US20040175285A1 - Methods of preparing heat resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy - Google Patents
Methods of preparing heat resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy Download PDFInfo
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- US20040175285A1 US20040175285A1 US10/741,174 US74117403A US2004175285A1 US 20040175285 A1 US20040175285 A1 US 20040175285A1 US 74117403 A US74117403 A US 74117403A US 2004175285 A1 US2004175285 A1 US 2004175285A1
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- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 133
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims description 57
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910001122 Mischmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000013081 microcrystal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 3
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009704 powder extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CYUOWZRAOZFACA-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum iron Chemical compound [Al].[Fe] CYUOWZRAOZFACA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0408—Light metal alloys
- C22C1/0416—Aluminium-based alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy and a billet thereof, and more particularly, it relates to methods of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy suitable to be used for a component employable at a temperature of at least 300° C. and required to have creep resistance and a billet thereof.
- Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 11-293374 discloses an aluminum (Al) powder alloy having heat resistance and wear resistance.
- This gazette shows an aluminum alloy containing at least one of silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) and magnesium (Mg) as essential additional elements, with the mean crystal grain size of silicon and the mean grain sizes of other intermetallic compound phases not more than prescribed values.
- Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 8-232034 discloses an aluminum powder alloy having heat resistance and wear resistance with excellent deformability at a high temperature.
- This gazette mainly shows an aluminum alloy containing silicon, manganese (Mn), iron, copper (Cu) and magnesium.
- the gazette also shows a method of preparing an aluminum alloy by preforming rapidly solidified powder obtained by air atomization by powder pressurization molding and thereafter performing extrusion and hot swaging.
- each of the aluminum alloys shown in the aforementioned two gazettes insufficiently satisfies performance for serving as a member required to have creep resistance, although the same is excellent in heat resistance and wear resistance.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy excellent in heat resistance as well as in creep resistance and a billet thereof as well as methods of preparing the same.
- the inventors have made deep study under the aforementioned object, to find out the composition and the structure of an aluminum alloy having both of sufficient heat resistance and sufficient creep resistance.
- the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the present invention contains at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium (Zr) with the rest substantially consisting of aluminum, while the mean crystal grain size of silicon is not more than 2 ⁇ m, the mean grain size of compounds other than silicon is not more than 1 ⁇ m, and the mean crystal grain size of an aluminum matrix is at least 0.2 ⁇ m and not more than 2 ⁇ m.
- the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the present invention consists of the aluminum alloy to which silicon, iron and/or nickel, a rare earth element and zirconium are added, and contains none of titanium, magnesium and copper dissimilarly to the conventional aluminum alloys.
- the aluminum alloy containing neither magnesium nor copper can be sufficiently increased in creep resistance. While titanium hinders refinement of crystal grains when added simultaneously with zirconium, the aluminum alloy according to the present invention containing no titanium is not hindered from refinement of crystal grains.
- the content of silicon is set to at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % since silicon crystallizes out in the alloy as silicon crystals to contribute to improvement of wear resistance, while the wear resistance is insufficiently improved if the silicon content is less than 10 mass % and the material is embrittled if the silicon content exceeds 30 mass %.
- the content of at least either iron or nickel is set to at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % in total on the basis of the following reason: Iron crystallizes a fine intermetallic compound of aluminum iron in the aluminum matrix to improve heat resistance of the matrix. When the aluminum alloy singly contains iron without nickel, no effect of improving heat resistance is attained if the iron content is less than 3 mass % while a large acicular intermetallic compound crystallizes out to embrittle the material if the iron content exceeds 10 mass %.
- the intermetallic compound of aluminum and iron is converted to a ternary intermetallic compound of aluminum, iron and nickel to be more refined when iron is compositely added along with nickel.
- the effect of improving heat resistance is reduced if the content of iron and/or nickel is less than 3 mass % in total, while the aluminum alloy is embattled if the content of iron and/or nickel exceeds 10 mass % in total.
- the content of at least one rare earth element is set to at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % in total since the rare earth element has a function of improving tensile strength in the temperature range from the room temperature to a high temperature by reducing the size of an intermetallic compound of aluminum and a transition metal and refining silicon crystals.
- the aforementioned effect is small if the content of the rare earth element is less than 1 mass %, while the aforementioned effect is saturated if the content exceeds 6 mass %.
- the content of zirconium is set to at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % since it is effective to add zirconium improving heat resistance simultaneously with the aforementioned rare earth element while the aforementioned effect is small if the content of zirconium is less than 1 mass % and the aforementioned effect is saturated if the content exceeds 3 mass %.
- the mean crystal grain size of silicon is set to not more than 2 ⁇ m since voids result in high strain rate superplastic deformation if the mean crystal grain size of silicon exceeds 2 ⁇ m.
- the mean grain size of the compounds other than silicon is set to not more than 1 ⁇ m since high strain rate superplastic deformation is hard to attain if the mean grain size exceeds 1 ⁇ m.
- the mean crystal grain size of the aluminum matrix is set to at least 0.2 ⁇ m and not more than 2 ⁇ m since grain boundary sliding is caused between crystal grains to develop superplasticity when stress is applied at a temperature of at least 450° C. in this grain size range. If the mean crystal grain size of the aluminum matrix is less than 0.2 ⁇ m, the strain rate developing superplasticity exceeds 10 2 /sec., to require a working method such as explosive forming extremely inferior in economy. If the mean crystal grain size of the aluminum matrix exceeds 2 ⁇ m, no superplasticity is developed or the strain rate is reduced below 10 ⁇ 2 /sec. following development of superplasticity, to require a long time for hot working.
- the aforementioned heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy preferably contains at least 0.5 mass % and not more than 5 mass % of at least one element selected from a group consisting of cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), manganese, molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W) and vanadium (V) in total.
- a billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the present invention contains at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium while containing none of titanium, magnesium and copper, with the rest substantially containing aluminum, and has a substantially cylindrical shape.
- elongation at 300° C. is preferably at least 1% and not more than 7%.
- Such a billet having relatively small extension can be obtained by powder forging.
- elongation at 300° C. is preferably at least 7% and not more than 15%.
- Such a billet having relatively large extension can be obtained by powder forging.
- a method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according the present invention is a method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy containing at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium with the rest substantially consisting of aluminum, comprising a step of molding rapidly cooled alloy powder consisting of an aluminum alloy into a pressurized powder compact and thereafter working the pressurized powder compact into a product shape by hot plastic working, while the time exposing the pressurized powder compact not yet worked into the product shape to a temperature of at least 450° C. is at least 15 seconds and within 30 minutes.
- the composition of the aluminum alloy is specified by adding silicon, iron and/or nickel, a rare earth element and zirconium so that solidification can be performed while maintaining a microstructure also when the rate of temperature rise is not extremely high.
- high heat resistance and creep resistance can be implemented also when the pressurized powder compact not yet worked into the product shape is exposed to a temperature of at least 450° C. for at least 15 seconds and not more than 30 minutes.
- the pressurized powder compact is preferably solidified by hot plastic working at a rate of change (working rate) of at least 60% in average area of a section perpendicular to a pressurization axis for working the pressurized powder compact into the product shape.
- the hot plastic working preferably includes a step of performing solidification by hot forging.
- the step of working the pressurized powder compact into the product shape by the hot plastic working preferably includes steps of performing first heat treatment on the pressurized powder compact at a temperature of at least 420° C. and not more than 550° C., performing powder forging on the pressurized powder compact subjected to the first heat treatment thereby obtaining a powder-forged body, performing second heat treatment on the powder-forged body at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 550° C., and working the powder-forged body subjected to the second heat treatment into the product shape by shape forging.
- the step of working the pressurized powder compact into the product shape by the hot plastic working preferably includes steps of performing heat treatment on the pressurized powder compact at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 550° C., performing powder forging on the pressurized powder compact subjected to the heat treatment thereby obtaining a powder-forged body, and working the powder-forged body into the product shape by shape forging.
- an aluminum alloy having microcrystal grains with excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be obtained through a single heating step and two forging steps.
- the step of working the pressurized powder compact into the product shape by the hot plastic working preferably further includes steps of performing heat treatment on the pressurized powder compact at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 550° C., and working the pressurized powder compact subjected to the heat treatment into the product shape by powder shape forging.
- an aluminum alloy having microcrystal grains with excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be obtained through a single heating step and a single forging step.
- the step of working the pressurized powder compact into the product shape by the hot plastic working preferably includes steps of performing first heat treatment on the pressurized powder compact at a temperature of at least 420° C. and not more than 550° C., performing extrusion on the pressurized powder compact subjected to the first heat treatment thereby obtaining an extruded body, cutting the extruded body, performing second heat treatment on the cut extruded body at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 550° C., and working the extruded body subjected to the second heat treatment into the product shape by shape forging.
- an aluminum alloy having microcrystal grains with excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be obtained by heating and extrusion.
- a method of preparing a billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the present invention is a method of preparing a billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy containing at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium while containing none of titanium, magnesium and copper, with the rest substantially containing aluminum, comprising a step of molding rapidly cooled alloy powder consisting of an aluminum alloy into a pressurized powder compact and thereafter performing hot plastic working on the pressurized powder compact thereby forming a billet, while the time exposing the pressurized powder compact to a temperature of at least 450° C. before forming the billet is at least 10 seconds and within 20 minutes.
- an aluminum alloy having a microcrystal grains with excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be obtained.
- FIGS. 1 to 3 are schematic perspective views showing first hot plastic working of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to an embodiment of the present invention in order of steps.
- FIGS. 4A, 4B and 5 are schematic perspective views showing second hot plastic working of the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention in order of steps.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a first method of preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a second method of preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 illustrates a third method of preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 illustrates a fourth method of preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 10, 11, 12 A, 12 B, 13 A and 13 B are perspective views for illustrating the shape of a billet for preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12B is a schematic sectional view taken along the line XII-XII in FIG. 12A
- FIG. 13B is a schematic sectional view taken along the line XIII-XIII in FIG. 13A.
- FIGS. 14 to 18 illustrate heating patterns A to E respectively.
- FIG. 19 illustrates creep deformation properties.
- a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the present invention contains at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element (e.g., misch metal (MM)) in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium with the rest consisting of aluminum and unavoidable impurities, and substantially contains no other additional elements.
- MM misch metal
- the mean crystal grain size of silicon is not more than 2 ⁇ m
- the mean grain size of compounds other than silicon is not more than 1 ⁇ m
- the mean crystal grain size of the aluminum matrix is at least 0.2 ⁇ m and not more than 2 ⁇ m.
- the aforementioned aluminum alloy substantially containing no elements other than the aforementioned additional elements, may contain other elements in a range not damaging heat resistance and creep resistance.
- the aluminum alloy may contain at least 0.5 mass % and not more than 5 mass % of at least one element selected from a group consisting of cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium in total as other element(s).
- the aluminum alloy according to this embodiment contains none of titanium, magnesium and copper exerting bad influence on creep resistance and refinement of crystal grains.
- the preparation method according to this embodiment is a method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy having the aforementioned composition.
- rapidly cooled alloy powder consisting of an aluminum alloy is first formed by atomization or the like, for example.
- This rapidly cooled alloy powder is molded into a pressurized powder compact, which in turn is worked into a product shape by hot plastic working.
- rapidly cooled alloy powder is molded to form a cylindrical pressurized powder compact 1 a , for example.
- the relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is about 80%, for example.
- this pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated and thereafter pressurized by hot forging (powder forging), for example, thereby forming a dense forged body (billet) 1 b .
- the relative density of this dense forged body 1 b is 100%.
- this dense forged body 1 b is heated and thereafter pressurized by hot forging (shape forging), for example, thereby forming a pistonlike forged body (product) 1 c , for example, having the final product shape.
- powder forging is a step of removing moisture adsorbed by the pressurized powder compact 1 a and increasing the relative density to 100%, thereby obtaining the billet.
- shape forging is a step for working the billet into the final product shape.
- the time exposing the pressurized powder compact to a temperature of at least 450° in the process for working the same into the final product shape is at least 15 seconds and within 30 minutes.
- solidification is preferably performed by hot plastic working (e.g., hot forging) with a working rate (rate of change of the average area of a section perpendicular to the pressurization axis) of at least 60% for working the pressurized powder compact 1 a into the forged body 1 c having the final product shape.
- hot plastic working e.g., hot forging
- working rate rate of change of the average area of a section perpendicular to the pressurization axis
- the hot plastic working preferably includes a step of performing solidification by a single or at least two steps of hot forging as hereinabove described.
- FIGS. 4A, 4B and 5 Another exemplary hot plastic working including extrusion is described with reference to FIGS. 4A, 4B and 5 .
- rapidly cooled alloy powder is first molded for forming a cylindrical pressurized powder compact 1 a , for example, as shown in FIG. 1.
- the relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is about 80%, for example.
- this pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated and thereafter worked by powder extrusion, for example, thereby forming an extruded body 1 b .
- the relative density of this extruded body 1 b is 100%. This extruded body 1 b is cut.
- the extruded body 1 b is cut thereby forming a billet 1 b .
- This billet 1 b is heated and thereafter pressurized by hot forging (shape forging), for example, thereby forming a pistonlike forged body (product) 1 c , for example, having the final product shape shown in FIG. 3.
- the billet may be formed not by powder forging but by powder extrusion, to be thereafter worked into the final product shape by shape forging.
- material powder consisting of rapidly cooled alloy powder having a prescribed composition is first prepared in the first preparation method.
- This material powder is subjected to powder pressurization molding (step S 1 ), thereby forming the cylindrical pressurized powder compact 1 a shown in FIG. 1.
- the relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is set to 80%.
- This pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 420° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 460° C. and not more than 500° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 15 minutes, under more preferable conditions (step S 2 ).
- the heated pressurized powder compact 1 a is subjected to hot forging (powder forging) (step S 3 ).
- the pressurized powder compact 1 a is so worked that the relative density reaches 100% and the area of a section of the pressurized powder compact 1 a perpendicular to a compression axis remains unchanged.
- the dense forged body (billet) 1 b shown in FIG. 2 is obtained.
- This billet 1 b is heated at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, the billet 1 b is heated at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 500° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 15 minutes under more preferable conditions (step S 4 ).
- the heated billet 1 b is subjected to hot forging (shape forging) (step S 5 ).
- shape forging the billet 1 b is worked into the final product shape so that the area of the section of the billet 1 b perpendicular to the compression axis changes within the range of at least 60% and not more than 90%.
- the pistonlike forged body (product) 1 c for example, having the final product shape shown in FIG. 3 is formed.
- material powder consisting of rapidly cooled alloy powder having a prescribed composition is first prepared in the second preparation method.
- This material powder is subjected to powder pressurization molding (step S 1 ), thereby forming the cylindrical pressurized powder compact 1 a shown in FIG. 1.
- the relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is set to 80%.
- This pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 460° C. and not more than 520° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 30 minutes, under more preferable conditions (step S 2 ).
- the heated pressurized powder compact 1 a is subjected to hot forging (powder forging) (step S 3 ).
- the pressurized powder compact 1 a is so worked that the relative density reaches 100% and the area of a section of the pressurized powder compact 1 a perpendicular to a compression axis remains unchanged.
- the dense forged body (billet) 1 b shown in FIG. 2 is obtained.
- This billet 1 b is subjected to hot forging (shape forging) (step S 5 ).
- the billet 1 b is worked into the final product shape so that the area of the section of the billet 1 b perpendicular to the compression axis changes within the range of at least 60% and not more than 90%.
- the pistonlike forged body (product) 1 c for example, having the final product shape shown in FIG. 3 is formed.
- material powder consisting of rapidly cooled alloy powder having a prescribed composition is first prepared in the third preparation method.
- This material powder is subjected to powder pressurization molding (step S 1 ), thereby forming the cylindrical pressurized powder compact 1 a shown in FIG. 1.
- the relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is set to 80%.
- This pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 460° C. and not more than 520° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 30 minutes, under more preferable conditions (step S 2 ).
- the heated pressurized powder compact 1 a is subjected to hot forging (powder shape forging) (step S 3 a ).
- the pressurized powder compact 1 a is so worked into the final product shape that the relative density reaches 100% and the area of a section of the billet 1 b perpendicular to a compression axis changes within the range of at least 60% and not more than 90%.
- the pistonlike forged body (product) 1 c for example, having the final product shape shown in FIG. 3 is formed.
- material powder consisting of rapidly cooled alloy powder having a prescribed composition is first prepared in the fourth preparation method.
- This material powder is subjected to powder pressurization molding (step S 1 ), thereby forming the cylindrical pressurized powder compact 1 a shown in FIG. 1.
- the relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is set to 80%.
- This pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 420° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 500° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 15 minutes, under more preferable conditions (step S 2 ).
- the heated pressurized powder compact 1 a is subjected to extrusion as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B (step S 11 ).
- the pressurized powder compact 1 a is so worked that the relative density reaches 100% and the area of a section of the pressurized powder compact 1 a perpendicular to a compression axis changes within the range of at least 75% and not more than 90%.
- the extruded body 1 b is cut (step S 12 ), thereby obtaining the billet 1 b shown in FIG. 5.
- This billet 1 b is heated at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, the billet 1 b is heated at a temperature of at least 400° C.
- step S 4 The heated billet 1 b is subjected to hot forging (shape forging) (step S 5 ).
- shape forging the billet 1 b is worked into the final product shape so that the area of the section of the billet 1 b perpendicular to the compression axis changes within the range of at least 60% and not more than 90%.
- the pistonlike forged body product) 1 c for example, having the final product shape shown in FIG. 3 is formed.
- the cylindrical billet 1 b shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 5 is obtained.
- the cylindrical shape includes not only a discoidal shape having a small thickness (length) T with respect to the diameter D as shown in FIG. 10 but also a columnar shape having a large thickness (length) T with respect to the diameter D as shown in FIG. 11. It is assumed that the cylindrical shape in the present invention also includes shapes, not completely cylindrical, having small dents on the front and rear surfaces as shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B and having small projections on the front and rear surfaces as shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, for example.
- the billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to this embodiment has the composition containing at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element (e.g., misch metal (MM)) in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium while containing none of titanium, magnesium and copper, with the rest consisting of aluminum and unavoidable impurities.
- MM misch metal
- This billet 1 b may contain other elements in a range not damaging heat resistance and creep resistance.
- the billet may contain at least 0.5 mass % and not more than 5 mass % of at least one element selected from a group consisting of cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium in total as other element(s).
- the powder-forged billet 1 b prepared according to the first or second preparation method has tensile strength of at least 230 MPa and not more than 260 MPa at 300° C., elongation of at least 1% and not more than 7% at 300° C., and hardness of at least 77 and not more than 92 in HRB (B scale of Rockwell hardness) at the room temperature.
- the grain size of Si in the structure of this powder-forged billet 1 b is at least 1.0 ⁇ m and not more than 1.6 ⁇ m, the grain sizes of compounds other than Si are at least 0.5 ⁇ m and not more than 0.7 ⁇ m, and the grain size of Al is at least 0.3 ⁇ m and not more than 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the extruded/cut billet 1 b prepared according to the fourth preparation method has tensile strength of at least 220 MPa and not more than 250 MPa at 300° C., elongation of at least 7% and not more than 15% at 300° C., and hardness of at least 74 and not more than 88 in HRB at the room temperature.
- the grain size of Si in the structure of this extruded/cut billet 1 b is at least 1.1 ⁇ m and not more than 1.7 ⁇ m, the grain sizes of compounds other than Si are at least 0.6 ⁇ m and not more than 0.8 ⁇ m, and the grain size of Al is at least 0.4 ⁇ m and not more than 0.6 ⁇ m.
- the product 1 c having the final shape shown in FIG. 3 has tensile strength of at least 215-MPa and not more than 247 MPa 300° C., elongation of at least 9% and not more than 14% at 300° C., and hardness of at least HRB 72 and not more than HRB 88 at the room temperature.
- the grain size of Si in the structure of this product 1 c having the final shape is at least 1.1 ⁇ m and not more than 1.7 ⁇ m, the grain sizes of compounds other than Si are at least 0.6 ⁇ m and not more than 0.8 ⁇ m, and the grain size of Al is at least 0.4 ⁇ m and not more than 0.6 ⁇ m.
- Rapidly cooled alloy powder materials having compositions of samples Nos. 1 to 44 shown in Table 1 were prepared by air atomization and molded to prepare pressurized powder compacts of ⁇ 80 ⁇ 21 mm. Pistonlike forged bodies having final shapes were prepared from the pressurized powder compacts by combinations of the following heating patterns A to E and hot plastic working a to e.
- misch metal was composed of 25 mass % of lanthanum (La), 50 mass % of cerium (Ce), 5 mass % of praseodymium (Pr) and 20 mass % of neodymium (Nd). TABLE 1 Sam- Hot ple Composition(Mass %) Heating Plastic No.
- the times for heating the samples from 450° C. to 500° C. were set to 600 seconds in the heating pattern A as show in FIG. 14, to 1500 seconds in the heating pattern B as shown in FIG. 15, to 25 seconds in the heating pattern C as shown in FIG. 16, to 5 seconds in the heating pattern D as shown in FIG. 17, and to 2000 seconds in the heating pattern E as shown in FIG. 18.
- the pressurized powder compact 1 a of ⁇ 80 ⁇ 21 mm shown in FIG. 1 was worked into the dense forged body 1 b of ⁇ 80 ⁇ 16 mm shown in FIG. 2 by hot forging, and this dense forged body 1 b was further worked into the pistonlike forged body 1 c of ⁇ 80 mm shown in FIG. 3 by hot forging.
- the working rate in this pistonlike forged body 1 c was set to 67%.
- the pressurized powder compact 1 a of ⁇ 80 ⁇ 21 mm shown in FIG. 1 was worked into the pistonlike forged body 1 c of ⁇ 80 mm shown in FIG. 3 by hot forging.
- the working rate in this pistonlike forged body 1 c was set to 67%.
- the pressurized powder compact 1 a of ⁇ 80 ⁇ 21 mm shown in FIG. 1 was worked into the dense forged body 1 b of ⁇ 80 ⁇ 16 mm shown in FIG. 2 by hot forging, and this dense forged body 1 b was further worked into the pistonlike forged body 1 c of ⁇ 80 mm shown in FIG. 3 by hot forging.
- the working rate in this pistonlike forged body 1 c was set to 75%.
- the pressurized powder compact 1 a of ⁇ 80 ⁇ 21 mm shown in FIG. 1 was worked into the dense forged body 1 b of ⁇ 80 ⁇ 16 mm shown in FIG. 2 by hot forging, and this dense forged body 1 b was further worked into the pistonlike forged body 1 c of ⁇ 80 mm shown in FIG. 3 by hot forging.
- the working rate in this pistonlike forged body 1 c was set to 50%.
- the pressurized powder compact 1 a of ⁇ 80 ⁇ 21 mm shown in FIG. 1 was worked into the pistonlike forged body 1 c of ⁇ 80 mm shown in FIG. 3 by hot forging.
- the working rate in this pistonlike forged body 1 c was set to 50%.
- minimum creep rate indicates the minimum inclination in a creep deformation property curve following measurement of strain varying with time under a constant temperature and a constant load, as shown in FIG. 9.
- each of the inventive samples Nos. 1 to 29 has high tensile strength of at least 215 MPa at 300° C., large elongation of at least 9.6% at 3000 and a low minimum creep rate of not more than 8.50 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 following application of tension of 80 MPa at 300° C. It has been also proved that the mean crystal grain size of silicon is not more than 2 ⁇ m, the mean grain size of compounds other than silicon is not more than 1 ⁇ m and the mean crystal grain size of the aluminum matrix is at least 0.2 ⁇ m and not more than 2 ⁇ m in each of the inventive samples Nos. 1 to 29.
- an aluminum alloy having a composition in the range of the present invention attains excellent characteristics as to all of tensile strength at 300° C., elongation at 300° C. and the minimum creep rate following application of tension of 80 MPa at 300° C.
- the present invention is suitably applied to a member such as a piston, for example, required to have heat resistance and creep resistance.
Abstract
A heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy containing from 10 to 30 mass % of silicon, from 3 to 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, from 1 to 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total, and from 1 to 3 mass % of zirconium, preferably excluding titanium, magnesium and copper, with the rest substantially consisting of aluminum, is prepared by a method including providing a rapidly cooled aluminum alloy powder, molding the powder into a pressurized powder compact, and performing hot plastic working on the compact to form a product shape such as a billet. The compact is exposed to a temperature of at least 450° C. for at least 10 seconds and not more than 30 minutes before forming the product shape by the hot plastic working.
Description
- This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. 10/296,142, filed Nov. 20, 2002, which is the U.S. National Phase of PCT/JP02/02731.
- The present invention relates to methods of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy and a billet thereof, and more particularly, it relates to methods of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy suitable to be used for a component employable at a temperature of at least 300° C. and required to have creep resistance and a billet thereof.
- Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 11-293374 discloses an aluminum (Al) powder alloy having heat resistance and wear resistance. This gazette shows an aluminum alloy containing at least one of silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) and magnesium (Mg) as essential additional elements, with the mean crystal grain size of silicon and the mean grain sizes of other intermetallic compound phases not more than prescribed values.
- Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 8-232034 discloses an aluminum powder alloy having heat resistance and wear resistance with excellent deformability at a high temperature. This gazette mainly shows an aluminum alloy containing silicon, manganese (Mn), iron, copper (Cu) and magnesium. The gazette also shows a method of preparing an aluminum alloy by preforming rapidly solidified powder obtained by air atomization by powder pressurization molding and thereafter performing extrusion and hot swaging.
- However, it has been proved that each of the aluminum alloys shown in the aforementioned two gazettes insufficiently satisfies performance for serving as a member required to have creep resistance, although the same is excellent in heat resistance and wear resistance.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy excellent in heat resistance as well as in creep resistance and a billet thereof as well as methods of preparing the same.
- The inventors have made deep study under the aforementioned object, to find out the composition and the structure of an aluminum alloy having both of sufficient heat resistance and sufficient creep resistance.
- The heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the present invention contains at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium (Zr) with the rest substantially consisting of aluminum, while the mean crystal grain size of silicon is not more than 2 μm, the mean grain size of compounds other than silicon is not more than 1 μm, and the mean crystal grain size of an aluminum matrix is at least 0.2 μm and not more than 2 μm.
- The heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the present invention consists of the aluminum alloy to which silicon, iron and/or nickel, a rare earth element and zirconium are added, and contains none of titanium, magnesium and copper dissimilarly to the conventional aluminum alloys. The aluminum alloy containing neither magnesium nor copper can be sufficiently increased in creep resistance. While titanium hinders refinement of crystal grains when added simultaneously with zirconium, the aluminum alloy according to the present invention containing no titanium is not hindered from refinement of crystal grains.
- Thus, an aluminum alloy having microcrystal grains with excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be obtained.
- The content of silicon is set to at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % since silicon crystallizes out in the alloy as silicon crystals to contribute to improvement of wear resistance, while the wear resistance is insufficiently improved if the silicon content is less than 10 mass % and the material is embrittled if the silicon content exceeds 30 mass %.
- The content of at least either iron or nickel is set to at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % in total on the basis of the following reason: Iron crystallizes a fine intermetallic compound of aluminum iron in the aluminum matrix to improve heat resistance of the matrix. When the aluminum alloy singly contains iron without nickel, no effect of improving heat resistance is attained if the iron content is less than 3 mass % while a large acicular intermetallic compound crystallizes out to embrittle the material if the iron content exceeds 10 mass %.
- While iron may be singly added to the aluminum alloy, the intermetallic compound of aluminum and iron is converted to a ternary intermetallic compound of aluminum, iron and nickel to be more refined when iron is compositely added along with nickel. The effect of improving heat resistance is reduced if the content of iron and/or nickel is less than 3 mass % in total, while the aluminum alloy is embattled if the content of iron and/or nickel exceeds 10 mass % in total.
- The content of at least one rare earth element is set to at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % in total since the rare earth element has a function of improving tensile strength in the temperature range from the room temperature to a high temperature by reducing the size of an intermetallic compound of aluminum and a transition metal and refining silicon crystals. The aforementioned effect is small if the content of the rare earth element is less than 1 mass %, while the aforementioned effect is saturated if the content exceeds 6 mass %.
- The content of zirconium is set to at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % since it is effective to add zirconium improving heat resistance simultaneously with the aforementioned rare earth element while the aforementioned effect is small if the content of zirconium is less than 1 mass % and the aforementioned effect is saturated if the content exceeds 3 mass %.
- The mean crystal grain size of silicon is set to not more than 2 μm since voids result in high strain rate superplastic deformation if the mean crystal grain size of silicon exceeds 2 μm.
- The mean grain size of the compounds other than silicon is set to not more than 1 μm since high strain rate superplastic deformation is hard to attain if the mean grain size exceeds 1 μm.
- The mean crystal grain size of the aluminum matrix is set to at least 0.2 μm and not more than 2 μm since grain boundary sliding is caused between crystal grains to develop superplasticity when stress is applied at a temperature of at least 450° C. in this grain size range. If the mean crystal grain size of the aluminum matrix is less than 0.2 μm, the strain rate developing superplasticity exceeds 102/sec., to require a working method such as explosive forming extremely inferior in economy. If the mean crystal grain size of the aluminum matrix exceeds 2 μm, no superplasticity is developed or the strain rate is reduced below 10−2/sec. following development of superplasticity, to require a long time for hot working.
- The aforementioned heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy preferably contains at least 0.5 mass % and not more than 5 mass % of at least one element selected from a group consisting of cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), manganese, molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W) and vanadium (V) in total.
- These elements, not damaging the heat resistance and the creep resistance of the aluminum alloy according to the present invention, can be added at need.
- A billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the present invention contains at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium while containing none of titanium, magnesium and copper, with the rest substantially containing aluminum, and has a substantially cylindrical shape.
- According to the inventive billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, an aluminum alloy having microcrystal grains with excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be obtained.
- In the aforementioned billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, elongation at 300° C. is preferably at least 1% and not more than 7%.
- Such a billet having relatively small extension can be obtained by powder forging.
- In the aforementioned billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, elongation at 300° C. is preferably at least 7% and not more than 15%.
- Such a billet having relatively large extension can be obtained by powder forging.
- A method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according the present invention is a method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy containing at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium with the rest substantially consisting of aluminum, comprising a step of molding rapidly cooled alloy powder consisting of an aluminum alloy into a pressurized powder compact and thereafter working the pressurized powder compact into a product shape by hot plastic working, while the time exposing the pressurized powder compact not yet worked into the product shape to a temperature of at least 450° C. is at least 15 seconds and within 30 minutes.
- According to the inventive method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, the composition of the aluminum alloy is specified by adding silicon, iron and/or nickel, a rare earth element and zirconium so that solidification can be performed while maintaining a microstructure also when the rate of temperature rise is not extremely high. Thus, high heat resistance and creep resistance can be implemented also when the pressurized powder compact not yet worked into the product shape is exposed to a temperature of at least 450° C. for at least 15 seconds and not more than 30 minutes.
- While high heat resistance and creep resistance can be implemented also when the time exposing the pressurized powder compact to a temperature of at least 450° C. is less than 15 seconds, the equipment cost is increased in this case.
- In the aforementioned method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, the pressurized powder compact is preferably solidified by hot plastic working at a rate of change (working rate) of at least 60% in average area of a section perpendicular to a pressurization axis for working the pressurized powder compact into the product shape.
- Thus, a final product having a complicated shape can be readily manufactured.
- In the aforementioned method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, the hot plastic working preferably includes a step of performing solidification by hot forging.
- Thus, a final product can be manufactured with high forgeability.
- In the aforementioned method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, the step of working the pressurized powder compact into the product shape by the hot plastic working preferably includes steps of performing first heat treatment on the pressurized powder compact at a temperature of at least 420° C. and not more than 550° C., performing powder forging on the pressurized powder compact subjected to the first heat treatment thereby obtaining a powder-forged body, performing second heat treatment on the powder-forged body at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 550° C., and working the powder-forged body subjected to the second heat treatment into the product shape by shape forging.
- Thus, an aluminum alloy excellent in heat resistance and heat creep resistance can be obtained through two heating steps and two forging steps.
- In the aforementioned method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, the step of working the pressurized powder compact into the product shape by the hot plastic working preferably includes steps of performing heat treatment on the pressurized powder compact at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 550° C., performing powder forging on the pressurized powder compact subjected to the heat treatment thereby obtaining a powder-forged body, and working the powder-forged body into the product shape by shape forging.
- Thus, an aluminum alloy having microcrystal grains with excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be obtained through a single heating step and two forging steps.
- In the aforementioned method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, the step of working the pressurized powder compact into the product shape by the hot plastic working preferably further includes steps of performing heat treatment on the pressurized powder compact at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 550° C., and working the pressurized powder compact subjected to the heat treatment into the product shape by powder shape forging.
- Thus, an aluminum alloy having microcrystal grains with excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be obtained through a single heating step and a single forging step.
- In the aforementioned method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, the step of working the pressurized powder compact into the product shape by the hot plastic working preferably includes steps of performing first heat treatment on the pressurized powder compact at a temperature of at least 420° C. and not more than 550° C., performing extrusion on the pressurized powder compact subjected to the first heat treatment thereby obtaining an extruded body, cutting the extruded body, performing second heat treatment on the cut extruded body at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 550° C., and working the extruded body subjected to the second heat treatment into the product shape by shape forging.
- Thus, an aluminum alloy having microcrystal grains with excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be obtained by heating and extrusion.
- A method of preparing a billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the present invention is a method of preparing a billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy containing at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium while containing none of titanium, magnesium and copper, with the rest substantially containing aluminum, comprising a step of molding rapidly cooled alloy powder consisting of an aluminum alloy into a pressurized powder compact and thereafter performing hot plastic working on the pressurized powder compact thereby forming a billet, while the time exposing the pressurized powder compact to a temperature of at least 450° C. before forming the billet is at least 10 seconds and within 20 minutes.
- According to the inventive method of preparing a billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy, an aluminum alloy having a microcrystal grains with excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be obtained.
- FIGS.1 to 3 are schematic perspective views showing first hot plastic working of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to an embodiment of the present invention in order of steps.
- FIGS. 4A, 4B and5 are schematic perspective views showing second hot plastic working of the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention in order of steps.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a first method of preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a second method of preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 illustrates a third method of preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 illustrates a fourth method of preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 10, 11,12A, 12B, 13A and 13B are perspective views for illustrating the shape of a billet for preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12B is a schematic sectional view taken along the line XII-XII in FIG. 12A, and FIG. 13B is a schematic sectional view taken along the line XIII-XIII in FIG. 13A.
- FIGS.14 to 18 illustrate heating patterns A to E respectively.
- FIG. 19 illustrates creep deformation properties.
- An embodiment of the present invention is now described with reference to the drawings.
- A heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to the present invention contains at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element (e.g., misch metal (MM)) in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium with the rest consisting of aluminum and unavoidable impurities, and substantially contains no other additional elements. In the aluminum alloy, the mean crystal grain size of silicon is not more than 2 μm, the mean grain size of compounds other than silicon is not more than 1 μm, and the mean crystal grain size of the aluminum matrix is at least 0.2 μm and not more than 2 μm.
- The aforementioned aluminum alloy, substantially containing no elements other than the aforementioned additional elements, may contain other elements in a range not damaging heat resistance and creep resistance. For example, the aluminum alloy may contain at least 0.5 mass % and not more than 5 mass % of at least one element selected from a group consisting of cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium in total as other element(s). The aluminum alloy according to this embodiment contains none of titanium, magnesium and copper exerting bad influence on creep resistance and refinement of crystal grains.
- A preparation method according to this embodiment is now described.
- The preparation method according to this embodiment is a method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy having the aforementioned composition.
- In the method of preparing the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy having such a composition, rapidly cooled alloy powder consisting of an aluminum alloy is first formed by atomization or the like, for example. This rapidly cooled alloy powder is molded into a pressurized powder compact, which in turn is worked into a product shape by hot plastic working.
- The steps of the hot plastic working are described with reference to FIGS.1 to 3.
- Referring to FIG. 1, rapidly cooled alloy powder is molded to form a cylindrical pressurized powder compact1 a, for example. The relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is about 80%, for example.
- Referring to FIG. 2, this pressurized powder compact1 a is heated and thereafter pressurized by hot forging (powder forging), for example, thereby forming a dense forged body (billet) 1 b. The relative density of this dense forged
body 1 b is 100%. - Referring to FIG. 3, this dense forged
body 1 b is heated and thereafter pressurized by hot forging (shape forging), for example, thereby forming a pistonlike forged body (product) 1 c, for example, having the final product shape. - In the above description, powder forging is a step of removing moisture adsorbed by the pressurized powder compact1 a and increasing the relative density to 100%, thereby obtaining the billet. In the above description, further, shape forging is a step for working the billet into the final product shape.
- The time exposing the pressurized powder compact to a temperature of at least 450° in the process for working the same into the final product shape is at least 15 seconds and within 30 minutes.
- Further, solidification is preferably performed by hot plastic working (e.g., hot forging) with a working rate (rate of change of the average area of a section perpendicular to the pressurization axis) of at least 60% for working the pressurized powder compact1 a into the forged
body 1 c having the final product shape. - The hot plastic working preferably includes a step of performing solidification by a single or at least two steps of hot forging as hereinabove described.
- Another exemplary hot plastic working including extrusion is described with reference to FIGS. 4A, 4B and5.
- In this method, rapidly cooled alloy powder is first molded for forming a cylindrical pressurized powder compact1 a, for example, as shown in FIG. 1. The relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is about 80%, for example.
- Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, this pressurized powder compact1 a is heated and thereafter worked by powder extrusion, for example, thereby forming an
extruded body 1 b. The relative density of this extrudedbody 1 b is 100%. This extrudedbody 1 b is cut. - Referring to FIG. 5, the extruded
body 1 b is cut thereby forming abillet 1 b. Thisbillet 1 b is heated and thereafter pressurized by hot forging (shape forging), for example, thereby forming a pistonlike forged body (product) 1 c, for example, having the final product shape shown in FIG. 3. - Thus, the billet may be formed not by powder forging but by powder extrusion, to be thereafter worked into the final product shape by shape forging.
- These preparation methods are now described in detail as to four patterns.
- Referring to FIG. 6, material powder consisting of rapidly cooled alloy powder having a prescribed composition is first prepared in the first preparation method. This material powder is subjected to powder pressurization molding (step S1), thereby forming the cylindrical pressurized powder compact 1 a shown in FIG. 1. The relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is set to 80%. This pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 420° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 460° C. and not more than 500° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 15 minutes, under more preferable conditions (step S2). The heated pressurized powder compact 1 a is subjected to hot forging (powder forging) (step S3). In this powder forging, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is so worked that the relative density reaches 100% and the area of a section of the pressurized powder compact 1 a perpendicular to a compression axis remains unchanged. Thus, the dense forged body (billet) 1 b shown in FIG. 2 is obtained. This
billet 1 b is heated at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, thebillet 1 b is heated at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 500° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 15 minutes under more preferable conditions (step S4). Theheated billet 1 b is subjected to hot forging (shape forging) (step S5). In this shape forging, thebillet 1 b is worked into the final product shape so that the area of the section of thebillet 1 b perpendicular to the compression axis changes within the range of at least 60% and not more than 90%. Thus, the pistonlike forged body (product) 1 c, for example, having the final product shape shown in FIG. 3 is formed. - Referring to FIG. 7, material powder consisting of rapidly cooled alloy powder having a prescribed composition is first prepared in the second preparation method. This material powder is subjected to powder pressurization molding (step S1), thereby forming the cylindrical pressurized powder compact 1 a shown in FIG. 1. The relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is set to 80%. This pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 460° C. and not more than 520° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 30 minutes, under more preferable conditions (step S2). The heated pressurized powder compact 1 a is subjected to hot forging (powder forging) (step S3). In this powder forging, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is so worked that the relative density reaches 100% and the area of a section of the pressurized powder compact 1 a perpendicular to a compression axis remains unchanged. Thus, the dense forged body (billet) 1 b shown in FIG. 2 is obtained. This
billet 1 b is subjected to hot forging (shape forging) (step S5). In this shape forging, thebillet 1 b is worked into the final product shape so that the area of the section of thebillet 1 b perpendicular to the compression axis changes within the range of at least 60% and not more than 90%. Thus, the pistonlike forged body (product) 1 c, for example, having the final product shape shown in FIG. 3 is formed. - Referring to FIG. 8, material powder consisting of rapidly cooled alloy powder having a prescribed composition is first prepared in the third preparation method. This material powder is subjected to powder pressurization molding (step S1), thereby forming the cylindrical pressurized powder compact 1 a shown in FIG. 1. The relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is set to 80%. This pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 460° C. and not more than 520° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 30 minutes, under more preferable conditions (step S2). The heated pressurized powder compact 1 a is subjected to hot forging (powder shape forging) (step S3 a). In this powder shape forging, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is so worked into the final product shape that the relative density reaches 100% and the area of a section of the
billet 1 b perpendicular to a compression axis changes within the range of at least 60% and not more than 90%. Thus, the pistonlike forged body (product) 1 c, for example, having the final product shape shown in FIG. 3 is formed. - Referring to FIG. 9, material powder consisting of rapidly cooled alloy powder having a prescribed composition is first prepared in the fourth preparation method. This material powder is subjected to powder pressurization molding (step S1), thereby forming the cylindrical pressurized powder compact 1 a shown in FIG. 1. The relative density of this pressurized powder compact 1 a is set to 80%. This pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 420° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is heated at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 500° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 15 minutes, under more preferable conditions (step S2). The heated pressurized powder compact 1 a is subjected to extrusion as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B (step S11). In this extrusion, the pressurized powder compact 1 a is so worked that the relative density reaches 100% and the area of a section of the pressurized powder compact 1 a perpendicular to a compression axis changes within the range of at least 75% and not more than 90%. Thereafter the extruded
body 1 b is cut (step S12), thereby obtaining thebillet 1 b shown in FIG. 5. Thisbillet 1 b is heated at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 550° C. At this time, thebillet 1 b is heated at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 500° C. for at least 15 seconds and within 15 minutes, under more preferable conditions (step S4). Theheated billet 1 b is subjected to hot forging (shape forging) (step S5). In this shape forging, thebillet 1 b is worked into the final product shape so that the area of the section of thebillet 1 b perpendicular to the compression axis changes within the range of at least 60% and not more than 90%. Thus, the pistonlike forged body product) 1 c, for example, having the final product shape shown in FIG. 3 is formed. - The billet obtained according to this embodiment is now described.
- In any of the aforementioned first to fourth preparation methods, the
cylindrical billet 1 b shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 5 is obtained. The cylindrical shape includes not only a discoidal shape having a small thickness (length) T with respect to the diameter D as shown in FIG. 10 but also a columnar shape having a large thickness (length) T with respect to the diameter D as shown in FIG. 11. It is assumed that the cylindrical shape in the present invention also includes shapes, not completely cylindrical, having small dents on the front and rear surfaces as shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B and having small projections on the front and rear surfaces as shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, for example. - The billet of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to this embodiment has the composition containing at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element (e.g., misch metal (MM)) in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium while containing none of titanium, magnesium and copper, with the rest consisting of aluminum and unavoidable impurities.
- This
billet 1 b may contain other elements in a range not damaging heat resistance and creep resistance. For example, the billet may contain at least 0.5 mass % and not more than 5 mass % of at least one element selected from a group consisting of cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium in total as other element(s). - The powder-forged
billet 1 b prepared according to the first or second preparation method has tensile strength of at least 230 MPa and not more than 260 MPa at 300° C., elongation of at least 1% and not more than 7% at 300° C., and hardness of at least 77 and not more than 92 in HRB (B scale of Rockwell hardness) at the room temperature. The grain size of Si in the structure of this powder-forgedbillet 1 b is at least 1.0 μm and not more than 1.6 μm, the grain sizes of compounds other than Si are at least 0.5 μm and not more than 0.7 μm, and the grain size of Al is at least 0.3 μm and not more than 0.5 μm. - The extruded/
cut billet 1 b prepared according to the fourth preparation method has tensile strength of at least 220 MPa and not more than 250 MPa at 300° C., elongation of at least 7% and not more than 15% at 300° C., and hardness of at least 74 and not more than 88 in HRB at the room temperature. The grain size of Si in the structure of this extruded/cut billet 1 b is at least 1.1 μm and not more than 1.7 μm, the grain sizes of compounds other than Si are at least 0.6 μm and not more than 0.8 μm, and the grain size of Al is at least 0.4 μm and not more than 0.6 μm. - The
product 1 c having the final shape shown in FIG. 3 has tensile strength of at least 215-MPa and not more than 247 MPa 300° C., elongation of at least 9% and not more than 14% at 300° C., and hardness of at least HRB 72 and not more than HRB 88 at the room temperature. The grain size of Si in the structure of thisproduct 1 c having the final shape is at least 1.1 μm and not more than 1.7 μm, the grain sizes of compounds other than Si are at least 0.6 μm and not more than 0.8 μm, and the grain size of Al is at least 0.4 μm and not more than 0.6 μm. - Experimental Example of the present invention is now described.
- Rapidly cooled alloy powder materials having compositions of samples Nos. 1 to 44 shown in Table 1 were prepared by air atomization and molded to prepare pressurized powder compacts of φ80×21 mm. Pistonlike forged bodies having final shapes were prepared from the pressurized powder compacts by combinations of the following heating patterns A to E and hot plastic working a to e.
- Referring to Table 1, misch metal (MM) was composed of 25 mass % of lanthanum (La), 50 mass % of cerium (Ce), 5 mass % of praseodymium (Pr) and 20 mass % of neodymium (Nd).
TABLE 1 Sam- Hot ple Composition(Mass %) Heating Plastic No. Si Fe Ni Zr MM Cu Mg Cr Mn Mo Co W V Pattern Working Inventive 1 11 5 3 1.2 5 A a Sample 2 11 2 4 2.5 4 A a 3 14 5 2 1.2 5 A a 4 14 2 3 2 4 A a 5 17 4 1.5 5 A a 6 17 3 0.5 1.5 5 A a 7 17 2 1.5 1.5 5.5 A a 8 17 1 2 1.2 5.5 A a 9 17 3 1.5 5 A a 10 20 4 1.5 4 A a 11 20 3 0.5 1.5 4 A a 12 20 2 1.5 1.2 5 A a 13 20 1 2 1.2 5.5 A a 14 20 3 1.2 5 A a 15 25 3 0.5 1.5 2 A a 16 25 2 1.5 1.2 5 A a 17 25 1 2 1.2 5 A a 18 25 3 1.2 3 A a 19 17 2 1.5 1.5 5 0.1 0.3 A a 20 17 2 1.5 1.5 5 0.5 0.3 A a 21 20 2 1.5 1.2 5 0.8 A a 22 20 2 1.5 1.2 5 0.2 0.6 A a 23 20 2 1.5 1.2 5 B a 24 20 2 1.5 1.2 5 C a 25 17 2 1.5 1.5 5 A b 26 17 2 1.5 1.5 5 A c 27 17 2 1.5 1.5 5 A d 28 17 2 1.5 1.5 5 A e 29 20 2 1.5 1.2 5 D a Comparative 30 20 2 1.5 1.2 5 E a Sample 31 17 2 1.5 1.5 5 1 A a 32 17 2 1.5 1.5 5 0.8 A a 33 17 1 2 1.2 5 0.5 0.06 A a 34 17 1 2 1.2 5 0.1 A a 35 8 8 1.5 5 A a 36 32 4 2 1.2 3 A a 37 11 12 1.2 5 A a 38 20 0.5 0.5 1.5 5 A a 39 20 3 2 0 5 A a 40 17 2 1.5 1.5 0.7 A a 41 17 2 0 0 2 4 0.5 A a 42 17 2 0 0 8 4 0.5 A a 43 12 5 3 2 A a 44 17 5 1 3 A a - The aforementioned heating patterns A to E were set as follows:
- The times for heating the samples from 450° C. to 500° C. were set to 600 seconds in the heating pattern A as show in FIG. 14, to 1500 seconds in the heating pattern B as shown in FIG. 15, to 25 seconds in the heating pattern C as shown in FIG. 16, to 5 seconds in the heating pattern D as shown in FIG. 17, and to 2000 seconds in the heating pattern E as shown in FIG. 18.
- The rates for heating the samples from 20° C. to 450° C. in the respective heating patterns A to E were set identical to the rates for heating the samples from 450° C. to 500° C. in the respective heating patterns.
- In the hot plastic working a, the pressurized powder compact1 a of φ80×21 mm shown in FIG. 1 was worked into the dense forged
body 1 b of φ80×16 mm shown in FIG. 2 by hot forging, and this dense forgedbody 1 b was further worked into the pistonlikeforged body 1 c of φ80 mm shown in FIG. 3 by hot forging. The working rate in this pistonlikeforged body 1 c was set to 67%. - In the hot plastic working b, the pressurized powder compact1 a of φ80×21 mm shown in FIG. 1 was worked into the pistonlike
forged body 1 c of φ80 mm shown in FIG. 3 by hot forging. The working rate in this pistonlikeforged body 1 c was set to 67%. - In the hot plastic working c, the pressurized powder compact1 a of φ80×21 mm shown in FIG. 1 was worked into the dense forged
body 1 b of φ80×16 mm shown in FIG. 2 by hot forging, and this dense forgedbody 1 b was further worked into the pistonlikeforged body 1 c of φ80 mm shown in FIG. 3 by hot forging. The working rate in this pistonlikeforged body 1 c was set to 75%. - In the hot plastic working d, the pressurized powder compact1 a of φ80×21 mm shown in FIG. 1 was worked into the dense forged
body 1 b of φ80×16 mm shown in FIG. 2 by hot forging, and this dense forgedbody 1 b was further worked into the pistonlikeforged body 1 c of φ80 mm shown in FIG. 3 by hot forging. The working rate in this pistonlikeforged body 1 c was set to 50%. - In the hot plastic working e, the pressurized powder compact1 a of φ80×21 mm shown in FIG. 1 was worked into the pistonlike
forged body 1 c of φ80 mm shown in FIG. 3 by hot forging. The working rate in this pistonlikeforged body 1 c was set to 50%. - As to the forged bodies having the final shapes obtained in the aforementioned manner, tensile strength values at 300° C., elongation values at 300° C. and minimum creep rates following application of tension of 80 MPa at 300° C. were measured. As to the forged bodies having the final shapes obtained in the aforementioned manner, further, mean crystal grain sizes of silicon, mean grain sizes of compounds other than silicon and mean crystal grain sizes of aluminum matrices were measured. Tables 2 and 3 show the results.
TABLE 2 Evaluated Items 300° C. 300° C. 80 MPa Si Grain Size of Al Tensile 300° C. Minimum Grain Compound Grain Sample Strength Elongation Creep Rate Size Other than Size No. (MPa) (%) (l/s) (μm) Si (μm) (μm) Inventive 1 220 12.2 7.70 × 10−9 1.2 0.8 0.6 Sample 2 215 13.5 8.50 × 10−9 1.1 0.8 0.6 3 227 12.6 6.00 × 10−9 1.3 0.8 0.6 4 225 12 5.60 × 10−9 1.3 0.8 0.6 5 216 11.4 3.80 × 10−9 1.4 0.7 0.6 6 228 12.2 4.20 × 10−9 1.3 0.8 0.5 7 224 11.6 4.00 × 10−9 1.5 0.7 0.6 8 220 12 4.40 × 10−9 1.5 0.7 0.5 9 232 10.8 3.70 × 10−9 1.5 0.8 0.6 10 235 10 3.30 × 10−9 1.6 0.7 0.5 11 224 12 3.40 × 10−9 1.5 0.7 0.5 12 242 10.2 3.20 × 10−9 1.6 0.7 0.5 13 230 11 3.60 × 10−9 1.6 0.6 0.5 14 233 11 3.10 × 10−9 1.4 0.7 0.4 15 245 9.8 2.90 × 10−9 1.6 0.7 0.5 16 240 10.4 2.70 × 10−9 1.7 0.7 0.4 17 247 9.6 2.80 × 10−9 1.7 0.6 0.5 18 244 10 2.60 × 10−9 1.6 0.6 0.5 19 235 11 3.50 × 10−9 1.6 0.7 0.5 20 233 10.7 3.30 × 10−9 1.6 0.7 0.5 21 236 10.4 2.90 × 10−9 1.5 0.7 0.6 22 239 10 2.80 × 10−9 1.5 0.8 0.6 23 230 11 3.60 × 10−9 1.4 0.8 0.5 24 222 12.4 3.80 × 10−9 1.6 0.7 0.5 25 227 12 4.20 × 10−9 1.5 0.8 0.5 26 228 11.3 4.50 × 10−9 1.4 0.7 0.6 27 215 13 4.40 × 10−9 1.4 0.8 0.6 28 216 13.1 4.80 × 10−9 1.6 0.7 0.6 29 240 9.9 3.20 × 10−9 1.2 0.8 0.4 -
TABLE 3 Evaluated Item 300° C. 300° C. 80 MPa Si Grain Size of Al Tensile 300° C. Minimum Grain Compound Grain Sample Strength Elongation Creep Rate Size Other than Size No. (MPa) (%) (l/s) (μm) Si (μm) (μm) Comparative 30 175 18 8.80 × 10−8 2.7 1.4 2.2 Sample 31 220 11 9.20 × 10−8 1.5 0.8 0.5 32 225 12.2 9.50 × 10−8 1.6 0.8 0.5 33 214 14 1.20 × 10−7 1.5 0.7 0.6 34 220 12.3 5.00 × 10−8 1.5 0.7 0.5 35 207 13 4.00 × 10−8 1.4 1.3 1.9 36 235 5 4.40 × 10−8 2.3 1.3 1.8 37 233 3.9 5.00 × 10−8 1.6 1.8 2.5 38 230 5.3 1.10 × 10−7 3.3 1.5 2.3 39 235 8.5 5.80 × 10−8 1.4 1.5 2.2 40 209 11.1 8.50 × 10−8 2.2 0.9 1.4 41 225 11.1 8.30 × 10−8 1.5 0.8 1.1 42 233 9.9 7.00 × 10−8 1.6 0.8 1.1 43 208 9.9 6.80 × 10−8 2 1 1.4 44 192 5.3 7.20 × 10−8 2.2 0.9 1.3 - Referring to Tables 2 and 3, the term “minimum creep rate” indicates the minimum inclination in a creep deformation property curve following measurement of strain varying with time under a constant temperature and a constant load, as shown in FIG. 9.
- From the results shown in Tables 2 and 3, it has been proved that each of the inventive samples Nos. 1 to 29 has high tensile strength of at least 215 MPa at 300° C., large elongation of at least 9.6% at 3000 and a low minimum creep rate of not more than 8.50×10−9 following application of tension of 80 MPa at 300° C. It has been also proved that the mean crystal grain size of silicon is not more than 2 μm, the mean grain size of compounds other than silicon is not more than 1 μm and the mean crystal grain size of the aluminum matrix is at least 0.2 μm and not more than 2 μm in each of the inventive samples Nos. 1 to 29.
- In each of comparative samples Nos. 30 to 44, the minimum creep rate was in excess of 8.50×10−9 following application of tension of 80 MPa at 300° C. Tensile strength at 300° C. was lower than 215 MPa as to each of comparative samples Nos. 30, 33, 35, 40, 43 and 44, while elongation at 300° C. was smaller than 9.6% in each of comparative samples Nos. 36 to 39 and 44.
- From the above results, it has been proved that an aluminum alloy having a composition in the range of the present invention attains excellent characteristics as to all of tensile strength at 300° C., elongation at 300° C. and the minimum creep rate following application of tension of 80 MPa at 300° C.
- According to the heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy and the method of preparing the same according to the present invention, as hereinabove described, excellent heat resistance and creep resistance can be attained due to the prescribed composition and the prescribed structure, whereby an aluminum alloy suitable as a piston or an engine part employable at a high temperature (particularly in excess of 300° C.) and required to have high creep resistance and a method of preparing the same can be obtained.
- The embodiment and Experimental Example disclosed this time must be considered illustrative and not restrictive in all points. The scope of the present invention is shown not by the above description but by the scope of claim for patent, and it is intended that all modifications in meanings and ranges equivalent to the scope of claim for patent are included.
- As hereinabove described, the present invention is suitably applied to a member such as a piston, for example, required to have heat resistance and creep resistance.
Claims (8)
1. A method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy containing at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium with the rest substantially consisting of aluminum,
comprising a step of molding rapidly cooled alloy powder consisting of an aluminum alloy into a pressurized powder compact (1 a) and thereafter working said pressurized powder compact (1 a) into a product shape (1c) by hot plastic working, wherein
the time exposing said pressurized powder compact (1 a) not yet worked into said product shape (1c) to a temperature of at least 450° C. is at least 15 seconds and within 30 minutes.
2. The method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to claim 1 , performing solidification by hot plastic working at a rate of change of at least 60% in average area of a section perpendicular to a pressurization axis for working said pressurized powder compact (1 a) into said product shape (1c).
3. The method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to claim 1 , wherein said hot plastic working includes a step of performing solidification by hot forging.
4. The method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to claim 1 , wherein said step of working said pressurized powder compact (1 a) into said product shape (1 c) by said hot plastic working includes steps of:
performing first heat treatment on said pressurized powder compact (1 a) at a temperature of at least 420° C. and not more than 550° C.,
performing powder forging on said pressurized powder compact (1 a) subjected to said first heat treatment thereby obtaining a powder-forged body (1 b),
performing second heat treatment on said powder-forged body (1 b) at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 550° C., and working said powder-forged body (1 b) subjected to said second heat treatment into said product shape (1c) by shape forging.
5. The method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to claim 1 , wherein said step of working said pressurized powder compact (1 a) into said product shape (1 c) by said hot plastic working includes steps of:
performing heat treatment on said pressurized powder compact (1 a) at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 550° C.,
performing powder forging on said pressurized powder compact (1 a) subjected to said heat treatment thereby obtaining a powder-forged body (1 b), and
working said powder-forged body (1 b) into said product shape (1 c) by shape forging.
6. The method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to claim 1 , wherein said step of working said pressurized powder compact (1 a) into said product shape (1 c) by said hot plastic working further includes steps of:
performing heat treatment on said pressurized powder compact (1 a) at a temperature of at least 450° C. and not more than 550° C., and
working said pressurized powder compact (1 a) subjected said to heat treatment into said product shape (1 c) by powder shape forging.
7. The method of preparing a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy according to claim 1 , wherein said step of working said pressurized powder compact (1 a) into said product shape (1 c) by said hot plastic working includes steps of:
performing first heat treatment on said pressurized powder compact (1 a) at a temperature of at least 420° C. and not more than 550° C.,
performing extrusion on said pressurized powder compact (1 a) subjected to said first heat treatment thereby obtaining an extruded body (1 b),
cutting said extruded body (1 b),
performing second heat treatment on cut said extruded body (1 b) at a temperature of at least 400° C. and not more than 550° C., and
working said extruded body (1 b) subjected to said second heat treatment into said product shape (1 a) by shape forging.
8. A method of preparing a billet (1 b) of a heat-resistant, creep-resistant aluminum alloy containing at least 10 mass % and not more than 30 mass % of silicon, at least 3 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of at least either iron or nickel in total, at least 1 mass % and not more than 6 mass % of at least one rare earth element in total and at least 1 mass % and not more than 3 mass % of zirconium while containing none of titanium, magnesium and copper, with the rest substantially containing aluminum,
comprising a step of molding rapidly cooled alloy powder consisting of an aluminum alloy into a pressurized powder compact (1 a) and thereafter performing hot plastic working on said pressurized powder compact (1 a) thereby forming a billet (1 b), wherein
the time exposing said pressurized powder compact (1 a) to a temperature of at least 450° C. before forming said billet (1 b) is at least 10 seconds and within 20 minutes.
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WO2018191695A1 (en) * | 2017-04-13 | 2018-10-18 | Arconic Inc. | Aluminum alloys having iron and rare earth elements |
DE102018127401A1 (en) * | 2018-11-02 | 2020-05-07 | AM Metals GmbH | High-strength aluminum alloys for the additive manufacturing of three-dimensional objects |
CN114033591A (en) * | 2021-11-16 | 2022-02-11 | 苏州星波动力科技有限公司 | Aluminum alloy oil rail, forming method and manufacturing method thereof, engine and automobile |
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JP2965774B2 (en) | 1992-02-13 | 1999-10-18 | ワイケイケイ株式会社 | High-strength wear-resistant aluminum alloy |
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JPH06116672A (en) * | 1992-10-02 | 1994-04-26 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | Al sintered alloy member excellent in high temperature strength |
JPH08232034A (en) | 1994-12-26 | 1996-09-10 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | Superplastic aluminum alloy material and its production |
JPH11293374A (en) * | 1998-04-10 | 1999-10-26 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Aluminum alloy with resistance to heat and wear, and its production |
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2002
- 2002-03-20 JP JP2002575345A patent/JP4185364B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-03-20 US US10/296,142 patent/US6962673B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-03-20 WO PCT/JP2002/002731 patent/WO2002077308A1/en active Application Filing
- 2002-03-20 DE DE60229506T patent/DE60229506D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-03-20 EP EP02705423A patent/EP1371740B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2003
- 2003-12-18 US US10/741,174 patent/US20040175285A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (3)
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US20050167220A1 (en) * | 2002-09-28 | 2005-08-04 | Ewald May | Powder-metallurgically produced piston body comprising support webs and method for the production thereof |
US7310876B2 (en) * | 2002-09-28 | 2007-12-25 | Gkn Sinter Metals Gmbh | Method for making a piston body |
US20080289491A1 (en) * | 2002-09-28 | 2008-11-27 | Gkn Sinter Metals Gmbh | Powder-Metallurgically Produced Piston Body Comprising Support Webs |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20030156968A1 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
EP1371740B1 (en) | 2008-10-22 |
JPWO2002077308A1 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
EP1371740A4 (en) | 2004-07-21 |
EP1371740A1 (en) | 2003-12-17 |
DE60229506D1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
US6962673B2 (en) | 2005-11-08 |
WO2002077308A1 (en) | 2002-10-03 |
JP4185364B2 (en) | 2008-11-26 |
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