US20010025035A1 - Water soluble prodrugs of hindered alcohols - Google Patents

Water soluble prodrugs of hindered alcohols Download PDF

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US20010025035A1
US20010025035A1 US09/733,817 US73381700A US2001025035A1 US 20010025035 A1 US20010025035 A1 US 20010025035A1 US 73381700 A US73381700 A US 73381700A US 2001025035 A1 US2001025035 A1 US 2001025035A1
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camptothecin
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US6451776B2 (en
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Valentino Stella
Jan Zygmunt
Ingrid Georg
Muhammad Safadi
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University of Kansas
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/655—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H17/00—Compounds containing heterocyclic radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
    • C07H17/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only oxygen as ring hetero atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
    • A61K38/13—Cyclosporins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P23/00—Anaesthetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
    • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
    • C07F9/09—Esters of phosphoric acids
    • C07F9/091—Esters of phosphoric acids with hydroxyalkyl compounds with further substituents on alkyl
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/655—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6552—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a six-membered ring
    • C07F9/65522—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a six-membered ring condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K7/64—Cyclic peptides containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K7/645—Cyclosporins; Related peptides
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel water-soluble prodrugs of aliphatic or aromatic hindered hydroxyl group containing pharmaceuticals.
  • the present invention concerns novel water-soluble phosphonooxymethyl ethers of hindered alcohol and phenol containing pharmaceuticals, such as camptothecin, propofol, etoposide, Vitamin E and Cyclosporin A.
  • the present invention also relates to intermediates used to create the final prodrugs as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing the novel compounds.
  • camptothecin is a natural product isolated from barks of the Chinese camptotheca tree, Camptotheca accuminata . It has been shown to have strong anti-tumor activity in several in vivo animal models including major tumor types such as lung, breast, ovary, pancreas, colon and stomach cancer and malignant melanoma. Camptothecin inhibits the cellular enzyme DNA topoisomerase I and triggers a cascade of events leading to apoptosis and programmed cell death. Topoisomerase I is essential nuclear enzyme responsible for the organization and modulation of the topological feature of DNA so that a cell may replicate, transcribe and repair genetic information.
  • camptothecin is its very limited water solubility.
  • DMSO organic solvent
  • Tween 80:saline which is an undesirable drug formulation for human therapy.
  • Recently two analogs of camptothecin with moderate water solubility have been approved in United States for treatment of advanced ovarian cancer (Hycamtin) and colorectal cancer (Camptosar).
  • CsA cyclosporin A
  • propofol propofol
  • etoposide etoposide
  • Vitamin E alpha-tocopherol
  • CsA has within its structure a sterically hindered alcohol, a secondary alcohol in this case.
  • CsA is formulated in a CremophorEL/ethanol mixture.
  • An example of a sterically hindered, poorly water soluble phenol is propofol, an anesthetic.
  • Propofol is formulated for i.v. clinical use as a o/w emulsion. Not only is propofol poorly water soluble, but it also causes pain at the site of injection. This pain must be ameliorated by using lidocaine. Due to the fact that it is formulated as an emulsion, it is difficult and questionable to add other drugs to the formulation and physical changes to the formulation such as an increase in oil droplet size can lead to lung embolisms, etc. A water soluble and chemically stable prodrug of propofol would provide several advantages. Such a formulation could be a simple aqueous solution that could be admixed with other drugs.
  • the prodrug itself was painless, the prodrug may be more patient friendly, and finally there should be no toxicity due to the vehicle.
  • Other poorly water soluble, sterically hindered phenols are the anticancer drug, etoposide and Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol).
  • the present invention provides a water soluble form of alcohol and phenol containing drugs such as camptothecin and propofol.
  • compounds according to the present inventions are phosphonooxymethyl ethers of camptothecin in the form of the free acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the water solubility of the acid and the salts facilitates preparation of pharmaceutical formulations.
  • All of the prodrugs according to the present invention exhibit superior water solubility compared to their respective parent drugs.
  • the methods developed for the compounds of the present invention can be useful for conversion of many other water insoluble medicinal agents having aliphatic or aromatic hindered hydroxyl groups to the water soluble derivatives.
  • the invention described herein involves new compositions of matter.
  • the invention relates to the water soluble phosphonooxymethyl derivatives of alcohol and phenol containing pharmaceuticals represented by the general formula I:
  • ROH represents an alcohol- or phenol-containing drug, such as camptothecin, propofol, etoposide, vitamin E and cyclosporin A.
  • n represents an integer of 1 or 2.
  • ROH is preferably a phenol-containing pharmaceutical, such as propofol.
  • R 1 is hydrogen or an alkali metal ion including sodium, potassium or lithium or a protonated amine or protonated amino acid or any other pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
  • R 2 is hydrogen or an alkali metal ion including sodium, potassium or lithium or a protonated amine or a protonated amino acid or any other pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an in vitro enzymatic conversion of propofol prodrug to propofol.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the blood concentration change of propofol with respect to time from administration of the propofol prodrug or Diprivano in a dog study.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an in vitro enzymatic conversion of camptothecin prodrug to camptothecin.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the correlation between plasma concentration of camptothecin from the camptothecin prodrug and from camptothecin in organic co-solvents for a rat study.
  • Phosphono- means the group —P(O)(OH)2 and “phosphonooxymethoxy” or “phosphonooxymethyl ether” means generically the group —OCH 2 CP(O)(OH) 2 .
  • “Methylthiomethyl” refers to the group —CH 2 SCH 3 .
  • camptothecin moiety denotes moiety containing the twenty carbon camptothecin core framework including two nitrogen atoms and four oxygen atoms as represented by the structural formula shown below with the absolute configuration.
  • camptothecin analogue refers to a compound having the basic camptothecin core framework. It is to be understood that camptothecin analogues encompass compounds including but not limited to the following compounds: Topotecan, available from SmithKline Beecham, Irinotecan (CPT-11), available from Pharmacia & Upjohn, 9-Aminocamptothecin (9AC), 9-Nitrocamptothecin (9NC), GI 147211C, available from Glaxo Wellcome, and DX-8951f (the previous six camptothecin anologues are currently under clinical investigation and are described in a review conducted by the Pacific West Cancer Fund authored by Claire McDonald (December 1997).
  • Camptothecin analogues which are herein incorporated by reference are disclosed by Sawada et al., Current Pharmaceutical Design, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp 113-132, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,646,159, 5,559,235, 5,401,747, 5,364,858, 5,342,947, 5,244,903, 5,180,722, 5,122,606, 5,122,526, 5,106,742, 5,053,512, 5,049,668, 4,981,968 and 4,894,456.
  • camptothecin contains more than one hydroxyl group, for example 10-hydroxycamptothecin, topotecan and several others listed in the above references. It is herein understood that the present invention may be applied to more than one hydroxyl group. This may be accomplished by protecting the additional hydroxyl group prior to derivatization.
  • Phosphono protecting groups means moieties, which can by employed to block or protect the phosphono functional group. Preferably, such protecting groups are those that can be removed by methods that do not appreciably affect the rest of the molecule. Suitable phosphonooxy protecting groups include for example benzyl (denoted by “Bn”), t-butyl, and allyl groups.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a metal or an amine salt of the acidic phosphono group in which the cation does not contribute significantly to the toxicity or biological activity of the active compound.
  • Suitable metal salts include lithium, potassium, sodium, calcium, barium, magnesium, zinc, and aluminum salts.
  • Preferred salts are sodium and potassium salts.
  • Suitable amines salts are for example, ammonia, tromethamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, glucamine, N-methylglucamine, glycine, lysine, ornithine, arginine, ethanolamine, to name but a few.
  • Preferred amine salts are lysine, arginine, N-methylglucamine, and tromethamine salts.
  • One aspect of the present invention provides for derivatives of alcohol and phenol containing pharmaceuticals as shown in formula I:
  • ROH represents an alcohol- or phenol-containing drug, such as camptothecin, propofol, etoposide, vitamin E, cyclosporin A. It is to be understood that the above pathway is just one of several alternate pathways. These alternate pathways will become evident upon review of the following disclosure and examples.
  • formula II includes diacids where Z is metal or amine in both occurrences.
  • the preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound of formula II are alkali salts including lithium, sodium, and potassium salts; and amine salts including triethylamine, triethanolamine, ethanolamine, arginine, lysine and N-methylglucamine salts.
  • camptothecin derivatives of formula II include the following compounds: (20)-O-phosphonooxymethylcamptothecin, (20)-O-phosphonooxymethylcamptothecin mono- or di-sodium salt, (20)-0-phosphonooxymethylcamptothecin mono or di-potassium salt, (20)-O-phosphonooxymethylcamptothecin mono- or di-arginine salt, (20)-O-phosphonooxymethylcamptothecin mono- or di-lysine salt, (20)-O-phosphonooxymethylcamptothecin mono- or di-N-methylglucamine salt and (20)-O-phosphonooxymethylcamptothecin mono- or di-triethanolamine salt.
  • a compound of formula III (methylthiomethyl ether, MTM ether) may be prepared by treating camptothecin with dimethylsulfoxide/acetic anhydride/acetic acid.
  • the methylthiomethyl ether is converted to the corresponding protected phosphonooxymethyl ether (compound of formula IV). This is accomplished by treating the MTM ether with N-iodosuccinamide and protected phosphate HOP(O)(OR) 2 .
  • the phosphono protecting groups are removed to provide a compound of formula II.
  • a suitable phosphono protecting group(s) is benzyl that may be removed by catalytic hydrogenolysis.
  • the free hydroxy group of the camptothecin is converted to the corresponding methylthiomethyl ether (—OCH 2 SCH 3 ) group.
  • This conversion may be accomplished by reaction with dimethylsulfoxide in the presence of acetic anhydride and acetic acid.
  • This method commonly known as the Pummer reaction was successfully applied by Bristol-Myers Squibb for methylthiomethylation of taxol (Europ.Pat.0604910A1, Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.,6,1837,1996).
  • the reaction is usually carried out at room temperature, and for 24-72 hours to produce the methylthiomethyl ether.
  • the methylthiomethyl ether is converted to the corresponding protected phosphonooxymethyl ether.
  • This well-known conversion was successfully applied by Bristol-Myers Squibb for phosphonooxymethylation of taxol (Europ.Pat.0604910A1, Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.,6,1837,1996)
  • a compound of formula III is treated with N-iodosuccinamide and protected phosphoric acid such as dibenzyl phosphate.
  • the reaction is carried out in an inert organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran and halogenated hydrocarbon such as methylene chloride and in the presence of molecular sieves. Reaction is carried out at room temperature. N-iodosuccinimide and protected phosphoric acid are used in excess (3-5 equivalents) relative to the methylthiomethyl ether.
  • the phosphono protecting groups are removed.
  • the deblocking is accomplished by conventional methods well known in the art such as acid- or base-catalyzed hydrolysis, hydrogenolysis, reduction, and the like.
  • catalytic hydrogenolysis can be used to remove the benzyl phosphono-protecting group.
  • Deprotecting methodologies may be found in standard texts, such as T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wutz, Protective groups in organic sythesis, J. Wiley publishers, New York, NY, 1991, pp. 47-67.
  • the base salts of a compound of formula II may be formed by conventional techniques involving contacting a compound of formula II free acid with a metal base or with an amine.
  • Suitable metal bases include hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, barium, magnesium, zinc, and aluminum; and suitable amines include triethylamine, ammonia, lysine, arginine, N-methylglucamine, ethanolamine, procaine, benzathine, dibenzylamine, tromethamine (TRIS), chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and the like.
  • the base salts may be further purified by chromatography followed by lyophilization or crystallization.
  • Compounds of the present invention are phosphonooxymethyl ether pharmaceuticals such as camptothecin, propofol, etoposide, tocopherol, etc.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms exhibit improved water solubility over parent compounds thereby allowing more convenient pharmaceutical formulations.
  • the phosphonooxymethyl ethers of the present invention are prodrugs of the parent pharmaceuticals; the phosphonooxyethyl moiety being cleaved upon contact with. phosphatase in vivo to generate subsequently the parent compound.
  • compounds of the instant invention are effective pharmaceutical or therapeutic agents.
  • compounds of formula II of the present invention may be used in a manner similar to that of camptothecin.
  • the structure of the camptothecin prodrug is shown above. Therefore, an oncologist skilled in the art of cancer treatment will be able to ascertain, without undue experimentation, an appropriate treatment protocol for administering a compound of the present invention.
  • the dosage, mode and schedule of administration of compounds of this invention are not particularly restricted, and will vary with the particular compound employed.
  • a compound of the formula II may be administrated via any suitable route of administration, preferable parenterally; the dosage may be, for example, in the range of about 0.1 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight, or about 5 to 500 mg/m2.
  • oral dosage may be in the range of about 5 to about 500 mg/kg of body weight.
  • the actual dose used will vary according to the particular composition of formulated, the route of administration, and the particular site, host and type of tumor being treated. Many factors that modify the action of the drug will be taken into account in determining the dosage including age, sex, diet and the physical conditions of the patient.
  • propofol prodrug according to formula I of the present invention.
  • the structure of the propofol prodrug is shown below:
  • a compound of formula I such as the propofol prodrug may be administered via any suitable route of administration, preferably parenterally; the dosage may be, for example, in the range of 0.5 to 10 mg/kg administered according to procedures for induction of general anesthesia or maintenance of general anesthesia.
  • the compound of formula I may be administered by parenteral infusion, the dosage may be, for example, in the range of 2 ⁇ g/kg/min to 800 ⁇ g/kg/min administered according to procedures for maintenance of general anesthesia, initiation and maintenance of MAC sedation or initiation and maintenance of ICU sedation.
  • the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutically effective amount of compound of formula I in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, diluents or adjuvants.
  • compounds of the present invention may be formulated in the form of tablets, pills, powder mixtures, capsules, injectables, solutions, suppositories, emulsions, dispersions, food premix, and in other suitable forms. They may also be manufactured in the form of sterile solid compositions, for example, freeze-dried and, if desired, combined with other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • Such solid compositions can be reconstituted with sterile water, physiological saline, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent, such as propylene glycol, ethanol, and the like, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use of parenteral administration.
  • an organic solvent such as propylene glycol, ethanol, and the like, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use of parenteral administration.
  • Typical of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are, for example, manitol, urea, dextrans, lactose, non- reducing sugars, potato and maize starches, magnesium stearate, talc, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols, ethyl cellulose, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), calcium carbonate, ethyloleate, isopropyl myristate, benzyl benzoate, sodium carbonate, gelatin, potassium carbonate, silicic acid.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation may also contain non toxic auxiliary substances such as emulsifying, preserving, wetting agents, and the like as for example, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, polyoxyethylene monostearate, glyceryl tripalmitate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and the like.
  • non toxic auxiliary substances such as emulsifying, preserving, wetting agents, and the like as for example, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, polyoxyethylene monostearate, glyceryl tripalmitate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and the like.
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • the nature of the shifts as to multiplicity is reported as broad singlet (bs), broad doublet (bd), broad triplet (bt), broad quartet (bq), singlet (s), multiplet (m), doublet (d), quartet (q), triplet (t), doublet of doublet (dd), doublet of triplet (dt), and doublet of quartet (dq).
  • the solvents employed for taking NMR spectra are acetone-d6 (deuterated acetone) DMSO-d6 (perdeuterodimethylsulfoxide), D 2 0 (deuterated water), CDCl3 (deuterochloroform) and other conventional deuterated solvents.
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • HRMS high resolution mass spectrometry
  • Ac acetyl
  • Ph phenyl
  • FAB fast atom bombardment
  • min minute
  • h or hrs hour(s)
  • NIS N-iodosuccinimide
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • reaction Ic alternative route-2
  • n 2
  • the chloroiodomethane may be substituted with a compound such as X—CH2—O—CH2—Cl, wherein X is a good leaving group.
  • X represents a leaving group
  • R3 and R4 are each a hydrogen atom, an organic group or an inorganic group
  • Y is a phosphate protecting group.
  • leaving groups include chlorine, bromine, iodine, tosylate or any other suitable leaving group.
  • phosphate protecting groups include protecting groups that temporarily block the reactivity of the phosphate group and permit selective displacement with the nucleophilic displacement reaction. Examples of such blocking groups include but are not limited to benzyl, allyl, tertiary butyl and isopropyl, ethyl and ⁇ -cyanoethyl.
  • the solution is filtered, concentrated at reduced pressure to ⁇ 10 mL volume. After standing at room temperature for one hour, the solution is placed in a refrigerator overnight. The crystalline precipitate that forms overnight is filtered off and dried in vacuo to give the title compound as a solid. The filtrate is concentrated to ⁇ 1 mL volume and kept in the refrigerator for one hour to give additional product.
  • Compounds of the present invention are novel pharmaceutical agents; representative compounds of formula I have been evaluated in in vitro and in vivo conversion studies. In all of these studies the prodrugs were converted into their pharmaceutically active parent compounds.
  • the water solubility of propofol prodrug is approximately 500 mg/mL based on HPLC analysis of saturated aqueous solution.
  • Propofol prodrug was prepared for i.v. injection at a concentration of 68 mg/mL in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP. This concentration is equivalent to 36 mg/mL of propofol.
  • the propofol prodrug solution was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m nylon membrane prior to administration.
  • the evaluation of the propofol prodrug on rats was conducted with two male Harlen Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 820 and 650 g.
  • the 820 g rat received 200 ⁇ L of the propofol prodrug i.v. formulation (equivalent to 9 mg/kg of propofol) in the tail vein.
  • a blood sample was taken from the tail vein (with heparinized syringe) after approximately 12 minutes.
  • the 650 g rat received a dose of the mild sedative Metaphane® prior to receiving the propofol prodrug formulation.
  • the 650 g rat was injected with 125 ⁇ L of the propofol prodrug formulation in the tail vein and a blood sample was taken from the tail vein (with heparinized syringe) after approximately six minutes.
  • the blood samples from both rats were assayed for propofol by HPLC.
  • a pharmacokinetic study involving Diprivan® or the, propofol prodrug was performed in a dog with a sufficient washout period between studies.
  • the blood concentrations were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detection while brain activity was monitored with two lead electroencephalography (EEG).
  • EEG lead electroencephalography
  • Two mL blood samples were taken from either the cephalic (not the same vein as the formulation injection site), jugular, or saphenous vein (with heparinized syringe) after 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after the injection. Blood samples were also taken after 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 480, and 1440 minutes. Blood samples were extracted to remove the propofol immediately after being taken from the dog. The dog was fasted for approximately 20 hours prior to receiving the Diprivan® or propofol prodrug formulation. After the 120 minute sample was taken, the dog was allowed to drink water. Food was given to the dog after the 480 minute blood sample was obtained. The dog's regular diet was Hills' Science Diet Maintenance. The dog was on a light/dark cycle of 12 hours of light per day.
  • Standard curve samples were prepared by spiking 1 mL aliquots of the initial blood with propofol at concentrations 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.01 ⁇ g/mL. These standards were treated the same as the samples.
  • the HPLC system consisted of the following Shimadzu components: LC-10AT pumps, SCL-10A system controller, RF 353 fluorescence detector, and SIL-10A auto sampler.
  • the HPLC parameters were as follows: excitation at 275 nm and emission at 320 nm; flow rate at 1 mL/min; injection volume was 3-30 ⁇ L depending on propofol concentration.
  • the HPLC column was a Zorbax RX-C18, 15 cm ⁇ 4.6 mm i.d., 5 ⁇ m particle size.
  • Mobile Phase A was 60:40 (v/v) acetonitrile: 25 mM phosphate, 15 mM TBAP Buffer pH 7.1.
  • Mobile Phase B was 80:10:10 (v/v/v) acetonitrile: water: THF. Mobile Phase B was used to clean the column after the thymol and propofol eluted using Mobile Phase A (4.2 and 7.4 minutes, respectively).
  • the dog exhibited signs of anesthesia upon injection of both formulations based on visual observations and EEG patterns. The dog recovered from anesthesia from both formulations in 20-30 minutes. Propofol blood levels resulting from injection of the propofol prodrug approximate those from injection of Diprivan®.
  • the water solubility of the camptothecin prodrug is greater than 50 mg/mL based on visual and HPLC analysis.
  • a 16 ⁇ g/mL p-cpt was cleaved with acid phosphatase (0.02 units/mL of p-cpt solution).
  • the media was 0.09 M citrate buffer, pH 4.8 and the temperature was 37° C.
  • the conversion of p-cpt to camptothecin was monitored by HPLC.
  • a volume of the camptothecin prodrug formulation or camptothecin formulation was prepared at a concentration so that a dose equivalent to 1 mg camptothecin per kg weight could be given to the rat.
  • the formulation was given to the rat using an indwelling cannula in the left jugular vein of the rat. Blood samples were taken via an indwelling cannula located in the right jugular vein of the rat. Both cannulas were rinsed with heparinized saline prior to use and contained heparinized saline during the study.
  • the rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital prior to insertion of the jugular cannulas and kept anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital during the study.
  • the rats were placed on a 37° C. heating pad during the study and tracheotomized. Blood samples of approximately 150 ⁇ L were taken prior to dosing and after 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes after the formulations were given to the rat.
  • the blood samples were placed in microcentrifuge tubes and centrifuged for 20 seconds at approximately 15000 rpm. A 50 ⁇ L aliquot of plasma from each blood sample was transferred to a second microcentrifuge tube. A 150 ⁇ L aliquot of chilled acetonitrile was added to the plasma and the preparation is vortexed for 5 seconds. A 450 ⁇ L aliquot of chilled sodium phosphate (0.1 M, pH 7.2) was then added. The contents in the microcentrifuge tubes were vortexed for 5 seconds and centrifuged for 20 seconds at approximately 15000 rpm. The supernatant was transferred to an HPLC autosampler set at 4° C. and analyzed (50 ⁇ L injections).
  • the HPLC system consisted of the following Shimadzu components: LC-10AT pump, SCL-10A system controller, RF 535 fluorescence detector, SIL-10A autosampler (set at 4° C.), and CTO-10A column oven (temperature set at 30° C.).
  • the HPLC parameters were as follows: excitation at 370 nm and emission at 435 nm; flow rate at 2 mL/min.
  • the HPLC column was a Hypersil ODS, 15 cm ⁇ 4.5 mm i.d., 5 pm particle size.
  • the mobile phase was 75% 25 nM sodium phosphate, pH 6.5/25% acetonitrile (v/v) with 25 mM tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen phosphate added as an ion-impairing reagent.
  • the prodrug provides camptothecin plasma levels which are equivalent to those attained from direct injection of camptothecin in organic co-solvents.
  • the graph provides the mean with standard deviation for five rats which received prodrug and six rats which received camptothecin.
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