as-produced single-wall nanotube (A-SWNT, CarboLex Inc.), and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet (xGnP, Michigan State University; U.S.
  • a typical preparation consists of the following procedures: For Pt/C or PtM/C catalysts, 40 mg of a carbon support was dispersed in 20 mL of ethylene glycol by ultrasonication for 20 min. 1 mL of ethylene glycol solution of 26 mg H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O (Aldrich) or a 1:1 molar ratio of H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O and other metal precursors (for example, RuCl 3 .3H 2 O) was added and mechanically stirred for 20 min.
  • Pt/C or PtM/C catalysts 40 mg of a carbon support was dispersed in 20 mL of ethylene glycol by ultrasonication for 20 min. 1 mL of ethylene glycol solution of 26 mg H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O (Aldrich) or a 1:1 molar ratio of H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O and other metal precursors (for example, RuCl 3 .3H
  • the beaker containing Pt precursor, carbon, and ethylene glycol was heated in a household microwave oven (1300 W) for 50 s. After cooling down to ambient temperature, the resulting suspension was filtered and washed with acetone and dried at 100° C. in a vacuum oven for 12 hrs.
  • Catalysts with 20 and 60 wt. % Pt and PtRu loading were prepared by varying H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O and the content of other metal precursors in ethylene glycol solution.
  • the catalysts obtained are called as the Pt/C—N or PtRu/C—N, where N is no ionic liquid.
  • the catalysts synthesized with the addition of [(BMI) (PF 6 )] and [(BMI)Ace] are denoted as Pt (or PtM)/C—IM and Pt (or PtM)/C-M, respectively.
  • [(BMI) (PF 6 )] is immiscible with ethylene glycol and [(BMI)Ace] is miscible with the solvent.
  • IM-IL refers to [(BMI) (PF 6 )] and M-IL indicates [(BMI)Ace].
  • the prepared catalysts were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on a JEOL 2200FS and JEOL 100CX. For microscopic investigation, the catalyst samples re-dispersed in acetone were deposited on Cu grids covered with a holey carbon film.
  • the particle size distribution of Pt/C and PtRu/C catalysts metal particles on carbons was manually and statistically determined by counting at least 120 particles in each sample from randomly chosen area in the TEM images with SIGMASCAN software.
  • FIGS. 1A to 1 F Morphologies and Pt size distribution of CB-supported Pt catalysts synthesized by microwave dielectric heating in the absence ( 1 A) and the presence of ILs (0.5 mL; 1 C, 1 D) are shown in FIGS. 1A to 1 F.
  • Pt particles were quite uniformly dispersed on CB in each sample.
  • ( 1 A), ( 1 C) and ( 1 E) of FIG. 1 that ILs have a great effect on the reduction of Pt size of CB-supported catalysts. It is also obviously seen from ( 1 B), ( 1 D), and ( 1 F) of FIGS.
  • FIGS. 3A to 3 F TEM morphologies of Pt/GNF—N, Pt/GNF—IM, and Pt/GNF-M and the size distribution of Pt phase corresponding to each sample are shown in FIGS. 3A to 3 F. It has been known that there are difficulties in depositing Pt onto carbon nanofibers or graphite nanofibers via colloidal and conventional routes. The problem continues even in microwave process as in FIG. 3A . It was found that only 5 ⁇ 8 wt. % of Pt was deposited onto GNF in final product, even though Pt precursor corresponding to 20 wt. % metal loading for Pt/GNF—N in the starting mixture was added. The above fact confirms that Pt can not be efficiently supported on GNF even using conventional microwave-polyol process.
  • the effect of ILs on the reduction of Pt size for GNF-supported catalysts is clearly shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the Pt size of Pt/GNF—N, Pt/GNF—IM, and Pt/GNF-M catalysts is 3.3 ⁇ 1.1 nm, 2.46 ⁇ 0.7 nm, and 1.53 ⁇ 0.4 nm, respectively.
  • the result indicates that M-IL miscible with ethylene glycol is more efficient in reducing Pt size than IM-IL immiscible with the solvent, resulting from more uniform adsorption of M-IL on GNF than IM-IL and thus the better contribution of M-IL for rapid homogeneous volumetric heating of the solvent.
  • Pt deposition directly on a-SWNT was attempted by microwave heating process assisted with IM-IL (0.5 mL).
  • IM-IL 0.5 mL
  • Pt nanoparticles around 1.5 ⁇ 2 nm in average size were successfully supported on a-SWNT. Only a few Pt particles were found on a-SWNT in Pt/a-SWNT-N catalyst synthesized by microwave process without using IL (not shown here).
  • FIGS. 6A to 6 F The morphologies of Pt nanoparticles deposited on MWNT in the presence and the absence of an IL are shown in FIGS. 6A to 6 F. Without a IL, MWNT could be decorated by a few Pt particles of 7.1 nm in average size as in a-SWNT and the size distribution of Pt particles was broad with the standard deviation of about 1.47 nm ( FIGS. 6A and 6B ). When 0.5 mL of IM-IL was added, Pt size was reduced to about 1.92 ⁇ 0.4 nm and much more Pt particles were present on MWNT compared to the sample prepared without an IL ( FIGS. 6C and 6D ).
  • xGnP is attracting attention as a new reinforcing material for composites and a support for catalysts.
  • xGnP is much more cost-effective than new carbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, and fullerenes being considered as breakthrough materials in nanotechnology area.
  • xGnP has superior properties such as excellent mechanical, high corrosion and oxidation resistance and high crystallinity which are characteristics required as a support for the electrodes of fuel cell.
  • xGnP could be very effectively deposited with nanosized Pt by microwave process.
  • xGnP-supported Pt-based catalyst for fuel cell application are microwave expanded and pulverized graphite nanoplatelets as described in U.S. Published Application No. 2004-0127621-A1.
  • FIGS. 7A to 7 F show the effect of IL on morphologies and Pt size distribution of xGnP-supported catalysts.
  • the mean size of Pt is about 2.0 nm when 0.5 mL of IM-IL is introduced to ethylene glycol ( FIG. 7B ) and the further reduction of Pt size to 1.6 nm is achieved when 0.5 mL of M-IL is added ( FIG. 7C ).
  • the very high heating rate by microwave absorption increases the rate of reduction of the metal and thus smaller Pt particles are generated.
  • IL content on the particle size of Pt particles is shown in FIG. 8 , where RTIL is room temperature ionic liquid. Addition of ILs results in the reduced size of Pt particles as well as the narrow size distribution of them. When ILs of only 0.025 mL was added, the mean size of Pt dropped below 3 nm. Further increase of IM-IL content beyond 0.5 mL did not seem to have a great effect on the Pt size reduction. However, M-IL kept reducing Pt size as its content increased.
  • FIGS. 9A and 9B Pt has very broad size distribution and a lot of Pt agglomerates are found.
  • the average size of Pt was increased to 9 ⁇ 10 nm.
  • the mean size of Pt strikingly decreased below 2.0 nm with narrow size distribution when the supported catalyst is synthesized in the present of M-IL (0.5 mL) ( FIGS. 9C and 9D ).
  • the result here suggests a simple way of tuning active surface area of Pt and catalytic activity of carbon supported Pt catalyst, no matter how much Pt is loaded.
  • FIG. 10 shows the effect of ILs on the surface area of Pt in xGnP-supported catalysts with 20 wt. % Pt loading. When the catalysts are synthesized in the presence of both IM-IL and M-IL, the Pt surface area increased due to the reduction of Pt size.
  • FIG. 11 shows how much more effective microwave-assisted IL method improves the Pt surface area of the carbon-supported catalysts compared to conventional microwave heating. While Pt surface area of Pt/xGnP—N decreases with the increase of Pt loading, that of Pt/xGnP-M was unchanged or slightly increased with the increase of Pt. In the case of the supported catalyst with 60 wt.
  • D can be used to estimate the Pt mass activity of the catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction.
  • FIG. 12 shows the effect of ILs on the Pt dispersion.
  • the trend of D is similar to that of Pt surface area because both are related to particle size. The important point to be mentioned is that it is possible to increase Pt dispersion over 100% compared to D of Pt/xGnP—N by controlling the content of M-IL, which results in improving the electrocatalytic activity of carbon-supported Pt catalysts.
  • Strongly electropositive metals such as Au, Pt, Pd, Ag, and Rh can be reduced with a mild reducing agent under ordinary conditions, while more electronegative metals like Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Sn, W, Cr, and Mo require a very strong reducing agent and frequently extreme conditions of temperature and pressure.
  • bimetallic PtM nanoparticles can be successfully synthesized and deposited on various carbons rapidly with the help of a small quantity of IL which can assist to heat nonpolar solvents above their boiling point. Since the metal powder produced with polyol at a higher temperature is more crystalline than the sample reduced at lower temperature, IL brings another advantage.
  • the atomic ratio of Pt and Ni is 3:1. Although total metal loading is close to 70 wt.
  • the average size of PtNi metal particles is just 2 ⁇ 2.5 nm which is normally difficult to achieve with the use of chloride metal precursor for the production of bimetallic PtM catalysts.
  • Well developed crystalline structure of PtNi particles can be seen in FIG. 13C .
  • Similar morphologies are obtained from PtRu and PtFe particles deposited on xGnP.
  • Evidences on bimetallic PtRu alloys dispersed on xGnP are in FIGS. 14A to 14 D.
  • the results of PtRu alloys on xGnP with or without an IL are similar to monometallic Pt on xGnP.
  • Pt and PtM catalysts can be deposited onto various carbon supports by microwave-assisted room temperature ionic liquid heating method.
  • the size of Pt and PtM alloys supported on various carbons can be finely tuned by simply changing the amount of IL, regardless of the Pt and PtM loading level.
  • An IL which is miscible with a reducing agent is more efficient in reducing the size of Pt and PtM than IL immiscible with the agent.
  • the optimal catalytic performance of carbon-supported catalysts at a given concentration of active phase can be found.
  • the improvement of catalytic activities of carbon-supported Pt catalyst is due to the enhanced surface area and dispersion of Pt phase.
  • the nanoparticle composites are useful as catalysts for chemical reactions, fuel cells, super capacitors and battery components.
  • the very small size and uniformity of dispersion are highly effective for these uses.

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WO2009040107A2 (fr) * 2007-09-25 2009-04-02 Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Procédé pour produire des nanoparticules contenant des métaux
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WO2009040107A2 (fr) * 2007-09-25 2009-04-02 Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Procédé pour produire des nanoparticules contenant des métaux
WO2009040107A3 (fr) * 2007-09-25 2009-07-09 Univ Albert Ludwigs Freiburg Procédé pour produire des nanoparticules contenant des métaux
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WO2009109512A1 (fr) * 2008-02-29 2009-09-11 Basf Se Encre catalytique contenant un liquide ionique et utilisation de celle-ci dans la fabrication d'électrodes, de membranes à revêtement catalytique (ccm), d'électrodes de diffusion gazeuse (gde) et d'ensembles membrane-électrode (mea)
US7601324B1 (en) 2008-07-11 2009-10-13 King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals Method for synthesizing metal oxide
US20100154591A1 (en) * 2008-12-23 2010-06-24 Islam M Rafiq Household microwave-mediated carbohydrate-based production of silver nanomaterials
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CN101905329A (zh) * 2010-07-20 2010-12-08 浙江大学 一种用于制备纳米多孔银的离子液体溶液及其使用方法
US20120094035A1 (en) * 2010-10-18 2012-04-19 Chung Shan Institute Of Science And Technology, Armaments Bureau, M.N.D. Method for preparing plastic particles coated with metal
CN102029199A (zh) * 2010-11-15 2011-04-27 大连理工大学 一种无溶剂微波辅助热解法制备负载型贵金属纳米催化剂的方法
WO2013049433A1 (fr) * 2011-09-30 2013-04-04 Drzal Lawrence T Procédé de préparation de nanoparticules métalliques
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CN103958097A (zh) * 2011-09-30 2014-07-30 劳伦斯·T·德扎尔 金属纳米颗粒的制备方法
US8563463B1 (en) 2012-06-29 2013-10-22 Nissan North America, Inc. Rapid synthesis of fuel cell catalyst using controlled microwave heating
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US11201335B2 (en) * 2013-08-01 2021-12-14 Nanyang Technological University Noble metal nanoparticles on a support
CN104174869A (zh) * 2014-08-25 2014-12-03 常州大学 一种超长制备银纳米线的方法
TWI618290B (zh) * 2015-08-27 2018-03-11 Univ Osaka 金屬奈米粒子的製造方法、載置金屬奈米粒子的載體的製造方法、及載置金屬奈米粒子的載體
US20180248199A1 (en) * 2015-08-27 2018-08-30 Osaka University Method for manufacturing metal nanoparticles, method for manufacturing metal nanoparticle-loaded carrier, and metal nanoparticle-loaded carrier
EP3342510A4 (fr) * 2015-08-27 2019-04-24 Osaka University Procédé permettant la fabrication de nanoparticules métalliques, procédé permettant la fabrication de support de nanoparticules métalliques et support de nanoparticules métalliques
US10285218B1 (en) * 2018-05-14 2019-05-07 The Florida International University Board Of Trustees Direct and selective area synthesis of graphene using microheater elements
CN108878910A (zh) * 2018-06-13 2018-11-23 江苏师范大学 一种质子交换膜燃料电池用负载型高分散铂合金催化剂的制备方法
CN111584884A (zh) * 2020-05-15 2020-08-25 无锡威孚高科技集团股份有限公司 一种燃料电池双元合金催化剂的微波制备方法

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US20100222211A1 (en) 2010-09-02
WO2008054337A9 (fr) 2008-09-18
EP1965941A4 (fr) 2010-10-13
KR20080059545A (ko) 2008-06-30
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