US18409A - Improved process of coating iron - Google Patents
Improved process of coating iron Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US18409A US18409A US18409DA US18409A US 18409 A US18409 A US 18409A US 18409D A US18409D A US 18409DA US 18409 A US18409 A US 18409A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- iron
- metal
- bath
- improved process
- bronze
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 47
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 6
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LZJRNLRASBVRRX-ZDUSSCGKSA-N Boldine Chemical compound CN1CCC2=CC(O)=C(OC)C3=C2[C@@H]1CC1=C3C=C(OC)C(O)=C1 LZJRNLRASBVRRX-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000003936 Plumbago auriculata Species 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical class [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDKJYYNXYAZPIK-UHFFFAOYSA-J aluminum potassium disulfate hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al+3].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KDKJYYNXYAZPIK-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 238000005267 amalgamation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical class [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.[Cu+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
- C23C2/024—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas by cleaning or etching
Definitions
- the iron should be the best charcoal-bloom, sound and free from blisters or raw ore, and of uniform temper, for what I shall denolninate bronze iron.
- the iron should be good sound common iron.
- the iron In preparing the iron for being rolled into sheets care will be required to obtain a surface free from indentation caused by scales of oxide being forced into the plates of iron in the process of rolling.
- the oxide-scale should be removed in time, so as to obtain a smooth surface similar to what is required for receiving a coat of tin.
- the iron For more perfect work the iron should be rolled both ways to produce a crossfiber.
- the size 'of the plates to be bronzed should always correspond to the size required when finished, keeping in view the increase in length by rolling.
- the iron to receive the coat of bronze should be prepared in form and size required for use.
- the surface of the iron must be cleansed from its oxide scales so as to. present a clean bright surface, and for that purpose I use a vat or bosh of a suitable size, lined with sheetlead, in which I dilute sulphuric acid or other acetous preparation of sufficient strength to remove the scales, then scour the surface until bright. It may then be deposited in a vat containing an alkaline preparation to prevent rusting. Lime should be avoided. It will deposit an insoluble sulphate that will prevent the bronze from taking. Soda-ash or potash is best. The articles may remain in this preparation until wanted for dipping in the bronze.
- the form of a furnace most suitable for boldin g a bath of melted metal for covering sheets of iron is similar in form to a common puddling-furnace. Its length and breadth should be in proportion to the quantity of metal which you wish it to contain, having respect also to the size of the sheets to be bronzed. Its basin should be about twelve inches deep in the center, running from the center to a horizontal line at the surface at an angle of nearly forty degrees.
- the stack should be at the opposite end from the fire-house, and the door for introducing the metal to the bath should be in the center of the stack directly under the flue, so as to overcome the effects of a current of cold air that enters at the door.
- the crown of the furnace should correspond in shape to the form of a basin, so as to force the flame into the bottom of the basin to insure heat.
- the best materials for a furnace I have found to be first-class solid fire-brick, set in grout composed of fire-clay and plumbago.
- the form of the brick for the bottom should be that of a wedge with the thick end down, to prevent the bottom from rising up. 'Ihe sides shouldbe made of straight brick, laid in the same materials.
- the manner of operating with the metal plates in the bath is as follows: Seize hold of the plate with suitable tongs, and plunge it into the bath of metal through the melted borax to a depth of more than half its length, and in a short time raiseit up and down in the metal bath and observe the progress of the amalgamation until it is perfect, when it will exhibit a very brilliant luminous appearance. Then withdraw the plate, handling it quickly in such a manner as to make the metal spread evenly on the surface, hold it up, and give the fluid metal a chance to retain an even thickness in the center of the sheet. Then lay it on .a turn-table, and quickly dip the other end of cleansing and preparing the same for use; the
- This covering which now appears on the surface is a hydrated compound of the sulphate of iron and metallic copper, and when plunged into the bath of melted metal acts as a flux on the iron, and produces immediate molecular action and separation at a temperature much below a welding-heat.
- the result is a union of the fluid molecules of both metals, and the negative agency produces chemical union
- This plate as taken from the first bath, is again immersed in a saturated solution of alum-water to protect the compound covering from oxidation while warming before dipping into the bronze-bath.
Description
1 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
E. G. POME'ROY, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.
IMPROVED PROCESS OF COATING IRON.
Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 18,409, dated October 13, 1857.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known thatI, EBENEZER. G. POM'EROY, of the city of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania and United States of America, have discovered and reduced to practical use a new and useful method of effectually uniting copper or other metalssucl1 as gold, silver, nickel, zinc, tin, antimony, and bismuth, and their alloyswith the surface of iron.
To enable others skilled in the art of metallurgy to make and use this my invention, Iproceed to give the following description with respectto the manner of depositin galayer of copper or other metallic alloy upon the surface of theiron. As described by me in patents I have obtained in England and France, also in this country, this application may be looked upon as having no reference whatever.
The iron should be the best charcoal-bloom, sound and free from blisters or raw ore, and of uniform temper, for what I shall denolninate bronze iron. For spikes, bolts, bars, braces, bands, or other appliances for ship-building, the iron should be good sound common iron.
In preparing the iron for being rolled into sheets care will be required to obtain a surface free from indentation caused by scales of oxide being forced into the plates of iron in the process of rolling. The oxide-scale should be removed in time, so as to obtain a smooth surface similar to what is required for receiving a coat of tin. For more perfect work the iron should be rolled both ways to produce a crossfiber. The size 'of the plates to be bronzed should always correspond to the size required when finished, keeping in view the increase in length by rolling. For all other purposes the iron to receive the coat of bronze should be prepared in form and size required for use.
The surface of the iron must be cleansed from its oxide scales so as to. present a clean bright surface, and for that purpose I use a vat or bosh of a suitable size, lined with sheetlead, in which I dilute sulphuric acid or other acetous preparation of sufficient strength to remove the scales, then scour the surface until bright. It may then be deposited in a vat containing an alkaline preparation to prevent rusting. Lime should be avoided. It will deposit an insoluble sulphate that will prevent the bronze from taking. Soda-ash or potash is best. The articles may remain in this preparation until wanted for dipping in the bronze.
The form of a furnace most suitable for boldin g a bath of melted metal for covering sheets of iron is similar in form to a common puddling-furnace. Its length and breadth should be in proportion to the quantity of metal which you wish it to contain, having respect also to the size of the sheets to be bronzed. Its basin should be about twelve inches deep in the center, running from the center to a horizontal line at the surface at an angle of nearly forty degrees. The stack should be at the opposite end from the fire-house, and the door for introducing the metal to the bath should be in the center of the stack directly under the flue, so as to overcome the effects of a current of cold air that enters at the door. The current of hot air meeting the current of cold air, both pass up the fines and prevent the chilling effect that would otherwise be produced upon the metal. The crown of the furnace should correspond in shape to the form of a basin, so as to force the flame into the bottom of the basin to insure heat. The best materials for a furnace I have found to be first-class solid fire-brick, set in grout composed of fire-clay and plumbago. The form of the brick for the bottom should be that of a wedge with the thick end down, to prevent the bottom from rising up. 'Ihe sides shouldbe made of straight brick, laid in the same materials.
I will now consider the composition of the bath of metal copper alone, or alloyed to suit the fancy, as to substance, with any of the metals above described.
I have found from experience that in forming alloys at more solid and perfect alloy will be obtained by using the salts of sulphur or arsenic in a modified form, so as to produce a slight negative action Without injuring in any degree the tenacity of the alloy, and that al-' loys of pure metals will more readily combine with iron or with each other through the mineralizin g agency of the salts above mentioned. Now, fill your furnace with metal as you desire to a level with the bottom of the door-sill, to make it convenient for use and to prevent oxidation and evaporation. (lover the surface with a slag for its protection, formed of sand and clay mixed to a proper consistency, and when using push back the slag with a ravel some three or four inches, and fill the space 2 asaoo with borax. This will aid as a flux to the iron, keeping the metal in a fluid state, and insure a smooth surface to the bronze plate.
The manner of operating with the metal plates in the bath is as follows: Seize hold of the plate with suitable tongs, and plunge it into the bath of metal through the melted borax to a depth of more than half its length, and in a short time raiseit up and down in the metal bath and observe the progress of the amalgamation until it is perfect, when it will exhibit a very brilliant luminous appearance. Then withdraw the plate, handling it quickly in such a manner as to make the metal spread evenly on the surface, hold it up, and give the fluid metal a chance to retain an even thickness in the center of the sheet. Then lay it on .a turn-table, and quickly dip the other end of cleansing and preparing the same for use; the
form of the furnace and the manner of building the same; the kind of metal required for the bath, and its texture, and the manner of operating with the metal plates to effect the bronzing process. We now require another vat of sufficient size, lined with sheet-lead, to immerse the whole size of the metal plate in, containing diluted sulphuric acid, in which is contained nearly a saturated solution ofoXide of Copper or the sulphate-common blue vitriol of commerce. Hold the pieces to be bronzed in this solution until the surface exhibits a precipitated metallic surface of copper. This covering which now appears on the surface is a hydrated compound of the sulphate of iron and metallic copper, and when plunged into the bath of melted metal acts as a flux on the iron, and produces immediate molecular action and separation at a temperature much below a welding-heat. The result is a union of the fluid molecules of both metals, and the negative agency produces chemical union This plate, as taken from the first bath, is again immersed in a saturated solution of alum-water to protect the compound covering from oxidation while warming before dipping into the bronze-bath.
In rolling sheets great care should be taken in heating if a fire with a current of air and a flame is used, inasmuch as the bronze coating will be easily oxidized and greatly harmed thereby. Aclose muffle with a wood or charcoal fire is preferred for safety and to insure success.
This bronze-iron will be found usefulin many appliances where sheet copper, iron, or brass is now used in all parts of the construction of ships and other water-craft.
Having thus fully set forth and described the process of producing bronzed iron, I shall proceed to set forth and specify what I claim as my peculiar invention and discovery and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is:
The practical use and application of the hereinbefore-described solution of hydrated sulphate of iron and copper, brought in contact with the surface of the iron, in conjunction with the heat of the melted metal in the bath above described, thereby producing a molecular separation of the particles of the iron, giving to them the susceptibility of forming a perfect flowing union or fusion together with the aforesaid metals in the bath, in such a substantial manner as entirely to exclude a galvanic current between the iron and the surrounding alloys, or any or either of them.
EBENEZER Gr. POMEROY.
Witnesses:
WILLIAMS OGLE, HENRY T. GRoU'r.
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US18409A true US18409A (en) | 1857-10-13 |
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Family Applications (1)
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US18409D Expired - Lifetime US18409A (en) | Improved process of coating iron |
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- US US18409D patent/US18409A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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