US20070043033A1 - Unsolvated benzodiazepine compositions and methods - Google Patents

Unsolvated benzodiazepine compositions and methods Download PDF

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US20070043033A1
US20070043033A1 US11/445,010 US44501006A US2007043033A1 US 20070043033 A1 US20070043033 A1 US 20070043033A1 US 44501006 A US44501006 A US 44501006A US 2007043033 A1 US2007043033 A1 US 2007043033A1
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aliphatic chain
branched
saturated
linear
carbons
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Gary Glick
Adam Matzger
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University of Michigan
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University of Michigan
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Assigned to REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, THE reassignment REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GLICK, GARY D., MATZGER, ADAM
Publication of US20070043033A1 publication Critical patent/US20070043033A1/en
Assigned to NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT reassignment NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT CONFIRMATORY LICENSE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Priority to US12/473,144 priority patent/US7994313B2/en
Priority to US13/188,234 priority patent/US20120077805A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07D243/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 4
    • C07D243/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 4 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D243/14—1,4-Benzodiazepines; Hydrogenated 1,4-benzodiazepines
    • C07D243/16—1,4-Benzodiazepines; Hydrogenated 1,4-benzodiazepines substituted in position 5 by aryl radicals
    • C07D243/18—1,4-Benzodiazepines; Hydrogenated 1,4-benzodiazepines substituted in position 5 by aryl radicals substituted in position 2 by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms
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    • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
    • A61K31/551—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole having two nitrogen atoms, e.g. dilazep
    • A61K31/5513—1,4-Benzodiazepines, e.g. diazepam or clozapine
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    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to systems and methods for generating new forms of benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine related compounds as well as new compounds and formulations generated by such methods.
  • the present invention provides high throughput systems and methods for generating and identifying new crystalline benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine related polymorphs and new unsolvated, solvated, and other forms of the compounds that find use as improved drugs and drug formations.
  • Multicellular organisms exert precise control over cell number. A balance between cell proliferation and cell death achieves this homeostasis. Cell death occurs in nearly every type of vertebrate cell via necrosis or through a suicidal form of cell death, known as apoptosis. Apoptosis is triggered by a variety of extracellular and intracellular signals that engage a common, genetically programmed death mechanism.
  • Multicellular organisms use apoptosis to instruct damaged or unnecessary cells to destroy themselves for the good of the organism. Control of the apoptotic process therefore is very important to normal development, for example, fetal development of fingers and toes requires the controlled removal, by apoptosis, of excess interconnecting tissues, as does the formation of neural synapses within the brain. Similarly, controlled apoptosis is responsible for the sloughing off of the inner lining of the uterus (the endometrium) at the start of menstruation. While apoptosis plays an important role in tissue sculpting and normal cellular maintenance, it is also the primary defense against cells and invaders (e.g., viruses) which threaten the well being of the organism.
  • invaders e.g., viruses
  • Multicellular organisms also use apoptosis to instruct cells with damaged nucleic acids (e.g., DNA) to destroy themselves prior to becoming cancerous.
  • Some cancer-causing viruses overcome this safeguard by reprogramming infected (transformed) cells to abort the normal apoptotic process.
  • HPVs human papilloma viruses
  • E6 protein which inactivates the p53 apoptosis promoter.
  • Epstein-Barr virus the causative agent of mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma, reprograms infected cells to produce proteins that prevent normal apoptotic removal of the aberrant cells thus allowing the cancerous cells to proliferate and to spread throughout the organism.
  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • Some cancers that arise by non-viral means have also developed mechanisms to escape destruction by apoptosis.
  • Melanoma cells for instance, avoid apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of the gene encoding Apaf-1.
  • Other cancer cells especially lung and colon cancer cells, secrete high levels of soluble decoy molecules that inhibit the initiation of CTL mediated clearance of aberrant cells. Faulty regulation of the apoptotic machinery has also been implicated in various degenerative conditions and vascular diseases.
  • cytotoxic agents have widespread utility in both human and animal health and represent the first line of treatment for nearly all forms of cancer and hyperproliferative autoimmune disorders like lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • cytotoxic agents in clinical use exert their effect by damaging DNA (e.g., cis-diaminodichroplatanim(II) cross-links DNA, whereas bleomycin induces strand cleavage).
  • DNA e.g., cis-diaminodichroplatanim(II) cross-links DNA, whereas bleomycin induces strand cleavage.
  • the result of this nuclear damage if recognized by cellular factors like the p53 system, is to initiate an apoptotic cascade leading to the death of the damaged cell.
  • cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents have serious drawbacks. For example, many known cytotoxic agents show little discrimination between healthy and diseased cells. This lack of specificity often results in severe side effects that can limit efficacy and/or result in early mortality. Moreover, prolonged administration of many existing cytotoxic agents results in the expression of resistance genes (e.g., bcl-2 family or multi-drug resistance (MDR) proteins) that render further dosing either less effective or useless. Some cytotoxic agents induce mutations into p53 and related proteins. Based on these considerations, ideal cytotoxic drugs should only kill diseased cells and not be susceptible to chemo-resistance.
  • resistance genes e.g., bcl-2 family or multi-drug resistance (MDR) proteins
  • One strategy to selectively kill diseased cells is to develop drugs that selectively recognize molecules expressed in diseased cells.
  • effective cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents would recognize disease indicative molecules and induce (e.g., either directly or indirectly) the death of the diseased cell.
  • markers on some types of cancer cells have been identified and targeted with therapeutic antibodies and small molecules, unique traits for diagnostic and therapeutic exploitation are not known for most cancers.
  • specific molecular targets for drug development have not been identified.
  • compositions and methods for regulating the apoptotic processes in subjects afflicted with diseases and conditions characterized by faulty regulation of these processes e.g., viral infections, hyperproliferative autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammatory conditions, and cancers.
  • the present invention relates to systems and methods for generating new forms of benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine related compounds as well as new compounds and formulations generated by such methods.
  • the present invention provides high throughput systems and methods for generating and identifying new crystalline benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine related polymorphs and new unsolvated and other forms of the compounds that find use as improved drugs and drug formations.
  • the present invention provides unsolvated forms of benzodiazepine compounds and methods of making such compounds.
  • the benzodiazepine compounds have orthorhombic crystalline forms.
  • the unsolvated benzodiazepines of the present invention find use in pharmaceutical formulations with enhanced properties (e.g., shelf-life, tabletability, etc.).
  • the present invention is illustrated with the benzodiazepine, Bz-423.
  • the present invention is not limited to this particular compound. It will be understood that a variety of related compounds find use in the compositions and methods of the present invention.
  • the benzodiazepines of the present invention have orthorhombic crystals (e.g., Bz-423).
  • the compounds are anhydrous benzodiazepines, an ethanol solvate of benzodiazepines, a succinic acid (2:1) formulation of benzoediazepines, a citric acid (2:1) formulation of benzodiazepines, biphenyl derivate formulations of benzodiazepines, acetic acid formulations of benzodiazepine, CH 3 CN formulations of benzodiazepine, methanol formulations of benzodiazepines, ethyl acetate formulations of benzodiazepines, toluene formulations of benzodiazepines, oxalic acid formulations of benzodiazepines, fumaric acid formulations of benzodiazepines, octanol formulations of benzodiazepines, heptanoic acid formulations of benzodiazepines, diphenyl ether formulations of benzodiazepines, and trichlorobenzene formulations of benzodiazepines, a
  • the present invention provides a composition
  • a composition comprising a solution of dissolved benzodiazepine (e.g., Bz-423) in contact with a crystal form (e.g., orthorhombic) of the same benzodiazepine obtained from the solution, wherein the crystal form, when isolated, is capable of being provided in unsolvated form.
  • the composition further comprises a polymer surface in contact with the crystals.
  • the solution comprises an aqueous solution.
  • the present invention provides a method for producing orthorhombic Bz-423 crystals comprising providing the above described composition and isolating the crystals.
  • the method further comprises the step of preparing benzodiazepines to generated the above described compositions.
  • the present invention further provides methods of preparing a pharmaceutical preparation comprising new benzodiazepine compositions (alone, or in combination with other drugs or agents).
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a tablet.
  • the method further comprises the step of selling the pharmaceutical preparation, prescribing the pharmaceutical preparation to a patient, and/or administering the pharmaceutical preparation to a subject (e.g., human).
  • a subject e.g., human
  • the present invention provides a method for producing a crystal form of a benzodiazepine described above comprising exposing a solution containing a benzodiazepine to a polymer under conditions that permit crystal formation.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating an autoimmune disorder or hyperproliferative disorder comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a composition comprising the new benzodiazepine formulations described above.
  • the composition comprises an oral dose of the new benzodiazepine formulations described above.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising an unsolvated compound having the structure described by the following formula: including both R and S enantiomeric forms and racemic mixtures; wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 1 carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxy subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one thiol subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, wherein the aliphatic chain terminates with an aldehyde subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one ketone subgroup; a linear
  • the compound is:
  • the unsolvated compound is anhydrous. In preferred embodiment, the unsolvated compound has an orthorhombic crystal structure.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of Bz-423 ethanol solvate, Bz-423 succinic acid, Bz-423 citric acid, Bz-423 biphenyl derivate, BZ-423-acetic acid, BZ-423-CH 3 CN, BZ-423-methanol, BZ-423-ethyl acetate, BZ-423-toluene, BZ-423-oxalic acid, BZ-423-fumaric acid, BZ-423-octanol, BZ-423-heptanoic acid, BZ-423-diphenyl ether, Bz-423 1-propanol solvate, Bz-423 2-propanol solvate, Bz-423 1-butanol solvate, Bz-423 2-butanol solvate, Bz-423 1-pentanol solvate, Bz-423 propylene glycol, Bz-423 1-oc
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising an orthorhombic benzodiazepine crystal, the benzodiazepine having the structure: including both R and S enantiomeric forms and racemic mixtures; wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 1 carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxy subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one thiol subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, wherein the aliphatic chain terminates with an aldehyde subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least
  • the compound is:
  • the orthorhombic benzodiazepine crystal is anhydrous.
  • the present invention provides a composition
  • a composition comprising an oral dose of a benzodiazepine having the structure: including both R and S enantiomeric forms and racemic mixtures; wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 1 carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxy subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one thiol subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, wherein the aliphatic chain terminates with an aldehyde subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one ketone subgroup;
  • the compound is:
  • the benzodiazepine compound is anhydrous. In some embodiments, the benzodiazepine compound has an orthorhombic crystal structure.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating an autoimmune disorder or hyperproliferative disorder comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a composition comprising an unsolvated compound.
  • FIG. 1 shows structural data of anhydrous Bz-423.
  • FIG. 2 shows powder x-ray diffraction data for anhydrous Bz-423.
  • FIG. 3 shows Raman spectroscopy data for anhydrous Bz-423.
  • FIG. 4 shows structural data of Bz-423 ethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 5 shows powder x-ray diffraction data for Bz-423 ethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 6 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 ethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 7 shows Raman spectroscopy data for ball milled Bz-423 succinic acid (2:1).
  • FIG. 8 shows Raman spectroscopy data for ball milled Bz-423 citric acid (2:1).
  • FIG. 9 shows the structural data of Bz-423 biphenyl derivate.
  • FIG. 10 shows solubility (e.g., absorbance) as a function of time for unsolvated Bz-423, anhydrous Bz-423, Bz-423 acetic acid, and Bz-423 citric acid.
  • FIG. 11 shows a comparison of ATP hydrolysis between unsolvated Bz-423 and solvated Bz-423.
  • FIG. 12 shows a comparison of ATP synthesis between unsolvated Bz-423 and solvated Bz-423.
  • FIG. 13 shows a comparison of cell viability between unsolvated Bz-423 and solvated Bz-423.
  • FIG. 14 shows a UV-vis spectrum of Bz-423 in simulated gastric fluid.
  • FIG. 15 shows a UV-vis spectrum of Bz-423 in simulated gastric fluid before and after addition of K 2 CO 3 .
  • FIG. 16 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 ethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 17 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 1-propanol solvate.
  • FIG. 18 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 2-propanol solvate.
  • FIG. 19 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 1-butanol solvate.
  • FIG. 20 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 2-butanol solvate.
  • FIG. 21 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 1-pentanol solvate.
  • FIG. 22 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 1-octanol solvate.
  • FIG. 23 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 propylene glycol solvate.
  • FIG. 24 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 acetone glass.
  • benzodiazepine refers to a seven membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring fused to a phenyl ring wherein the seven-membered ring has two nitrogen atoms, as part of the heterocyclic ring.
  • the two nitrogen atoms are in the 1 and 4 positions or the 1 and 5 positions, as shown in the general structures below:
  • benzene refers to any chemical group containing 7 or more non-hydrogen atoms.
  • polymorph refers to a crystalline phase of a substance. Many substances feature polymorphism, which is the ability of a substance to exist as two or more crystalline phases that have different arrangements and/or conformations of the molecules in the crystal lattice. As used herein, the term polymorph includes amorphous phases and solvents/hydrates (i.e., psuedopolymorphs).
  • polymer library refers to a composition comprising a plurality of different polymers positioned in particular locations so as to allow reactions to occur on the polymers at the particular locations.
  • containers or solid surfaces e.g., plate, glass, metal, or ceramic surfaces, multi-well plates, dishes, vials, tubes, flasks, etc.
  • a multi-well plate that contains a first polymer in a first well and a second polymer in a second well, etc. provides a polymer library.
  • tabletteability refers to the capacity of a powdered material to be transformed into a tablet of specified strength under the effect of compaction pressure (Joiris et al., Pharm. Res., 15:1122 (1998); herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Tabletability describes the effectiveness of the applied pressure in increasing the tensile strength of the tablet and demonstrates the relationship between the cause, the compaction pressure, and the effect, the strength of the compact.
  • compressibility refers to the ability of a material to undergo a reduction in volume as a result of an applied pressure (Joiris et al., Pharm. Res., 15:1122 (1998); herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Compressibility indicates the ease with which a power bed undergoes volume reduction under compaction pressure and is often represented by a plot showing the reduction of tablet porosity with increasing compaction pressure.
  • the term “compactibility” refers to the ability of a material to produce tablets with sufficient strength under the effect of densification (Joiris et al., Pharm. Res., 15:1122 (1998); herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Compactibility shows the tensile strength of tablets normalized by tablet porosity. In many cases, the tensile strength decreases exponentially with increasing porosity (Ryshkewitch, J. Am. Cer. Soc., 36:65 (1953); herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • substituted aliphatic refers to an alkane possessing less than 10 carbons where at least one of the aliphatic hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a halogen, an amino, a hydroxy, a nitro, a thio, a ketone, an aldehyde, an ester, an amide, a lower aliphatic, a substituted lower aliphatic, or a ring (aryl, substituted aryl, cycloaliphatic, or substituted cycloaliphatic, etc.). Examples of such include, but are not limited to, 1-chloroethyl and the like.
  • substituted aryl refers to an aromatic ring or fused aromatic ring system consisting of no more than three fused rings at least one of which is aromatic, and where at least one of the hydrogen atoms on a ring carbon has been replaced by a halogen, an amino, a hydroxy, a nitro, a thio, a ketone, an aldehyde, an ester, an amide, a lower aliphatic, a substituted lower aliphatic, or a ring (aryl, substituted aryl, cycloaliphatic, or substituted cycloaliphatic). Examples of such include, but are not limited to, hydroxyphenyl and the like.
  • cycloaliphatic refers to a cycloalkane possessing less than 8 carbons or a fused ring system consisting of no more than three fused cycloaliphatic rings. Examples of such include, but are not limited to, decalin and the like.
  • substituted cycloaliphatic refers to a cycloalkane possessing less than 10 carbons or a fused ring system consisting of no more than three fused rings, and where at least one of the aliphatic hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a halogen, a nitro, a thio, an amino, a hydroxy, a ketone, an aldehyde, an ester, an amide, a lower aliphatic, a substituted lower aliphatic, or a ring (aryl, substituted aryl, cycloaliphatic, or substituted cycloaliphatic). Examples of such include, but are not limited to, 1-chlorodecalyl, bicyclo-heptanes, octanes, and nonanes (e.g., nonrbornyl) and the like.
  • heterocyclic refers to a cycloalkane and/or an aryl ring system, possessing less than 8 carbons, or a fused ring system consisting of no more than three fused rings, where at least one of the ring carbon atoms is replaced by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. Examples of such include, but are not limited to, morpholino and the like.
  • substituted heterocyclic refers to a cycloalkane and/or an aryl ring system, possessing less than 8 carbons, or a fused ring system consisting of no more than three fused rings, where at least one of the ring carbon atoms is replaced by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur, and where at least one of the aliphatic hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a halogen, hydroxy, a thio, nitro, an amino, a ketone, an aldehyde, an ester, an amide, a lower aliphatic, a substituted lower aliphatic, or a ring (aryl, substituted aryl, cycloaliphatic, or substituted cycloaliphatic). Examples of such include, but are not limited to 2-chloropyranyl.
  • linker refers to a chain containing up to and including eight contiguous atoms connecting two different structural moieties where such atoms are, for example, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
  • Ethylene glycol is one non-limiting example.
  • lower-alkyl-substituted-amino refers to any alkyl unit containing up to and including eight carbon atoms where one of the aliphatic hydrogen atoms is replaced by an amino group. Examples of such include, but are not limited to, ethylamino and the like.
  • lower-alkyl-substituted-halogen refers to any alkyl chain containing up to and including eight carbon atoms where one of the aliphatic hydrogen atoms is replaced by a halogen. Examples of such include, but are not limited to, chlorethyl and the like.
  • acetylamino shall mean any primary or secondary amino that is acetylated. Examples of such include, but are not limited to, acetamide and the like.
  • derivatives of a compound refers to a chemically modified compound wherein the chemical modification takes place either at a functional group of the compound or on the aromatic ring.
  • 1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives of the present invention may include N-acetyl, N-methyl, N-hydroxy groups at any of the available nitrogens in the compound. Additional derivatives may include those having a trifluoromethyl group on the phenyl ring.
  • epidermal hyperplasia refers to an abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in epidermal tissue.
  • Epidermal hyperplasia is a characteristic of numerous disorders, including but not limited to, psoriasis.
  • keratinocyte refers to a skin cell of the keratinized layer of the epidermis.
  • fibroblast refers to mesodermally derived resident cells of connective tissue that secrete fibrillar procollagen, fibronectin and collegenase.
  • pigment disorder refers to disorders involving skin pigment (e.g., melanin).
  • pigment disorders include, but are not limited to, all forms of albinism, melasma, pigment loss after skin damage, and vitiligo.
  • stent or “drug-eluting stent,” as used herein, refers to any device which when placed into contact with a site in the wall of a lumen to be treated, will also place fibrin at the lumen wall and retain it at the lumen wall. This can include especially devices delivered percutaneously to treat coronary artery occlusions and to seal dissections or aneurysms of splenic, carotid, iliac and popliteal vessels.
  • the stent can also have underlying polymeric or metallic structural elements onto which the fibrin is applied or the stent can be a composite of fibrin intermixed with a polymer.
  • a deformable metal wire stent such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • 4,886,062 herein incorporated by reference, could be coated with fibrin as set forth above in one or more coats (i.e., polymerization of fibrin on the metal framework by application of a fibrinogen solution and a solution of a fibrinogen-coagulating protein) or provided with an attached fibrin preform such as an encircling film of fibrin.
  • the stent and fibrin could then be placed onto the balloon at a distal end of a balloon catheter and delivered by conventional percutaneous means (e.g. as in an angioplasty procedure) to the site of the restriction or closure to be treated where it would then be expanded into contact with the body lumen by inflating the balloon.
  • the catheter can then be withdrawn, leaving the fibrin stent of the present invention in place at the treatment site.
  • the stent may therefore provide both a supporting structure for the lumen at the site of treatment and also a structure supporting the secure placement of fibrin at the lumen wall.
  • a drug-eluting stent allows for an active release of a particular drug at the stent implementation site.
  • the term “catheter” refers generally to a tube used for gaining access to a body cavity or blood vessel.
  • valve or “vessel” refers to any lumen within a mammal. Examples include, but are not limited to, arteries, veins, capillaries, and biological lumen.
  • restenosis refers to any valve which is narrowed. Examples include, but are not limited to, the reclosure of a peripheral or coronary artery following trauma to that artery caused by efforts to open a stenosed portion of the artery, such as, for example, by balloon dilation, ablation, atherectomy or laser treatment of the artery.
  • angioplasty or “balloon therapy” or “balloon angioplasty” or “percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty” refers to a method of treating blood vessel disorders that involves the use of a balloon catheter to enlarge the blood vessel and thereby improve blood flow.
  • cardiac catheterization or “coronary angiogram” refers to a test used to diagnose coronary artery disease using a catheterization procedure. Such a procedure may involve, for example, the injection of a contrast dye into the coronary arteries via a catheter, permitting the visualization of a narrowed or blocked artery.
  • the term “subject” refers to organisms to be treated by the methods of the present invention. Such organisms preferably include, but are not limited to, mammals (e.g., murines, simians, equines, bovines, porcines, canines, felines, and the like), and most preferably includes humans.
  • the term “subject” generally refers to an individual who will receive or who has received treatment (e.g., administration of benzodiazepine compound(s), and optionally one or more other agents) for a condition characterized by the dysregulation of apoptotic processes.
  • diagnosis refers to the recognition of a disease by its signs and symptoms (e.g., resistance to conventional therapies), or genetic analysis, pathological analysis, histological analysis, and the like.
  • anticancer agent or “conventional anticancer agent” refer to any chemotherapeutic compounds, radiation therapies, or surgical interventions, used in the treatment of cancer.
  • in vitro refers to an artificial environment and to processes or reactions that occur within an artificial environment.
  • in vitro environments include, but are not limited to, test tubes and cell cultures.
  • in vivo refers to the natural environment (e.g., an animal or a cell) and to processes or reaction that occur within a natural environment.
  • the term “host cell” refers to any eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell (e.g., mammalian cells, avian cells, amphibian cells, plant cells, fish cells, and insect cells), whether located in vitro or in vivo.
  • eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell e.g., mammalian cells, avian cells, amphibian cells, plant cells, fish cells, and insect cells
  • cell culture refers to any in vitro culture of cells. Included within this term are continuous cell lines (e.g., with an immortal phenotype), primary cell cultures, finite cell lines (e.g., non-transformed cells), and any other cell population maintained in vitro, including oocytes and embryos.
  • the “target cells” of the compositions and methods of the present invention include, refer to, but are not limited to, lymphoid cells or cancer cells.
  • Lymphoid cells include B cells, T cells, and granulocytes.
  • Granulocycles include eosinophils and macrophages.
  • target cells are continuously cultured cells or uncultered cells obtained from patient biopsies.
  • the target cells exhibit pathological growth or proliferation.
  • pathologically proliferating or growing cells refers to a localized population of proliferating cells in an animal that is not governed by the usual limitations of normal growth.
  • un-activated target cell refers to a cell that is either in the G o phase or one in which a stimulus has not been applied.
  • activated target lymphoid cell refers to a lymphoid cell that has been primed with an appropriate stimulus to cause a signal transduction cascade, or alternatively, a lymphoid cell that is not in G o phase.
  • Activated lymphoid cells may proliferate, undergo activation induced cell death, or produce one or more of cytotoxins, cytokines, and other related membrane-associated proteins characteristic of the cell type. They are also capable of recognizing and binding any target cell that displays a particular antigen on its surface, and subsequently releasing its effector molecules.
  • activated cancer cell refers to a cancer cell that has been primed with an appropriate stimulus to cause a signal transduction.
  • An activated cancer cell may or may not be in the G O phase.
  • T cell ligand examples include, but are not limited to, a peptide that binds to an MHC molecule, a peptide MHC complex, or an antibody that recognizes components of the T cell receptor.
  • Examples of a B cell ligand include, but are not limited to, a molecule or antibody that binds to or recognizes components of the B cell receptor.
  • agents or conditions that enhance cell stress include heat, radiation, oxidative stress, or growth factor withdrawal and the like.
  • growth factors include, but are not limited to serum, IL-2, platelet derived growth factor (“PDGF”), and the like.
  • an effective amount refers to the amount of a compound (e.g., benzodiazepine) sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results.
  • An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations, applications or dosages and is not limited intended to be limited to a particular formulation or administration route.
  • the dysregulation when the dysregulation is induced by or associated with a viral infection, the viral infection may or may not be detectable at the time dysregulation occurs or is observed. That is, viral-induced dysregulation can occur even after the disappearance of symptoms of viral infection.
  • autoimmune disorder refers to any condition in which an organism produces antibodies or immune cells which recognize the organism's own molecules, cells or tissues.
  • Non-limiting examples of autoimmune disorders include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, Berger's disease or IgA nephropathy, Celiac Sprue, chronic fatigue syndrome, Crohn's disease, dermatomyositis, fibromyalgia, graft versus host disease, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, lichen planus, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic arthritis, scleroderma, Sjorgren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, ulcerative colitis, vitiligo, and the like.
  • chronic inflammatory condition refers to a condition wherein the organism's immune cells are activated. Such a condition is characterized by a persistent inflammatory response with pathologic sequelae. This state is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells, proliferation of fibroblasts and small blood vessels, increased connective tissue, and tissue destruction.
  • chronic inflammatory diseases include, but are not limited to, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and asthma.
  • Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus can also result in a chronic inflammatory state.
  • co-administration refers to the administration of at least two agent(s) (e.g., benzodiazepines) or therapies to a subject. In some embodiments, the co-administration of two or more agents/therapies is concurrent. In other embodiments, a first agent/therapy is administered prior to a second agent/therapy.
  • agent(s) e.g., benzodiazepines
  • a first agent/therapy is administered prior to a second agent/therapy.
  • the appropriate dosage for co-administration can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
  • the respective agents/therapies are administered at lower dosages than appropriate for their administration alone. Thus, co-administration is especially desirable in embodiments where the co-administration of the agents/therapies lowers the requisite dosage of a known potentially harmful (e.g., toxic) agent(s).
  • composition refers to the combination of an active agent with a carrier, inert or active, making the composition especially suitable for diagnostic or therapeutic use in vivo, in vivo or ex vivo.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions (e.g., such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsions), and various types of wetting agents.
  • the compositions also can include stabilizers and preservatives.
  • stabilizers and adjuvants See e.g., Martin, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15th Ed., Mack Publ. Co., Easton, Pa. [1975]).
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g., acid or base) of a compound of the present invention which, upon administration to a subject, is capable of providing a compound of this invention or an active metabolite or residue thereof.
  • salts of the compounds of the present invention may be derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases.
  • acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, maleic, phosphoric, glycolic, lactic, salicylic, succinic, toluene-p-sulfonic, tartaric, acetic, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, formic, benzoic, malonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, benzenesulfonic acid, and the like.
  • Other acids such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
  • salts include, but are not limited to: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, flucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate,
  • solid phase supports are used in their broadest sense to refer to a number of supports that are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Solid phase supports include, but are not limited to, silica gels, resins, derivatized plastic films, glass beads, cotton, plastic beads, alumina gels, and the like.
  • solid supports also include synthetic antigen-presenting matrices, cells, liposomes, and the like. A suitable solid phase support may be selected on the basis of desired end use and suitability for various protocols.
  • solid phase supports may refer to resins such as polystyrene (e.g., PAM-resin obtained from Bachem, Inc., Peninsula Laboratories, etc.), POLYHIPE) resin (obtained from Aminotech, Canada), polyamide resin (obtained from Peninsula Laboratories), polystyrene resin grafted with polyethylene glycol (TENTAGEL, Rapp Polymere, Tubingen, Germany) or polydimethylacrylamide resin (obtained from Milligen/Biosearch, California).
  • polystyrene e.g., PAM-resin obtained from Bachem, Inc., Peninsula Laboratories, etc.
  • POLYHIPE polyamide resin
  • TENTAGEL Rapp Polymere, Tubingen, Germany
  • polydimethylacrylamide resin obtained from Milligen/Biosearch, California
  • pathogen refers a biological agent that causes a disease state (e.g., infection, cancer, etc.) in a host.
  • pathogens include, but are not limited to, viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoans, mycoplasma, prions, and parasitic organisms.
  • bacteria and “bacterium” refer to all prokaryotic organisms, including those within all of the phyla in the Kingdom Procaryotae. It is intended that the term encompass all microorganisms considered to be bacteria including Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Actinomyces, Streptomyces , and Rickettsia . All forms of bacteria are included within this definition including cocci, bacilli, spirochetes, spheroplasts, protoplasts, etc. Also included within this term are prokaryotic organisms which are gram negative or gram positive. “Gram negative” and “gram positive” refer to staining patterns with the Gram-staining process which is well known in the art.
  • Gram positive bacteria are bacteria which retain the primary dye used in the Gram stain, causing the stained cells to appear dark blue to purple under the microscope.
  • Gram negative bacteria do not retain the primary dye used in the Gram stain, but are stained by the counterstain. Thus, gram negative bacteria appear red.
  • microorganism refers to any species or type of microorganism, including but not limited to, bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoans, mycoplasma, and parasitic organisms.
  • the present invention contemplates that a number of microorganisms encompassed therein will also be pathogenic to a subject.
  • fungi is used in reference to eukaryotic organisms such as the molds and yeasts, including dimorphic fungi.
  • virus refers to minute infectious agents, which with certain exceptions, are not observable by light microscopy, lack independent metabolism, and are able to replicate only within a living host cell.
  • the individual particles i.e., virions
  • the individual particles typically consist of nucleic acid and a protein shell or coat; some virions also have a lipid containing membrane.
  • the term “virus” encompasses all types of viruses, including animal, plant, phage, and other viruses.
  • sample as used herein is used in its broadest sense.
  • a sample suspected of indicating a condition characterized by the dysregulation of apoptotic function may comprise a cell, tissue, or fluids, chromosomes isolated from a cell (e.g., a spread of metaphase chromosomes), genomic DNA (in solution or bound to a solid support such as for Southern blot analysis), RNA (in solution or bound to a solid support such as, for Northern blot analysis), cDNA (in solution or bound to a solid support) and the like.
  • a sample suspected of containing a protein may comprise a cell, a portion of a tissue, an extract containing one or more proteins and the like.
  • the terms “purified” or “to purify” refer, to the removal of undesired components from a sample.
  • substantially purified refers to molecules that are at least 60% free, preferably 75% free, and most preferably 90%, or more, free from other components with which they usually associated.
  • antigen binding protein refers to proteins which bind to a specific antigen.
  • Antigen binding proteins include, but are not limited to, immunoglobulins, including polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, and humanized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′)2 fragments, and Fab expression libraries.
  • immunoglobulins including polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, and humanized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′)2 fragments, and Fab expression libraries.
  • Fab fragments fragments, F(ab′)2 fragments, and Fab expression libraries.
  • Various procedures known in the art are used for the production of polyclonal antibodies.
  • various host animals can be immunized by injection with the peptide corresponding to the desired epitope including but not limited to rabbits, mice, rats, sheep, goats, etc.
  • the peptide is conjugated to an immunogenic carrier (e.g., diphtheria toxoid, bovine serum albumin (BSA), or keyhole limpet hemocyanin [KLH]).
  • an immunogenic carrier e.g., diphtheria toxoid, bovine serum albumin (BSA), or keyhole limpet hemocyanin [KLH]
  • Various adjuvants are used to increase the immunological response, depending on the host species, including but not limited to Freund's (complete and incomplete), mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanins, dinitrophenol, and potentially useful human adjuvants such as BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum.
  • any technique that provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture may be used (See e.g., Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). These include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique originally developed by Köhler and Milstein (Köhler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495-497 [1975]), as well as the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (See e.g., Kozbor et al., Immunol.
  • Antibody fragments that contain the idiotype (antigen binding region) of the antibody molecule can be generated by known techniques.
  • fragments include but are not limited to: the F(ab′)2 fragment that can be produced by pepsin digestion of an antibody molecule; the Fab′ fragments that can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of an F(ab′)2 fragment, and the Fab fragments that can be generated by treating an antibody molecule with papain and a reducing agent.
  • Genes encoding antigen binding proteins can be isolated by methods known in the art. In the production of antibodies, screening for the desired antibody can be accomplished by techniques known in the art (e.g., radioimmunoassay, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay), “sandwich” immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion precipitin reactions, immunodiffusion assays, in situ immunoassays (using colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope labels, for example), Western Blots, precipitation reactions, agglutination assays (e.g., gel agglutination assays, hemagglutination assays, etc.), complement fixation assays, immunofluorescence assays, protein A assays, and immunoelectrophoresis assays, etc.) etc.
  • radioimmunoassay e.g., ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay), “sandwich” immunoas
  • immunoglobulin refers to proteins that bind a specific antigen.
  • Immunoglobulins include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, and humanized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) 2 fragments, and includes immunoglobulins of the following classes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IbE, and secreted immunoglobulins (sIg).
  • Immunoglobulins generally comprise two identical heavy chains and two light chains.
  • the terms “antibody” and “immunoglobulin” also encompass single chain antibodies and two chain antibodies.
  • epitopope refers to that portion of an antigen that makes contact with a particular immunoglobulin.
  • an antigenic determinant may compete with the intact antigen (i.e., the “immunogen” used to elicit the immune response) for binding to an antibody.
  • telomere binding when used in reference to the interaction of an antibody and a protein or peptide means that the interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope) on the protein; in other words the antibody is recognizing and binding to a specific protein structure rather than to proteins in general. For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope “A,” the presence of a protein containing epitope A (or free, unlabelled A) in a reaction containing labeled “A” and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A bound to the antibody.
  • non-specific binding and “background binding” when used in reference to the interaction of an antibody and a protein or peptide refer to an interaction that is not dependent on the presence of a particular structure (i.e., the antibody is binding to proteins in general rather that a particular structure such as an epitope).
  • the term “modulate” refers to the activity of a compound (e.g., benzodiazepine compound) to affect (e.g., to promote or retard) an aspect of cellular function, including, but not limited to, cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and the like.
  • a compound e.g., benzodiazepine compound
  • affect e.g., to promote or retard an aspect of cellular function, including, but not limited to, cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and the like.
  • the term “competes for binding” is used in reference to a first molecule (e.g., a first benzodiazepine derivative) with an activity that binds to the same substrate (e.g., the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein in mitochondrial ATP synthase) as does a second molecule (e.g., a second benzodiazepine derivative or other molecule that binds to the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein in mitochondrial ATP synthase, etc.).
  • the efficiency e.g., kinetics or thermodynamics
  • the first molecule may be the same as, or greater than, or less than, the efficiency of the substrate binding to the second molecule.
  • the equilibrium binding constant (K D ) for binding to the substrate may be different for the two molecules.
  • the term “instructions for administering said compound to a subject,” and grammatical equivalents thereof, includes instructions for using the compositions contained in a kit for the treatment of conditions characterized by the dysregulation of apoptotic processes in a cell or tissue (e.g., providing dosing, route of administration, decision trees for treating physicians for correlating patient-specific characteristics with therapeutic courses of action).
  • the term also specifically refers to instructions for using the compositions contained in the kit to treat autoimmune disorders (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, graft-versus-host disease, myasthenia gravis, Sjögren's syndrome, etc.), chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., psoriasis, asthma and Crohn's disease), hyperproliferative disorders (e.g., tumors, B cell lymphomas, T cell lymphomas, etc.), viral infections (e.g., herpes virus, papilloma virus, HIV), and other conditions such as osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis, and the like.
  • autoimmune disorders e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, graft-versus-host disease, myasthenia gravis, Sjögren's syndrome, etc.
  • chronic inflammatory conditions e.g., p
  • test compound refers to any chemical entity, pharmaceutical, drug, and the like, that can be used to treat or prevent a disease, illness, sickness, or disorder of bodily function, or otherwise alter the physiological or cellular status of a sample (e.g., the level of dysregulation of apoptosis in a cell or tissue).
  • Test compounds comprise both known and potential therapeutic compounds.
  • a test compound can be determined to be therapeutic by using the screening methods of the present invention.
  • a “known therapeutic compound” refers to a therapeutic compound that has been shown (e.g., through animal trials or prior experience with administration to humans) to be effective in such treatment or prevention.
  • test compounds are agents that modulate apoptosis in cells.
  • third party refers to any entity engaged in selling, warehousing, distributing, or offering for sale a test compound contemplated for administered with a compound for treating conditions characterized by the dysregulation of apoptotic processes.
  • a lead is any chemical compound that shows the biological activity sought.
  • a lead is not the same as a drug however—as it should meet the criteria listed above prior to use as a drug.
  • lead-finding Here the task is to find a chemical compound that has a desired bioactivity.
  • the second is lead-optimization, modifying the lead structure to build in the other desirable properties (safety, solubility, stability, etc.).
  • Chemical modification of known drugs can often lead to improved drugs.
  • penicillin G is broken down by bacterial beta-lactamases.
  • Addition of two —OCH 3 groups produces methicillin, which is resistant to lactamase.
  • Another example of chemical modification is found in the opiate analgesics.
  • the parent compound is morphine, which occurs in opium poppies.
  • Morphine is a powerful analgesic, but it has serious side effects: respiratory depression, constipation, and dependence liability.
  • Thousands of analogs (related chemical structures) have been synthesized in an effort to find analgesics with lower incidence of side effects. In some cases, small changes in chemical structure may have a big influence on the activity.
  • nalorphine is a partial agonist (shows some morphine-like activity, and at higher concentration, antagonizes morphine effects), and naloxone is an antagonist.
  • meperidine has only two rings instead of four, but it maintains strong analgesic activity. It has better oral absorption than morphine, and shows less GI side effects.
  • Methadone is an analgesic in which the original piperidine ring (6-membered ring containing a nitrogen atom) is completely absent. It retains analgesic activity, has good oral activity, and has a long half-life in the body. Dextromethorphan is constructed on a mirror image of the morphine ring system. It has no opiate analgesic effects or side effects, but is a useful anti-tussive agent.
  • Some drugs are discovered by observing side effects of existing drugs. For example, minoxidil was found to grow hair on bald men as a side effect in a study of its antihypertensive effects. Viagra's effect on penile dysfunction was discovered in clinical trials for treatment of angina; it had originally been designed as an antihypertensive drug.
  • Structure-based molecular design is yet another method to identify lead molecules for drug design. This method is based on the premise that desired drug candidates possess significant structural and chemical complementarity with their target molecules. This design method can create molecules with specific properties that make them conducive for binding to the target site.
  • the molecular structures that are designed by the structure-based design process are meant to interact with biochemical targets, for example, whose three-dimensional structures are known.
  • benzodiazepine compounds As a class of drugs, benzodiazepine compounds have been widely studied and reported to be effective medicaments for treating a number of disease. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,076,823, 4,110,337, 4,495,101, 4,751,223 and 5,776,946, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, report that certain benzodiazepine compounds are effective as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,726 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,915, each incorporated by reference in its entirety, report that certain benzodiazepine compounds are antagonists of cholecystokinin and gastrin and thus might be useful to treat certain gastrointestinal disorders.
  • benzodiazepine compounds have been studied as inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in the treating of human neutrophil elastase-mediated conditions such as myocardial ischemia, septic shock syndrome, among others (See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,380 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • Benzodiazepine compounds are known to bind to benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) and thus have been used to treat various CNS disorders including anxiety and epilepsy. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors have also been identified, which receptors may incidentally also be present in the CNS.
  • the present invention demonstrates that benzodiazepines and related compounds have pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic properties. The route of action of these compounds is not through the previously identified benzodiazepine receptors.
  • the present invention provides a number of compounds.
  • the present invention provides methods for using such compounds to regulate biological processes.
  • the present invention also provides drug-screening methods to identify and optimize compounds.
  • the present invention provides unsolvated benzodiazepine structures and benzodiazepine related structures with long term storage capability, and stability under high pressures (e.g., storage pressures necessary in generating drug tablets).
  • compositions and methods of the present invention are described in more detail in the following sections: I. Modulators of Cell Death; II. Modulators of Cell Growth and Proliferation; III. Benzodiazepine and Benzodiazepine Related Crystal Forms; IV. Pharmaceutical compositions, formulations, and exemplary administration routes and dosing considerations; V. Drug screens; VI. Therapeutic Applications; and VII. ATPase Inhibitors And Methods For Identifying Therapeutic Inhibitors.
  • the present invention herein incorporates by reference U.S. Provisional Patent Nos. 60/131,761, 60/165,511, 60/191,855, 60/312,560, 60/313,689, 60/396,670, 60/565,788, 60/607,599, 60/641,040, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/324,419, 11/176,719, 11/110,228, 10/935,333, 10/886,450, 10/795,535, 10/634,114, 10/427,211, 10/427,212, 10/217,878, 09/767,283, 09/700,101, and related applications. All compounds and uses described in the above mentioned cases are contemplated to be part of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention regulate apoptosis through the exposure of cells to compounds.
  • the effect of compounds can be measured by detecting any number of cellular changes.
  • Cell death may be assayed as described herein and in the art.
  • cell lines are maintained under appropriate cell culturing conditions (e.g., gas (CO 2 ), temperature and media) for an appropriate period of time to attain exponential proliferation without density dependent constraints.
  • Cell number and or viability are measured using standard techniques, such as trypan blue exclusion/hemo-cytometry, or MTT dye conversion assay.
  • the cell may be analyzed for the expression of genes or gene products associated with aberrations in apoptosis or necrosis.
  • exposing the compounds of the present invention to a cell induces apoptosis.
  • the present invention causes an initial increase in cellular ROS levels (e.g., O 2 ⁇ ).
  • exposure of the compounds of the present invention to a cell causes an increase in cellular O 2 ⁇ levels.
  • the increase in cellular O 2 ⁇ levels resulting from the compounds of the present invention is detectable with a redox-sensitive agent that reacts specifically with O 2 ⁇ (e.g., dihyroethedium (DHE)).
  • DHE dihyroethedium
  • the compounds of the present invention cause a collapse of a cell's mitochondrial ⁇ m .
  • a collapse of a cell's mitochondrial ⁇ m resulting from the present invention is detectable with a mitochondria-selective potentiometric probe (e.g., DiOC 6 ).
  • a collapse of a cell's mitochondrial ⁇ m resulting from the present invention occurs after an initial increase in cellular O 2 ⁇ levels.
  • the compounds of the present invention enable caspace activation. In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention cause the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. In further embodiments, the compounds of the present invention alter cystolic cytochrome c levels. In still other embodiments, altered cystolic cytochrome c levels resulting from the compounds of the present invention are detectable with immunoblotting cytosolic fractions. In preferred embodiments, diminished cystolic cytochrome c levels resulting from the compounds of the present invention are detectable after a period of time (e.g., 10 hours). In further preferred embodiments, diminished cystolic cytochrome c levels resulting from the compounds of the present invention are detectable after 5 hours.
  • a period of time e.g. 10 hours
  • the compounds of the present invention cause the opening of the mitochondrial PT pore.
  • the cellular release of cytochrome c resulting from the compounds of the present invention are consistent with a collapse of mitochondrial ⁇ m .
  • the compounds of the present invention cause an increase in cellular O 2 ⁇ levels after a mitochondrial ⁇ m collapse and a release of cytochrome c.
  • a rise in cellular O 2 ⁇ levels is caused by a mitochondrial ⁇ m collapse and release of cytochrome c resulting from the compounds of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention cause cellular caspase activation.
  • caspase activation resulting from the compounds of the present invention is measurable with a pan-caspase sensitive fluorescent substrate (e.g., FAM-VAD-fink).
  • caspase activation resulting from the compounds of the present invention tracks with a collapse of mitochondrial ⁇ m .
  • the compounds of the present invention cause an appearance of hypodiploid DNA.
  • an appearance of hypodiploid DNA resulting from the compounds of the present invention is slightly delayed with respect to caspase activation.
  • the molecular target for the compounds of the present invention is found within mitochondria.
  • the molecular target of the compounds of the present invention involves the mitochondrial ATPase.
  • the primary sources of cellular ROS include redox enzymes and the mitochondrial respiratory chain (hereinafter MRC).
  • cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV of the MRC) inhibitors e.g., NaN 3
  • the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase component of MRC complex III inhibitors preclude a dependent increase in ROS levels for the compounds of the present invention.
  • an increase in cellular ROS levels due to the compounds of the present invention result from the binding of the compounds of the present invention to a target within mitochondria.
  • the compounds of the present invention oxidizes 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescin (hereinafter DCF) diacetate to DCF.
  • DCF is a redox-active species capable of generating ROS.
  • the rate of DCF production resulting from the present invention increases after a lag period.
  • Antimycin A generates O 2 ⁇ by inhibiting ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase.
  • the compounds of the present invention increase the rate of ROS production in an equivalent manner to antimycin A.
  • the compounds of the present invention increase the rate of ROS production in an equivalent manner to antimycin A under aerobic conditions supporting state 3 respiration.
  • the compounds of the present invention do not directly target the MPT pore.
  • the compounds of the present invention do not generate substantial ROS in the subcellular S15 fraction (e.g., cytosol; microsomes).
  • the compounds of the present invention do not stimulate ROS if mitochondria are in state 4 respiration.
  • MRC complexes I-III are the primary sources of ROS within mitochondria.
  • the primary source of an increase in cellular ROS levels resulting from the dependent invention emanates from these complexes as a result of inhibiting the mitochondrial F 1 F 0 -ATPase.
  • the present invention inhibits mitochondrial ATPase activity of bovine sub-mitochondrial particles (hereinafter SMPs).
  • SMPs bovine sub-mitochondrial particles
  • the compounds of the present invention bind to the OSCP component of the mitochondrial F 1 F 0 -ATPase.
  • Oligomycin is a macrolide natural product that binds to the mitochondrial F 1 F 0 -ATPase, induces a state 3 to 4 transition, and as a result, generates ROS (e.g., O 2 ⁇ ).
  • the compounds of the present invention bind the OSCP component of the mitochondrial F 1 F 0 -ATPase.
  • the compounds of the present invention bind the junction between the OSCP and the F 1 subunit of the mitochondrial F 1 F 0 -ATPase.
  • the compounds of the present invention bind the F, subunit.
  • screening assays of the present invention permit detection of binding partners of the OSCP, F 1 , or OSCP/F 1 junction.
  • OSCP is an intrinsically fluorescent protein.
  • titrating a solution of test compounds of the present invention into an E. Coli sample overexpressed with OSCP results in quenching of the intrinsic OSCP fluorescence.
  • fluorescent or radioactive test compounds can be used in direct binding assays.
  • competition binding experiments can be conducted. In this type of assay, test compounds are assessed for their ability to compete with Bz-423 for binding to the OSCP.
  • the compounds of the present invention cause a reduced increase in cellular ROS levels and reduced apoptosis in cells through regulation of the OSCP gene (e.g., altering expression of the OSCP gene).
  • the present invention functions by altering the molecular motions of the ATPase motor.
  • the compounds and methods of the present invention cause descreased cellular proliferation. In other embodiments, the compounds and methods of the present invention cause decreased cellular proliferation and apoptosis.
  • cell culture cytotoxicity assays conducted during the development of the present invention demonstrated that the compounds and methods of the present invention prevents cell growth after an extended period in culture (e.g., 3 days).
  • the present invention relates to systems and methods for generating new formulations of benzodiazepine compounds and benzodiazepine related compounds.
  • the present invention also provides high throughput systems and methods for generating and identifying new crystalline benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine related compounds.
  • the present invention provides libraries of polymers from which crystals are nucleated by exposing solutions (e.g., supersaturated solutions), the melt or vapor of the compound to the polymers. Growth of crystals on a plurality of polymers provides new methods for obtaining desired polymorphs of compounds and for generating previously unidentified polymorphs of compounds.
  • the systems and methods of the present invention have been used to identify novel polymorphs of benzodiazepine compounds.
  • the systems and methods have also been used to generate efficient methods for producing orthorhombic benzodiazepine compounds from solution.
  • the novel polymorphs identified by the systems and methods of the present invention find use in identifying drugs with enhanced properties, compared to previously available polymorphs of the compound.
  • the systems and methods of the present invention provide means for finding drug leads and/or optimizing existing drugs (see, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/269,190; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • polymorphism e.g., the ability of a substance to exist as two or more crystalline phases that have different arrangements and/or conformations of the molecules in the crystal lattice. Because of their structural differences, polymorphs have different solid-state properties. Consequently, polymorphism can exert profound effects on pharmaceutical processing, including, but not limited to, milling, granulation, and tableting (Conte et al., II Farmaco (Ed. Pr.) 30:194 (1974); Otsuka et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 45:894 (1997); Otsuka et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 84:614 (1995); Tuladhar et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 35:269 (1982); and Wong and Mitchell, Int.; J. Pharm., 88:261 (1992)).
  • the process of crystallization can be considered to start from a supersaturated solution, produced by evaporation, cooling, or addition of a nonsolvent, by formation of nuclei.
  • These species must achieve a sufficient size in order to proceed on to bulk crystals and it is the arrangement of the molecules in these nanometer-sized structures that leads to the macroscopic crystal.
  • the formation of unstable polymorphs can be attributed to their success in forming viable nuclei, a kinetic effect.
  • Additives designed by consideration of functional groups and lattice parameters can also interact with these nuclei to stabilize or destabilize them, and this approach of using designed additives has met with success in some cases (Weissbuch et al., Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B-Struct. Sci. 51:115 (1995); Chen et al., J. Cryst. Growth 144:297 (1994); and Davey et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119:1767 (1997)). However, this method is best suited for modifying the crystallization behavior of known polymorphs and is not readily adapted to the generation of new forms with unknown lattice parameters.
  • the present invention provides systems and methods for utilizing a combinatorial library of functionalized polymers for crystal formation. Both the types of functional groups and the spacing of these groups are altered to produce surfaces that facilitate polymorph generation. By varying these parameters (e.g., systematically) throughout the library, these polymers produce crystal forms without prior knowledge of the polymorph's structure and allow the discovery of new forms of compounds (e.g., pharmaceutical compounds, etc.) with improved properties over previously available structures.
  • Properties that differ among polymorphs include, but are not limited to: packing properties (e.g., molar volume and density, refractive index, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, hygroscopicity); thermodynamic properties (e.g., melting and sublimation temperatures, internal [e.g., structural] energy, enthalpy, heat capacity, entropy, free energy and chemical potential, thermodynamic activity, vapor pressure, solubility); spectroscopic properties (e.g., electronic transitions such as ultraviolet to visible absorption spectra, vibrational transitions such as infrared absorption and Raman spectra, rotational transitions such as far infrared and microwave absorption spectra, nuclear spin transitions such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectra); kinetic properties (e.g., dissolution rate, rates of solid state reactions, and stability); surface properties (e.g., surface free energy, interfacial tensions, habit); and mechanical properties (e.g., hardness, tensile strength, compactibility, tableting, handling
  • a plurality of polymers are provided with (e.g., placed onto or into) a solid surface or vessel to facilitate high throughput crystal growth and analysis.
  • the solid surface or vessel is a multi-chamber plate (e.g., a 96-well or 384-well plate).
  • the present invention is not limited by the solid surface or vessel employed.
  • the terms “solid support” or “support” refer to any material that provides a solid or semi-solid structure with which another material (e.g., a polymer) can be associated. Such materials include smooth supports (e.g., metal, glass, plastic, silicon, and ceramic surfaces) as well as textured and porous materials.
  • Solid supports need not be flat. Supports include any type of shape including spherical shapes (e.g., beads). Materials associated with the solid support may be associated with any portion of the solid support (e.g., may be attached, enclosed, or in contact with an interior portion of a porous solid support material).
  • the present invention is not limited by the nature of the polymer used to promote crystal growth.
  • the plurality of polymers used in screening methods of the present invention comprise two or more polymers (e.g., three or more, four or more, five or more, . . . , ten or more, . . . , twenty or more, . . . , fifty or more different polymers).
  • the maximum number of polymers employed in the systems and methods of the present invention is constrained only by the availability of polymer materials (i.e., any of the thousands of known polymers may be employed, as well as new polymers that are identified in the future) and by physical and space limitations of the testing area. However, the systems and methods of the present invention may be employed at very large scales.
  • 384-well plates are used wherein the bottom surface of each well contains a different polymer material. Dozens of such plates may be arranged on shelves and dozens of shelves may be placed in racks. A single laboratory space can hold hundreds of racks. Thus, a single room can house tens of millions of different polymers, wherein a solution with a candidate compound is applied to each of the polymers and crystals are grown and analyzed to identify the properties of the crystals. Further miniaturization allows even more reactions to be run simultaneously in a single run.
  • Polymers at each location in the library can comprise a mixture of two or more different polymers in one or more different locations.
  • the combination of polymers in different ratios dramatically expands the diversity of conditions available in the libraries.
  • Solutions containing the compound to be screened are applied to the polymers and incubated under conditions that facilitate crystal growth.
  • the present invention is not limited by the manner in which the compounds are applied to the polymers.
  • a solution is used to supply each region of a polymer library. Solution may be delivered by pouring, transfer through tubing, injection, or any other means. Where thousands to millions of individual polymers are used, in preferred embodiments, an automated delivery system is used.
  • the present invention is not limited to the use of solutions. Melts of materials and vapors onto the polymers also find use in the system and methods of the present invention.
  • the solvent used to solubilize any particular compound may be varied.
  • a variety of solvents are used for each compound, wherein each different solvent type is exposed to each type of polymer to increase the range of crystallization conditions used in the library.
  • multiple regions (e.g., zones) of each polymer are created in the library to allow each solvent type to be combined with each polymer type.
  • a variety of different ingredients e.g., salts
  • Such applications find use in the generation and isolation of new pseudopolymorphs (solvates and salts) that may be used as drugs.
  • Crystals formed on each polymer are analyzed using any suitable method. In some embodiments, analysis is conducted directly on the polymer surface, without removing the crystals. In other embodiments, crystals are removed and analyzed. Analysis includes, but is not limited to, crystal structure analysis, analysis of spectroscopic, packing, density, thermodynamic, properties, kinetic, surface, and mechanical properties. In some embodiments, analysis includes functional analysis such as testing bioavailability or biological activity after administration to a test organism (e.g., an animal or plant). For example, in some embodiments, rapid screening is conducted using the D8 Discover with GADDS X-ray diffraction system (Bruker AXS, Madison, Wis.) or similar systems.
  • Polymorphs identified in the screening method are compared to existing polymorphs. Where a new polymorph is identified, the polymorph is characterized to identify properties that differ from previously known polymorphs (e.g., to identify improved drugs).
  • Known polymorphs generated using the systems and methods of the present invention also are compared to existing production methods to identify whether the polymer-based method of the present invention provides advantages over existing production methods (e.g., less expensive or easier to produce, greater purity, superior crystals, ability to produce from aqueous solution, etc.).
  • Polymorphs identified by the present invention can be produced in large quantities.
  • crystals are collected and used to seed further solutions of the compound.
  • the presence of the polymer surface may be required to generate crystals.
  • large or multiple surfaces or vessels are provided with the polymer known to generate the crystal to allow large-scale production.
  • Polymorphs produced by the methods of the present invention may be used in the generation of pharmaceutical formulations.
  • the novel polymorphs identified increase the available choices for designing drugs with desired properties, both in biological activity and in handling. For example, in order for many drugs to take action, they must dissolve in the gut and be absorbed in the blood stream. In many cases the rate at which the drug dissolves can limit its effectiveness.
  • the polymorphs of the present invention, either alone, or in combination with other forms of the drug find use in optimizing effectiveness, generally, or for particular patients or patient groups (e.g., age groups, genders, species, etc.). In some cases, the novel polymorphs provide advantages in shelf-life or the ability of the compound to be included in tablets (See e.g., Sun and Grant, Pharm. Res., 18:274 (2001)).
  • Exemplary benzodiazepine compounds provided by the present invention include crystal forms and formulations of Bz-423:
  • Bz-423 differs from benzodiazepines in clinical use by the presence of a hydrophobic substituent at C-3. This substitution renders binding to the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (“PBR”) weak (K d ca. 1 ⁇ M) and prevents binding to the central benzodiazepine receptor so that Bz-423 is not a sedative. Additionally, compostions of the present invention comprising benzodiazepine compounds (e.g., Bz-423) have been shown to bind to the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) portion of the mitochondrial F 0 F 1 ATPase synthase complex, to the OSCP junction, or to the F 1 subunit (see, e.g., U.S. Provisional Patent Nos.
  • OSCP oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein
  • Exemplary crystal forms of Bz-423 and related compounds provided by the present invention include, but are not limited to, anhydrous Bz-423, Bz-423 ethanol solvate, Bz-423 succinic acid (2:1), Bz-423 citric acid (2:1), Bz-423 biphenyl derivate, BZ-423-acetic acid, BZ-423-CH 3 CN, BZ-423-methanol, BZ-423-ethyl acetate, BZ-423-toluene, BZ-423-oxalic acid, BZ-423-fumaric acid, BZ-423-octanol, BZ-423-heptanoic acid, BZ-423-diphenyl ether, Bz-423-1-propanol solvate, Bz-423 2-propanol solvate, Bz-423 1-butanol solvate, Bz-423 2-butanol solvate, Bz-423 1-pentanol solvate,
  • R 1 is a hydrocarbyl group of 1-20 carbons and 1-20 hydrogens.
  • R 1 has 1-15 carbons, and more preferably, has 1-12 carbons.
  • R 1 has 1-12 hydrogens, and more preferably, 1-10 hydrogens.
  • R 1 can be an aliphatic group or an aryl group.
  • aliphatic represents the groups commonly known as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alicyclic.
  • aryl as used herein represents a single aromatic ring such as a phenyl ring, or two or more aromatic rings that are connected to each other (e.g., bisphenyl) or fused together (e.g., naphthalene or anthracene).
  • the aryl group can be optionally substituted with a lower aliphatic group (e.g., C 1 -C 4 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or C 3 -C 6 alicyclic).
  • R 2 can be aliphatic, aryl, —NH 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)—R 5 , or a moiety that participates in hydrogen bonding, wherein R 5 , is aryl, heterocyclic, R 6 —NH—C( ⁇ O)—R 7 or —R 6 —C( ⁇ O)—NH—R 7 , wherein R 6 is an aliphatic linker of 1-6 carbons and R 7 is an aliphatic, aryl, or heterocyclic.
  • the terms “aliphatic” and “aryl” are as defined above.
  • a moiety that participates in hydrogen bonding represents a group that can accept or donate a proton to form a hydrogen bond thereby.
  • moieties that participate in hydrogen bonding include a fluoro, oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing groups that are well-known in the art.
  • oxygen-containing groups that participate in hydrogen bonding include: hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower carbonyl, lower carboxyl, lower ethers and phenolic groups.
  • the qualifier “lower” as used herein refers to lower aliphatic groups (C 1 -C 4 ) to which the respective oxygen-containing functional group is attached.
  • lower carbonyl refers to inter alia, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde.
  • the hydrogen-bond acceptor in the present invention can be the ⁇ electrons of an aromatic ring.
  • the hydrogen bond participants of this invention do not include those groups containing metal atoms such as boron.
  • the hydrogen bonds formed within the scope of practicing this invention do not include those formed between two hydrogens, known as “dihydrogen bonds.” (See, R. H. Crabtree, Science, 282:2000-2001 [1998], for further description of such dihydrogen bonds).
  • Each of R 3 and R 4 can be independently a hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, amino, or substituted amino (such as lower-alkyl-substituted-amino, or acetylamino or hydroxyamino), or an aliphatic group having 1-8 carbons and 1-20 hydrogens.
  • R 3 and R 4 When each of R 3 and R 4 is an aliphatic group, it can be further substituted with one or more functional groups such as a hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, amino or substituted amino groups as described above.
  • the terms “aliphatic” is defined above.
  • each of R 3 and R 4 can be hydrogen.
  • 1,4-benzodiazepines exist as optical isomers due to the chirality introduced into the heterocyclic ring at tile C 3 position.
  • the optical isomers are sometimes described as L- or D-isomers in the literature.
  • the isomers are also referred to as R- and S-enantiomorphs.
  • these isomers are referred to as enantiomorphs or enantiomers.
  • the 1,4-benzodiazepine compounds described herein include their enantiomeric forms as well as racemic mixtures.
  • the usage “benzodiazepine or its enantiomers” herein refers to the benzodiazepine as described or depicted, including all its enantiomorphs as well as their racemic mixture.
  • R 1 is aliphatic
  • R 2 is aliphatic
  • R 1 is aryl
  • R 2 is a moiety that participates in hydrogen bond formation.
  • R 1 can be aliphatic
  • R 2 can be an —NHC( ⁇ O)—R 5 , or a moiety that participates in hydrogen bonding, wherein R 5 is aryl, heterocyclic, —R 6 —NH—C( ⁇ O)—R 7 or —R 6 —C( ⁇ O)—NH—R 7 , wherein R 6 is an aliphatic linker of 1-6 carbons and R 7 is an aliphatic, aryl, or heterocyclic.
  • R 6 is an aliphatic linker of 1-6 carbons and R 7 is an aliphatic, aryl, or heterocyclic.
  • Additional exemplary compounds of the present invention also include, but are not limited to, crystal forms and formulations of:
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compound are provided:
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: or its enantiomer, wherein, R 1 is aliphatic or aryl; R 2 is aliphatic, aryl, —NH 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)—R 5 ; or a moiety that participates in hydrogen bonding, wherein R 5 is aryl, heterocyclic, —R 6 —NH—C( ⁇ O)—R 7 or —R 6 —C( ⁇ O)—NH—R 7 , wherein R 6 is an aliphatic linker of 1-6 carbons and R 7 is aliphatic, aryl, or heterocyclic, each of R 3 and R 4 is independently a hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, amino, lower-alkyl-substituted-amino, acetylamino, hydroxyamino, an aliphatic group having 1-8 carbons and 1-20 hydrogens, aryl, or heterocyclic; or a pharmaceutically
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 1 and R 5 are attached to any available carbon atom of phenyl rings A and B respectively, and at each occurrence are independently selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, OR 8 , NR 8 R 9 , C( ⁇ O)R 8 , CO 2 R 8 , C( ⁇ O)NR 8 R 9 , NR 8 C( ⁇ O)R 9 , NR 8 C( ⁇ O)OR 9 , S(O)OR 9 , NR 8 SO 2 R 9 , SO 2 NR 8 R 9 , cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl, and/or two of R 1 and/or two of R 5 join together to form a fused benzo ring; R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl,
  • R 15 is halogen, alkyl, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, NHC( ⁇ O)alkyl, and/or two R 15 groups are taken together to form a fused benzo ring or a five to six membered heteroaryl;
  • R 16 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, NHC( ⁇ O)alkyl, and phenyloxy or benzyloxy in turn optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of halogen, cyano, and C 4 alkoxy;
  • R 17 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, and SO 2 phenyl; and u and v are independently 0, 1 or 2.
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, in which: R 1 and R 5 are attached to any available carbon atom of phenyl ring A and phenyl ring B, respectively, and at each occurrence are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, substituted C 1-6 alkyl, halogen, cyano, O(C 1-6 alkyl), O(phenyl), O(benzyl), NH 2 , NH(C 1-6 alkyl), N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , C( ⁇ O)H, C( ⁇ O)(C 1-6 alkyl), CO 2 H, CO 2 (C 1-6 alkyl), C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , C( ⁇ O)NH(C 1-6 alkyl), C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , NHC( ⁇ O)(C 1-6 alkyl), S(O) 2
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 1 and R 5 are attached to any available carbon atom of phenyl ring A and phenyl ring B, respectively, and at each occurrence are independently selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, C( ⁇ O)H, acyl, CO 2 H, alkoxycarbonyl, carbamyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl, and/or two of R 1 and/or two of R 5 join together to form a fused benzo ring; R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; Z is —CO 2 —, —SO 2 —
  • Z is —SO 2 —;
  • R 6 is selected from C 1-4 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, benzyl, C 2-3 alkenyl substituted with phenyl,
  • R 15 is halogen, alkyl, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, NHC( ⁇ O)alkyl, and/or two R 15 groups are taken together to form a fused benzo ring or a five to six membered heteroaryl;
  • R 16 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, NHC( ⁇ O)alkyl, and phenyloxy or benzyloxy in turn optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of halogen, cyano, and C 1-4 alkoxy;
  • R 17 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, and SO 2 phenyl; and u and v are independently 0, 1 or 2.
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: or a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN and SO 2 -piperidine; R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, 4-Cl-Ph, Ph, and 2-Me-imidazole; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, CH 2 -2-imidazole, and CH 2 -2-oxazole.
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided:
  • R1 is H or hydroxy
  • R2 through R6 may be the same or different and is selected from hydrogen, a hydroxy, an alkoxy, a halo, an amino, a lower-alkyl-a substituted-amino, an acetylamino, a hydroxyamino, an aliphatic group having 1-8 carbons and 1-20 hydrogens, a substituted aliphatic group of similar size, a cycloaliphatic group consisting of ⁇ 10 carbons, a substituted cycloaliphatic group, an aryl, and a heterocyclic
  • Each of R2 through R10 may be the same or different and is selected from hydrogen, a hydroxy, an alkoxy, a halo, an amino, a lower-alkyl-a substituted-amino, an acetylamino, a hydroxyamino, an aliphatic group having 1-8 carbons and 1-20 hydrogen
  • compositions comprising crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxy subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one thiol subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, wherein said aliphatic chain terminates with an aldehyde subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one ketone subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; wherein
  • R′ is any functional group that protects the oxygen of R5 from metabolism in vivo, until the compound reaches its biological target (e.g., mitochondria).
  • R′ protecting group(s) is metabolized at the target site, converting R5 to a hydroxyl group.
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: including both R and S enantiomeric forms and racemic mixtures; wherein R1 comprises a chemical moiety comprising a hydrogen bonding proton donor (e.g., a hydroxyl group, a phenol group, an amide group, a sulfonamide group, an amine group, an aniline group, a benzimidizalone group, a carbamate group, and an imidizole group); and R2 comprises a hydrophobic chemical moiety.
  • a hydrogen bonding proton donor e.g., a hydroxyl group, a phenol group, an amide group, a sulfonamide group, an amine group, an aniline group, a benzimidizalone group, a carbamate group, and an imidizole group
  • R2 comprises a hydrophobic chemical moiety.
  • R2 is selected from group consisting of: napthalalanine; phenol; 1-Napthalenol; 2-Napthalenol;
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of Hydrogen; amino; and a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted (e.g., substituted with amines, esters, amides or phosphatases) or non-substituted, aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons;
  • R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, a ketone, and a nitrogen;
  • R5 is selected from H, a hydroxy, an alkoxy, a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic ester, a halogen, a nitro, a sulfonamide, an amide, a carbamate, an amino, a lower-alkyl, a substituted-amino, an acetylamino, a hydroxyamino, an aliphatic group having 1-8 carbons and 1-20 hydrogens, a substituted aliphatic group of similar size, a cycloaliphatic group consisting of less than 10 carbons, a substituted cycloaliphatic group, an aryl, a heterocyclic, NO 2 ; SR′; and NR′ 2 , wherein R′ is defined as a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least one carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxyl subgroup; a
  • R2 is any chemical group that permits the compound to bind to OSCP.
  • R2 comprises a hydrophobic aromatic group.
  • R2 comprises a hydrophobic aromatic group larger than benzene (e.g., a benzene ring with non-hydrogen substituents, a moiety having two or more aromatic rings, a moiety with 7 or more carbon atoms, etc.).
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided:
  • X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, sulfolamide, SO 2 alkyl, NHSO 2 , CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 , SO 2 , CH 2 SO 2 , SO 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 O, SO, CH 2 CH 2 SO, SOCH 2 CH 2 ; and
  • WW, XX, YY and ZZ are present or absent, and are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, OH, O-Alkyl, methyl ester, propyl ester, ethyl ester, CO 2 H, aniline, nitro, heterocycle, mono-substituted alkyl, di-substituted alkyl, and tri-substituted alkyl, hydrogen, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 NH-alkyl, NHSO 2 alkyl; and wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, mono-substituted alkyl, di-substituted alkyl, and tri-substituted alkyl.
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided:
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compound is provided:
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, carboxylic acid, amide, SO 2 NH 2 , NHSO 2 alkyl, and NO 2 ; wherein BB, CC, DD, and R4 are present or absent, and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CF 3 , NO 2 , alkyl, halogen, OH, O-alkyl, nitro, OCH 2 CH 2 OH, SO 2 H, mono-substituted alkyl, di-substituted alkyl, tri-substituted alkyl, CO 2 H, heterocycle, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 NH-alkyl, NHSO 2 alkyl, methyl ester, propyl ester, and ethyl ester; and wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of NHSO 2 , CH 2 NHSO 2 , CH 2 CH 2 NHSO 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHSO 2 , SOSO
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided:
  • R 1 is selected from:
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: including both R and S enantiomeric forms and racemic mixtures; wherein R1 is a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom; wherein R2 is comprises a chemical moiety comprising a heterocyclic group containing 3 or more carbon atoms; wherein R3 comprises a chemical moiety comprising a heterocyclic group containing 3 or more carbon atoms; and wherein R4 and R5 are separately selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; halogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a chemical moiety comprising a halogen; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen; an aromatic chemical moiety; a hydrophilic chemical moiety; and a hydrophobic chemical moiety.
  • the compound comprises the formula: wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of H and a ketone; and wherein R7 is selected from the group consisting of H and a ketone.
  • the compound comprises the formula:
  • R8 is carbon or nitrogen and R9 is selected from H, a hydroxy, an alkoxy, a halogen, an amino, a lower-alkyl, a substituted-amino, an acetylamino, a hydroxyamino, an aliphatic group having 1-8 carbons and 1-20 hydrogens, a substituted aliphatic group of similar size, a cycloaliphatic group consisting of less than 10 carbons, a substituted cycloaliphatic group, an aryl, a heterocyclic, NO 2 ; SR′; and NR′ 2 , wherein R′ is defined as a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least one carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxyl subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain
  • the compound comprises the formula: wherein R9 is selected from H, a hydroxy, an alkoxy, a halo, an amino, a lower-alkyl, a substituted-amino, an acetylamino, a hydroxyamino, an aliphatic group having 1-8 carbons and 1-20 hydrogens, a substituted aliphatic group of similar size, a cycloaliphatic group consisting of less than 10 carbons, a substituted cycloaliphatic group, an aryl, a heterocyclic, NO 2 ; SR′; and NR′ 2 , wherein R′ is defined as a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least one carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxyl subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxyl
  • the compound comprises the formula: wherein R10 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; halogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a chemical moiety comprising a halogen; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen; an aromatic chemical moiety; a hydrophilic chemical moiety; and a hydrophobic chemical moiety; and wherein R7 is selected from the group consisting of H and a ketone.
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of: wherein R12, R13, R14 and R15 are selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 1 carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxy subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one thiol subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, wherein the aliphatic chain terminates with an aldehyde subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one ketone subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; wherein the aliphatic chain
  • R4 or R5 are selected from group consisting of: napthalalanine; phenol; 1-Napthalenol; 2-Napthalenol; quinolines, and all aromatic regioisomers.
  • R4 or R5 is selected from the group consisting of: wherein R16 is carbon or nitrogen; wherein R17 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a chemical moiety comprising a halogen; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen; an aromatic chemical moiety; a hydrophilic chemical moiety; and a hydrophobic chemical moiety; wherein R18 is carbon or nitrogen; wherein R19 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a chemical moiety comprising a halogen; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen; an aromatic chemical moiety; a hydrophilic chemical moiety; and a hydrophobic chemical moiety; and wherein R20
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: including both R and S enantiomeric forms and racemic mixtures.
  • R1 is a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom
  • R2 is carbon or nitrogen
  • R3 comprises a chemical moiety comprising a heterocyclic group containing 3 or more carbon atoms
  • R4 and R5 are separately selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; halogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a chemical moiety comprising a halogen; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen; an aromatic chemical moiety; a hydrophilic chemical moiety; and a hydrophobic chemical moiety
  • R6 is selected from H, a hydroxy, an alkoxy, a halogen, an amino, a lower-alkyl, a substituted-amino, an acetylamino,
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of: wherein R12, R13, R14 and R15 are selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 1 carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxy subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one thiol subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, wherein the aliphatic chain terminates with an aldehyde subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one ketone subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; wherein the aliphatic chain terminates with an al
  • R4 or R5 are selected from group consisting of: napthalalanine; phenol; 1-Napthalenol; 2-Napthalenol; quinolines, and all aromatic regioisomers.
  • R4 or R5 is selected from the group consisting of: wherein R16 is carbon or nitrogen; wherein R17 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a chemical moiety comprising a halogen; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen; an aromatic chemical moiety; a hydrophilic chemical moiety; and a hydrophobic chemical moiety; wherein R18 is carbon or nitrogen; wherein R19 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a chemical moiety comprising a halogen; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen; an aromatic chemical moiety; a hydrophilic chemical moiety; and a hydrophobic chemical moiety; and wherein R20
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: including both R and S enantiomeric forms and racemic mixtures.
  • R1 is a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom
  • R2 is selected from H, a hydroxy, an alkoxy, a halo, an amino, a lower-alkyl, a substituted-amino, an acetylamino, a hydroxyamino, an aliphatic group having 1-8 carbons and 1-20 hydrogens, a substituted aliphatic group of similar size, a cycloaliphatic group consisting of less than 10 carbons, a substituted cycloaliphatic group, an aryl, a heterocyclic, NO 2 ; SR′; and NR′ 2 , wherein R′ is defined as a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least one carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxyl subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of: wherein R12, R13, R14 and R15 are selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 1 carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxy subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one thiol subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, wherein the aliphatic chain terminates with an aldehyde subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one ketone subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; wherein the aliphatic chain terminates with an al
  • R4 or R5 are selected from group consisting of:
  • R4 or R5 is selected from the group consisting of: wherein R16 is carbon or nitrogen; wherein R17 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a chemical moiety comprising a halogen; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen; an aromatic chemical moiety; a hydrophilic chemical moiety; and a hydrophobic chemical moiety; wherein R18 is carbon or nitrogen; wherein R19 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a chemical moiety comprising a halogen; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen; an aromatic chemical moiety; a hydrophilic chemical moiety; and a hydrophobic chemical moiety; and wherein R20
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided: including both R and S enantiomeric forms and racemic mixtures.
  • R1 is carbon or nitrogen;
  • R2 is selected from H, a hydroxy, an alkoxy, a halogen, an amino, a lower-alkyl, a substituted-amino, an acetylamino, a hydroxyamino, an aliphatic group having 1-8 carbons and 1-20 hydrogens, a substituted aliphatic group of similar size, a cycloaliphatic group consisting of less than 10 carbons, a substituted cycloaliphatic group, an aryl, a heterocyclic, NO 2 ; SR′; and NR′ 2 , wherein R′ is defined as a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least one carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxyl subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxy
  • R4 or R5 are selected from group consisting of: quinolines, and all aromatic regioisomers.
  • A is selected from the group consisting of: is selected from the group consisting of: wherein R1′, R2, R3 and R4 are selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 1 carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxy subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one thiol subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, wherein the aliphatic chain terminates with an aldehyde subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one ketone subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; where
  • C is selected from group consisting of: napthalalanine; phenol; 1-Napthalenol; 2-Napthalenol; and aromatic regioisomers.
  • C comprises an aryl group and/or an aliphatic group.
  • B is a benzodiazepine structure described by the following formula:
  • A is located at position 5 of the benzodiazepine structure. In some preferred embodiments, C is located at position 3 of the benzodiazepine structure. In other preferred embodiments, A is located at a position of the benzodiazepine structure selected from the group consisting of position 1, position 2, position 3, position 4, position 5, position 6, position 7, position 8, position 9, and position 10.
  • crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compounds are provided:
  • Certain embodiments of the present invention include crystal forms and formulations of exemplary compounds with the following formula: including both R and S enantiomeric forms and racemic mixtures, wherein R1 is an electron rich heterocycle.
  • R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R2 is a halogen. In some embodiments, R2 is Chlorine.
  • examples of crystal forms and formulations of the exemplary 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione compounds include but are not limited to:
  • a - - - B is selected from the group consisting of N—CH 2 and C ⁇ N.
  • R1 is selected from the group consisting of R1′ is selected from the group consisting of halogen; alkyl; substituted alkyl; aryl; substituted aryl; amino; carbonyl; sulfone; sulfonamide; ether; OH; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen; CH 3 ; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 1 carbon; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one hydroxy subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, and having at least one thiol subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons, wherein said aliphatic chain terminates with an aldehyde subgroup; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain
  • R2 is an aliphatic cyclic group larger than benzene, wherein said larger than benzene comprises any chemical group containing 7 or more non-hydrogen atoms.
  • R2 is selected from group consisting of: napthalalanine; phenol; 1-Napthalenol; 2-Napthalenol; quinolines, and all aromatic regioisomers.
  • R2 is: wherein X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, sulfolamide, SO 2 alkyl, NHSO 2 , CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 , SO 2 , CH 2 SO 2 , SO 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 O, SO, CH 2 CH 2 SO, SOCH 2 CH 2 ; and wherein L, M and N are present or absent, and are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, NO 2 , halogen, OH, O-Alkyl, methyl ester, propyl ester, ethyl ester, CO 2 H, CF 3 , aniline, nitro, heterocycle, mono-substituted alkyl, di-substituted alkyl, and tri-substituted alkyl, hydrogen, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 NH-alkyl, SOalkyl, NHSO 2 alkyl; wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of
  • R3 is an isostere of OH.
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen; OH; MnO4; a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or non-substituted, aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons; a chemical moiety comprising Sulfur; a chemical moiety comprising Nitrogen.
  • R3 is described by any of the isosteres described in, for example, Patani, G. and LaVoie, E. J., 1996, Chem. Rev. 96:3147-3176; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • R4 is a chemical moiety that causes the benzodiazepine to lack a chiral center.
  • R4 is hydrogen, wherein R4′ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or non-substituted, aliphatic chain having at least 2 carbons.
  • the present invention includes crystal forms and formulations of the following exemplary compound:
  • any one or more of these compounds can be used to treat a variety of dysregulatory disorders related to cellular death as described elsewhere herein. Additionally, any one or more of these compounds can be used to inhibit ATP Hydrolysis while not affecting cell synthesis or cell viability.
  • any one or more of these compounds can be used in combination with at least one other therapeutic agent (e.g., potassium channel openers, calcium channel blockers, sodium hydrogen exchanger inhibitors, antiarrhythmic agents, antiatherosclerotic agents, anticoagulants, antithrombotic agents, prothrombolytic agents, fibrinogen antagonists, diuretics, antihypertensive agents, ATPase inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, phospodiesterase inhibitors, antidiabetic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, angiogenesis modulators, antiosteoporosis agents, hormone replacement therapies, hormone receptor modulators, oral contraceptives, antiobesity agents, antidepressants, antianxiety agents, antipsychotic agents, antiproliferative agents, antitumor agents, antiulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease agents, growth hormone agents and/or growth hormone secretagogues, thyroid mimetics, anti-infective agents, antiviral agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents,
  • any one or more of these compounds can be used to treat a mitochondrial F 1 F 0 ATP hydrolase associated disorder (e.g., myocardial infarction, ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, non-Q wave MI, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, unstable angina, chronic stable angina, Prinzmetal's angina, high blood pressure, intermittent claudication, peripheral occlusive arterial disease, thrombotic or thromboembolic symptoms of thromboembolic stroke, venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, cerebral thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cerebral embolism, thrombophilia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, restenosis, atrial fibrillation, ventricular enlargement, atherosclerotic vascular disease, atherosclerotic plaque rupture, atherosclerotic plaque formation, transplant atherosclerosis, vascular remodeling atherosclerosis, cancer, surgery, inflammation, systematic infection, artificial surfaces, interventional
  • the compounds of the present invention are useful in the preparation of medicaments to treat a variety of conditions associated with dysregulation of cell death, aberrant cell growth and hyperproliferation.
  • the compounds are also useful for preparing medicaments for treating other disorders wherein the effectiveness of the compounds are known or predicted.
  • disorders include, but are not limited to, neurological (e.g., epilepsy) or neuromuscular disorders.
  • neurological e.g., epilepsy
  • neuromuscular disorders e.g., neuromuscular disorders.
  • the methods and techniques for preparing medicaments of a compound are well-known in the art. Exemplary pharmaceutical formulations and routes of delivery are described below.
  • any one or more of the compounds described herein, including the many specific embodiments, are prepared by applying standard pharmaceutical manufacturing procedures. Such medicaments can be delivered to the subject by using delivery methods that are well-known in the pharmaceutical arts.
  • compositions are administered alone, while in some other embodiments, the compositions are preferably present in a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one active ingredient/agent (e.g., benzodiazepine crystal forms and formulations and benzodiazepine related crystal forms and formulations), as defined above, together with a solid support or alternatively, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and optionally other therapeutic agents.
  • active ingredient/agent e.g., benzodiazepine crystal forms and formulations and benzodiazepine related crystal forms and formulations
  • Each carrier should be “acceptable” in the sense that it is compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the subject.
  • Contemplated formulations include those suitable oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including transdermal, buccal and sublingual), vaginal, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal) and pulmonary administration.
  • formulations are conveniently presented in unit dosage form and are prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association (e.g., mixing) the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product.
  • Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets, wherein each preferably contains a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient is presented as a bolus, electuary, or paste, etc.
  • tablets comprise at least one active ingredient and optionally one or more accessory agents/carriers are made by compressing or molding the respective agents.
  • compressed tablets are prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder (e.g., povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) surface-active or dispersing agent.
  • a binder e.g., povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
  • lubricant e.g., inert diluent
  • preservative e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
  • Molded tablets are made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound (e.g., active ingredient) moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile. Tablets may optionally be provided with an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • compositions for topical administration are optionally formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols or oils.
  • topical formulations comprise patches or dressings such as a bandage or adhesive plasters impregnated with active ingredient(s), and optionally one or more excipients or diluents.
  • the topical formulations include a compound(s) that enhances absorption or penetration of the active agent(s) through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and related analogues.
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • the aqueous phase of a cream base includes, for example, at least about 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e., an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane-1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
  • a polyhydric alcohol i.e., an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane-1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
  • oily phase emulsions of this invention are constituted from known ingredients in an known manner.
  • This phase typically comprises an lone emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it is also desirable in some embodiments for this phase to further comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil.
  • a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier so as to act as a stabilizer. It some embodiments it is also preferable to include both an oil and a fat. Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil and/or fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.
  • Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the present invention include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
  • oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired properties (e.g., cosmetic properties), since the solubility of the active compound/agent in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations is very low.
  • creams should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable products with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers.
  • Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the agent.
  • Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with suitable base comprising, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate.
  • Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the agent, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Formulations suitable for nasal administration include coarse powders having a particle size, for example, in the range of about 20 to about 500 microns which are administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e., by rapid inhalation (e.g., forced) through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
  • suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid for administration include, but are not limited to, nasal sprays, drops, or aerosols by nebulizer, an include aqueous or oily solutions of the agents.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents, and liposomes or other microparticulate systems which are designed to target the compound to blood components or one or more organs.
  • the formulations are presented/formulated in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid carrier for example water for injections
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily subdose, as herein above-recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an agent.
  • the formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example, those suitable for oral administration may include such further agents as sweeteners, thickeners and flavoring agents. It also is intended that the agents, compositions and methods of this invention be combined with other suitable compositions and therapies. Still other formulations optionally include food additives (suitable sweeteners, flavorings, colorings, etc.), phytonutrients (e.g., flax seed oil), minerals (e.g., Ca, Fe, K, etc.), vitamins, and other acceptable compositions (e.g., conjugated linoelic acid), extenders, and stabilizers, etc.
  • food additives suitable sweeteners, flavorings, colorings, etc.
  • phytonutrients e.g., flax seed oil
  • minerals e.g., Ca, Fe, K, etc.
  • vitamins e.g., conjugated linoelic acid
  • extenders e.g., conjugated linoelic
  • a therapeutic agents e.g., benzodiazepine crystal forms and formulations and benzodiazepine related crystal forms and formulations
  • Methods of delivery include, but are not limited to, intra-arterial, intramuscular, intravenous, intranasal, and oral routes.
  • the agents identified herein as effective for their intended purpose can be administered to subjects or individuals susceptible to or at risk of developing pathological growth of target cells and condition correlated with this.
  • the agent When the agent is administered to a subject such as a mouse, a rat or a human patient, the agent can be added to a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and systemically or topically administered to the subject.
  • a tissue sample is removed from the patient and the cells are assayed for sensitivity to the agent.
  • Therapeutic amounts are empirically determined and vary with the pathology being treated, the subject being treated and the efficacy and toxicity of the agent.
  • the method is useful to further confirm efficacy of the agent.
  • MLR/MpJ-lpr/lpr (“MLR-lpr”) (available from Jackson Laboratories, Bal Harbor, Me.). MLR-lpr mice develop systemic autoimmune disease.
  • other animal models can be developed by inducing tumor growth, for example, by subcutaneously inoculating nude mice with about 10 5 to about 10 9 hyperproliferative, cancer or target cells as defined herein.
  • the compounds described herein are administered, for example, by subcutaneous injection around the tumor. Tumor measurements to determine reduction of tumor size are made in two dimensions using venier calipers twice a week.
  • Other animal models may also be employed as appropriate. Such animal models for the above-described diseases and conditions are well-known in the art.
  • in vivo administration is effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently throughout the course of treatment.
  • Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and vary with the composition used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations are carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician.
  • Suitable dosage formulations and methods of administering the agents are readily determined by those of skill in the art.
  • the compounds are administered at about 0.01 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, more preferably at about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, even more preferably at about 0.5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg.
  • the effective amount may be less than when the agent is used alone.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered orally, intranasally, parenterally or by inhalation therapy, and may take the form of tablets, lozenges, granules, capsules, pills, ampoules, suppositories or aerosol form. They may also take the form of suspensions, solutions and emulsions of the active ingredient in aqueous or nonaqueous diluents, syrups, granulates or powders. In addition to an agent of the present invention, the pharmaceutical compositions can also contain other pharmaceutically active compounds or a plurality of compounds of the invention.
  • an agent of the present invention also referred to herein as the active ingredient, may be administered for therapy by any suitable route including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including, but not limited to, transdermal, aerosol, buccal and sublingual), vaginal, parental (including, but not limited to, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal) and pulmonary. It is also appreciated that the preferred route varies with the condition and age of the recipient, and the disease being treated.
  • the agent should be administered to achieve peak concentrations of the active compound at sites of disease. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenous injection of the agent, optionally in saline, or orally administered, for example, as a tablet, capsule or syrup containing the active ingredient.
  • Desirable blood levels of the agent may be maintained by a continuous infusion to provide a therapeutic amount of the active ingredient within disease tissue.
  • the use of operative combinations is contemplated to provide therapeutic combinations requiring a lower total dosage of each component antiviral agent than may be required when each individual therapeutic compound or drug is used alone, thereby reducing adverse effects.
  • the present invention also includes methods involving co-administration of the compounds described herein with one or more additional active agents. Indeed, it is a further aspect of this invention to provide methods for enhancing prior art therapies and/or pharmaceutical compositions by co-administering a compound of this invention.
  • the agents may be administered concurrently or sequentially.
  • the compounds described herein are administered prior to the other active agent(s).
  • the pharmaceutical formulations and modes of administration may be any of those described above.
  • the two or more co-administered chemical agents, biological agents or radiation may each be administered using different modes or different formulations.
  • the agent or agents to be co-administered depends on the type of condition being treated.
  • the additional agent can be a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation.
  • the additional agent can be an immunosuppressant or an anti-inflammatory agent.
  • the additional agent can be an anti-inflammatory agent.
  • the additional agents to be co-administered such as anticancer, immunosuppressant, anti-inflammatory, and can be any of the well-known agents in the art, including, but not limited to, those that are currently in clinical use. The determination of appropriate type and dosage of radiation treatment is also within the skill in the art or can be determined with relative ease.
  • Treatment of the various conditions associated with abnormal apoptosis is generally limited by the following two major factors: (1) the development of drug resistance and (2) the toxicity of known therapeutic agents.
  • resistance to chemicals and radiation therapy has been shown to be associated with inhibition of apoptosis.
  • Some therapeutic agents have deleterious side effects, including non-specific lymphotoxicity, renal and bone marrow toxicity.
  • Drug resistance where increasing dosages are required to achieve therapeutic benefit, is overcome by co-administering the compounds described herein with the known agent.
  • the compounds described herein appear to sensitize target cells to known agents (and vice versa) and, accordingly, less of these agents are needed to achieve a therapeutic benefit.
  • the sensitizing function of the claimed compounds also addresses the problems associated with toxic effects of known therapeutics.
  • the known agent is toxic
  • the claimed compounds are co-administered with the known agent, they reduce the dosage required which, in turn, reduces the deleterious effects.
  • co-administration of proportionally more of these compounds than known toxic therapeutics will achieve the desired effects while minimizing toxic effects.
  • the compounds of the present invention, and other potentially useful compounds are screened for their biological activity (e.g., ability to initiate cell death alone or in combination with other compounds).
  • the compounds of the present invention, and other potentially useful compounds are screened for their binding affinity to the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) portion of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex.
  • OSCP oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein
  • compounds are selected for use in the methods of the present invention by measuring their-biding affinity to recombinant OSCP protein.
  • a number of suitable screens for measuring the binding affinity of drugs and other small molecules to receptors are known in the art.
  • binding affinity screens are conducted in in vitro systems.
  • these screens are conducted in in vivo or ex vivo systems. While in some embodiments quantifying the intracellular level of ATP following administration of the compounds of the present invention provides an indication of the efficacy of the methods, preferred embodiments of the present invention do not require intracellular ATP or pH level quantification.
  • Additional embodiments are directed to measuring levels (e.g., intracellular) of superoxide in cells and/or tissues to measure the effectiveness of particular contemplated methods and compounds of the present invention.
  • levels e.g., intracellular
  • assays and methods useful for measuring superoxide levels in cells and/or tissues will appreciate and be able to provide a number of assays and methods useful for measuring superoxide levels in cells and/or tissues.
  • structure-based virtual screening methodologies are contemplated for predicting the binding affinity of compounds of the present invention with OSCP.
  • compounds are screened in cell culture or in vivo (e.g., non-human or human mammals) for their ability to modulate mitochondrial ATP synthase activity.
  • Any suitable assay may be utilized, including, but not limited to, cell proliferation assays (Commercially available from, e.g., Promega, Madison, Wis. and Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) and cell based dimerization assays. (See e.g., Fuh et al., Science, 256:1677 [1992]; Colosi et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268:12617 [1993]).
  • Additional assay formats that find use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, assays for measuring cellular ATP levels, and cellular superoxide levels.
  • Any suitable assay that allows for a measurement of the rate of binding or the affinity of a benzodiazepine or other compound to the OSCP may be utilized. Examples include, but are not limited to, competition binding using Bz-423, surface plasma resonace (SPR) and radio-immunopreciptiation assays (Lowman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266:10982 [1991]).
  • SPR surface plasma resonace
  • radio-immunopreciptiation assays Limpet al., J. Biol. Chem. 266:10982 [1991].
  • Surface Plasmon Resonance techniques involve a surface coated with a thin film of a conductive metal, such as gold, silver, chrome or aluminum, in which electromagnetic waves, called Surface Plasmons, can be induced by a beam of light incident on the metal glass interface at a specific angle called the Surface Plasmon Resonance angle.
  • Modulation of the refractive index of the interfacial region between the solution and the metal surface following binding of the captured macromolecules causes a change in the SPR angle which can either be measured directly or which causes the amount of light reflected from the underside of the metal surface to change. Such changes can be directly related to the mass and other optical properties of the molecules binding to the SPR device surface.
  • biosensor systems based on such principles have been disclosed (See e.g., WO 90/05305).
  • SPR biosensors e.g., BiaCore, Uppsala, Sweden.
  • compounds are screened in cell culture or in vivo (e.g., non-human or human mammals) for their ability to modulate mitochondrial ATP synthase activity.
  • Any suitable assay may be utilized, including, but not limited to, cell proliferation assays (Commercially available from, e.g., Promega, Madison, Wis. and Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) and cell based dimerization assays. (See e.g., Fuh et al., Science, 256:1677 [1992]; Colosi et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268:12617 [1993]).
  • Additional assay formats that find use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, assays for measuring cellular ATP levels, and cellular superoxide levels.
  • the present invention also provides methods of modifying and derivatizing the compositions of the present invention to increase desirable properties (e.g., binding affinity, activity, and the like), or to minimize undesirable properties (e.g., nonspecific reactivity, toxicity, and the like).
  • desirable properties e.g., binding affinity, activity, and the like
  • undesirable properties e.g., nonspecific reactivity, toxicity, and the like.
  • iterative design and chemical synthesis approaches are used to produce a library of derivatized child compounds from a parent compound.
  • rational design methods are used to predict and model in silico ligand-receptor interactions prior to confirming results by routine experimentation.
  • compositions of the present invention provide therapeutic benefits to patients suffering from any one or more of a number of conditions (e.g., diseases characterized by dysregulation of necrosis and/or apoptosis processes in a cell or tissue, disease characterized by aberrant cell growth and/or hyperproliferation, etc.) by modulating (e.g., inhibiting or promoting) the activity of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (as referred to as mitochondrial F 0 F 1 ATPase) complexes in affected cells or tissues (e.g., myocardial infarction, ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, non-Q wave MI, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, unstable angina, chronic stable angina, Prinzmetal's angina, high blood pressure, intermittent claudication, peripheral occlusive arterial disease, thrombotic or thromboembolic symptoms of thromboembolic stroke, venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis,
  • compositions of the present invention are used to treat autoimmune/chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., psoriasis).
  • compositions of the present invention are used in conjunction with stenosis therapy to treat compromised (e.g., occluded) vessels. Indeed, any application where benzodiazepines find use is contemplated by the present invention.
  • compositions of the present invention inhibit the activity of mitochondrial ATP synthase complex by binding to a specific subunit or subunits of this multi-subunit protein complex. While the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism, nor to any understanding of the action of the agents being administered, in some embodiments, it is contemplated that the compositions of the present invention bind to the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) portion of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, to the OSCP/F1 junction, or to the F1 subunit.
  • OSCP oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein
  • compositions of the present invention bind to the OSCP the initial affect is overall inhibition of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, and that the downstream consequence of binding is a change in ATP or pH level and the production of reactive oxygen species (e.g., O 2 —).
  • reactive oxygen species e.g., O 2 —
  • the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism, nor to any understanding of the action of the agents being administered, it is contemplated that the generation of free radicals ultimately results in cell killing.
  • the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism, nor to any understanding of the action of the agents being administered, it is contemplated that the inhibiting mitochondrial ATP synthase complex using the compositions and methods of the present invention provides therapeutically useful inhibition of cell proliferation.
  • preferred methods embodied in the present invention provide therapeutic benefits to patients by providing compounds of the present invention that modulate (e.g., inhibiting or promoting) the activity of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complexes in affected cells or tissues via binding to the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) portion of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex.
  • OSCP oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein
  • preferred embodiments of the present invention are directed to the discovery that many diseases characterized by dysregulation of necrosis and/or apoptosis processes in a cell or tissue, or diseases characterized by aberrant cell growth and/or hyperproliferation, etc., can be treated by modulating the activity of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex including, but not limited to, by binding to the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP)/F1 components thereof.
  • OSCP oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein
  • the present invention is not intended to be limited, however, to the practice of the compositions and methods explicitly described herein.
  • the present invention thus specifically contemplates that any number of suitable compounds presently known in the art, or developed later, can optionally find use in the methods of the present invention.
  • compounds including, but not limited to, oligomycin, ossamycin, cytovaricin, apoptolidin, bafilomyxcin, resveratrol, piceatannol, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), and the like, find use in the methods of the present invention.
  • DCCD dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • the present invention is not intended, however, to be limited to the methods or compounds specified above.
  • that compounds potentially useful in the methods of the present invention may be selected from those suitable as described in the scientific literature. (See e.g., K. B. Wallace and A. A.
  • compounds potentially useful in methods of the present invention are screened against the National Cancer Institute's (NCI-60) cancer cell lines for efficacy.
  • NCI-60 National Cancer Institute's
  • Additional screens suitable screens e.g., autoimmunity disease models, etc. are within the skill in the art.
  • derivatives e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable salts, analogs, stereoisomers, and the like
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts, analogs, stereoisomers, and the like are also contemplated as being useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • compositions of the present invention are used in conjunction with stenosis therapy to treat compromised (e.g., occluded) vessels.
  • compositions of the present invention are used in conjunction with stenosis therapy to treat compromised cardiac vessels.
  • Vessel stenosis is a condition that develops when a vessel (e.g., aortic valve) becomes narrowed.
  • aortic valve stenosis is a heart condition that develops when the valve between the lower left chamber (left ventricle) of the heart and the major blood vessel called the aorta becomes narrowed. This narrowing (e.g., stenosis) creates too small a space for the blood to flow to the body.
  • the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body through the aorta, which branches into a system of arteries throughout the body.
  • the 3 flaps, or leaflets, of the aortic valve open one way to allow blood to flow from the ventricle into the aorta. Between heartbeats, the flaps close to form a tight seal so that blood does not leak backward through the valve. If the aortic valve is damaged, it may become narrowed (stenosed) and blood flow may be reduced to organs in the body, including the heart itself.
  • the long-term outlook for people with aortic valve stenosis is poor once symptoms develop. People with untreated aortic valve stenosis who develop symptoms of heart failure usually have a life expectancy of 3 years or less.
  • Angioplasty involves inserting a balloon-tipped tube, or catheter, into a narrow or blocked artery in an attempt to open it. By inflating and deflating the balloon several times, physicians usually are able to widen the artery.
  • Restenosis is the reclosure of a peripheral or coronary artery following trauma to that artery caused by efforts to open a stenosed portion of the artery, such as, for example, by balloon dilation, ablation, atherectomy or laser treatment of the artery.
  • restenosis occurs at a rate of about 20-50% depending on the definition, vessel location, lesion length and a number of other morphological and clinical variables.
  • Restenosis is believed to be a natural healing reaction to the injury of the arterial wall that is caused by angioplasty procedures. The healing reaction begins with the thrombotic mechanism at the site of the injury.
  • the final result of the complex steps of the healing process can be intimal hyperplasia, the uncontrolled migration and proliferation of medial smooth muscle cells, combined with their extracellular matrix production, until the artery is again stenosed or occluded.
  • metallic intravascular stents have been permanently implanted in coronary or peripheral vessels.
  • the stent is typically inserted by catheter into a vascular lumen told expanded into contact with the diseased portion of the arterial wall, thereby providing mechanical support for the lumen.
  • restenosis can still occur with such stents in place.
  • the stent itself can cause undesirable local thrombosis.
  • persons receiving stents also receive extensive systemic treatment with anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs.
  • an additional cause of restenosis is the over-proliferation of treated tissue.
  • the anti-proliferative properties of the present invention inhibit restenosis.
  • Drug-eluting stents are well known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,967; U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,352; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,227; each of which are herein incorporated by reference).
  • the compositions of the present invention are eluted from drug-eluting stents in the treatment of compromised (e.g., occluded) vessels.
  • the compositions of the present invention are eluted from drug-eluting stents in the treatment of compromised cardiac vessels.
  • compositions comprise compounds of the invention and, for example, therapeutic agents (e.g., antiatherosclerotic agents, anticoagulants, antithrombotic agents, antihypertensive agents, and antidiabetic agents).
  • therapeutic agents e.g., antiatherosclerotic agents, anticoagulants, antithrombotic agents, antihypertensive agents, and antidiabetic agents.
  • Antihypertensive agents include, but are not limited to, ACE inhibitors, AT-1 receptor antagonists, ET receptor antagonists, dual ET/AII receptor antagonists, and vasopepsidase inhibitors, or an antiplatelet agent selected from GPIIb/IIIa blockers, P2Y 1 and P2Y 12 antagonists, thromboxane receptor antagonists, and aspirin.
  • the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating a mitochondrial F 1 F 0 ATP hydrolase associated disorder (e.g., myocardial infarction, ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, non-Q wave MI, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, unstable angina, chronic stable angina, Prinzmetal's angina, high blood pressure, intermittent claudication, peripheral occlusive arterial disease, thrombotic or thromboembolic symptoms of thromboembolic stroke, venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, cerebral thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cerebral embolism, thrombophilia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, restenosis, atrial fibrillation, ventricular enlargement, atherosclerotic vascular disease, atherosclerotic plaque rupture, atherosclerotic plaque formation, transplant atherosclerosis, vascular remodeling atherosclerosis, cancer, surgery, inflammation, systematic infection, artificial surfaces, intervention
  • the mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a pore that spans the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and functions in the regulation of proapoptotic particles. Transient MPTP opening results in the release of cytochrome c and the apoptosis inducing factor from the mitochondrial intermembrane space, resulting in cellular apoptosis.
  • the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein is a subunit of the F 0 F 1 mitochondrial ATP synthase/ATPase and functions in the coupling of a proton gradient across the F 0 sector of the enzyme in the mitochondrial membrane.
  • compounds of the present invention binds the OSCP, the OSCP/F1 junction, or the F1 subunit increases superoxide and cytochrome c levels, increases cellular apoptosis, and inhibits cellular proliferation.
  • the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) is a 30 kDa protein that spans the inner mitochondrial membrane and is central to the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP).
  • Thiol oxidizing or alkylating agents are powerful activators of the MPTP that act by modifying one or more of three unpaired cysteines in the matrix side of the ANT. 4-(N-(S-glutathionylacetyl)amino) phenylarsenoxide, inhibits the ANT.
  • the present invention provides a subject suffering from an autoimmune disorder and/or a chronic inflammatory disorder, and a composition comprising, for example, Additionally, in preferred embodiments, the compositions may comprise any of the compounds described in the present invention, and any of the compounds described in U.S. Provisional Patent Nos. 60/131,761, 60/165,511, 60/191,855, 60/312,560, 60/313,689, 60/396,670, 60/565,788, 60/607,599, 60/641,040, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.
  • Epidermal hyperplasia e.g., excessive keratinocyte proliferation leading to a significant thickening of the epidermis in association with shedding of the thickened epidermis
  • psoriasis see, e.g., Krueger G C, et al., (1984) J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11: 937-947; Fry L. (1988), Brit. J. Dermatol. 119:445-461; each herein incorporated by reference in their entireties
  • physiological conditions e.g., during wound-healing.
  • the central role of the EGF receptor in regulating hyperplastic epithelial growth makes the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase a target for antiproliferative agents.
  • the series of signaling molecules engaged downstream of this receptor are additional points at which keratinocyte growth can be interrupted.
  • the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is activated by the EGF receptor (see, e.g., Marques, S. A., et al., (2002) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 300, 1026-1035; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (Erk 1/2) are activated in basal and suprabasal keratinocytes and contribute to epidermal hyperproliferation (see, e.g., Haase, I., et al., (2001) J Clin Invest 108, 527-536; Takahashi, H., et al., (2002) J Dermatol Sci-30, 94-99; each herein incorporated by reference in their entireties).
  • keratinocyte growth regulation through the EGF receptor results in increased MAPK activity.
  • growth factor-stimulated MAPK activity is also dependent on integrin engagement and extracellular matrix molecules that bind integrins are capable of independently activating MAPKs and increasing keratinocyte proliferation (see, e.g., Haase, I., et al., (2001) J Clin Invest 108, 527-536; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • the proliferation of other skin cells, including fibroblasts is less dependent on Erk 1/2 activity, making Erk inhibition a potentially useful characteristic to evaluate lead compounds for potential utility against epidermal hyperplasia.
  • compounds of the present invention are used for treating epidermal hyperplasias.
  • compounds of the present invention are used in treating psoriasis.
  • Psoriasis is common and chronic epidermal hyperplasia.
  • Plaque psoriasis is the most common type of psoriasis and is characterized by red skin covered with silvery scales and inflammation. Patches of circular to oval shaped red plaques that itch or burn are typical of plaque psoriasis. The patches are usually found on the arms, legs, trunk, or scalp but may be found on any part of the skin. The most typical areas are the knees and elbows.
  • Psoriasis is not contagious and can be inherited. Environmental factors, such as smoking, sun exposure, alcoholism, and HIV infection, may affect how often the psoriasis occurs and how long the flares up last.
  • Topical steroids are agents used to reduce plaque formation. Topical steroid agents have anti-inflammatory effects and may cause profound and varied metabolic activities. In addition, topical steroid agents modify the body's immune response to diverse stimuli. Examples of topical steroids include, but are not limited to, triamcinolone acetonide (Artistocort, Kenalog) 0.1% cream, and betamethasone diproprionate (Diprolene, Diprosone) 0.05% cream.
  • Coal tar is an inexpensive treatment available over the counter in shampoos or lotions for use in widespread areas of involvement.
  • Coal tar is particularly useful in hair-bearing areas.
  • An example of coal tar is coal tar 2-10% (DHS Tar, Doctar, Theraplex T)—antipruitic.
  • Keratolytic agents are used to remove scale, smooth the skin, and to treat hyperkeratosis.
  • An example of a keratolytic agent is anthralin 0.1-1% (Drithocreme, Anthra-Derm).
  • Vitamin D-3 analogs are used in patients with lesions resistant to older therapy or with lesions on the face or exposed areas where thinning of the skin would pose cosmetic problems.
  • An example of a vitamin D-3 analog is calcipotriene (Dovonex).
  • Topical retinoids are agents that decrease the cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells and stimulate mitotic activity, resulting in an increase in turnover of follicular epithelial cells.
  • topical retinoids include, but are not limited to, tretinoin (Retin-A, Avita), and tazarotene (Tazorac).
  • plaque psoriasis Approximately 1-2% of people in the United States, or about 5.5 million, have plaque psoriasis. Up to 30% of people with plaque psoriasis also have psoriatic arthritis. Individuals with psoriatic arthritis have inflammation in their joints and may have other arthritis symptoms. Sometimes plaque psoriasis can evolve into more severe disease, such as pustular psoriasis or erythrodermic psoriasis. In pustular psoriasis, the red areas on the skin contain blisters with pus. In erythrodermic psoriasis, a wide area of red and scaling skin is typical, and it may be itchy and painful. The present invention is useful in treating additional types of psoriasis, including but not limited to, guttate psoriasis, nail psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, and scalp psoriasis.
  • the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating pigmentation disorders (e.g., albinism, melasma, and vitiligo).
  • the present invention is not limited to a particular mechanism for treating pigment disorders.
  • pigment disorders are treated through targeting of the F 1 F 0 -ATPase by the compounds of the present invention.
  • pigment disorders are treated through the rerouting of tyrosinase by the compounds of the present invention.
  • pigment disorders are treated through targeting of prohibition by the compounds of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides compounds that target the F 1 F 0 -ATPase.
  • the present invention provides compounds that target the F 1 F 0 -ATPase as a treatment for autoimmune disorders, and in particular, compounds with low toxicity.
  • the present invention further provides methods of identifying compounds that target the F 1 F 0 -ATPase.
  • the present invention provides therapeutic applications for compounds targeting the F 1 F 0 -ATPase.
  • a majority of ATP within eukaryotic cells is synthesized by the mitochondrial F 1 F o -ATPase (see, e.g., C. T. Gregory et al., J. Immunol., 139:313-318 [1987]; J. P. Portanova et al., Mol. Immunol., 32:117-135 [1987]; M. J. Shlomchik et al., Nat. Rev. Immunol., 1: 147-153 [2001]; each herein incorporated by reference in their entireties).
  • the mitochondrial F 1 F o -ATPase is composed of three major domains: F o , F 1 and the peripheral stator.
  • F 1 is the portion of the enzyme that contains the catalytic sites and it is located in the matrix (see, e.g., Boyer, P D, Annu Rev Biochem.
  • state 4 In cells that are actively respiring (known as state 3 respiration), inhibiting F 1 F o -ATPase blocks respiration and places the mitochondria in a resting state (known as state 4).
  • state 4 the MRC is reduced relative to state 3, which favors reduction of O 2 to O 2 ⁇ at complex III (see, e.g., N. Zamzami et al., J. Exp. Med., 181:1661-1672 [1995]; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • treating cells with either oligomycin leads to a rise of intracellular O 2 ⁇ as a consequence of inhibiting complex V.
  • F 1 F o -ATPase inhibitors are either toxic (e.g., oligomycin) or therapeutic (e.g., Bz-423).
  • the present invention provides compounds that target the F 1 F o -ATPase as an autoimmune disorder treatment.
  • the present invention provides methods of identifying compounds that target the F 1 F 0 -ATPase while not altering the k cat /K m ratio.
  • the present invention provides therapeutic applications for compounds targeting the F 1 F o -ATPase.
  • the present invention provides compounds that inhibit the F 1 F o -ATPase.
  • the compounds do not bind free F 1 F o -ATPase, but rather bind to an F 1 F o -ATPase-substrate complex.
  • the compounds show maximum activity at high substrate concentration and minimal activity (e.g., F 1 F o -ATPase inhibiting) at low substrate concentration.
  • the compounds do not alter the k cat /K m ratio of the F 1 F o -ATPase.
  • the properties of the F 1 F o -ATPase inhibitors of the present invention are in contrast with oligomycin, which is a F 1 F o -ATPase inhibitor that is acutely toxic and lethal. Oligomycin is a noncompetitive inhibitor, which binds to both free F 1 F o -ATPase and F 1 F o -ATPase-substrate complexes and alters the k cat /K m ratio.
  • the compounds of the present invention that inhibit F 1 F o -ATPase while not altering the k cat /K m ratio have the structure described elsewhere herein.
  • compounds of other structures that are identified as therapeutic inhibitors by the methods of the present invention are also encompassed by the present invention.
  • the present invention provides methods of identifying (e.g., screening) compounds useful in treating autoimmune disorders.
  • the present invention is not limited to a particular type compound.
  • compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutical compositions, small molecules, antibodies, large molecules, synthetic molecules, synthetic polypeptides, synthetic polynucleotides, synthetic nucleic acids, aptamers, polypeptides, nucleic acids, and polynucleotides.
  • the present invention is not limited to a particular method of identifying compounds useful in treating autoimmune disorders.
  • compounds useful in treating autoimmune disorders are identified as possessing an ability to inhibit an F 1 F o -ATPase while not altering the k cat /K m ratio.
  • the present invention treats autoimmune disorders through inhibiting of target cells.
  • the present invention is not limited to a particular form of cell inhibition.
  • cell inhibition includes, but is not limited to, cell growth prevention, cell proliferation prevention, and cell death.
  • inhibition of a target cell is accomplished through contacting a target cell with an F 1 F 0 -ATPase inhibitor of the present invention.
  • target cell inhibition is accomplished through targeting of the F 1 F o -ATPase with an F 1 F 0 -ATPase inhibitor of the present invention.
  • the present invention is not limited to a particular F 1 F 0 -ATPase inhibitor.
  • the F 1 F 0 -ATPase inhibitor possesses the ability to inhibit an F 1 F 0 -ATPase while not altering the k cat /K m ratio.
  • the present invention further provides methods for selectively inhibiting the pathology of target cells in a subject in need of therapy.
  • the present invention is not limited to a particular method of inhibition target cell pathology.
  • target cell pathology is inhibited through administration of an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the present invention is not limited to a particular compound.
  • the compound is an F 1 F o -ATPase inhibitor.
  • the compound inhibits the F 1 F o -ATPase while not altering the k cat /K m ratio.
  • FIG. 1 shows the structural data of anhydrous Bz-423
  • FIG. 2 shows powder x-ray diffraction data for anhydrous Bz-423
  • FIG. 3 shows Raman spectroscopy data for anhydrous Bz-423.
  • FIG. 4 shows the structural data of Bz-423 ethanol solvate
  • FIG. 5 shows powder x-ray diffraction data for Bz-423 ethanol solvate
  • FIG. 6 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 ethanol solvate.
  • FIG. 7 shows Raman spectroscopy data for ball milled Bz-423 succinic acid (2:1).
  • Ball milled Bz-423 citric acid (2:1) was generated through ball milling a 2:1 mixture of Bz-423 and citric acid.
  • FIG. 8 shows Raman spectroscopy ball milled Bz-423 citric acid (2:1).
  • FIG. 9 shows the structural data of Bz-423 biphenyl derivate.
  • BZ-423-acetic acid was crystallized by evaporation of acetic acid at room temperature.
  • BZ-423-CH 3 CN was crystallized by evaporation of CH 3 CN at room temperature.
  • BZ-423-methanol was crystallized by evaporation of methanol at room temperature.
  • BZ-423-ethyl acetate was crystallized by evaporation of ethyl acetate at room temperature.
  • BZ-423-toluene was crystallized by evaporation of toluene at room temperature.
  • BZ-423-oxalic acid was crystallized from tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether at 88° C.
  • BZ-423-fumaric acid was crystallized from tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether at 88° C.
  • BZ-423-octanol was crystallized from a supersaturated solution of octanol.
  • BZ-423-heptanoic acid was crystallized from a supersaturated solution of heptanoic acid.
  • BZ-423-diphenyl ether was crystallized from a supersaturated solution of diphenyl ether.
  • BZ-423-trichlorobenzene was crystallized from a supersaturated solution of trichlorobenzene.
  • FIG. 10 shows solubility (e.g., absorbance) as a function of time for solvated Bz-423, anhydrous Bz-423, Bz-423 acetic acid, and Bz-423 citric acid.
  • unsolvated Bz-423 is capable of inhibiting ATP hydrolysis, not inhibiting cell synthesis, not affecting cell viability, and its activity is related to binding of the OSCP, along or with other components of the mitochondrial F0F1 ATPase (e.g., F1 subunit).
  • FIG. 11 shows a comparison of ATP hydrolysis between unsolvated Bz-423 and, solvated Bz-423
  • FIG. 12 shows a comparison of ATP synthesis between unsolvated Bz-423 and solvated Bz-423
  • FIG. 13 shows a comparison of cell viability between unsolvated Bz-423 and solvated Bz-423.
  • FIG. 14 shows a UV-vis spectrum of Bz-423 in simulated gastric fluid.
  • FIG. 15 shows a UV-vis spectrum of Bz-423 in simulated gastric fluid before and after addition of K 2 CO 3 .
  • FIG. 16 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 ethanol solvate.
  • BZ-423 (12.3 mg) was dissolved completely in 0.5 mL of ethanol at 70° C. Upon cooling to room temperature crystallization of the solvate occurred. The Raman spectrum above was obtained from the crystals. The characteristic Raman shifts for the ethanol solvate occur at about 1673 and 1560 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 17 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 1-propanol solvate.
  • BZ-423 (46.6 mg) was dissolved completely in 0.5 mL of 1-propanol at 70° C. Upon cooling to room temperature crystallization of the solvate occurred. The Raman spectrum above was obtained from the crystals. The characteristic Raman shifts for the 1-propanol solvate occur at about 1671 and 1561 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 18 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 2-propanol solvate.
  • BZ-423 (53.2 mg) was dissolved completely in 0.5 mL of 2-propanol at 70° C. Upon cooling to room temperature crystallization of the solvate occurred. The Raman spectrum above was obtained from the crystals. The characteristic Raman shifts for the 2-propanol solvate occur at about 1667 and 1562 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 19 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 1-butanol solvate.
  • BZ-423 105.8 mg
  • crystallization of the solvate occurred.
  • the Raman spectrum above was obtained from the crystals.
  • the characteristic Raman shifts for the 1-butanol solvate occur at about 1661 and 1556 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 20 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 2-butanol solvate.
  • BZ-423 (97.3 mg) was dissolved completely in 0.5 mL of 2-butanol at 70° C. Upon cooling to room temperature crystallization of the solvate occurred. The Raman spectrum above was obtained from the crystals. The characteristic Raman shifts for the 2-butanol solvate occur at about 1666 and 1562 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 21 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 1-pentanol solvate.
  • BZ-423 99.3 mg was dissolved completely in 0.5 mL of 1-pentanol at 70° C. Upon cooling to room temperature crystallization of the solvate occurred. The Raman spectrum above was obtained from the crystals. The characteristic Raman shifts for the 1-pentanol solvate occur at about 1646 and 1563 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 22 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 1-octanol solvate.
  • BZ-423 (5.2 mg) was dissolved completely in 0.5 mL of 1-octanol at 70° C. Upon cooling to room temperature crystallization of the solvate occurred. The Raman spectrum above was obtained from the crystals. The characteristic Raman shifts for the 1-octanol solvate occur at about 1669 and 1559 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 23 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 propylene glycol solvate.
  • BZ-423 (16.8 mg) was dissolved completely in 0.5 mL of propylene glycol at 70° C. Upon cooling to room temperature crystallization of the solvate occurred. The Raman spectrum above was obtained from the crystals. The characteristic Raman shifts for the propylene glycol solvate occur at about 1660 and 1556 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 24 shows Raman spectroscopy data for Bz-423 acetone glass.
  • BZ-423 (14.3 mg) was dissolved completely in 0.5 mL of acetone at room temperature. Upon evaporation a glass was formed. The Raman spectrum above was obtained from the glass. The characteristic Raman shifts for the acetone glass occur at about 1674 and 1559 cm ⁇ 1 .
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CA2611031A1 (en) 2007-05-10
US7994313B2 (en) 2011-08-09
AU2010214675B2 (en) 2011-07-28
EP1893218A2 (en) 2008-03-05
JP2008545757A (ja) 2008-12-18
WO2007053193A3 (en) 2007-11-01
US20090253686A1 (en) 2009-10-08
AU2006309291B2 (en) 2010-05-27
AU2010214675A1 (en) 2010-09-16
IL187821A0 (en) 2008-08-07
US20120077805A1 (en) 2012-03-29

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