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  • C07D451/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof
  • C07D451/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing not further condensed 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane; Cyclic acetals thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/18—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D451/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof
  • C07D451/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing not further condensed 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane; Cyclic acetals thereof
  • C07D451/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing not further condensed 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane; Cyclic acetals thereof with hetero atoms directly attached in position 3 of the 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or in position 7 of the 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D455/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinolizine ring systems, e.g. emetine alkaloids, protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine
  • C07D455/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinolizine ring systems, e.g. emetine alkaloids, protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine containing not further condensed quinolizine ring systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/08—Bridged systems

Definitions

• This invention relates to certain novel compounds, to a process for preparing such compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and to the use of such compounds and compositions in medicine.
• R′a represents a group R′ 5 which is hydrogen, alkyl or optionally substituted aryl and R′b represents a moiety of formula (a′):
• X′ represents a hydroxy or an alkoxy group wherein the alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted or X′ represents a group NR′ s R′ t wherein R′ s and R′ t each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclic group or an optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl group, or R′ s and R′ t together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a heterocyclic group; R′ 1 represents an alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and R′ 2 , R′ 3 and R′ 4 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or substituted aryl
• R′a represents a moiety of the above defined formula (a) and R′b represents the above defined R′ 5 ;
• R′ 6 and R′ 7 each independently represents hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted benzyloxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, halo, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, alkyl, carboxy, carbalkoxy, carbamoyl, alkylcarbanoyl, or R′ 6 and R′ 7 together represent methylenedioxy, carbonyldioxy or carbonyldiamino; and
• R′ 8 represents hydrogen, hydroxy, alkanoyl, alkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, carbamoyl or aminosulphonyl, which compounds are indicated interalia to reduce bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast H + -ATPase.
• bafilomycin derivatives are not selective for osteoclasts in humans.
• the use of these compounds is therefore associated with unacceptable toxicity due to generalised blockade of other essential v-ATPases. Indeed, to date there is no known treatment which is selective for the human osteoclasts.
• these compounds are also considered to possess anti-tumour activity, antiviral activity (for example against Semliki Forest, Vesicular Stomatitis, Newcastle Disease, Influenza A and B, HIV viruses), antiulcer activity (for example the compounds may be useful for the treatment of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer induced by Helicobacter pylori ), immunosupressant activity, antilipidemic activity, antiatherosclerotic activity and to be useful for the treatment of AIDS and Alzheimer's disease.
• these compounds are also considered useful in inhibiting angiogenesis, i.e. the formation of new blood vessels which is observed in various types of pathological conditions (angiogenic diseases) such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis and solid tumours.
• the present invention provides a selective inhibitor of the biological activity of human osteoclast cells, in particular the bone resorption activity of human osteoclast cells associated with abnormal loss of bone mass, providing that such an inhibitor does not include any specific Example disclosed in WO 96/21644.
• the invention provides a selective inhibitor of the biological activity of human osteoclast cells, in particular the bone resorption activity of human osteoclast cells associated with abnormal loss of bone mass, providing that such an inhibitor does not include a compound of the hereinbefore defined compound of formula (A).
• a particular inhibitor of human osteoclast cells is a selective inhibitor of the vacuolar H + -ATPase located on the ruffled border of human osteoclasts.
• the selective inhibitor interacts specifically with the 16 kDa subunit of the vacuolar H + -ATPase located on the ruffled border of human osteoclasts whose function and structure is similar to other known 16 kDa subunits, for example that reported in P. C. Jones et al., Membrane Dynamics and Transport, 22, 805-809 (1994).
• the selective inhibitor interacts specifically with the 116 kDa subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase located on the ruffled border of human osteoclasts (for example the protein reported in Y-P. Li et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 218, 813-821(1996)).
• Ra represents a group R 5 which is hydrogen, alkyl or optionally substituted aryl and Rb represents a moiety of formula (a):
• X represents a hydroxy or an alkoxy group wherein the alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted or X represents a group NR s R t wherein R s and R t each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclic group or an optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl group, or R s and R t together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a heterocyclic group; R 1 represents an alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or substituted aryl
• R 6 and R 7 each independently represents hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted benzyloxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, halo, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, alkyl, carboxy, carbalkoxy, carbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyl, or R 6 and R 7 together represent methylenedioxy, carbonyldioxy or carbonyldiamino; and
• R 8 represents hydrogen, hydroxy, alkanoyl, alkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, carbamoyl or aminosulphonyl.
• R 1 represents alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
• R 1 represents alkyl
• R 1 represents a C 1-4 -alkyl group, for example methyl or ethyl
• R 1 represents methyl
• R 2 , R 3 and R 4 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl or phenyl.
• R 2 examples include hydrogen and methyl.
• R 2 represents hydrogen
• R 3 examples include hydrogen and methyl or ethyl.
• R 3 represents hydrogen
• R 4 examples include hydrogen, propyl and phenyl, especially hydrogen and phenyl.
• R 4 represents hydrogen
• R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted or, suitably, unsubstituted phenyl.
• R 5 examples include hydrogen, ethyl and 4-methoxyphenyl, especially hydrogen and ethyl.
• R 5 is hydrogen
• R 6 and R 7 each independently represents hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, optionally substituted phenyloxy, optionally substituted benzyloxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, halo, trifluoromethyl, nitro, alkyl, carboxy, carbalkoxy, carbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyl, or R 6 and R 7 together represent methylenedioxy, carbonyldioxy or carbonyldiamino.
• R 6 and R 7 each independently represents alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, nitro, and alkyl.
• R 6 or R 7 represents alkoxy
• said alkoxy group is suitably a C 1-6 alkoxy for example methoxy.
• R 6 or R 7 represents halo
• said halo group is suitably a fluoro, chloro or bromo group, especially a chloro or bromo group.
• R 6 or R 7 represents alkyl
• said alkyl group is suitably a C 1-6 alkyl for a example butyl group.
• Suitable positions for substitution for R 6 or R 7 are the 4, 5, 6 or 7 position, favourably the 5 or 6 position.
• Favoured values for R 6 and R 7 are hydrogen, halo, trifluoromethyl and alkoxy.
• R 6 is hydrogen and R 6 or R 7 represents hydrogen alkoxy, halo, nitro, trifluoromethyl and alkyl.
• R 6 and R 7 are each selected from hydrogen, halo and alkoxy, examples include: R 6 is halo and R 7 is halo; R 6 is halo and R 7 is alkyl; R 6 is alkoxy and R 7 is alkoxy.
• R 6 is halo, especially 5-halo
• R 7 is halo, especially 6-halo.
• R 6 is chloro, especially 5-chloro
• R 7 is chloro, especially 6-chloro.
• R 8 examples include hydrogen, methyl and t-butoxycarbonylmethyl.
• R 8 is a carboxymethyl group.
• R 8 represents hydrogen
• X represents an alkoxy group
• the alkyl group thereof is preferably an unsubstituted alkyl group.
• X represents the above defined group N R s R t .
• R s and R t each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclic group or an optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl group.
• R s and R t can also each independently represent cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl.
• R s and R t together represent a heterocyclic group.
• R s or R t represent alkyl or substituted alkyl
• suitable alkyl groups are C 1-6 alkyl groups, for example C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 and C 5 alkyl groups, favourably ethyl, propyl or butyl.
• R s or R t represent substituted alkyl
• favoured groups are 2-(dialkylamino)ethyl or 3-(dialkylamino)propyl or 4-(dialkylamino)butyl or heterocyclylmethyl or heterocyclylethyl or heterocyclylpropyl groups.
• R s or R t is heterocyclylalkyl, especially heterocyclyl-C 1-6 alkyl, in particular heterocyclyl-(CH 2 )2- or heterocyclyl-(CH 2 ) 3 -.
• heterocyclyl substituent for alkyl groups such as heterocyclylmethyl, heterocyclylethyl or heterocyclyipropyl groups include piperazinyl groups.
• heterocyclyl substituents for alkyl groups such as heterocyclylmethyl, heterocyclylethyl or heterocyclyipropyl groups include homopiperazinyl groups.
• R s or R t represent cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl
• suitable cycloalkyl groups are C 5-9 cycloalkyl groups, for example a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group.
• R s or R t represent alkenyl or substituted alkenyl
• suitable alkenyl groups are C 2-6 alkenyl groups, for example a C 5 alkenyl group.
• R s or R t represent aryl or substituted aryl
• suitable aryl groups are phenyl groups.
• R t is hydrogen
• Suitable heterocyclic groups include single ring saturated heterocyclic groups, single ring unsaturated heterocyclic groups, fused ring heterocyclic groups.
• Fused ring heterocyclic groups include spiro heterocyclic groups.
• Suitable single ring unsaturated heterocyclic groups comprise 5-, 6- or 7-membered rings.
• Suitable 5-membered single ring unsaturated heterocyclic groups are furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl, thiazolyl and isothiazolyl groups; or partially saturated derivatives thereof, such as 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl, 1H-imidazolinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolinyl, oxazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, thiazolinyl groups.
• Suitable 6-membered single ring unsaturated heterocyclic groups are pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, 1,2- or 1,3- or 1,4-oxazinyl, 1,2-or 1,3- or 1,4-thiazinyl and pyranyl groups, or partially saturated derivatives thereof such as 1,2- or 1,3- or 1,4- dihydrooxazinyl, 1,4-dihydropyridyl, dihydropyridazinyl, dihydropyrazinyl or dihydropyrimidinyl.
• a further suitable 6-membered single ring unsaturated heterocyclic group is a pyridin-2-one-5-yl group.
• Suitable 7-membered single ring unsaturated heterocyclic groups are azepinyl, oxepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, oxazepinyl or partially saturated derivatives thereof.
• Suitable, single ring saturated heterocyclic groups comprise 5-, 6- or 7-membered rings.
• Suitable 5-membered single ring saturated heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl and terahydroftiranyl groups.
• Suitable 6-membered single ring saturated heterocyclic groups are piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1,3-dioxacyclohexyl, tetrahydro-1,4-thiazinyl, morpholinyl and morpholino groups.
• Suitable piperazinyl groups are 1-piperazinyl groups, especially 1-piperazinyl groups substituted in the 4 position with an acyl group, suitably a phenylcarbonyl group, or a heterocyclic group, such as a pyrimidyl group, or an optionally substituted phenyl group, such as a phenyl group with 1, 2, or 3 subsitutents selected from alkoxy and halogen.
• an acyl group suitably a phenylcarbonyl group, or a heterocyclic group, such as a pyrimidyl group, or an optionally substituted phenyl group, such as a phenyl group with 1, 2, or 3 subsitutents selected from alkoxy and halogen.
• Suitable 7-membered single ring saturated heterocyclic groups are hexamethyleniminyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl.
• Suitable fused ring heterocyclic groups include fused saturated rings, fused unsaturated rings and saturated rings fused to unsaturated rings.
• Preferred fused ring heterocyclic groups include those comprising two or three rings wherein each ring comprises 4 to 8 ring atoms including 1, 2 or 3, especially 1 or 2, hetero atoms.
• Suitable hetero atoms are nitrogen atoms.
• Suitable groups having fused saturated rings are polycyclic groups wherein the rings share a single atom, one bond or more than one bond, for example 2 bonds or three bonds.
• Suitable groups having fused saturated rings are quinuclidyl, 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, 1-azabicyclo[3.3.3]undecyl, 1,9-diazabicyclo[3.3.1] and 1,5-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl groups.
• a further suitable group comprising a fused saturated ring is a nonyl 1-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl group.
• Suitable groups having fused unsaturated rings are pyrazo[3.4-d]pyrimidinyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolo[3,4-b]pyridyl, isoxazolo[4,5-b]pyridyl, thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridyl, oxazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidinyl, 7H-purin-2-yl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzo[b]thienyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl and ⁇ -carbolinyl groups.
• Suitable groups having saturated rings fused to unsaturated rings includes groups which are fused to benzene rings such as tetrahydroquinolyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, chromenyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, indolinyl and isoindolinyl groups.
• Suitable spiro heterocyclic groups include oxaspiro[4.5]decyl, azaspiro[4.5]decyl, 1,2,4-triazaspiro[5.5]undecyl, 1,4-dioxa-9-azaspiro[4.7]dodecyl and 1-azaspiro[5.5]undecyl.
• Suitable values for R s include hydrogen, C 1-5 alkyl, mono- di- and tri-hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, bisphosphonylalkyl, (substituted)amino-carboxyalkyl, biscarbethoxy-hydroxyalkenyl, dialkylaminoalkylpyridyl, mono- di- and tri-alkoxypyridyl, dialkylaminoalkoxypyridyl, aryloxypyridyl, aminopyridyl, substituted piperazinyl, quinuclidyl, saturated heterocyclylalkyl, substituted piperidinyl, (di)azabicycloalkyl, substituted phenyl, substituted benzyl, substituted phenylethyl, 1-imidazolylalkyl, thiazolinyl, (2-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl
• Suitable valuse for Rs include , (4-substituted)piperazinoalkyl and aminopyrimidiniyl.
• R s include diethylaminopropyl, 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl, 4-amino-4-carboxybutyl, 3-pyridyl, diethylaminoethyl, 3quinuclidyl (or 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-yl), morpholinopropyl, piperidinopropyl, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinylethyl, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl, 2-methoxy-5-pyridyl, 2-methylpiperidinopropyl, 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3 ⁇ -yl, 1-methyl-4-piperidinyl, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinylmethyl, 2-methoxy-4-pyridyl, 1-ethyl-3-pipe
• R s include dimethylaminopropyl, dibutylaminopropyl, 2-methoxy-pyrimidin-5-yl, 3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl, 3-[4-(2-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl, 3-[2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl], 3-dimethylamino-cyclohexyl, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,6-dimethylpiperidin-4-yl, 8a ⁇ H-5 ⁇ -methyl-octahydroindolizin-7 ⁇ -yl, 3-[4-(2-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl, 3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl and 3-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)homopiperazin-1-
• R s include 1,2,2,6,6pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl, 1,2,6-trimethyl-4-piperidinyl and 1,2,2,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl groups.
• Suitable values for R t include hydrogen, methyl, C 2-5 alkyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, carboxymethyl, carbomethoxymethyl, 4-hydroxybutyl and 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, especially hydrogen.
• R t represents hydrogen
• a particular 6 membered single ring unsaturated heterocyclic group is a moiety of formula (H1):
• Z 1 is N or CX 5 wherein X 5 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, aryloxy or arylcarbonyl and Z 2 , X 3 and X 4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cyano, amino, heterocyclyloxy, alkoxy carbonylalkyloxy, carboxyalkyloxy, aminoalkyloxy, aminoalkylamino, aminoalkenylamino (especially aminomethyleneamino) and alkanoylamino.
• a particularly preferred compound of the invention is a compound of formula (I) wherein: R a is a group R 5 wherein R 5 is as defined in relation to formula (I); R b is a moiety of formula (a) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are as defined in relation to formula (I) and X is a moiety NR s R t wherein R s is a group (H1) as defined above, and R t is hydrogen.
• a favoured moiety NR s R t is an optionally substituted piperidinyl group, especially wherein one of the substituents is an N-alkyl group.
• Particular substituents for piperidinyl groups are alkyl groups, especially when attached to one or, favourably, both of the carbon atoms alpha to the ring nitrogen atom.
• Piperidinyl groups of especial interest are those wherein one or, favourably, both of the carbon atoms alpha to the ring nitrogen atom are substitued with one or, favourably, two alkyl groups.
• a particular 6 membered, saturated heterocyclic group is a group of formula (H2):
• X 6 , X 7 , X 8 , X 9 , X 10 , X 11 , X 12 and X 13 are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, suitably C 1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl (including spirocondensed), mono or poly hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxy-alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl (optionally alkylated or acylated at nitrogen);
• X 6 with X 12 and X 8 with X 10 represents a C 2-4 alkylene chain and the remaining variables X 7 , X 13 , X 8 and X 11 each independently represent hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, suitably C 1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl (including spirocondensed), mono or poly hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxy-alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl (optionally alkylated or acylated at nitrogen); and X 14 represents hydrogen or alkyl, especially C 1-6 alkyl, mono or polyhydroxyalkyl, mono or diaminoalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, acyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino(cyanimidoyl), aminoalkanoyl, hydroxyalkanoyl.
• X 6 , X 7 , X 12 and X 13 each represent hydrogen.
• X 8 , and X 9 each independently represent hydrogen or alkyl, especially alkyl, for example methyl.
• X 10 and X 11 each independently represent hydrogen or alkyl, especially alkyl, for example methyl.
• X 14 represents alkyl, for example methyl.
• X 8 , X 9 , X 10 and X 11 each independently represent alkyl, especially methyl, and X 6 , X 7 , X 12 and X 13 each represent hydrogen.
• X 8 , X 9 , X 10 and X 11 each independently represent alkyl, especially methyl
• X 6 , X 7 , X 12 and X 13 each represent hydrogen and X 14 represents alkyl, especially methyl.
• a preferred compound of the invention is a compound of formula (I) wherein R a is a group R 5 wherein R 5 is as defined in relation to formula (I); R b is a moiety of formula (a) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are as defined in relation to formula (I) and X is a moiety NR s R t wherein R s is a moiety of formula (I) defined below, especially a moiety (f) wherein k is zero and H 0 is a moiety (a) as defined below, or a moiety (H1) or (H2) as defined above, and R t is hydrogen, suitably wherein R s is a moiety of formula (H1) or (H2) and R 6, R 7 and R 8 are as defined in relation to formula (I).
• a particularly preferred compound of the invention is a compound at formula (I) wherein R a is a group R 5 wherein R 5 is as defined in relation to formula (I); R b is a moiety of formula (a) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are as defined in relation to formula (I) and X is a moiety NR s R t wherein R s is a group (H2), as defined above, and R t is hydrogen and R 6, R 7 and R 8 are as defined in relation to formula (I).
• R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, especially methyl
• R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 8 are hydrogen
• R 6 is 5-halo, especially 5-chloro
• R 7 is 6-halo, especially 6-chloro
• X is a moiety NR s R t wherein R t is hydrogen and R s is a moiety of formula (f) defined below or a moiety (H1) or (H2) as defined above, suitably wherein R s is a moiety of formula (H1) or (H2).
• R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, especially methyl
• R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 8 are hydrogen
• R 6 is 5-halo, especially 5-chloro
• R 7 is 6-halo, especially 6-chloro
• X is a moiety NR s R t wherein R t is hydrogen and R s is a moiety (f), especially a moiety (f) wherein k is zero and Ho is a moiety (a).
• R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, especially methyl
• R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 8 are hydrogen
• R 6 is 5-halo, especially 5-chloro
• R 7 is 6-halo, especially 6-chloro
• X is a moiety NR s R t wherein R t is hydrogen and R s is a moiety (H1).
• R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, especially methyl
• R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 8 are hydrogen
• R 6 is 5-halo, especially 5-chloro
• R 7 is 6-halo, especially 6-chloro
• X is a moiety NR s R t wherein R t is hydrogen and Rs is a moiety (H2).
• Particular examples of the invention are the compounds of example numbers 1, 31, 32 34, 35, 47, 48, 51, 55, 56, 59, 61, 62, 63, 68, 74 and 75.
• the present invention does not encompass the examples per se of above mentioned co-pending International Application, application number PCT/EP96/0015 publication number WO 96/21644.
• each of the examples of WO 96/21644 numbered 1 to 104 and each of the examples disclosed on page 50 are excluded from the present invention.
• the invention excludes Examples 49, 51, 53, 59, 67, 69, 83, 84, 97 and 100 of WO 96/21644.
• the invention excludes examples 33, 44, 48, 57, 65, 73, 91, 95, 98, 99, 101 and 10 of WO 96/21644.
• the invention excludes examples 47, 56, 66 and 70 of WO 96/21644.
• alkyl includes straight or branched chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 12, suitably 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n- and iso-propyl and n- iso-, tert-butyl and pentyl groups, and also includes such alkyl groups when forming part of other groups such as alkoxy or alkanoyl groups.
• Suitable optional substituents for any alkyl group include hydroxy; alkoxy; a group of formula NR u R v wherein R u and R v each independently represent hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, or alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, or R u and R v together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring; carboxy; alkoxycarbonyl; alkoxycarbonylalkyl; alkylcarbonyloxy; alkylcarbonyl; mono-and di-alkylphosphonate; optionally substituted aryl; and optionally substituted heterocyclyl.
• a preferred alkyl substituent is NR u R v , wherein R u and R v each independently represent hydrogen, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl or R u and R v together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring.
• R s or R t represents substituted alkyl, especially C 1-4 alkyl
• particular substituent values are the moieties of formulae (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e):
• A represents a bond or alkylene, suitably C 1-3 alkylene
• a 1 is alkylene, suitably C 1-4 alkylene
• R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f and R g each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group and R u and R v are as defined above.
• One suitable alkyl substituent value is moiety (a).
• One suitable alkyl substituent value is moiety (b).
• One suitable alkyl substituent value is moiety (c).
• One suitable alkyl substituent value is moiety (d).
• One suitable alkyl substituent value is moiety (e).
• NR u R v is a 1-piperazinyl group, preferably substituted in the 4 position with an acyl group, suitably a phenylcarbonyl group, or a heterocyclic group, such as a pyrimidyl group, or an optionally substituted phenyl group, such as a phenyl group with 1, 2 or 3 subsitutents selected from alkoxy, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, and halogen, for example chlorine and methoxy.
• an acyl group suitably a phenylcarbonyl group, or a heterocyclic group, such as a pyrimidyl group, or an optionally substituted phenyl group, such as a phenyl group with 1, 2 or 3 subsitutents selected from alkoxy, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, and halogen, for example chlorine and methoxy.
• R s or R t is a moiety of formula (f):
• k is zero and H 0 is a moiety (a) or k is an integer 2 or 3 and H 0 is a moiety (b), (c), (d) and (e).
• k is zero and H 0 is a moiety (a).
• alkenyl includes straight or branched chain alkenyl groups having from 2 to 12, suitably 2 to 6 carbon and also includes such groups when forming part of other groups, an example is a butenyl group, such as a 2-butenyl group.
• Suitable optional substituents for any alkenyl group includes the alkyl substituents mentioned above.
• aryl includes phenyl and naphthyl, especially phenyl.
• Suitable optional substituents for any aryl group include up to 5 substituents, suitably up to 3 substituents, selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, trifluoromethyl, acetyl, cyano, nitro, amino, mono-and di-alkylamino and alkylcarbonylamino.
• Preferred optional substituents for any aryl group are selected from isobutyl, hydroxy, methoxy, phenoxy, diethylaminoethoxy, pyrrolidinoethoxy, carboxymethoxy, pyridyloxy, fluoro, chloro, amino, dimethylamino, aminomethyl, morpholino, bis(carbethoxy)hydroxymethyl, Suitable arylalkyl groups include aryl-C 1-3 -alkyl groups such as phenylethyl and benzyl groups, especially benzyl.
• substituted aralkyl groups are substituted in the aryl moiety.
• heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic” include saturated or unsaturated single or fused, ring heterocyclic groups, each ring having 4 to 11 ring atoms, especially 5 to 8, preferably 5, 6 or 7 which ring atoms include 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, or N.
• fused ring heterocyclic group includes polycyclic heterocyclic groups which share a single atom, such as a spiro ring system, one bond, as in an octahydroindolizinyl group, or more than one bond, as in an azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-alpha-yl group.
• Suitable optional substituents for any heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group include up to 5 substituents, suitably up to 3 substituents, selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, amino, mono- or di-alkyl amino, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyloxyalkyl, aryl, aryloxy and heterocyclyl.
• Preferred optional substituents for any heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group are selected from isobutyl, hydroxy, methoxy, phenoxy, diethylaminoethoxy, pyrrolidinoethoxy, carboxymethoxy, pyridyloxy, fluoro, chloro, amino, dimethylamino, aminomethyl, morpholino, bis(carbethoxy)hydroxymethyl.
• substituents for any heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group include up to 5, suitably up to 3, substituents selected from the list consisting of: isopropyl, cyano, oxo, arylcarbonyl, heterocyclyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonylalkyloxy, carboxyalkyloxy, aminoalkyloxy, aminoalkylamino, aminoalkenylamino (especially aminomethyleneamino), alkanoylamino, alkoxyamino, aryl, acetamido, 2-(dimethylamino)ethylamino, 2-methoxyethoxy, 3-carboxyprop-2-oxy and 2-pyrazinyl.
• Additional optional substituents for any hetrocyclyl or heterocyclic group include up to 5, suitably up to 3, substituents selected from the list consisting of: carbonylaminoalkyl, aminocarbonylalkyl and alkylcarbonylaminoalkyl.
• heterocyclic includes a reference to “heterocyclyl”.
• halo includes fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo, suitably fluoro and chloro, favourably chloro.
• Certain of the carbon atoms of the compounds of formula (I)—such as those compounds wherein R 1 -R 8 contains chiral alkyl chains are chiral carbon atoms and may therefore provide stereoisomers of the compound of formula (I).
• the invention extends to all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of formula (I) including enantiomers and mixtures thereof, including racemates.
• the different stereoisomeric forms may be separated or resolved one from the other by conventional methods or any given isomer may be obtained by conventional stereospecific or asymmetric syntheses.
• the compounds of formula (I) also possess two double bonds and hence can exist in one or more geometric isomers.
• the invention extends to all such isomeric forms of the compounds of formula (I) including mixtures thereof.
• the different isomeric forms may be separated one from the other by conventional methods or any given isomer may be obtained by conventional synthetic methods.
• Suitable salts of the compounds of the formula (I) are pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• a preferred isomer is the 2Z, 4E isomer.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts and salts of carboxy groups.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include salts with inorganic acids such, for example, as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, orthophosphoric acid or sulphuric acid, or with organic acids such, for example as methanesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, salicylic acid, maleic acid, glycerophosphoric acid or acetylsalicylic acid.
• inorganic acids such, for example, as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, orthophosphoric acid or sulphuric acid
• organic acids such, for example as methanesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, salicylic acid, maleic acid, glycerophosphoric acid or acetylsalicylic
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of carboxy groups include metal salts, such as for example aluminiumn, alkali metal salts such as sodium or potassium and lithium, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium or magnesium and ammonium or substituted ammonium salts, for example those with C 1-6 alkylamines such as triethylamine, hydroxy-C 1-6 alkylamines such as 2-hydroxyethylamine, bis (2-hydroxyethyl)-amine or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, cycloalkylamines such as dicyclohexylamine, or with procaine, 1,4-dibenzylpiperidine, N-benzyl- ⁇ -phenethylamine, dehydroabietylamine, N,N′-bisdehydroabietylamine, glucamine, N-methylglucamine or bases of the pyridine type such as pyridine, collidine or quinoline.
• metal salts such as for example aluminiumn, alkali metal
• Suitable solvates of the compounds of the formula (I) are pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates.
• salts and/or solvates of the compounds of the formula (I) which are not pharmaceutically acceptable may be useful as intermediates in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates of compounds of formula (I) or the compounds of the formula (I) themselves, and as such form another aspect of the present invention.
• a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof or a solvate thereof may be prepared:
• R 2 , R 3 , R 4, R 6, R 7 and R 8 are as defined in relation to formula (I), with a reagent capable of converting a moiety of formula
• R 1 , R 2, R 3 and X are as defined in relation to the compounds of formula (I) and R 9 is a C 1-4 alkyl group; and thereafter, as necessary, carrying out one or more of the following reactions:
• R 1 is as defined in relation to the compounds of formula (I)
• X 1 represents X as defined in relation to formula (I) or a group convertible thereto
• X 2 represents a moiety (R 9 O) 2 P(O)— wherein R 9 is as defined above or a group Ph 3 P—.
• the reaction is carried out under conventional Horner-Emmons conditions, using any suitable, aprotic solvent for example an aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene or xylene, DMF, DMSO, chloroform, dioxane, dichloromethane, preferably, THF, acetonitrile, N-methylpyrrolidone, and the like or mixtures thereof, preferably an anhydrous solvent, at a temperature providing a suitable rate of formation of the required product, conveniently at ambient temperature or at an elevated temperature, such as a temperature in the range of from 30° C. to 120° C.; preferably the reaction is conducted in the presence of a base.
• aprotic solvent for example an aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene or xylene, DMF, DMSO, chloroform, dioxane, dichloromethane, preferably, THF, acetonitrile, N-methylpyrrolidone, and the like or mixtures thereof,
• Suitable bases for use in the last above mentioned reaction include organic bases, such as butyl lithium, lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), N,N-diisopropylethylamine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN), 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-5-undecene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), and inorganic bases, such as sodium hydride; preferably sodium hydride, and generally the reaction is carried out in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen.
• organic bases such as butyl lithium, lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), N,N-diisopropylethylamine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN), 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-5-undecene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oc
• the reaction is carried out under conventional Wittig conditions. Usually, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a base, in any suitable aprotic solvent.
• Suitable bases are organic bases such as triethylamine, trimethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylmorpholine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN), 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-5-undecene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and inorganic bases such as sodium hydride, caesium carbonate, potassium carbonate, preferably sodium hydride.
• DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine
• pyridine N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylmorpholine
• DBN 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene
• DBU 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-5-undecene
• DABCO 1,5-d
• Suitable solvents are conventional solvents for use in this type of reaction, such as aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene or xylene or the like; DMF, DMSO, chloroform, dioxane, dichioromethane, THF, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, N-methylpyrrolidone or mixtures thereof, preferably dichloromethane.
• This reaction is carried out at any temperature providing a suitable rate of formation of the required product, conveniently at ambient temperature or at an elevated temperature, such as a temperature in the range of from ⁇ 20° C. to 140° C., preferably in the range of from about room temperature to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• reaction between the compounds of formula (III) and the Horner Emmons reagent of formula (TV) may be carried out under conventional Horner Emmons conditions such as those described above.
• a compound of formula (II) may be prepared according to the reaction sequences shown in Schemes (Ia-c) below
• R a , R 2 , R 3, R 4, R 6, R 7 and R 8 are as defined in relation to the compounds of formula (I).
• Compounds of formula (II) may be prepared using either Wittig or Horner-Emmons reactions of keto derivatives of formula (VIII) with the appropriate phosphonium salt or phosphonate using the reaction conditions which are known in the art and described, for example in “ The Wittig Reaction ”, R. Adams Ed., Vol. 14, p. 270 (1965) or in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 4, 645 (1965).
• R 2 is other than —H , e.g. alkyl
• a compound of formula (II) is obtained directly from a compound of formula (VIII) by Wittig or Horner-Emmons reaction with the appropriate phosphonium salts or phosphonates according to Scheme (Ia).
• Suitable bases include organic bases, such as triethylamine, trimethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylmorpholine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN), 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-5-undecene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and inorganic bases, such as sodium hydride, caesium carbonate, potassium carbonate.
• organic bases such as triethylamine, trimethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylmorpholine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN), 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-5-undecen
• Suitable solvents include conventionally used solvents, for example aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene or xylene or the like; DMF, DMSO, chloroform, dioxane, dichloromethane, THF, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, N-methylpyrrolidone and the like or mixtures thereof.
• the reaction is carried out at a reaction temperature of in the range of about ⁇ 20° C. to 140° C., preferably about room temperature to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• reaction of compounds of formula (VIII) with phosphonates are carried out under conventional Horner-Emmons conditions, using any suitable, aprotic solvent for example an aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene or xylene, DMF, DMSO, chloroform, dioxane, dichioromethane, preferably, THF, acetonitrile, N-methylpyrrolidone, and the like or mixtures thereof, preferably an anhydrous solvent, at a temperature providing a suitable rate of formation of the required product, conveniently at ambient temperature or at an elevated temperature, such as a temperature in the range of from 30° C. to 120° C.; preferably the reaction is conducted in the presence of a base.
• aprotic solvent for example an aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene or xylene, DMF, DMSO, chloroform, dioxane, dichioromethane, preferably, THF, acetonitrile, N-methyl
• Suitable bases for use in the last above mentioned reaction include organic bases, such as butyl lithium, lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), N,N-diisopropylethylamine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN), 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-5-undecene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), and inorganic bases, such as sodium hydride; preferably sodium hydride, and generally the reaction is carried out in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen.
• organic bases such as butyl lithium, lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), N,N-diisopropylethylamine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN), 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-5-undecene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oc
• a compound of formula (VIII) is reacted with a substituted carbethoxymethylphosphonium salt or carbethoxymethylphosphonate (Scheme (Ic)), the carboxylic ester obtained (XIV) is then converted into the corresponding alcohol with a reducing agent, suitably a complex metal reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH 4 ), diisobutyl aluminum hydride (DIBAH) or lithium borohydride (LiBH 4 ), in any suitable aprotic solvent for example methylene dichloride, chloroform, dioxane, diethyl ether or THF, at any temperature providing a suitable rate of formation of the required product, such as a temperature in the range of from ⁇ 30° C.
• a complex metal reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH 4 ), diisobutyl aluminum hydride (DIBAH) or lithium borohydride (LiBH 4 )
• DIBAH
• the intermediate alcohol is oxidised to aldehyde (II) with an oxidising agent such as manganese dioxide, periodinane (Dess-Martin reagent), pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) or pyridinium dichromate (PDC) or a combination of oxalyl chloride and DMSO (Swern reaction), preferably manganese dioxide in methylene dichloride.
• an oxidising agent such as manganese dioxide, periodinane (Dess-Martin reagent), pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) or pyridinium dichromate (PDC) or a combination of oxalyl chloride and DMSO (Swern reaction), preferably manganese dioxide in methylene dichloride.
• a compound of formula (IV) may be prepared according to the reaction sequence shown in Scheme (II) below.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined in relation to formula (I), R 9 is as defined in relation to formula (IV) and X 1 is as defined in relation to formula (V).
• Compounds of formula (X) are prepared by reaction of, preferably anhydrous, chloroaldehydes or chloroketones of formula (IX) with suitable phosphonium compounds using the appropriate conventional procedure as described above for the Wittig reaction; conversion of intermediate compound (X) into the desired compound (IV) may be effected by reaction with a suitable trialkylphosphite (R 9 O) 3 P wherein R 9 is as defined above, and the reaction is performed in any conventionally used solvent, preferably the trialkyl phosphite, and at a suitable reaction temperature, preferably at the boiling point of the solvent.
• R 9 O trialkylphosphite
• R 1 and R 9 are as defined in relation to formula (I) and XI is as defined in relation to formula (V).
• the starting material is an ⁇ -alkoxycarboxylic ester of formula (XI) which is commercially available or which is prepared according to the methods known in the art, for example those reported in Rodd's Chemistry of Organic Compounds , Vol I D , p. 96 (1965), S. Coffey Ed., Elseviers.
• the compound of formula (XI) is reacted with an N-haloimide, for example N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of a radical producing agent such as azobisisobutyrronitrile or benzoyl peroxide in a suitable solvent such as carbon tetrachloride, benzene, for example carbon tetrachloride and at a reaction temperature in the range of from ⁇ 30° C. and 80° C., for example at room temperature; examples of such a reaction may be found in the literature, for example J. Org. Chem., 41, 2846 (1976).
• a radical producing agent such as azobisisobutyrronitrile or benzoyl peroxide
• a suitable solvent such as carbon tetrachloride, benzene, for example carbon tetrachloride and at a reaction temperature in the range of from ⁇ 30° C. and 80° C., for example at room temperature; examples of such a reaction may be found in the literature,
• the reaction is performed in any conventionally used solvent, for example diethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, benzene, xylene or, preferably, toluene at a suitable reaction temperature in the range of from ⁇ 30° C. to 80° C., for example at room temperature (examples of this conversion are reported in the literature, for example in Chem. Ber., 97, 1713 (1964)).
• solvent for example diethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, benzene, xylene or, preferably, toluene
• a compound of formula (V) in which R 2 is (R 9 O) 2 PO may be prepared using the procedure depicted in Scheme (III), by reacting a diazophosphonoacetates of formula (XIII) with an alcohol or phenol of formula R 1 OH, wherein R 1 is as defined in relation to formula (I), in the presence of rhodium (II) acetate as described in the literature, for example in Tetrahedron, 50, 3177 (1994) or in Tetrahedron, 48, 3991 (1992).
• the compounds of formula (III), (VII) and (VIII), are known compounds or they are prepared using methods analogous to those used to prepare known compounds, such as those described in J. Org. Chem., 47, 757 (1982); Heterocycles, 22, 1211 (1984); Tetrahedron, 44, 443 (1988), Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1986, 438; Chem. Pharm. Bull., 20, 76,1972.
• Suitable conversions of one compound of formula (I) into another compound of formula (I) includes converting a compound of formula (I) wherein X represents a hydroxy group or an alkoxy group into a compound of formula (I) wherein X represents a different alkoxy group or a moiety of the above defined formula NR s R t .
• Such conversions are shown below in Scheme (IV):
• R 2 , R 3 , R 4, R 5 , R 6, R 7 , R 8 and X are as defined in relation to the compounds of formula (I), R s′ is R s or a protected form thereof, R t′ is R t or a protected form thereof and R′ is X when X is an alkoxy group.
• reaction with the compounds of formula HNR s′ R t′ or with compounds of formula R′OH takes place after activation of the carboxylic group.
• a carboxyl group may be activated in conventional manner, for example, by conversion into an acid anhydride, acid halide, acid azide or an activated ester such as cyanomethyl ester, thiophenyl ester, p-nitrophenyl ester, p-nityrothiophenyl ester, 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl ester, pentachlorophenyl ester, pentafluorophenyl ester, N-hydroxyphthalimido ester, 8-hydroxypiperidine ester, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, N-hydroxybenzotriazole ester, or the carboxyl group may be activated using a carbodiimide such as N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-carbodiimide hydrochloride (WSC), either in the presence or the absence of hydroxybenzotri
• Suitable bases include organic bases, such as triethylamine, trimethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), N-methylmorpholine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN), 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-5-undecene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), and inorganic bases, such as potassium carbonate.
• organic bases such as triethylamine, trimethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), N-methylmorpholine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN), 1,5-di
• Suitable solvents include conventionally used solvents, for example DMF, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), pyridine, chloroform, dioxane, dichloromethane, THF, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, N-methylpyrrolidone and hexamethylphosphoric triamide and mixtures thereof.
• the reaction temperature may be within the usual temperature range employed in this type of condensation reaction, and generally in the range of about ⁇ 40° C. to about 60° C., preferably from about ⁇ 20° C. to about 40° C.
• the condensing agent is preferably employed in an amount from equimolar to about 5 times the molar quantity of the starting material and the reaction is performed in a suitable solvent for example a halogenated hydrocarbon such as dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane or the like; an ether such as dioxane, THF, dimethoxyethane or the like, a ketone such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone or the like; acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, DMF, dimethylacetamide, DMSO or the like.
• a suitable condensing agent for example a carbodiimide, N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole, Woodward-K reagent, Castro's reagent or the like
• the condensing agent is preferably employed in an amount from equimolar to about 5 times the molar quantity of the starting
• conversion of one compound of formula (I) in which X is O-alkyl into another compound of formula (I) in which X is NR s R t may be effected by treating the said compound of formula (I) directly with a compound of formula HNR s′ R t′ in the presence of a trialkylaluminium reagent such as trimethylaluminium or triethylaluminium, according to known procedures, such as those disclosed in Tetrahedron Lett., 48, 4171 (1977); and, if necessary, deprotecting or converting the compound of formula (I) in which X is NR s′ R t′ into a compound of formula (I) in which X is NR s R t .
• a trialkylaluminium reagent such as trimethylaluminium or triethylaluminium
• the trialkylaluminium reagent is generally employed in the above mentioned reactions in an amount of from equimolar to about 5 times the molar quantity of the starting material, preferably 2-3 times the molar quantity of the starting material and the reaction is performed in a suitable solvent for example a halogenated hydrocarbon such as dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane or the like; an ether such as dioxane, THF, dimethoxyethane or the like.
• a suitable solvent for example a halogenated hydrocarbon such as dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane or the like; an ether such as dioxane, THF, dimethoxyethane or the like.
• the condensation is carried out in an anhydrous solvent, and at a reaction temperature of about, generally ⁇ 20° C. to 120° C., preferably about 0° C
• Amines of general formula HNR s R t may be prepared using the methods known in the art for the preparation of amines, for example as taught in Houben - Weil, Methoden der Organischen Chemie , Vol. XI/1 (1957) and Vol. E16d/2 (1992), Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
• amines of the general formula HNR s R t wherein one of R s and R t represents hydrogen and the other represents a moiety (a), (b), (c), (d) (e) as defined above or a particular example thereof, are prepared according to the methods summarised in Scheme (V) below:
• R is an alkyl or aryl group
• R u and R v are as defined above
• X 6 to X 14 are as defined for (H2)
• A is a bond or an alkylene chain
• R 10 is hydrogen (in (ii) and (vii)) or halogen (in (iii)) and R 11 is an alkyl group
• R 12 is alkyl or aryl
• L and L 1 are leaving groups, for example halogen or mesylate
• Y is halogen
• Y 1 is a leaving group, for example a halogen and and Y 1 and Y 2 are leaving groups such as halogens, for example Y 1 is chloride and Y 2 is bromine
• Z 1 is N or CY 3 wherein Y 3 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, aryloxy or arylcarbonyl.
• the reduction of the amide function in (i) is suitably carried out using known methods, for example by using mixed hydride reducing agents, such as lithium aluminium hydride and methods described in Org Synth Coll Vol 4 564.
• Protection of the primary amino group in (i) can entail the use of classical carbamate protecting agents such as t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) or fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), or of the phthalimido protecting group.
• carbamate protecting agents such as t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) or fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), or of the phthalimido protecting group.
• the reactions in (vi) can be performed using known, conventional methods, as described in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, 1985, Wiley Interscience.
• oxidation can be performed using oxidising agents such as chromic acid (Jones reagent); reductive amination of the ketone in can be performed with benzylamine to give an imine intermediate which is then reduced using known methods and reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride.
• Debenzylation can then be performed again using conventional methods, for example with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on charcoal.
• ketone as the ethylene ketal can be performed with ethylene glycol under acidic catalysis; acylations or alkylations can be performed by treating the suitable piperidine derivatives with acyl or alkyl halides in the presence of an inorganic or organic base; deprotection of the dioxolane to the ketone can be effected by acidic treatment in aqueous or alcoholic solvents.
• Protection on the primary amino group in 4 aminopiperidines can entail the use of classical carbamate protecting agents such as t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) or fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), or of the phthalimido protecting group: the synthesis and the removal of such protective groups is described in, for example, in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , T. W Greene Ed., Wiley, New York, 1981.
• carbamate protecting agents such as t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) or fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)
• the phthalimido protecting group the synthesis and the removal of such protective groups is described in, for example, in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , T. W Greene Ed., Wiley, New York, 1981.
• 4-Oxopiperidines can be converted into the corresponding oximes by treatment with hydroxyl- or alkoxyl-amine in a suitable solvent; reduction of the oxime to amine can be performed using conventional reducing agents such as lithium aluminium hydride or sodium cyanoborohydryde.
• a compound of formula (I) or a solvate thereof may be isolated from the above mentioned processes according to standard chemical procedures.
• mixtures of isomers of the compounds of the invention may be separated into individual stereoisomers and diastereoisomers by conventional means, for example by the use of an optically active acid as a resolving agent.
• optically active acids which may be used as resolving agents are described in “ Topics in Stereochemistry ”, Vol. 6, Wiley Interscience, 1971, Allinger, N. L. and Eliel, W. L. Eds.
• any enantiomer of a compound of the invention may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis using optically pure starting materials of known configuration.
• the absolute configuration of compounds may be determined by conventional methods such as X-ray crystallographic techniques.
• any reactive group or atom may be carried out at any appropriate stage in the aforementioned processes.
• Suitable protecting groups include those used conventionally in the art for the particular group or atom being protected.
• Protecting groups may be prepared and removed using the appropriate conventional procedure, for example OH groups, including diols, may be protected as the silylated derivatives by treatment with an appropriate silylating agent such as di-tert-butylsilylbis(trifluoromethanesulfonate): the silyl group may then be removed using conventional procedures such as treatment with hydrogen fluoride, preferably in the form of a pyridine complex and optionally in the presence of alumina, or by treatment with acetyl chloride in methanol.
• Alternatively benyloxy groups may be used to protect phenolic groups, the benzyloxy group may be removed using catalytic hydrogenolysis using such catalysts as palladium (II) chloride or 10% palladium on carbon.
• Amino groups may be protected using any conventional protecting group, for example tert-butyl esters of carbamic acid may be formed by treating the amino group with di-tert-butyldicarbonate, the amino group being regenerated by hydrolysing the ester under acidic conditions, using for example hydrogen chloride in ethyl acetate or trifluoroacetic acid in methylene dichloride.
• An amino group may be protected as a benzyl derivative, prepared from the appropriate amine and a benyl halide under basic conditions, the benzyl group being removed by catalytic hydrogenolysis, using for example a palladium on carbon catalyst.
• Indole NH groups and the like may be protected using any conventional group, for example benzenesulphonyl, methylsulphonyl, tosyl, formyl, acetyl (all of them removable by treatment with alkaline reagents), benzyl (removable either with sodium in liquid ammonia or with AlCl 3 in toluene), allyl (removable by treatment with rhodium (III) chloride under acidic conditions), benzyloxycarbonyl (removable either by catalytic hydrogenation or by alkaline treatment), trifluoroacetyl (removable by either alkaline or acidic treatment), t-butyldimethylsilyl (removable by treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEM) (removable by treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in the presence of ethylendiamine), me
• Carboxyl groups may be protected as alkyl esters, for example methyl esters, which esters may be prepared and removed using conventional procedures, one convenient method for converting carbomethoxy to carboxyl is to use aqueous lithium hydroxide.
• a leaving group or atom is any group or atom that will, under the reaction conditions, cleave from the starting material, thus promoting reaction at a specified site. Suitable examples of such groups unless otherwise specified are halogen atoms, mesyloxy, p-nitrobenzensulphonyloxy and tosyloxy groups.
• salts, esters, amides and solvates of the compounds mentioned herein may as required be produced by methods conventional in the art: for example, acid addition salts may be prepared by treating a compound of formula (I) with the appropriate acid.
• Esters of carboxylic acids may be prepared by conventional esterification procedures, for example alkyl esters may be prepared by treating the required carboxylic acid with the appropriate alkanol, generally under acidic conditions.
• Amides may be prepared using conventional amidation procedures, for example amides of formula CONR s R t may be prepared by treating the relevant carboxylic acid with an amine of formula HNR s R t wherein R s and R t are as defined above. Alternatively, a C 1-6 alkyl ester such as a methyl ester of the acid may be treated with an amine of the above defined formula HNR s R t to provide the required amide.
• the present invention therefore provides a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases associated with over activity of osteoclasts in mammals which method comprises the administration of an effective non-toxic amount of a selective inhibitor of mammalian osteoclasts.
• a suitable selective inhibitor of a mammalian osteoclast is a selective inhibitor of the vacuolar ATPase located on the ruffled border of mammalian osteoclasts.
• One particular selective inhibitor of mammalian vacuolar ATPase is a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof.
• the present invention further provides a method for the treatment of osteoporosis and related osteopenic diseases in a human or non-human mammal, which comprises administering an effective, non-toxic, amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, to a human or non-human mammal in need thereof.
• the present invention provides an inhibitor of a mammalian, especially human, osteoclasts, for example a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, for use as an active therapeutic substance.
• the preferred mammal is human.
• Mammalian osteoclasts are preferably human osteoclasts.
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, for use in the treatment of and/or prophylaxis of osteoporosis and related osteopenic diseases.
• osteoporosis associated with the peri and post menopausal conditions. Also encompassed are the treatment and prophylaxis of Paget's disease, hypercalcemia associated with bone neoplasms and all the types of osteoporotic diseases as classified below according to their etiology:
• the invention encompasses the treatment of tumours, especially those related to renal cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, lung cancer and leukemia, viral conditions (for example those involving Semliki Forest virus, Vesicular Stomatitis virus, Newcastle Disease virus, Influenza A and B viruses, HIV virus), ulcers (for example chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer induced by Helicobacter pylori ), for use as immunosupressant agents in autoimmune diseases and transplantation, antilipidemic agents for the treatment and/or prevention of hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic diseases and to be useful for the treatment of AIDS and Alzheimer's disease.
• angiogenic diseases i.e. those pathological conditions which are dependent on angiogenesis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis and solid tumours.
• a selective inhibitor of the pharmacological activity of human osteoclast cells such as a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, may be administered per se or, preferably, as a pharmaceutical composition also comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective inhibitor of the pharmacological activity of human osteoclast cells, in particular the bone resorption activity of human osteoclast cells associated with abnormal loss of bone mass, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof.
• a particular inhibitor of human osteoclast cells is a selective inhibitor of human osteoclast vacuolar ATPase such as a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof.
• Active compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof is normally administered in unit dosage form.
• an amount effective to treat the disorders hereinbefore described depends upon such factors as the efficacy of the active compounds , the particular nature of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate chosen, the nature and severity of the disorders being treated and the weight of the mammal.
• a unit dose will normally contain 0.01 to 50 mg, for example 1 to 25 mg, of the compound of the invention.
• Unit doses will normally be administered once or more than once a day, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times a day, more usually 1 to 3 or 2 to 4 times a day such that the total daily dose is normally in the range, for a 70 kg adult of 0.01 to 250 mg, more usually 1 to 100 mg, for example 5 to 70 mg, that is in the range of approximately 0.0001 to 3.5 mg/kg/day, more usually 0.01 to 1.5 mg/kg/day, for example 0.05 to 0.7 mg/kg/day.
• the present invention also provides a method for the treatment of tumours, especially those related to renal cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, lung cancer and leukemia, viral conditions (for example those involving Semliki Forest, Vesicular Stomatitis, Newcastle Disease, Influenza A and B, HIV viruses), ulcers (for example chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer induced by Helicobacter pylori ), autoimmune diseases and transplantation, for the treatment and/or prevention of hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic diseases, AIDS and Alzheimer's disease, angiogenic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis and solid tumours, in a human or non-human mammal, which comprises administering an effective, non-toxic, amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, to a human or non-human mammal in need thereof.
• viral conditions for example those involving Semliki Forest, Vesicular
• the active compound may be administered by any suitable route, e.g. by the oral, parenteral or topical routes.
• the compound will normally be employed in the form of a pharmaceutical composition in association with a human or veterinary pharmaceutical carrier, diluent and/or excipient, although the exact form of the composition will naturally depend on the mode of administration.
• compositions are prepared by admixture and are suitably adapted for oral, parenteral or topical administration, and as such may be in the form of tablets, capsules, oral liquid preparations, powders, granules, lozenges, pastilles, reconstitutable powders, injectable and infusable solutions or suspensions, suppositories and transdermal devices.
• Orally administrable compositions are preferred, in particular shaped oral compositions, since they are more convenient for general use.
• Tablets and capsules for oral administration are usually presented in a unit dose, and contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, diluents, tabletting agents, lubricants, disintegrants, colourants, flavourings, and wetting agents.
• the tablets may be coated according to well known methods in the art.
• Suitable fillers for use include cellulose, mannitol, lactose and other similar agents.
• Suitable disintegrants include starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone and starch derivatives such as sodium starch glycollate.
• Suitable lubricants include, for example, magnesium stearate.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agents include sodium lauryl sulphate.
• These solid oral compositions may be prepared by conventional methods of blending, filling, tabletting or the like. Repeated blending operations may be used to distribute the active agent throughout those compositions employing large quantities of fillers. Such operations are, of course, conventional in the art.
• Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
• Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, syrup, methyl cellulose, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example, almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters such as esters of glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid, and if desired conventional flavouring or colouring agents.
• suspending agents for example sorbitol, syrup, methyl cellulose, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate
• fluid unit dose forms are prepared containing a compound of the present invention and a sterile vehicle.
• the compound depending on the vehicle and the concentration, can be either suspended or dissolved.
• Parenteral solutions are normally prepared by dissolving the compound in a vehicle and filter sterilising before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing.
• adjuvants such as a local anaesthetic, preservatives and buffering agents are also dissolved in the vehicle.
• the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum.
• Parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved and sterilised by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspending in the sterile vehicle.
• a surfactant or wetting agent is included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the active compound.
• the composition may be in the form of a transdermal ointment or patch for systemic delivery of the active compound and may be prepared in a conventional manner, for example, as described in the standard textbooks such as ‘ Dermatological Formulations ’—B. W. Barry (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences—Dekker) or Harrys Cosmeticology (Leonard Hill Books).
• the present invention also provides the use of a selective inhibitor of the biological activity of human osteoclast cells, in particular the bone resorption activity of human osteoclast cells associated with abnormal loss of bone mass, compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases associated with over activity of osteoclasts in mammals, such as the treatment and/or prophylaxis of osteoporosis and related osteopenic diseases.
• a selective inhibitor of the biological activity of human osteoclast cells in particular the bone resorption activity of human osteoclast cells associated with abnormal loss of bone mass, compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases associated with over activity of osteoclasts in mammals, such as the treatment and/or prophylaxis of osteoporosis and related osteopenic diseases.
• the present invention also provides the use of a selective inhibitor of the biological activity of human osteoclast cells, in particular the bone resorption activity of human osteoclast cells associated with abnormal loss of bone mass, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of tumours, especially those related to renal cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, lung cancer and leukemia, viral conditions (for example those involving Semliki Forest, Vesicular Stomatitis, Newcastle Disease, Influenza A and B, HIV viruses), ulcers (for example chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer induced by Helicobacter pylori ), autoimmune diseases and transplantation, for the treatment and/or prevention of hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic diseases, AIDS and Alzheimer's disease, angiogenic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis and solid tumours.
• tumours especially those related to renal cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, lung cancer and leukemia, viral conditions (for example those
• compositions, treatment methods and pharmaceutical uses of a selective inhibitor of the biological activity of mammalian, including human, osteoclast cells exclude the compositions, treatment methods and pharmaceutical uses of the compounds of formula (I) of WO96/21644 and in another aspect the specific examples of WO96/21644.
• compositions will usually be accompanied by written or printed directions for use in the medical treatment concerned.
• LiAlH 4 (925 mg, 24.4 mmol) was added under stirring at 0° under Ar to anhydrous THF (100 ml), followed by 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidone oxime (1.50 g, 8.14 mmol). The suspension was refluxed for 2 hours, then cooled to RT and stirred overnight. After cooling to 0° water (0.9 ml), 15% aq. NaOH (0.9 ml) and water (2.8 ml) were carefully added dropwise. The suspension was stirred for 15 min at RT, then MgSO 4 was added and stirring continued for 30 minutes.
• Vesicles were prepared from medullar bone obtained from tibiae and femurs of egg-laying hens which were calcium-starved for at least 15 days. Briefly, bone fragments were scraped with a 24 scalpel blade, suspended in 40 ml of isolation medium (0.2 M sucrose, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Hepes, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mM dithiotheitrol, pH 7.4) and filtered through a 100 lm pore size nylon mesh. The whole procedure was performed at 4° C.
• isolation medium 0.2 M sucrose, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Hepes, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mM dithiotheitrol, pH 7.4
• Proton transport in membrane vesicles was assessed, semi-quantitatively, by measuring the initial slope of fluorescence quench of acridine orange (excitation 490 nm; emission 530) after addition of 5-20 ⁇ l of membrane vesicles in 1 ml of buffer containing 0.2 M sucrose, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Hepes pH 7.4, 1 mM ATP.Na 2 , 1 mM CDTA, 5 ⁇ M valinomycin and 4 ⁇ M acridine orange. The reaction was started by addition of 5 mM MgSO 4 . Results were expressed as the percent of the mean of two controls.
• bafilomycin-sensitive ATPase activity was assessed in purified membrane vesicles by measuring the release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) during 30 min of incubation at 37° C. in a 96-well plate either in the presence or in the absence of bafilomycin A1.
• the reaction medium contained 1 mM ATP, 10 mM HEPES-Tris pH 8, 50 mM KCl, 5 uM valinomycin, 5 uM nigericin, 1 mM CDTA-Tris, 100 uM ammonium molybdate, 0.2 M sucrose and membranes (20 ug protein/ml).
• the reaction was initiated by MgSO 4 (8-arm pipette) and stopped, after 30 min, by addition of 4 volumes of the malachite green reagent (96-arm pipette) prepared according to Chan [ Anal. Biochem. 157, 375 (1986)]. Absorbance at 650 nm was measured after 2 min using a microplate reader. Results are expressed as Mmol (Pi) ⁇ mg protein ⁇ 1 ⁇ hour ⁇ 1 and, for each experiment, represent the mean ⁇ sem of triplicates.
• the compounds of the present invention are able to inhibit bafilomycin-sensitive ATPase in chicken osteoclast in a range from 18 nM to 1000 nM.
• Bone resorption by disaggregated rat osteoclasts can be assessed as described previously in the literature [T. J. Chambers et al., Endocrinology, 1985, 116, 234]. Briefly, osteoclasts were mechanically disaggregated from neonatal rat long bones into Hepes-buffered medium 199 (Flow, UK). The suspension was agitated with a pipette, and the larger fragments were allowed to settle for 30 sec. The cells were then added to two wells of a multiwell dish containing slices (each measuring 12 mm 2 ). After 15 min at 37° C. the bone slices were removed, washed in medium 199 and placed in individual wells of a 96-well plate.
• Bone resorption by human osteoclasts can be assessed using a modification of the method above. Briefly, human osteoclasts are purified from human giant cell tumours by negative selection using Pan Human HLA II antibodies in conjunction with Dynal magnetic beads. Osteoclasts are seeded onto bovine bone slices in Hepes-buffered medium 199 (Flow, UK). After 30 minutes, the bone slices are transferred into a 24-well multi-plate (4 slices per well) containing 2 ml/well of medium, consisting of 10% foetal calf serum in D-MEM. One hour later, vehicle (DMSO) or test compounds at different concentrations in DMSO were added and incubation was continued for 47 hours. Bone slices were then treated and analysed as described above for the rat osteoclast assay.
• DMSO vehicle
• test compounds at different concentrations in DMSO were added and incubation was continued for 47 hours.
• the assay is based on that described by Raisz ( J. Clin. Invest. 44:103-116, 1965).
• Time-mated Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with 200 mCi of 45 CaC12 on the 18th day of gestation.
• the foetuses were removed aseptically and the radii and ulnae were dissected free of adjacent soft tissue and the cartilaginous ends, and then cultured for 24 hr at 37° C. in BGJ medium containing 1 mg/ml BSA.
• the bones were then transferred to fresh medium containing the test compounds (0.1-50 ⁇ M) with and without PTH (12 nM) and were incubated for an additional 48 hr.
• the media were collected and the bones extracted to determine the mean % calcium release by scintillation counting. Results were expressed as the % inhibition compared to the amount of calcium released from cultures incubated with PTH alone
• the tibia wet and dry weight were determined, and the density (displacement of water) and ashes content (total weight, calcium and phosphorous content) also measured.
• the femur were fixed in 10% formalin, de-mineralised in 5% formic acid and the coronal midshaft and longitudinal section of the distal metaphysis cut and stained with haematoxilin and cosin. Histomorphometric evaluation was made using a semi-automated image analyser (Immagini & Computer, Milan, Italy).
• the % trabecular bone area in the secondary spongiosa (which is the trabecular bone 1 mm from the epiphyseal growth plate to about 4 mm towards the midshaft giving a total area of 5 mm 2 ) and the number of trabeculae (according to Parfitt et al., J. Bone Min. Res. 2: 595, (1987)) were determined in all animals.
• the methodology employed is based on that described by Wronsky et al. [ J. Bone Min. Res., 6, 387 (1991)].
• the bone loss, prevalently cancellous, occuring after the surgery is monitored by dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) of long bones and by HPLC measurements of urinary levels of products of bone collagen breakdown, such as the cross-link residues pyridinoline (PYD), deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and lysine glycosides, i.e. galactosyl-hydroxylysine (GHYL) and glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine (GGHYL).
• Groups of 7-10 female Sprague-Dawley rats, about 90 days old and weighing 200-250 g are used. Rats are anesthetised by sodium pentobarbital (35 mg/kg i.v.), laparotomy is performed and ovaries are bilaterally removed . Wounds are adequately disinfected and sutured. A group is sham operated. During a 4-week experimental period, the operated animals receive test compounds in the appropiate vehicle (0.1-100 mg/kg p.o. u.i.d.) or vehicle alone. Twenty-four-hr urine samples are collected for PYD, DPD, GHYL and OGHYL determinations before and 2, 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22 and 25 days after surgery. The aliquots of urine are frozen and stored at ⁇ 20° C. until HPLC analysis.
• Antitumor activity may be determined according to the methods disclosed in published International Application, Publication number 93/18652; in particular the screen employed, experimental details and bibliography of M. R. Boyd et al., Status of the NCI preclinical antitumor drug discovery screen; principles and practices of Oncology, 3, issue 10, Oct. 1989, Lippincott.
• Antiviral activity may be assessed using the in vitro assays reported by H. Ochiai et al., Antiviral Research, 27, 425-430 (1995) or by C. Serra et al., Pharmacol. Res., 29, 359 (1994). Anti-HIV activity can be assessed as reported in the literature, for example by S. Velásquez et al., J. Med. Chem., 38, 1641-1649 (1995)
• Antiulcer activity may be assessed in vivo using the methods reported in the literature, for example, as described by C. J. Pfeiffer, Peptic Ulcer , C. J. Pfeiffer Ed., Munksgaard Publ., Copenaghen, 1971.
• In vitro assays for inhibition of vacuolization induced by Helicobacter pylori are described, for example, by E. Papini et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 113, 155-160 (1993)
• Antilipidemic activity can be assessed as reported in the literature, for example by E. A. L. Biessen et al., J. Med. Chem., 38, 1846-1852 (1995). Antiatherosclerotic activity may be assessed by using animal models of atherosclerosis, such as the atherosclerotic rabbit model, which are reported in the literature, for example by R. J. Lee et al., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 184, 105-112 (1973).
• Angiostatic activity may be assessed using the methods reported in the literature, for example as described by T. Ishii et al., J. Antibiol., 48, 12 (1995).

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